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新概念英语
一、新概念选择英音还是美音？
答：在书店购买的《新概念》配套磁带就是英音版，由外研社出版。一般我们说的经典语音就是这个版本。但是，对于第一册来说，偶数课，这个版本的录音是没有的。只有美语版《新概念》第一册的录音是完全的。
但是，对于学习美语又喜欢《新概念》的朋友来说，最好是听美音版的，由上海外国语大学出版。市场上很少见了，需要耐心的在网上找。
美音与英音的原则全凭个人喜好，没有谁好、谁不好的区别。只要是学英语的人，在练习听力时应该美音、英音都接触，因为在现实生活中，你不知道你碰到的外国人是欧洲人，还是美洲人，即使是美国人也有说英式英语的。
那么你自己的语音要始终遵循一种，不要英美混杂。
二、学习《新概念》该从第一册开始，还是从第二册开始？怎么去背诵课文？
答：对于《新概念》的学习，首先要告诉你的是一定要下苦功夫，不能嫌烦，坚持下去。而且要从第一册开始学起，这样对于你以后的学习会有好处的。相对来说，第一册简单一些，基本上是一些日常对话，或者简单的叙述性短文。别看简单，如果你能脱口而出、运用自如的话，口语方面就已经相当了不起了，而且，对于第二、三、四册的学习，提供了良好的坚实基础。
说说新概念一的学习：
1、不要去看那些背着2、3、4册人的感言。大多数都是为了应付考试而去背诵的。没意义！即使背了，说的时候也都是想那些最简单的句子去表达，因为难的一个都想不起来，简单的还怕自己表达不准确呢。
2、你可知道生活中的英语就是很简单的，哪里有书本上那么复杂？陈述式的表达方式就是比日常口语要复杂。它不像
“您住哪儿？”
“我住天安门广场正中央”这种对话那么简单。
3、打开新概念第一册，看哪儿哪儿会，当然是觉得非常的简单了。你别去看书，就听录音，尤其是那些对话的录音，一句一句的播放，相当于在和别人交谈，你看你能否回答正确？即使你的回答不是和书上的一样，那么你想想你能顺利的做出回答吗？
4、每课学完后，你能把这些简单的对话用到生活中去吗？生活中不用英语，4册书都背下来最大的成就也就是顺利通过考试，其他的什么都不是！没有人会听你滔滔不绝的背课文的，课文是别人的，不是自己的！
5、新概念第一册，语速是慢，这种情况下，你能在听英文的时候反应出它的中文解释吗？你能在听录音的同时，直接做出它所表现的动作或想像出它表达的意思吗？是不是还在心里“听到英文――翻译成中文――想中文回答再翻译成英文做出反应”这么一个过程？
6、新概念第一册的每篇文章学完后，你能照着原文自己写出一篇来吗？
7、没有第一册的基础积累，2、3、4册想学好才怪呢。盖房子是要打地基的，没有地基，上面的房子再漂亮，扇下扇子都会吹倒的。英语同样如此，要学就学好，别学“豆腐渣”英语。
8、如果简单的第一册没有用，作者干什么不直接写第二册，非要凑个1-4册呢？2-4册不就得了？
9、知道为什么很多人没有毅力了吗？懒惰只是原因之一，更多的是大多数人好高骛远，总想一蹴而就！基础的，简单的看不上，复杂的，难度大的又学不明白，于是就开始困惑、茫然，实在不行了就换教材，还是从第一课开始学，简单，心里高兴！那速度，一天20课都没有问题，又如何呢？全是白费力气，到了有难度的，还是不会，恶性循环。剩下的只有抱怨了！
10、书本是死的，脑子是自己的，方法是灵活的！
英语背诵的流利程度不是越快越好。速度快只能代表你非常熟悉了，但是谈不上发音、语感就一定强。
快，带来的好处是你再去听录音时，不会再觉得紧张，听不懂。使你能够做到同步反应的效果，这只是培养语感或者说叫做训练反应的一种方法而已。
同样的一句：“How can I ever repay you for all your help?"在录音带和电影中的语气是不同的，你即使背得再快，未必就能反应过来。因此，英语的背诵是要从模仿开始的，不要觉得录音带里的语调很怪而自己不好意思去模仿，非要按自己的说话方式来表达，那么，你永远感受不到自己的语音纯正。
录音带的语音只能说是“标准英语语音”，它在生活中是不存在的。就像“标准普通话”，北京人说的也不是普通话，只是地方方言而已，它只是接近普通话，比如“哥们儿”一词，一般来说都是儿化音，“儿”的发音弱读了，听着很好听！但是，标准普通话的要求是要说成“哥”“们”“儿”，三个字的发音必须饱满，这才是“标准普通话”。英语录音带就是这个道理。
所以说，跟读速度的快与慢都是帮你培养语感的途径，快的基础是慢。
对于背诵，相对来说都是指的二、三、四册全文，背诵实际上是增强语言能力，增强语感的一种方法而已，效果很好的！
背诵要理解性的去记忆，无须一字不落，你学英文的目的无论是说还是写都是为了能够表达思想，而不是去给别人单纯的背课文。机械式的背诵只能让你打击自信，失败得更快。除了课文你会背诵，让你自己说点什么就一概不知了，这不是掌握英语，而是应付差事。
理解性的背诵，是你白课文的意思后，就要学会去改写它，把范文中涉及到事件改写为和自己有关的事情，让自己成为第一人，而不是一个阅读者或是一个旁观者。这样，你的记忆才能深刻，才能积累语言，迅速的表达思想。
书后的练习一定要做，同样也是改写成自己的事情，虚拟一个自己从未做过的事情也可以。只有理解性的记忆才是自己真实拥有的，别“傻背”。
在背书时，每次都把要背的内容写出来，再和原书去对照，拿着你默写的去背。你的书翻得越少越好！磁带越多听越好。没有别的目的，就是巩固记忆力，锻炼阅读能力。
三、怎么去听录音？怎么去听写，听写有什么用处？
磁带要天天听，早、中、晚，各一次。就像你听流行歌曲一样，听多了，记忆自然就深刻了。即使你不去背诵，听多了也就会了，当录音说一句时，你就能接下一句，这也是很好的练习口语的方法。
先整篇课文放一遍录音，看看自己能听懂多少？然后要逐词逐句的听，也就是放一句话的录音，按下复读机的复读键，让它反复播放，你听出来什么就写什么，对于词汇量上的刚开始可以看书，但要慢慢的减少翻书的次数。水平高的不要看书。实在听不出来，也可以看一眼书
然后，利用词典去查每个单词的音标、注解。自己试着写出中文解释，写出来了，再和书上对照。未必一个字不差，只要意思对就行，因为汉语太复杂，一句话能有很多种表达方式。不必精益求精。
写出来了，和原文对照了没有错误后，就去跟随录音大声的朗读，直到语气、发音和录音相同为止。然后你再继续第二句话的重复劳动。
当一篇课文结束后，要保证听完的录音每隔5－7天就重新听一遍。边听边跟着说。
每天不要学的过多，当你听到最兴奋的时候，就不要再继续了，哪怕是这一课只剩下最后一句了。都要到此为止，把这点激情留到明天去。充分利用剩下的时间去查词典、去理解，去改写，把精华变为自己的思想。很快你会感觉到，每天不听英文你就会很别扭了，这时，英语就不再是一种学习的负担，它已经成为你生活中必不可少的一部分，那么，你进步的速度将会越来越明显。
听写，一是练习听力、二是练习写，练习记忆力。一句话由几个单词组成，你写出一句话，就要写出很多单词来，写出来的是英文，自然你眼睛看到的也是英文，能够练习阅读能力，而且，在你写的过程中，你是不会去想中文的意思的，你想的是一个具体的事物或者是表情。比如说：Last
week I went to the theatre.你在写出来的时候，你想的是“个星期我去看戏”这么一个事情的场景，而不会去想中文“Last
week代表上个礼拜，I是我的意思，went to是去的意思，而且它还是go to的过去时，更不会去想the theatre是剧院。只有你不认识这个单词，在查到词典时，你才会去想它在中文里是这个意思。那么，你既然知道了，下次就不要在有这个英翻中的意识，要有想像的意识。看到了the
theatre，你就把它想像成北京的长安大戏院嘛，或者大华电影院之类的。这叫“形象记忆”。时间长了，你就脱离中文思考的瓶颈了。
还有不明白的，就看看这个步骤：
1、先整体听一遍课文。看看自己到底能听懂多少。
2、利用复读机复读功能，逐句播放，听一句，写一句，碰到不会的单词了就先空着。继续往下听写。整篇课文或者你拟定的几句话都听写完了，再结合上下文看看那些不会的单词能不能猜出来。
3、逐句回放那些空着单词的句子，试一试能不能写出来。如果还不行，就打开书对照的看一下。在这里，我倒是不主张钻牛角尖，恨不能一个不会的单词憋好几年才写出来。因为，有些单词确实我们不会，那么直接看一下书，就知道了，下次也可能在其他课文中还会遇到，这就等于是复习了，不要太死板了。其实，这次看了，未必下次你真的就会写。
4、把不会的单词，或者你认为含糊的单词去逐个的查词典，逐条的去看注解。
5、每天多听这些听写过的录音，最起码你要在今天听写新内容之前要默写一遍昨天听写过的。
6、看着中文注解写英文，联系中英互换。绝对有效。
7、如果你想练就口语，就要大声的去模仿朗读，最好能背读。
8、运用李阳的“一口气”训练你的伶牙俐齿，这个真是很管用，以后你会发现听任何英语都不会觉得语速快的。
这个方法的好处就在于：
听能够让你集中精神，写能练习拼写和记忆，听写的同时你是不会考虑它的中文是什么意思，这就是英语思维方式。
写出来的东西应入眼帘，就是练习阅读。英语听写得多了，你就知道很多句型、句式是大同小异的，经过查查语法书，了解一下，自然语法知识就提高了。阅读速度也就提高了。因为始终在听，所以你置身的就是英语环境。
大声的朗读，直到会背诵。这些都是训练发音、语调、记忆的。口语能力自然提高了。一口气能让你的嘴巴更流利，你就不会感觉外国人语速快了，即使新概念2还是慢速英语，没有慢速的积累，哪里可能听懂正常语速的英语。其实，一口气的训练基础也是先慢后快直到最快速，不信，你就试试！
看着中文写英文，实际上就是把看着英文想中文反过来，这样，你就不自觉地去做起了翻译，也是训练英文思考方式的一种方法。不过，要想当个真正的翻译，光是《新概念》可还不行，还要看一些专业的书籍。《新概念》毕竟是大众英语。
对于急于考试的学生来说，上面的几条你可以不完全照着做。这些就是打好基础的方法。《新概念》可以这么做，任何一本教材或者是dvd也可以这么去做。
四、每天学多少合适？
每天不要过多的记忆，有5-6句话足以，多了什么也记不住。科学的说法是一天记忆8句话，我们还是不要那么标准了，少点好。最好能把学到的组成简单的对话，这样一问一答自己都可以练习口语了。不要去考虑进度，不要去想：“唉呦，这得猴年马月我才能学会呀？”，当你对英语有了感觉后，速度是突飞猛进的。心不要太急，戒骄戒躁，就像一个人猛吸一口气，他可以跑得很快，但他永远跑不远。就是这个道理。
五、我不会改写怎么办？
谈到改写，其实不用犯愁。《新概念》每课后面都有练习，尤其第一册书，练习部分有大量的替换词，连人称、动词格式你都不用改，直接把book换成car就行了。当然这是最初级的改写，但是你有可能就想到你自己身边的东西了，比如：手机、手套、mp3什么的，改过来就是你的语言了，你先照着书上的练习去做，一段时间后你就知道如何改写了。
然后再学会把第三人称改为你自己，无非就是“he、 she、 they或者是人名都改成“I”，遇到第三人称单数时，它动词后面有“s”，你就把“s”去掉。比如说：He
loves a pretty girl.”你就改成：I love a pretty girl. 遇到宾语的地方，无非就是把它们换成“him、her、me、them、
us”等等。比如说：Where do you plan to take me? 你就该为：Where do you plan to
take her?或者：Where do you plan to take my dog？其他的都可原封不动的照搬过来。总之呢，书里说去剧场，你就去改为商场，说里说买了个帽子，你就说你买了件大衣。但第一人称变第三人称时一定要注意动词的变化。这样简单的改写一些以后，你脑子里就有的写了。每天都看一看自己写的东西，每天你都会有新的想法，那就不断的增补，修改。不知不觉间，你就有了质的突变。即使刚开始写错了，自己看不出来也不怕，待你水平提高后，自然你就知道哪里错了。我们说母语的时候不是照样经常犯错吗？所以说错、写错英文简直就不要拿它当回事。如果你都会的话，你还学英语干吗？那不是吃饱了撑的找休闲来了吗？
六、我不知道我是不是该从第一册学起，你说我完全不会吧，我也会点，你说我会吧，我又觉得自己还真不行！
拿出第一册录音，别看书，听一遍，看自己反应得过来吗？听到的话能不能不想中文就明白？让你说，你能随口说出来吗？如果不能，那就证明你的基础还不是很牢固。正好利用第一册来巩固基础。要一丝不苟的去听、去写、去理解。千万不要再看着书听录音，这样你就会认为你哪里都明白，哪里都听得懂，但是一合上书，就会感到什么也听不懂了，心里就没有了底。
七、关于教材的选择？
首先来说不要频繁的更换教材，你没有《新概念》也无所谓，有什么教材使用什么教材，等你打下基础了，吃透一套教材了，再去更换其他教材。即使相同水平的教材，它的侧重点也不同的。知道为什么有时候别人比你强吗？就是因为同样一句话，你只知道一种表达方式，你不知道还有另外的表达方式，所以别人说了你听不懂，你教材里学会的，人家偏偏就不说，急死你！
如果你下决心选择了学习《新概念》，就把它学到底。用不着4册都学完的时候，你就已经能够轻松阅读英文原著了。
八、我的《新概念》是老版本的，现在都是大开本的新版本，我是否要换掉？
说实话，如果有这样的朋友，你千万不要再浪费钱去买新版本。
《新概念》英语现在确实已经改版，内容方面和你手中的相比，做过不少的改动，具体我不太清楚没有对照过。但是你要明白增加了新内容也好，还是删除了一些过时的内容也罢。它整体的水平是不变的。你不会因为缺了这几课不一样的文章就学不好英语了。
最主要的是以后要脱离《新概念》，而去接触更为广泛的英语空间，报纸、散文、诗歌、戏剧、小说、网站、新闻、电影、歌曲、甚至广告都是可学习利用的资源。
其实，不论是学生，还是工作的人。通病都是一本教材不能从头学到尾。前几课滚瓜烂熟，后面一个字都没看过。不能心猿意马，您就抱定我先学完一套教材再说，这套不学完，我绝对不看第二套。否则，一会儿认为这好，一会儿认为那个好的，到最后哪套教材都挺好的，就是哪个您也没有从头到尾学下来的。
英语是点——线——面的积累。您学完一套后，再去看什么《新概念》《900句》这个那个的英语书，您会发现很多我都能理解了，那时的速度就是突飞猛进的了，然后第三套、第四套……开始向“面”拓宽。
九、我是上班族，我该怎么合理分配时间？
从时间上来说，如果您是“朝9晚5”工作制，就要充分利用零碎的时间。在每天晚上，你要抽出一个小时来听写5句话，我想应该不难做到。在第二天早上，起床后，您就应该反复的播放录音去放这5句话，直到您离开家门为止。走在路上，坐在车里、或者骑车过程中，您可以去唠叨这5句话。上半时遇到上厕所、上下楼、外出办事情什么的，都可以反复练习。
中午休息的时候，您就去默写这5句话，然后找出词典来逐个检查对错。下午下班后，您还是去唠叨这5句话。唠叨烦了，就试着改写、换词。
晚上您再听写新的5句，然后第二天，醒来后就听这10句话，上班路上同样如此，中午去默写这10句，尽量将这10句变成小对话，下班的时候就去练习。晚上回来做改写句子练习。利用周六、周日可以从头至尾温故而知新一下。
一天花费过长的时间学英语其实效果并不好，而恰恰是零碎的时间学习英语最容易出效果。给您举个例子：有的人喜欢唱歌，但并不是每首歌都是在家一遍遍跟着带子学唱出来的。往往都是走在大街上，这个商场放着，听了一耳朵，那个店里放着，又听了一耳朵，东拼西凑的凑起来的，再加上找个固定的时间完整的听几遍，就都会了。英语就是这样，平时零碎着听，零碎着唠叨，零碎写着，隔几天做个阶段性总结，接触多了，时间长了，也就自然会了。
给你介绍一下我以前上班时候的学习方法吧。
一、早上起床后，打开复读机放到最大的声音听，直到离开家。
二、带着随身听，（现在别人都用MP3了）上班路上骑车听，不过要注意交通安全；或者拿着一张头天晚上写好的已学过的英文，边走边背诵，然后就自己唠叨。每天都会先重复昨天背的，再背新的。
三、准备一本非常薄的英语故事书，工作中遇到上厕所的时候看看，或者听录音。反正在厕所，领导也不知道。我用的是外研社的《书虫》系列，最爱看的是《鲁宾孙漂流记》The
life and strange surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe，原因有两点，一是这本书都是以第一人称写的，比较适合于学习怎么介绍自己。二是增强自信心，看看鲁宾孙不屈不挠的战斗精神，学习英语又能算得了什么！
四、中午休息时，默写已背会的课文，收起来晚上回家对照正误。或者趴在桌子上边睡觉边听录音。
五、和同事聊天的时候找张废纸，边聊边划拉着句子或者单词，进行无意识记忆。一回生、两回熟。
六、在单位放本词典，没事情的时候就随意翻一篇，随便找个单词，从头到位的看例句。有好的就摘抄下来。我使用的是《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》。
七、下班回家路上重复上班时的工作。
八、晚上听录音学习新的内容
九、找盘英语带，边睡边听。磁带放完后，复读机自动关机，省电！我用的是“步步高”复读机，音效非常好！
十，我都快成了《新概念》英语、复读机、外研社的“推销大使”了，天天说它们好，哈哈哈！开个玩笑！
十、我也想学好英语，可是我怕自己坚持不住！
坚持！话虽好说，做起来却是一点都不容易。这其中要伴随着多少苦闷和乏味。读英文著作、听歌、看DVD、背诵名篇名作等等，让人觉得英语学习的过程是如此的丰富多彩。然而这些只是学习的方法和形式而已，我们真正要面对的是如何保持一个良好的心态去“坚持”地把这些方法和形式付诸实施，从而达到预期的目的。如果我们在学习过程中动摇了，坚持不住了又该怎么办呢？
就我个人学习英语的经历而言，也曾是多次放弃、重来；再放弃，再重来。开始都是怀着积极的心态，投入到英语学习的战斗中去。恨不能一天之内就要学会两课书、三课书。一个月就要学完一册书。然而，学着学着，就感觉要“坚持“不住了，想要放弃。开始总是找不到解决的办法，为此而郁闷。后来才发现解决这样的问题其实并不难。
一、 要学会精神转移。
在英语学习的过程中，感到枯燥乏味，信心不足的时候，不要强迫自己往下学，因为从你的思想意识形态里已经开始产生了抵触英语的情绪。这时再继续只能是“适得其反”，请你先放一放你所学习的内容，最好的去处是逛书店，到外文书店看看那些崭新的原版小说，先不要看其内容，只看图书的封面。这些原版图书要比国内图书的封面做得好得多。这些花花绿绿的封面（特别是名著的封面）能够强烈刺激你的大脑神经，让你对书中的内容产生联想，从欣赏图片的审美角度去激发你阅读的兴趣。这时，你选择一本自己喜欢的，翻开内容看上一两段，你就会发现原来你的英语已经很有水平了，以前的时间没有白费。
还有一个原因，你学英语的时候是孤立的，当你置身到外文书店的时候，你会发现那里有很多中国人、外国人，这时候你才能够感受到很多中国人都和你一样在努力着，也许他（她）的英文水平很高，也许他（她）还不如你。从而让自己产生羡慕、嫉妒、欣慰的心理。只有这样才能激发你的继续学习的兴趣。而你所看到的那些外国人，如果你能上前聊上几句，何尝不是一件快乐的事情？为什么不敢呢？是自己水平不够吧？那还不回家赶快去学？
除此之外，你还可以去听听那些原版磁带，去看看原版DVD来调节自己的心态。尽量不要去想自己现在所学的教材。毕竟在内容上它有很大的局限性，只有丰富多彩的内容才能保持你好学的心态。
二、 学习他人之长。
学习英语是要虚心的，在自己坚持不住的时候，要多去看看那些成功人士的书籍，听听他们的心得。俞敏洪、李阳，杜子华、钟道隆等等，这些已经取得成功的人士，他们同样也遭遇过你我这样的经历，也曾经在坚持和放弃之间徘徊过。他们是怎样走过来的？这是我们要学习的，不管你是否认可这些人，为什么他们成功了，就因为他们会调节自己的心态坚持走到底。我在坚持不住的时候，就会找出钟道隆教授《踏踏实实学英语》讲座录音听听，体会一位老人学习英语的艰辛，看看李阳《疯狂英语》的演讲，感受他的狂热，读读杜子华的《英语成功学》吸取他丰富的经验。这些都能调节自身的心态，鼓励我们“坚持”下去。
三、 不要一棵树上吊死。
无论是学习方法，还是教材，都有它的局限性，都会因人而异。别人的经验是经过多少次失败总结而来的，或许对你就不实用。要学“博取众家之长，补己之短”，在实践中去归纳总结。找到自己能够“坚持”的方法。一套教材未必就要全书背诵下来，人都有个性、喜恶。或许某一类你就不喜欢，那就别硬着头皮去看、去听。即使别人都说好的，也要自己去衡量，找到自己感兴趣的，你才能够坚持下去。如果非让一个喜欢流行音乐的人去听京剧，还不如让他去参观疯人院的好。所以，千万不要一棵树上吊死，喜欢什么就去接触什么，一本书里只一点点也好，一盘磁带里只一句就行。
四、 要了解学习的资源
有些人开始时如狼似虎的背诵英文，一天好几课。可是背了半天，却发现除了会说些已经背过的课文，再想说点别的就什么也不会了，脑子里空空如也。能听懂的录音也仅限于学过的课文，再听别的就好像是天书一样。于是，自信心开始动摇，对教材开始怀疑。
英语作为母语以外的第二语言，要想掌握它不是短时间内突击就能取得效果的，这是必须要经过漫长的时间去大量的接触。不是你背诵几篇文章就会了，听懂一盘磁带就明白了那么简单。
你要理解的是背诵文章，听录音的目的是什么？背诵文章要理解性的去记忆，不能“傻背”。能背诵下来并不是目的，而是你要掌握作者写作的风格以及用词、用句的思维方式。如果你是聪明人，就不应该一字不落的把原文背诵下来。而是应该以原文为模板，去进行创作。把原文改写成自己的事情，使自己成为主角，而不是总处在一个旁观者的位置。只有这样，通过模仿，你才能锻炼自己的思维以及写作能力。你才能在想表达时不至于脑中无词。听录音，是要你了解英语发音的特点，纠正你的发音，说话的语气，训练你的反应速度，训练你的对话能力。然而很多人却用错了录音带，只是把它当成了一部有声词典，发现一个单词不会念时才会去听。甚至根本就不听磁带。
学习英语重要的是思考，只有不断的思考，才能深入的理解，从而进行创作。英语一定要去“悟”，去“练”，只有这样才能始终保持着对英语学习的兴趣，你才能够坚持下来，最终掌握英语。
十一、如何背而不忘新概念？
要想背好《新概念》，所有课文，要做到以下几点：
第一点：利用每天早上的时间背诵前一天背诵的课文。
第二点：利用空闲时间重复背诵以前的课文，哪怕只是其中的几句都可以。比如今天背诵第一课，明天背诵第二课。第三天背诵第1、2课，第四天背诵第三课，如此往复。
第三点：每天听从头至尾的听录音，也许你现在不能完全记住前面背过的课文，时间长了，这些录音都会深深地印在你的脑海中，自然而然的也就记住了。这需要一个过程。录音非常重要，必须天天听！
第四点：不要报以强烈的目的性去背诵，比如说为了短期内提高自己的水平，为了应付考试等等而背诵，好像完成任务一样。那样的话，用不了几课书就会把你累地筋疲力尽。始终要保持“兴趣原则”，“兴趣”是最好的老师！
第五点：《新概念》每篇课文都堪称是微型小说，市面上再也找不到这么好的短文欣赏了。所以，要从欣赏的角度去理解背诵。这样不会感到枯燥了，当然水平也是在不知不觉中突飞猛进。
第六点：对于《新概念》中课文篇幅较长的，要分段背诵。人的大脑在一天中能记住的句子最大限度只有“8”句话，我们缩短一些，只背“5”句，滚瓜乱熟。第二天再背诵其他的。当天背得越多，忘得也越多。这就是很多人背得快，忘得快的原因。只记住表层，没有深入骨髓。
第七点：利用电脑、或手写默写课文。好脑子不如烂笔头。
第八点：当你背诵时，感到自己进入了最佳状态时，好像只要看一遍后面的课文，就能立刻背诵下来时，要强制自己不再背诵了。把这种激情保留到明天去。蓄势待发，才能更加应付得轻松自如。
实际上，打基础，不见得非要《新概念》这部书不可，我们初中的英语书、高中的英语书都是打基础的好材料了。我奉劝众位，不要轻视了它们。
十二、我阅读没有问题，过了6级，但是我听不明白也说不出来英语。
大多数人都是处于这种“中国式阅读”英语状况。也就是说“聋哑高材生”。
其实，解决这类人的问题很简单，因为他们有很好的英语基础了，无非要做的就是两件事情：听和说。
如果，你真的想克服你的弱点，首先要做的是得肯“放下架子”，脑子里不要再去想你考过了的四、六级，就是你是个“特八”见了外国人说不出来那也等于没学一样。怎么做呢？从现在开始，不要看书，一个字都不要看。
先去买一本音标的书，现在市场上的音标书籍做得比较好了，都有vcd的，可以看着练习，买这种带vcd的。好的音标教材首先是一个音标会有一个代表性的单词，然后，会有一个带有这个例词的例句，其后，是一组对话。既能教你发音，又能通过单词、例句而学到一组对话。
发音不过关，听力就不过关，口语也就不过关。音标是相当基础，也是非常关键的。
之后，你找一盘VOA慢速英语，或者《新概念》第一册的录音带，听一句，跟学一句，每句话听上300遍，你跟读300遍，直到你和录音带的发音完全相同为止。不求你学的进度有多快，只要求每句话都和录音一模一样，不听录音的时候，你就自己练习，每句话不要求你能连读、弱读，流利，只要求一个单词一个单词的把发音读准确，要最慢最慢的速度读20遍，然后逐步的加快，和录音同步了，你还要加快速度，要达到录音说一遍的速度你能说两遍。这样来培养你的听力和语感。记住！这个时候也是不能看书的。
最后，我告诉你，学习英语，你出的错误越多，你离成功就越近，所以别怕丢人、别怕出丑。不敢张嘴就先把自己关在屋里，把录音机的音量调大，这时候。录音有多大的声音，你就多大的声音说。（想着把门反锁上，别让别人进来）。每天这么练习，直到一篇文章，你都能够流利的和录音同步说出（相当于背诵得滚瓜烂熟了），录音的音量不要减，同样还是这么大声音。在你和录音同步发音的时候，你去突然的把录音音量调到最小，这时候，你的音量别降低，还保持着那么大的声音继续说下去，直到这篇文章说完为止。多试几次，第一次失败了无所谓，哪怕能保持大声的说一句都可以。然后慢慢的去第二句，第三句。然后，对着镜子看着自己，把镜子里的你当成抢了你女朋友的情敌，愤怒的去张嘴嚷嚷吧，不过别骂人（那可是你自己呀），只说英语。
找本原版的外文小说，你的阅读不是很好吗？在家把不会的单词查出来，然后出门找人多的地方，什么公交车、商场之类的，你就拿着书读，保证别人都很羡慕你的英文，而不会有人认为你在学习英文。你偷偷地用余光去环视四周，然后自己心里乐去吧。多试几次，你就会有很高的成就感了，那时候，你说英文心里不会再紧张、怕别人笑话。
这是增强自信的歪门邪道，非常有效果。
十三、我就是不敢开口说英语怎么办？
其实这个问题还真不是个人的问题，很多人，包括很多男性都在开口说上特别的怕！
我也看过很多专家的文章，到了怎么开口说这里，总是说一些什么不要怕说错、不要羞涩，要克服自己的恐惧心理之类的不疼不痒的话，Don’t
be shy, Just try.可问题是我们都知道这个道理，可是我们怎么才能突破这道心理障碍关，让自己真的不惧怕了？
有时候我也在想是不是李阳、俞敏洪、还有那些学院派的英语专家门第一次和外国人讲话时候也紧张呢？可能那时候他们也说得驴唇不对马嘴吧，后来是练就了够深的“不要脸”的功夫，可能才真正突破了“开口说”这个难关。
说了点废话。还是说咱们实际的情况吧。
如果说让所有人按李阳的方法去练习口语，我估计那是不可能了。毕竟很多女性更含蓄一些。我觉得，包括男性在内，不敢说的恐惧心理有这么几点：
1、英语毕竟不是母语，没有我们说中国话那么流利，那么自然。所以，说出来总觉得别扭，怕别人听到了笑话自己。本来就不熟练，再加上怕人笑话的想法，更让自己紧张了。越这样就越不敢说了。
2、脑子里的句子量太少，学过的单词挺多，就是不能组织起来达到随意地表达自己的思想的目的，这就给交流带来了困难。因为在交流的时候，你听到的内容是被动的，你不知道对方会说什么，所以精神会比较紧张，生怕自己不会说或者是有的单词听不懂，这就产生了紧张心理，紧张就会给人带来恐惧。
3、也许你要面对的是外国人，虽然现在街上到处是外国人，电视电影里也比比皆是。但是，真的有个外国大活人站在你面前了，叽了呱啦的和你说英文，你还真的犯蒙，因为毕竟你平时所做的听力练习都是标准录音，而不是生活口语。在语调、语态、语气上都会有很大的差别。
4、在自己没有外国朋友的时候，很想走过去和那些逛街的外国人聊上几句，可是又不敢，一怕人家不理你，自己没有面子，二怕听不懂人家说什么。因为彼此都是非常陌生的，别说外国人了，就是中国人自己在街上不认识的情况下上前打个招呼，还一个个的跟防贼似的用异样的眼光看你呢。
这是我自己总结的原因，那么我觉得既然强求不来，那就顺其自然。首先要把自己英语口语练好，即使你考下了六级，但是并不等于你的英语水平高，所以就要大量的去看口语书、多看原版电影，越生活化的越好。从电影中大量的搜集日常的对话，把它们说得要像说自己的名字那样娴熟，要说得像“What‘s
your name? Thank you!"那样自然，然后你要对你的家人说，我想你不会对你的爸爸、妈妈说话也羞涩吧？你说出一句英文，你告诉他们你的中文意思就可以。这样还能练习的你的中英互换。然后同样的句子，你对你最好的朋友说，因为她们不会笑话你说错了，谁都知道说好英语是件非常不错的事情。这样，针对不同的人说同样的话，慢慢地你会减少恐惧感，说话会比较自然、流利了。既然你能和别人说好中文，就一定能说好英文。
其次，找一张自己最喜欢的原版电影，你把台词写出来，然后自己当演员，比如说像《罗马假日》，你就当那个公主，当你的大臣、还有偶然遇到的那个男主角和你说话的时候，你就做出公主的回答。一个人在家里练习，没人会笑话你的。而且，各种电影中有各种不同的英语口音，你又是在跟这些国际大牌明星对话，那是多么的了不得！大街上一个区区平常的外国人你还在意吗？“咱是跟大牌明星天天说话的主儿！”只要环境熟悉了，说话也就不紧张了。无非就是个熟练程度的问题。
还有，如果你真的碰到了外国人，刚开始紧张也很自然，外国人也是知道这点的。他们也会放慢语速和你交流的，说上几句适应了，你也就不紧张了，然后你告诉他（她）平时很少能和外国人交流，所以说英语势必会紧张一些，甚至有的不会说。他们能够理解。如果说他们不理解，你就直接说你那最纯正、最流利的汉语，说得他们晕头转向，照样很了不起！
再有，如果有那种外国人参加的英语角或者是外籍老师的口语授课，可以去参加，目的就是接触外国人来过度自己的恐惧感，其实大家都是人，接触多了，熟悉了，说话就自然了。
如果身边一个外国人都接触不到，那就和你的亲人、朋友或者以后工作中要好的同事练习说英语，说多了，就不会嘴笨了。我平常不接触外国人的时候就和同事、朋友说英语，我的目的不是他们能不能听懂，而是我自己要练习说的熟练，可能几天里我都会说同样的一句话，而对方只是简单的应答我一句，那无所谓，我能说得自然、流利了就是目的。就象说“Good
morning.How are you doing. see you tomorrow. Can I help you? I‘m
leaving now! I need your help." 这样自然，那么当我遇到外国人的时候，说这些，我就不会紧张了。在拿了一落东西的时候，我会和同事说“Would
you be good enough to carry this for me?劳驾给我拿着这个行吗？”虽然我第一次由于紧张、说得不流利，但是我会再去不断重复的唠叨这句话，然后我再找机会我还和这个同事说这句话。等我和这个人说熟练了，我还会找其他的人再说这句话，直到我和别人说这句话的时候我不再紧张，而且非常流利了为止。
平时，还要多听英语新闻，听的时候不要去想刚才说的那个单词是什么意思？这句话是什么意思？你的听力要和新闻播放是同步的，因为英语新闻的语速很快，只有你熟悉了这样的语速，你再听日常交流的语速，你才会发现每一句你都听得很实在，这样就从容不迫了。而且，听英语新闻非常锻炼反应能力，不要想着每句你都能听懂，我的朋友在国外待了4年，回来后考雅思简直就跟玩儿似的，可是看CCTV9的英语新闻照样很多听不懂，但是并不影响交流。
如果以后你在外企工作，这一切都将成为自然，那里有很多外国同事，环境逼迫你不说也得说了。在没有这样的环境的时候，就上自己和自己说、和家人说、和同事说、和男朋友说。别无他法！
十四、我该怎么背单词？
背单词不要孤立的背，一定要融合到句子中去。要查词典，在词典中把这个单词每个不同的例句都要找找出一两句实用的作为代表练出来，这样你才会知道一个单词的不同用法。
除了听写、默写以外，还要增加阅读量，看一些和自己水平相当的英语其他书籍从而扩充词汇量，就我个人认为，词汇量这个概念应该是英语水平提高后才涉及的问题，不应该是初学者上来就想的事情，初学者应该先掌握基本句式，会说会写了，才能去想这个东西英文怎么说？那个东西英文怎么称呼，这个时候才是增加词汇量的时候。阅读不需要去背诵，也不需要去听录音，但必须勤查词典。这个方法只是为了增加词汇量，尽量地短时间内减少生词。
十五、感受听力
以前看书或听别人说只要听上一盘磁带，听力就可以完全过关。最初，百思不得其解！根本就不相信，毕竟一盘磁带的内容是有限的，单词量、句子量都是有限的，怎么可能只听一盘就能够过听力关呢。后来，随着英语水平的提高，渐渐地领悟到，这是完全可以达到的。所谓，听一盘磁带过听力关，不是说听了这盘带子后，你听什么都听得懂了，而是指录音中的发音、语调、语气、语言习惯、强读、弱读、连音、省略等等经过一盘磁带不同内容的训练，来培养你的语感，使你再去听其它的磁带时，没有感觉上的障碍，剩下的无非就是单词你不会了，不过听力水平完全是可以应付自如的了。
一定要坚持住！英语是一个台阶一个台阶的逐级上升，不进则退。你坚持住了，水平就要提高了。
在练习听力时先听一种磁带，反复地听，实在听不出来的，不要太勉强自己。做好记号，然后换一盘磁带来听，等听得和前一盘一样了，再返回头来听前一盘，很多不明白的地方你就明白了。
真正听懂了一盘磁带后，是会很有成就感的！
如何通过《新概念英语》全面提高英语能力
这里有篇文章“如何通过《新概念英语》全面提高英语能力 主讲：江博”不错，有空可以看看。
一． 激情(passion)：英语学习中唯一理性的动力。
1. 学习语言需要激情。人生需要激情。成功需要激情。自信来自激情。
2. 激情造就天才
3. 运用激情的方式
二． 激情联想学习法在英语学习中的运用。
1. 用激情联想征服词汇。
词汇→英语之根；秘招→联想扩展→至高境界
词形联想法：
l 词缀词根联想：说起来容易做起来难，若一旦掌握受益终生。/懒惰者勿用。/扩大高难词汇必用之秘方。
pos→put："放" expose (ex<外面>expose 放在外面→暴露)； impose
(im<里面>→强加)；depose(……)
必须掌握的词缀及词根
l content contend consent bear dear fear gear hear near pear rear
tear wear year
l 同族词联想：大量单词一脉相通。
如：forget→forgetful→forgetfully→forgetfulness→forgettable→forgetter→unforgettable
等。
词义联想法
l 同义词与反义词联想:
新概念二、三册单词联想示例
初级联想：big→large→huge→great→grand→
高级联想：colossal（庞大的）船-泰坦尼克号→titanic→gigantic→immense→vast→enormous→tremendous
wild [waild] a.野生的,野性的(living in a natural state, not controlled
by humans)
[联想] →(同)feral(a.凶猛的); barbarous(a.野蛮的)
(反)tame (a.驯服的); domestic(a.家养的)
[经典用法]wild wind 强风，wild guess 瞎猜，wild times 乱世
经典用法联想
二册词汇用法联想示例：
seat [si:t] n.座位; vt.使座下(a place to sit ；to let somebody sit down.)
[经典用法联想] →① have a seat/take a seat 就座
→②be seated/seat oneself/坐下
这里seat 是及物动词,联想→enjoy oneself 玩得开心:
dress oneself 给……穿衣
[习惯搭配联想/超级联结联想
cupidbow呢喃道：“好久没见过这么经典的东东了。”词汇联想/语法功能联想]
拟声联想法：
"P"→拍打，撞击等声音。
Chap(轻拍，拍手)；slap(用手掌拍打)；pat (拍打)；wrap（包起来）；pop(砰)；
Pound(敲打)；pour（泼）；drop, chop, torpedo; sip(吮吸)……
"fl" →飞翔，流动等声音
fly; flow; flash（闪光）flame（火焰）；flow（流动）；flood（洪水）；flu（流感）；float（漂浮），fluid（流动性）；flush（冲洗）
pest（拍死它→害虫）；obscene（我不see→淫秽的）或（词缀法）…
形象联想法
tussle（扭打）；grass（青草）[ss]；derrick井架（deck＋rri）；baggage；roar（咆哮）；cheer；smile，round，square……
激情音标联想背词法
所有无规律的长单词
archaeology（考古学）；anthropology（人类学）；bedraggled（弄湿的）；
exhilarating(令人兴奋的)；
自定义联想法
privilege; barbarous//
bait（诱饵→bite）;hay(干草)；graze（牛羊吃草）[grass/gray]
lullaby（催眠曲）；gangster（土匪，强盗）
2. 用激情联想法快速突破英语口语
"说"的误区。
l 外教至上的误区。
l 独自无法练习口语的误区
l 随心所欲的误区
l 单一强化口语的误区
solution→
a. 快速联想与延伸
b. 地道口语的联想与运用
c. 精美口语句式的联想记忆
d. 独自锻炼联想（一册语音，背诵2，3册，大声跟读，模仿语调（WOA/BBC），独自讨论辩论法，高声描述法）
独自讨论辩论法：
MIMIC DISCUSSION
l Do you like music? What do you think of Madonna and Michael Jackson?
l What's the relation between the sports field and the battlefield?
l What do you think of the difference between the white-collar workers(白领工人)and
blue-collar workers(蓝领工人)？
l What do you think of the saying "Wealthy man tends to be
bad while a bad woman tends to be wealth"?
MIMIC DEBATE
l Money can buy everything that you want.
l There's no true and pure friendship between man and woman.
l Capital punishment should be abolished.
l Health is wealth.
l Computer will control the human being.
3. 激情联想快速突破英语听力
"听"的误区
l 速成论的误区。
l 一本教材突破听力的误区。
l 突击提高听力的误区
solution→
a. 长期的过程（经验），因为激情你不再苦闷，因为激情你豁然开朗！
b. 练习听力的最佳材料及时间
c. 提高听力的方法（电影、英文歌曲、周润发）
d. 精听与泛听。
e. 如何通过新概念提高听力。（不同版本及不同级别的运用）
4. "英语阅读"中的如何走出误区
a. 技巧论→泛读与精读
b. 阅读方法联想漫谈
5. 激情联想学习法在"英语写作"中运用。
a. 正确（初级）→多样化→美化（激情联想的运用）
I like music.
I am fond of music.
I am crazy about music.
I take great interest in music.
Music exerts tremendous fascination on me.
b. 形式三段论-内容三段论
c. 超级模仿好句型，语法重点尽在文中。
Nothing can be compared, he maintains, with the first cockcrow,
the twittering of birds at dawn, the sight of the rising sun glinting
on the trees and pastures. NCE BOOK Ⅲ
Few things could be more impressive than the peace that descends
on deserted city streets at weekends when the thousands that travel
to work every day are tucked away in their homes in the country.
NCE BOOK Ⅲ
三． 一套浓缩语言精华的教材，一种全新的英语学习理念
1. 一册（First Things First）：学习英语的敲门砖。
经典示例：
ASSISTANT: Do you like this dress, madam?
LADY: I like the colour very much.
It's a lovely dress, but it's too small for me.
ASSISTANT: What about this one?
It's a lovely dress.
It's very smart.
Short skirts are in fashion now.
Would you like to try it？
2. 二册（Practice and Progress）:构建英语的基石。
经典示例：
l No one could account for the fact that one of the boxes was extremely
heavy. It suddenly occurred to one of the workers to open up the
box. He was astonished at what he found.
Lesson 68 Persistent
I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came
running towards me . it was no use pretending that I had not seen
him, so I waved to him. I never enjoy meeting Nigel Dykes. He never
has anything to do. No matter how busy you are, he always insists
on coming with you. I had to think of a way of preventing him from
following me around all morning.
'Hello. Nigel.' I said. 'Fancy meeting you here?'
'Hi. Elizabeth.' Nigel answered. 'I was just wondering how to spend
the morning---until I saw you. You're not busy doing anything, are
you?'
'No, not at all.' I answered. 'I'm going to …'
'Would you mind my coming with you?' he asked, before I had finished
speaking. 'Not at all,' I lied, 'but I'm going to the dentist.'
'Then I'll come with you.' He answered. 'There's always plenty to
read in the waiting room!'
3. 三册（Developing Skills）：掌握英语的关键。
经典示例：
Lesson 26 Wanted: A Large Biscuit Tin
No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. Much as we
may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to
choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence
on us. In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product,
advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified
all our little weaknesses.
Lesson 60 Too Early And Too Late
Punctuality is a necessary habit in all public affairs in civilized
society. Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion;
everything would be in a state of chaos. Only in a sparsely populated
rural community is it possible to disregard it. In ordinary living,
there can be some tolerance of unpunctuality.
4. 四册（Fluency in English）：体味英语的精髓。
经典示例：
A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate
victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatest
twentieth-twentieth-century opportunities.
(Lesson 41)
It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you
do. Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes:
those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and
those who are bored to death. (Lesson 58)
(理解自测)
The only arguable plea for capital punishment is the right of society
to retribution in this world with the prospect of life in another,
but since what used to seem to the great majority of civilized humanity
the assurance of another life beyond the grave has come to seem
to more and more people less certain, a feeling for the values of
human life has become deeper and more widespread.
(Lesson 60)
四． 如何掌握新概念英语：
1. 自学的误区
2. 突破新概念词汇：
→根据上述激情联想法之后的复习：
时间间隔应先短后长；第一次间隔6小时左右，第二次间隔一天左右，第三次四五天，第四次约一个星期……如此往复，达到X次记忆。
背单词的感觉：
复习与背诵单词的最佳时间：
3. 句型：→择抄，朗读，默背，钻石句型超级模仿记忆。
4. 课文：→3R：Recite; Retell；Review
作业：→由点及面。（黄金要点遍布新概念的每一个角落！）
五． 掌握《新概念英语》与英语全面突破。
1. 课堂上：由被动接受→主动吸收（笔记与心记）（与英语共舞）
2. 课后如何巩固。（课堂笔记是你的宝贵财富）
3. 百读不厌，不厌百读。（背诵需要激情）
4. 由初级到高级循序渐进，终会突破！
六． 素质英语与应试英语在新概念教材上如何统一。
1. 素质是关键
2. 应试是检验。
3. 新概念是手段。
用了三个月，我即将背完新概念4册的108篇课文，说点感想。
首先，不要迷信新概念，作者的目的不是编考研教材，歪打正着罢了。
其次，最好背几篇。熟读跟背会有很远的距离。
最后，背完最好经常默写。
转一下别人的经验：
每个人都会根据自己的学习特点采取不同的学习方式，下面给大家推荐几种不同的背诵方法。
方法（一）
（1）明确目的，集中精力
背诵一篇课文或者一段必须掌握的语句，最忌东张西望，漫不经心，注意力分散。如果是一篇很简单的文字，背了几天后仍老出错，这肯定是用心不专的缘故。至于出现“前记后忘”的现象，则是正常的，这时千万不要向这种暂时困难屈服而打退堂鼓。
（2）确定任务，寻找窍门
背诵一篇短文，仅仅读几遍是行不通的，一定要熟读到滚瓜烂熟的程度才行。开始时可短一些，容易一些，然后作一定幅度的调整。此外，背诵时还要讲究一定的技巧，熟读课文内容，理解课文大意，不仅不会记错和混淆，而且记住的数量也会越来越多。
（3）坚持复背，及时检查
复习背诵的时间用得越多，记住的效果就越佳。例如，早晨背诵过的课文或知识，晚上睡前以及第二天起床后，应进行一次复背，并在每周六或周日再作适当的温习背诵，以后过一个月再复背一次。这样，可保证很长一段时期不会遗忘。
（4）加强默写，强化训练
所谓“眼过千遍，不如手抄一遍”。采取默写手段，可有效地巩固已经背诵了的课文和知识，而且对加深记忆大有好处。因为文字本身就是一种图形和符号，经常默写可帮助我们促进右脑的开发。如果能切实做到循序渐进，长期进行默写训练，那么一定会有助于背诵的质量和效果。
方法（二）
（1）反复阅读与再现相结合
单纯地反复阅读效果并不好，学习者应该在文章还没有完全记住前积极进行尝试再现，回忆不起来时再阅读。这样容易记住，而且保持时间也长。特别生疏的语句，注意多尝试再现几次。因为尝试再现是一种比阅读更积极的智力活动，又是一种自我检查的过程，使人更能集中精力，掌握识记内容的重点、难点，并及时改正记忆中的错误。
（2）试背
背诵过程中，如果出现“卡壳”，应该进行追忆。追忆是有意和间接再现的形式，它需要付出很大的意志力，克服一定的困难，多方面寻找线索，进行积极灵活的思维。因此，不能一“卡壳”，就立即停止背诵。
（3）熟背
文章通过理解消化，已纳入自己的知识系统，语句通过熟读试背，也已朗朗上口，如果再反复朗读几遍，就能流利地背诵下来。检查方式，除了个人和集体背诵外，还有对背，即两人面对面同时背诵，因为有对方干扰，可锻炼学生记忆的深刻性和正确性；提背，即打哪提，从哪背，提到哪，背到哪，可锻炼学生记忆的准确性。
（4）默写
这也是运用内部语言背诵的一种形式，既用脑，又动手，可加深对文章的记忆。一篇文章，就这样一段一段地把它“吃掉”。最后，遵循“整体→部分→整体”的原则，按照背诵各段的方法，再把全篇串联起来，进行背诵。
另外，为了使所背诵的内容长久地保持在头脑中，以便在实践中及时提取应用，学习者还应注意两点：一是遵循遗忘规律，合理安排复习。既要有天天背诵检查，又要每周集中安排一次背诵检查。不断强化记忆痕迹，避免其减弱或消退。二是根据识记程度对遗忘进程的影响，注意安排过度学习。实验表明，过度学习的效果优于适度学习的效果。所谓适度学习是指在识记材料刚刚达到背诵程度就中止的学习。而过度学习是指对识记材料达到背诵之后还继续进行学习了
我没有什么超人的记忆，也不属于别人说的那种牛人，但是我就是在三个月的时间内把《新概念英语》三册&四册的共108篇文章全背下来了。
第一篇：过去将来时（思想准备篇）
有人会问:你为什么要把它背下来呢？我觉的学一学就蛮好的吗？
故事的起因一个真实的小故事：（2002年的夏天在新东方听到）
新东方有个学员现在在Duke大学，他从高一开始背《新概念英语》第三册，背到高三就背完了。高考考进了北大，进北大后，他本来不想再背了。但当他背给同学听的时候，其他同学都露出了羡慕的眼光，于是，为了这种虚荣心，他就坚持背第四册，把第三、四册都背得滚瓜烂熟，他熟到什么地步呢，有人把其中任何一句说出来，把能把上一句和下一句连接下去，而且语音非常标准，因为他是模仿着磁带来背的。后来他去了美国Duke大学，他给新东方的教师写信，老师不敢回，因为老师对他的英文有畏惧感，他的英文学得太好，只能给他回中文信，并告诉他不是不会写英文，而是想让他温习温习中文，不要忘记祖国的语言。
这位学员到美国第一个星期写文章，教授把他叫过去说他的文章是剽窃的，因为他的文章写得太好了，教授说："我20年教书没有教出这么漂亮的文章来。"这个学员说，我没有办法证明我能写出这么优秀的文章，但我告诉你，我能背108篇文章，而且背得非常熟练，你想不想听。结果，他没有背完两篇，教授就哭了起来，为什么？因为这个教授想一想自己教了20年了，居然一篇文章也没有背过，被中国学生背掉了，所以很难过……
从那个时候起我就有一种冲动，有一天我相信我也能将这108篇文章全背下来，看来我是做到了。
我相信也会有人问：你在背诵的过程中最大的困难是什么？我的回答就是：“坚持”。其实我能够坚持下来也是原于一个我在《读者》上看到的一个小故事：
古希腊哲学家苏格拉底在给学生上第一节课的时候，要求他的学生在每天上课之前都向上挥一下手。过了一个星期，他发现已经有一半的学生不在挥手了；过了一个月，他发现只剩下三分之一在挥手；过了半年，他再看，发现最后只剩下一个人在挥手，那个人就是柏拉图。柏拉图后来成为伟大的思想家和哲学家。
其实任何一件事到最后都是“简单的重复和机械的劳动”。只要你做到了，ok你就有可能在一个领域做到很前列，甚至是Number One。
第二篇：现在进行时（背诵具体策略篇）
无论我们学习什么，都可能给自己做一个计划或者是有一个步奏。
在很早以前就听说过王国维的三种境界：
昨夜西风凋碧树，独上高楼望尽天涯路。
衣带渐宽终不悔，为伊消得人憔悴。
众里寻她前百度，慕然回首那人却在灯火阑珊处。
这些话是不是让你在做事情上有一定的启发呢？
我很喜欢《毛主席诗词》，所以我也有了用《毛主席诗词》串联起来我的做事三境界。
雄关漫道真如铁，而今迈步从头跃。（此乃第一境界）
一万年太久，只征朝夕。（此乃第二境界）
待到山花烂漫时，“我”在丛中笑。（此乃终极目标）
三个月的正式背诵，每天基本上是狂背10-12小时，对我来说既是一种痛苦又是一种快乐。痛苦，是因为太累了，有时一看到《新概念》我都恶心的想吐；快乐，看着自己一天天一篇篇把这些文章背掉，那种愉悦的心情是不言而喻的。也许这就叫作“痛，并快乐这”吧。
在这个“痛，并快乐这”中我也经历了几个过程：
1。从小我背课文就拿者一本书在我自己的小屋里低着头边走边背（出声背）。在一开始背《新概念》的时候我也是这样，结果一天下来弄得我简直是精疲力劲，而且效率不高，这种方法很快就被淘汰。
2。我发现做在自己的床上背诵（出声音背）效率大大的提高，这样一天下来，感觉除了嗓子有点累还是蛮轻松的。就这样我在4。30日把第三册背完了。想想第三册有60课我紧用了一个多月（哦，我的背诵是从2003年3。20日开始）就搞定，那么第四册才48课估计一个月搞定应该没什么问题。但是事实超出了我的预料。
3。五月一日正式开始背诵第四册，当背到第10课（silicon vallay)的是时候我的嗓子已经受不了了，只要我一背就咳嗽，而且咳的很厉害，背诵被迫终止的5天。后来我只能不出声音的背（就是默背），结果奇迹出现了，我不在咳嗽了，而且我的效率提高了一倍。（也许“默背”是很多人的背诵习惯，可是多我来说就意味着要改变从“儿时”养成的背诵习惯，还是挺不容易的。）事情到此，可能也就没有什么可讲的了。但是，在我快要把第四册背完的时候（背到第39课what
every writer wants)，我遇到了一个大困难，那就是“噪音”。因为我家是住在（天津人叫做）“大杂院”。时直夏日，人门都出来乘凉，这种生活噪音成了我的最大的敌人。背诵的速度被迫降了下来。就这样原定第四册最迟在6。10拿下，结果直到6。21日才全部搞定。
所以，对我而言（是否适用其他人我不敢说）背诵的最快的方法是：1。坐在一个地方 2。默背 3。尽量找噪音小的地方背。
第三篇：现在完成时（背诵过后的感觉）
《新概念英语》30年不衰说明她的确是一本好书。
1。第三册大部分文章都会让你觉的：这篇文章真好玩，这个故事有意思。第三册的文章可以说都是作者象做一个精品一样来把这个文章弄出来。如果你能背下三册的前40篇文章，那么你的写作功力一定会大增。如果你说我背下来三册前40篇了，我还是不会写作文，那不是你问题，就是我有问题，要不就是《新概念》有问题。
2。第四册难了。但是她究竟难在什么地方呢？她比第三册究竟难在哪里呢？实际上我的感觉就是第四册基本上都是“说明文”而第三册可以说都是“记叙文”。所以第四册难在她的文体上，她没有什么情节，而且她有自己的Ideas。所以，像第44课patterns
of culture 这课简直就是超超难，她没有什么情节，背诵的难度非常的大。
在全世界的英语学习者的心目中，《新概念英语》可谓是一部“宝典”级的教材，如今在中国，学习《新概念英语》也已蔚然成风。那么这部“宝典”的与众不同之处到底体现在何处呢？《新概念英语》由英国著名的语言教育专家L.G.Alexander
先生编写，历经半个多世纪而经久不衰，因为它可以帮助学习者在比较短的时间内全方位地提高自身的听说读写译五方面的素质。我就从这么几个方面帮大家分析一下学习《新概念英语》的好处和具体的学习方法：
第一部分，听力。
大家完全可以把《新概念英语》当成是一套很好的听力教材。《新概念英语》的配套磁带有英音的和美音的两种。大家可以根据自己的实际需要去选择购买。通过《新概念英语》练习英语听力的方法可以参考下列步骤：
第一步：不要看书，将整篇课文听写下来。如果有的词听不出来，猜测该词应该是什么，实在听不出来就不勉强。随着听写的增多，听力会逐渐增强。在听的过程中，也可加深对英语发音的认识。而且实践证明，如果能达到一听就懂的程度，你的脑子里英语翻译成汉语的现象就会消失，阅读理解的能力一定会大大提高。
第二步：把听写下来的文章与原文比对，查找错误，知道自己错在哪，以后今后如何避免。
第三步：跟着磁带反复跟读课文。注意各单词的读音以及语调等问题，语音语调尽量模仿磁带，力求接近磁带上的。
第二部分，词汇。
新概念教材课文里所学习的单词都是最基本、最常用的词汇，所以大家一定要掌握。对于意思不太明白的，最好用英英词典或者双解词典查阅并掌握其含义。
第三部分，语法和阅读。
建议大家进行课后的习题练习和同步测试，巩固学习内容，检验学习效果。尤其是，新概念每课都有一个自己的核心语法内容，这就要求学生要将每课的这一个语法掌握。如果个别同学感觉自己的语法和阅读水平较差的，最好选择一些与自己水平相当的语法教材和英语分级阅读读物来进行课外学习，以提高英语实力。
第四部分，写作。
很多人不知道如何借学习新概念来提高自己的写作能力，其实这也是有法可循的。你可以在接触一篇新的课文前，先不要看它的英文，而是根据它的中文翻译自己写再翻译成英语，然后再和原文对照，这样一经对比，就可以找到自己写作的弱点和问题，及时在学习过程中，背诵一些经典课文将对英语的记忆、理解非常有益。尤其对于英语初学者而言，通过背诵课文可以加深对英语的记忆，在头脑中形成固定的记忆区域，这是一个由量变到质变的过程。很多经典的句型、语法、词汇，通过背诵课文，都可以十分有效地长驻背诵者心中，这样一来，同学们的阅读、语法和写作，能够同时得到提高。
新概念英语第一册词汇手册
a few 有些，几个
about ad.大约，周围，围着
abroad ad.到(在)国外
absent a.缺席的，不在的
Accra n.阿克拉(加纳首都)
across prep.穿,过,在..对面
actor n.男演员，行动者
actress n.女演员
address n.地址
advice n.忠告，建议
aeroplane n.飞机
afford vt.(费用)负担得起
afraid a.害怕的
afternoon n.下午，午后
again ad.又，再一次，此外
ago ad.以前，前
air vt.使...通风 n.空气
air-hostess n.空中小姐
airport n.机场
all a.所有的，全部的
along prep.沿着
already ad.已经，早已
always ad.总是，无例外地
America n.美国，美洲
American a.美国的 n.美国人
among prep.在...中间
amuse vt.娱乐，使...喜欢
another pro.再一，又一
answer vt.&vi.回答，答复
any a.什么；一些，一点
anything n.&pro.无论什么东西
apple n.苹果
appointment n.预约，约会，任命
April n.4月
armchair n.扶椅
arrive vi.到达(某地)
as ad.(同)...一样；那样
as well 同样，也
ask vt.,vi.询问，质问
aspirin n.阿斯匹林
assistant n.营业员，服务员
association n.协会
at the moment 此刻
Athens n.雅典(希腊首都)
attendant n.服务员，招待员
August n.8月
Australia n.澳洲，澳大利亚
Australian n.澳洲人，澳大利亚人
Austria n.奥地利
Austrian n.奥地利人
autumn n.秋，秋季
away ad.离去
awful a.糟透的，讨厌的
baby n.婴儿，小儿
back ad.向后，退 n.背部
bad a.坏的，恶的，严重的
bag n.袋，提包，枕套
baker n.面包师傅
banana n.香蕉
bank n.堤岸，河边；埂，垄
bar n.条，棒，杆；栅栏
barber n.理发师
basket n.篮子
bath n.洗澡
bean n.豆角
beard n.胡子，络腮胡子
beautiful a.美丽的
beauty n.美丽的，美
beauty spot风景胜地
becauseconj.因为
bed n.床
bedroom n.卧室
beef n.牛肉
beer n.啤酒
beg vt.请求,乞求 vi.行乞
behind prep.在...后面
believe vt.&vi.相信，认为
belong vi.属于,归(某人)所有
Berlin n.柏林
beside prep.在...旁边
best a.最好的 ad.最，极
better a.较好的，更好的
between prep.在...之间
big a.大的
birthday n.生日
biscuit n.饼干
black a.黑的，黑色的
black coffee 清咖啡
blouse n.女衬衣，短上衣
blue a.蓝色的
blunt a.钝的
boat n.(小)船，艇
boiling a.沸腾的
Bombay n.孟买
bone n.骨头
book n.书，手册
book n.书，手册
bookcase n.书橱
boss n.老板，头子，工头
both pro.两者
bottle n.瓶子
box n.盒，箱
Brazil n.巴西
Brazilian a.巴西人的，巴西的
bread n.面包
break vt.打碎，打断
breakfast n.早餐
bridge n.桥，桥梁
bring vt.带来，拿来
brother n.兄弟
brown a.棕色的，褐色的
building n.建筑物，大楼
bus-stop n.公共汽车站
busy a.忙的
butcher n.肉商，屠夫
butcher's shop肉店
butter n.奶油
buy vt.购买，雇用，博得
by the way顺便
cabbage n.卷心菜
cake n.饼，糕，蛋糕，点心
call vi.访问,呼喊,打电话
Canada n.加拿大
Canadian n.加拿大人
car n.汽车
card n.明信片，卡片
careful a.小心的
carpet n.地毯
carry vt.搬，运送，携带
case n.箱，柜，盒，情况
cat n.猫
catch vt.抓住，赶上
certainly ad.当然，一定
certificate n.证书
chair n.椅子
chalk n.粉笔
change n.零钱；变化，交换
charge vt.罚款，指控
cheap a.便宜的，廉价的
cheer vt.&vi.高兴，振作
cheer up振作起来
cheese n.干酪，乳酪
chemist n.药店，化学家
chicken n.小鸡，(美)鸡
children n.孩子们
China n.中国
Chinese n.中国人，中文，汉语
chocolate n.巧克力，巧克力糖
choice a.精选的 n.挑选
church n.教堂
cigaret n.香(纸，卷)烟
cinema n.电影院
city n.城市
clean a.干净的
clerk n.办事员，职员
clever a.聪明的
climate n.气候
climb vt.攀登，爬
cloakroom n.存放衣帽间
cloud n.云
coat n.上衣，大衣，外套
coffee n.咖啡
coin n.硬币
cold a.冷的，冷淡； n.冷
colour n.颜色
come vi.来
come out of...由...出来
compact n.带镜子的小粉盒
company n..公司
compartment n.列车车厢的分隔间
conductor n.(公共汽车等)售票员
conversation n.会话，谈话
cook vt.煮，烧，烹调
cooker n.炉灶，炊具
correct vt.改正 a.正确的
cost vt.,vi.花费，支付
count vt.点，数，计数
counter n.柜台
country n.国家，乡间
cover vt.覆盖 n.盖子，罩子
crash n.碰撞
crowd n.群，人群
cry vi.哭，叫喊
cup n.杯子，杯状物
cupboard n.碗橱
curiously ad.好奇地
customer n.顾客，买主
customs a.海关的；定做的(衣)
cut vt.切、割
dad n.爸爸
dairy n.牛奶场，奶品店
Danish a.丹麦的，丹麦人的
daughter n.女儿
dear a.亲爱的
December n.12月
Denmark n.丹麦
dentist n.牙医
depend依靠
deposit n.保证金
describe vt.描述
desk n.书桌
dictionary n.词典
difficult a.困难的，艰苦的
dinner n.(一天中的)主餐
dirty a.脏的
dish n.盘子
do vt.做，从事；完成
dog n.狗
door n.门，户
down ad.往下
dream vi.,vt.做梦 n.梦
dress n.服装(主要指外衣)
dressing-table n.梳妆台
drink vi.,vt.喝，饮
drive vt.,vi.驱使，驾车
drop vt.摔下，使落下
dry a.干的，干燥的
during prep.在...期间
dust vt.拂去灰尘 n.灰尘
Dutch a.荷兰的，荷兰人的
ear-ache n.耳痛
early ad.早 a.初期的
east n.东，东方 a.东方的
easy a.容易的
eat vt. vi.吃，喝(汤)
egg n.蛋，鸡蛋
Egypt n.埃及
ehint.啊，嗯(惊奇等)
either a.二者之一 ad.也
electric a.电的
embarrassed a.窘迫，尴尬
employee n.雇员
empty a.空的； vt.使空
engineer n.工程师
England n.英格兰，英国
English a.英国的 n.英语
enjoy vt.享受...之乐趣
enjoy oneself过得快乐
enough ad.&a.充足，充分
enter vt.&vi.进入，加入
envelope n.信封
evening n.傍晚，晚间；晚会
everything pro.一切事物
examination n.考试，检查
except prep.除...之外
excite vt.使兴奋，使激动
exciting a.令人兴奋的
excuse v.原谅；n.原谅，辩解
excuse v.原谅 n.原谅，辩解
expensive a.昂贵的，耗费巨大的
extra a.外加的
face n.脸，面子，面貌
fail vi..vt.失败，不及格
fall vi.落下，倒下，跌倒
family n.家庭
famous a.著名的
fancy vt.想想，设想
fare n.车(船)费，旅客票价
fashion n.式样，流行式样
fat a.胖的
father n.父
favourite a.特别喜爱的
February n.2月
feel vt.触摸，感觉，认为
fellow n.人，伙伴
few a.少数的，很少
film n.胶卷，电影
find vt.找到，发现
fine a.好的
finish n.结束，结尾 vi.终止
Finland n.芬兰
Finnish n.芬兰语 a.芬兰的
floor n.地板
flower n.花
flu n.流行性感冒
fly vi.飞，飞行
for another two days再要两天
for sale待售
forget vt.遗忘，想不起
fork n.叉
France n.法国
French a.法国人的，法国的
fresh a.新鲜的
Friday n.星期五
friend n.朋友
from prep.从，自
front n.前部，前面，正面
fruit n.水果
full a.满的
funny a.有趣的，滑稽的 future a.将来的，未来的
garage n.汽车修理厂，车库
garden n.园子，花园，庭园
Geneva n.日内瓦
gentleman n.绅士，阁下
German a.德国人的，德国的
Germany n.德国
get married结婚
get up起床
girl n.女孩，姑娘
give vt.给，送给，授予
glass n.玻璃，玻璃杯
glue n.胶水，胶 v.用胶粘
go vi.去，走，前进
good a.好的
goodbyeint.再会，再见
grandfather n.祖父，外祖父
grandmother n.祖母，外祖母
grass n.草，草地
Greece n.希腊(国名)
Greek a.希腊人的，希腊的
green a.绿色的
greengrocer n.蔬菜水果商
greet vt.&vi.致候，问安
grey a.灰的，灰色的
grocery n.杂货
ground n.地面，土地，底
grow vt.,vi.生长；培育
guess vi.,vt.,n.猜测，猜中
haircut n.理发
half a.一半的
hammer n.锤，榔头
handbag n.手提包(女用)
handbag n.手提包(女用)
handle n.提手，柄
handwriting n.笔迹，书写，书法
happen vi.(偶然)发生
hardadv.努力地 a.坚硬的
hat n.帽子
have vt.有，知道；吃，喝
have a good time玩得开心
headache n.头痛
hear vt.&vi.听见
heaven n.天空，天，天堂
heavy a.重的
here ad.在这里，向这里
heyint.嘿，嗨(惊讶等)
high a.高的
hill n.小山
holiday n.假日，节日；假期
Holland n.荷兰
homework n.(学生的)家庭作业
honey n.蜂蜜
hope vt.希望
hostel n.旅店，招待所
hot a.热的
hour n.小时，钟头，时间
house n.房屋
housewife n.家庭主妇
housework n.家务
how ad.怎样，如何，多少
hulloint.喂
hurriedly ad.匆忙地，急促地
hurry up快点
hurt vt.使受伤，伤害
husband n.丈夫
ice-cream n.冰淇淋
idea n.思想，概念，主意
ill a.有病的，难过的
immediately ad.立刻，马上
impossible a.不可能的
India n.印度
Indian n.印度人 a.印度的
ink n.墨水
instead ad.代替，顶替
intelligence n.智力，理解力
interesting a.有趣的，有意思的
into prep.进入...之内
introduce vt.介绍
invite vt.邀请
Italian a.意大利的
Italy n.意大利
jam n.果酱
January n.1月
Japan n.日本
Japanese n.日本人 a.日本的
job n.工作，职业
joke n.&vi.开玩笑
July n.7月
jump vi.跳，惊跳 vt.跳过
June n.6月
just ad.正好，刚刚，仅仅
keep vt.&vi.遵守，保持
kettle n.水壶
key n.钥匙，关口；关键
king n.国王，大王
kitchen n.厨房
knife n.刀子，小刀
knock vt.&vi.敲、击、打
know vt.知道，懂得，相识
label n.标签
lady n.女士，夫人，妇人
lamb n.羔羊肉，小羊肉
lamp n.灯
lamp post n.灯柱
large a.大的，巨大的
last a.最后的，刚过去的
late a.迟，晚；晚期的
later ad.后来，较晚
lavatory n.盥洗室，厕所
lazy a.懒的
lean v.倾斜，探出
leave vt.,vi.离开，遗忘
left n.左边
lemonade n.柠檬水
lesson n.一课，课程
let vt.容许，使得，假设
letter n.信
lettuce n.莴苣
library n.图书馆(室)
licence n.许可，特许，执照
lift vt.抬起，搬起
light a.轻的，浅淡的
like vt.喜欢，爱好
limit n.限制，极限
list n.名单，清单
listen vi.听，倾听，听从
litter n.落叶层
litter-basket废物筐
little a.小的，年轻的
living-room n.起居室，客厅
loaf n.块，片，条
London n.伦敦(英国首都)
long a.长的
look vi.,vt.看，注视
look after照看
look for寻找
lose vt.遗失
lose vt.遗失
loud a.响亮的，大声的
lovely a.可爱的，好看的
low a.低的，矮的
lucky a.幸运的
lunch n.午餐，午饭
madam n.夫人，太太，女士
Madrid n.马德里(西班牙首都)
magazine n.杂志
make n.(产品)来源 vt.制造
make the bed铺床
make up打扮
make up one's mind决定，决心
man n.男人
manager n.经理
many a.许多的，很多的
March n.3月
match n.火柴
mathematics n.数学
matter n.事情，物质，内容
May n.5月
meal n.饭食，(一)餐
mean vt.意指，意谓
measles n.麻疹
meat n.(食用)肉
mechanic n.机修工，技工
medicine n.药
meet vt.遇到，会见
member n.成员
mess n.杂乱，凌乱
middle-aged a.中年的
mild a.温和的，温暖的
mile n.英里
milkman n.送牛奶工人
millionaire n.百万富翁
mince n.绞肉，肉馅
mink n.貂皮
minute n.分(钟)，瞬间
Miss n.小姐
miss vt.惦念；未赶上
mistake n.错误，过失，误会
model n.型号，模型
moment n.片刻，瞬间
Monday n.星期一
month n.月，一个月的时间
morning n.早晨，上午
Moscow n.莫斯科(俄罗斯首都)
mother n.母
mouth n.嘴，口
mouth n.嘴，口
move vi.,vt.搬迁，移动
Mr n.先生
Mrs n.夫人
much a.很多的；许多的
much a.很多的，许多的
mum n.妈妈
mumps n.腮腺炎
must v.aux.必须，应当
Nt6:k
Nhwail
Nin'7u3r3ns
N'taidi
Ntrip
Nin'st6:lm3nt
name n.名字
nationality n.国籍
near prep.靠近 a.亲近的
nearly ad.几乎，将近
need vt.需要
neighbour n.邻居
neither ad.也不
never ad.决不，永不，从不
new a.新的
New York n.纽约市，纽约州
news n.新闻，消息，音信
newsagent n.报纸杂志经销社
newspaper n.报纸
next a.下一(个)；与..邻接
nice a.令人愉快的，和蔼的
Nigeria n.尼日利亚
Nigerian n.尼日利亚人
night n.夜晚，夜间，黑夜
noise n.闹声，噪音，声响
noon n.中午
north n.北，北方 a.北方的
Norway n.挪威
Norwegian a.挪威的，挪威人的
not...but...不是...而是...
note n.纸币，备忘录，记录
nothing n.&ad.没有什么东西
November n.11月
now ad.现在
nuisance n.讨厌的人或事物
number n.数(字，量)，数(值)
nurse n.护士
o'clock n.点钟
October n.10月
of course当然
off prep.,ad.,a.离开
offer vt.提供，提出
office n.办公室,营业所,公司
officer n.官员
old a.老的，旧的
on a river在河边
on instalments分期付款
open a.开着的 vt.打开
opposite a.对面的
orange a.橘黄色的 n.橘子
other a.别的，其余的
over prep.在...之上
overseas a.海外的，国外的
overtake vt.追上
owint.喔唷
pack vt.包装，挤满
pad n.衬垫，信笺簿
paint vt.上漆
pair n.一双，一对
pardon n.,vt.原谅
pardon n.,vt.原谅
park n.公园
parrot n.鹦鹉
party n.聚会，政党
pass vt.&vi.通过
passenger n.乘客
passport n.护照，通行证，执照
pea n.豌豆
peach n.桃
pear n.梨
pen n.(钢)笔
pen n.(钢)笔
pence n.便士(英货币)
pencil n.铅笔
pencil n.铅笔
penny n.便士(英国货币单位)
perhaps ad.或许，可能，大概
person n.人；人称
photograph n.照片
phrase-book n.成语录，短语录
picture n.图画，照片
piece n.片，块
pilot n.飞行员，领航员
pink a.粉红色的 n.粉红色
pity n.令人遗憾的事
place vt.放置，排列 n.地方
plate n.盘
platform n.月台
pleasant a.愉快的，适意的
pleasantly ad.愉快地
please vi.请
plenty a.充足的，大量的
pocket n.衣袋，钱袋，财力
Poland n.波兰 policeman n.警察
policewoman n.女警察
Polish n.波兰语 a.波兰的
pool n.赌注，合伙份子
postman n.邮递员
potato n.土豆
pound n.磅
powder n.粉，粉末，火药
present n.礼物
pretty a.漂亮的，可爱的
price n.价格，价钱，价
problem n.问题
program n.程序，节目
prosecute vt.处罚，对...起诉
pure a.纯的
put vt.置放于某处
put on穿上
quarter n.四分之一，一刻钟
questions n.询问，疑问，问题
quickly ad.快，迅速地
quiet a.宁静的
quotient n.商数，份额
race n.比赛，赛跑，赛马
radio n.收音机
rain n.雨 vi.下雨
read vt.&vi.阅读，读
ready a.准备好的，有准备的
recognize vt.认出，认识，承认
record-player n.电唱机
red a.红的，红色的
refrigerator n.(电)冰箱
regard n.问候，致意；注重
regularly ad.经常地，定期地
remain vi.保持，继续
remember vt.记住，记得，想起
repair vt.&vi.修理，修补
reporter n.记者
rest n.其余者
restaurant n.饭店，餐馆
retire vt.退休
return vt.&vi.回来；归还
return ticket来回车票
rich a.油腻的，味浓的
right a.好的； n.右边
ripe a.熟的，成熟的
rise vi.上升，站起
river n.江，河
roast a.烤过的
Rome n.罗马(意大利首都)
room n.室，房间，场所
rubbish n.垃圾
run vi.,vt.跑，奔，逃
run after追逐
Russia n.俄国，俄罗斯
Russian a.俄国的，俄语的
rusty a.生锈的
sad a.悲哀的，糟透的
sale n.卖，拍卖，销路
salesman n.售货员，推销员
same a.同样的
Saturday n.星期六
say vt.,vi.说，讲，表明
school n.学校
Scotch a.苏格兰的
Scotland n.苏格兰(英国)
season n.季，季节
see vi.&vt.看见
see the world见见世面
sell vt.卖，出售，销售
sensational a.轰动的
September n.9月
serve vt.&vi.侍候(顾客)
set vi.降落，下山
sharp a.锋利的
sharpen vt.使锐利，使尖锐
shave vi.刮脸
shelf n.搁板，架子
shine vi.照耀，发光
ship n.(大)船，轮船
shirt n.衬衫(衣)
shoes n.鞋
shopping n.购物
short a.矮的
show vt.给...看，显示
shut a.关着的 vt.关闭
sideboard n.餐具橱
sign n.标记，牌子
sinceconj.自...以来，既然
sister n.姐妹
sit vi.坐，就座
size n.大小，尺寸，尺码
skirt n.裙(子)
sky n.天空
sleep vi.睡 n.睡眠
slip vt.&vi.滑倒；失足
slowly ad.慢慢地
small a.小的，少的
smart a.漂亮的，时髦的
smile vi.&n.微笑
snow vi.下雪 n.雪，下雪
so ad.也；如此，这
soap n.肥皂
soft a.柔软的，柔滑的
some a.若干的，多少的
someone pro.有人，某人
sometimes ad.有时，往往
son n.儿子
sorry a.抱歉的
sour a.酸的
south n.南，南方 a.南方的
Spain n.西班牙
Spanish a.西班牙的，西班牙人
speak vi.,vt.讲，说，谈话
speak up大声地说
speed n.速度
spell vt.&vi.拼写
spend vt.度过，花费(钱等)
spoon n.匙，调羹
spot n.地点，斑点
spring n.春，春季
square n.广场，正方形
stale a.陈腐的
stand vi.&vt.站立；持久
station n.车站
stationer n.文具商
stationery n.文具
stay vi.停留
steak n.牛排
still ad.仍，至今还
Stockholm n.斯德哥尔摩
stomach-ache n.胃痛
stop vi.,vt.停止，逗留
story n.故事
street n.街，街区
student n.学生
stupid a.愚笨的
subject n.题目
suddenly ad.突然地
sugar n.糖
suit n.一套衣服；vt.适合
suitcase n.小提箱
summer n.夏天
sun n.太阳，恒星
Sunday n.星期日
surprise n.惊奇，意外事
surround vt.包围，环绕
swallow vt.吞下，咽下
Sweden n.瑞典
Swedish a.瑞典人的，瑞典的
sweep vt.扫，打扫
sweet a.甜的
swim vi.游泳
Sydney n.悉尼(澳大利亚港市)
table n.桌子
take vt.,vi.拿，捉；占领
take advice接受劝告
take off脱掉
tall a.高的
tap n.龙头
taxi-driver n.出租汽车司机
tea n.茶，茶叶
teacher n.教师(员)，老(导)师
teacup n.茶杯
teapot n.茶壶
teaspoonful n.一茶匙的量，一满匙
teeth n.牙齿
Teheran n.德黑兰(伊朗首都)
telephone n.电话，电话机
television n.电视机
tell vt.讲，告诉 vi.报告
temperature n.温度
terrible a.可怕的
thanconj.比，比较
thank vt.感谢
thank vt.感谢
that pro.那(个)
then ad.然后，其时
thief n.贼，窃贼，小偷
thin a.瘦的
think vt.想，考虑，想起
thirstily ad.口渴地
thirsty a.渴(望)的，干(燥)的
this pro.这，这个；a.这..
this pro.这，这个，这事
those a. pro.那些
through prep.通过,穿过,透过
through prep.穿过，通过
throw vt.扔，投，摔倒
Thursday n.星期四
ticket n.票，券，标签，号牌
tie n.领带
till prep.直到
time n.时间，时刻，时光
tin n.白铁罐
tired a.疲乏，累
tobacco n.烟草，烟叶，烟
tobacconist n.烟草商
today n.今天
together ad.在一起
Tokyo n.东京(日本首都)
tomato n.西红柿
tomorrow n.明天，未来
tongue n.舌，语言
tonight n.今晚
too ad.也，还；太，很
toothache n.牙痛
torch n.火炬，手电筒，火把
tourist n.旅游者
town n.(城)镇
track n.(运动场的)跑道
train n.列车，火车
tramp n.流浪者
travel n.旅行 vi.旅行
tree n.树木
trousers n.(pl.)裤子
truth n.真相，真理，真实性
try vt.&vi.试，试着
Tuesday n.星期二
Turkey n.土耳其
Turkish n.土耳其语
turn off关上(电灯等)
turn on打开(电灯等)
type vt.&vi.打字
typist n.打字员
tyre n.轮胎
ugly a.丑陋的，难看的
umbrella n.伞，伞形
uncomfortable a.不舒服的
under prep.在...之下，在下
understand vt.,vi.了解，理解
untidy a.不整齐的，零乱的
upstairs ad.楼上
urgent a.紧急的，急切的
usually ad.通常
valley n.山谷
vase n.花瓶
vegetable n.蔬菜
veryadj.很，非常
very ad.很，非常
village n.村，村庄，乡村
visitor n.访问者，参观者
voice n.声音，(讲话)声
wait vi.等待
walk vi.行，走，步行
wall n.墙，墙壁，城墙
want vt.要，想要，需求
wardrobe n.衣橱
warm a.温暖的，暖和的
warmly ad.热情地
wash vt.洗，冲洗，冲走
watch n.手表，看守，警戒
water n.水； vt.&vi.浇水
wave vi.挥手招呼 vt.挥动
way n.路，路程，路线
wear vt.&vi.穿，戴；磨损
weather n.天气，气候；处境
Wednesday n.星期三
week-end n.周末
well n.安好的，好的
werebe的过去式
west n.西，西方 a.西方的
wet a.潮湿的，多雨的
what a.什么，多少，多么！
What a nuisance!真讨厌
What's up?干什么？忙什么？
when ad.什么时候 n.时候
where ad.在哪里
which a.&pro.哪一(个)
whisky n.威士忌酒
white a.白色的
whose pro.谁的
wife n.妻子
window n.窗户
windy a.起风的，有风的
wine n.葡萄酒，果子酒，酒
winner n.获胜者，得奖者
winter n.冬，冬季
with prep.与..一起，和,用
woman n.女人，妇女
wood n.树林，木质，木材
word n.单词；台词；口信
work n.工作，工件，功率
world n.世界
worry vi.,vt.,n.烦恼，担忧
worth a.值，相当...之价值
wrong a.错误的，不适当的
X-ray n.Ｘ射线，Ｘ光
year n.年，岁数
yellow a.黄的，黄色的
yet ad.还，仍，更
young a.年轻的
youth n.少年，少小时代
Yugoslavia n.南斯拉夫
Yugoslavian n.南斯拉夫人
zip n.拉
新概念英语第二册词汇手册
ability n.能力，才干；技能
able a.能，会；有才能的
accept vt.接受，收领，承担
accidentally ad.意外地，偶然地
accompany vi.伴随，陪伴，伴奏
account vi.说明；占(...数量)
accurate a.准确的；正确的
accustom vt.使习惯，习惯于
acquire vt.取得，获得
act vi.行动，做，表演
active a.活的，活动的
actual a.实际的，真实的
actually ad.实际上
add vt.补充说，增添
admire vt.赞美，夸奖，钦佩
admit
advertiser n.做广告的人
afterwards ad.以后，后来，然后
agree vt.同意，承认
agreement n.协议，协定，契约
ahead ad.,a.在前面，向前
aim vt.瞄准，以...掷向
aircraft n.飞机
airfield n.飞机场
air-hostess n.女乘务员
album n.签名簿，照片册
alibi n.托辞，借口，辩解
alive a.活着的，有生气的
all right行，好，可以
allow vt.允许，听任，认为
almost ad.差不多，将近
alone
also ad.亦，也，同样
althoughconj.尽管，虽然
amateur a.业余的
ambassador n.大使；特使，代表
amusement n.娱乐，消遣
amusing a.有趣的，逗人笑的
ancient a.古代的，古老的
angrily ad.气愤地
angrily ad.气愤地
angry a.发怒的，生气的
angry a.发怒的，生气的
announce vt.宣布，宣告，发表
announcer n.播音员，宣告者
annoy vt.使恼火，使生气
annoying a.恼人的，讨厌的
anxiously ad.焦急地，不安地
anyway ad.不管怎样,无论如何
anywhere ad.任何地方
apart ad.离开，离去，除去
apparently ad.明显地；外表地
appear vi.出场，出现，显露
appetite n.胃口，食欲，肉欲
appreciate vt.欣赏；评价，鉴别
approach vt.走近，接近，逼近
architect n.建筑师，创制者
area n.地区，区域，面积
arm vt. vi.装备，供给
around
arrest vt.拘捕，扣留，抑止
art n.艺术，美术，技巧
article n.商品，文章，冠词
artiste n.艺人，技艺家
as far as尽...所...(限度)
aside ad.到旁边，在旁边
ask for征求，要价，索取
asleep a.睡着了的，不活泼的
astonish vt.使惊讶
astronaut n.宇宙航行员
Atlantic a.大西洋的
Atlantic a.大西洋的
attempt vt.试图，尝试，袭击
attend vt.出席，参加；照应
attention n.注意，关心，注意力
attention n.注意，关心；注意力
aunt n.姨母，姑母，伯母
aunt n.姨母，姑母，伯母
authorities n.当局，权力，权威
average a.平均的，通常的
avoid vt.避免，回避，废止
awkwardly ad.局促不安地,笨拙地
badly ad.严重地，非常地
bag n.手提包，钱包，袋
balloon n.气球，飞船
bark vi.吠叫，咆哮，怒吼
basement n.地下室，地窖，墙脚
batter vt.击破，捣坏，炮击
be pleased with对...感到满意
bear vt., vi.忍受，负担
bear vt.,vi.忍受，负担
because of因为，由于
before prep.在...以前
beggar n.乞丐，穷人，募捐者
bell
below ad.在下面
beneath prep.在...下面，次于
bicycle n.自行车
bill n.帐单，清单；报单
bird n.鸟，禽
Birmingham n.伯明翰(英国城市)
biscuit n.饼干
bits n.小片，少许
bitterly ad.厉害地，非常地
blackened a.熏黑了的，抹黑了的
blaze vi.发强光，闪耀
blessing n.福气，神恩；祝福
block n.一排(房屋)，一套
blow
board n.甲板，板，木板
boldly ad.大胆地，勇敢地
bomb n.炸弹；突发事件
boot n.长统靴
border n.边界，界线，边境
borrow vt.,vi.借，借用
bow vi.鞠躬，俯躬，俯首
brake pedal n.刹车踏板
Brasilia巴西利亚(巴西首都)
breath n.呼吸，气息；气味
bright a.色彩鲜艳的，明亮的
brilliant a.精采的，辉煌的
Britain n.不列颠，英国
British n.英国人 a.英国的
build vt.建造，建设，创立
bull n.公牛
bulletin n.新闻简报，公告
bullfight n.斗牛
buoy n.浮标，救生圈
burn vi.燃烧，烧焦，烧伤
burnt down被烧成平地
burst vi.爆炸，胀破，闯入
bury vt.埋藏，掩蔽，埋葬
bus-driver n.公共汽车驾驶员
bush n.灌木丛，未开垦地
business n.事务，职责；商业
business n.事务，职责，商业
businessman n.商人，实业家
busman n.公共汽车司机
California n.加利福尼亚
call at拜访
caller n.打电话者，呼唤者
calm vt.使镇定，使安静
camp n.野营，军营，阵营
capital n.首都，资本
capsule n.容器，囊状器，封壳
captain n.船长，机长，上尉
car park停车场
carefully ad.小心地，注意地
carelessly ad.随便地，粗心地
carry vi.抬，扛，搬运
cart-load n.一车之载量
cause vt.引起 n.原因，缘由
cave n.山洞，地窖，洞穴
center n.中心，中央；中心区
century n.世纪，百年；一百个
certain a.某一个，一定的
champion n.冠军，拥护者，勇士
champion n.冠军，胜者
channel n.海峡；水路；槽
check vt.检查，核对；制止
cheerful a.快乐的，高兴的
chimney n.烟囱，玻璃灯罩
choose vt.挑选，选择，宁愿
Christmas
church
cigar n.雪茄烟
circle vt.环绕，包围，环行
circus n.马戏团，杂技场
claim vt.要求，索取，认领
clavichord n.击弦古钢琴(翼琴)
clear vt.越过，使清澈
clearly ad.清楚地，清澈地
cliff n.悬崖，峭壁
clock n.(时)钟，仪表
close a.亲密的，接近的
clothes n.衣服，被褥
clothing n.衣服(总称)，被服
club n.俱乐部，夜总会
clumsily ad.笨拙地,样子瞥脚地
coast n.海岸，海滨
coincidence n.巧合，符合，一致
collapse vt.使倒塌 vi. n.倒塌
collect vt.收集，征收，集中
collection n.收藏品，收集，征收
college
comfortable a.舒适的，愉快的
commit vt.犯(错误)；委托
companion n.伙伴，同伴
compete vi.比赛，对抗
competition n.比赛，竞争，竞争者 complaim vi.抱怨，叫苦；控诉
complete vt.完成，竣工
completely ad.完全地，彻底地
concentration n.专心，集中，浓缩
condition n.条件，情况，状态
confidence n.信心，自信，信任
confident a.有信心的，自信的
confine vt.限制，幽禁 n.边界
confirm vt.证实，使...更坚定
Congo刚果
connect vt.连接，联合，结合
conscience n.良心
consider vt.认为，考虑，顾及
considerably ad.相当地，颇为
construct vt.建造，建设
contain vt.装着，容纳，包含
contents n.容纳物，内容，目次
continually ad.不断地，连续地
continue vi.继续，延长，留
contribute vi.捐助，助成
control n. vt.控制，指挥
control vt.控制，管理，监督
copper n.铜；铜制品；铜币
cotton-wool n.药棉，原棉
countryside n.乡下，地方
course n.进程，经过，趋势
courtyard n.院子，庭院，天井
cover vt.走完，越过 n.盖子
cow n.母牛，奶牛
creature n.动物，生物；人
creep vi.爬行；蔓延；蠕动
critic n.评论家，批评家
critically ad.用鉴定的眼光
criticism n.挑衅，吹毛求疵
crop n.收成，作物，一组
cross vt. vi.横穿，渡过
crystal a.晶莹的，水晶的
curious a.好奇的，奇怪的
cursed a.该咒诅的，可恶的
curtain n.窗帘，帷幕，帘子
Custom House海关大楼
cycle vi.骑自行车，循环
cyclist n.骑自行车者
Dakota
damage vt.损害，毁坏 n.损坏
dafce vi.跳舞，手舞足蹈
danger n.危险，危险物品
dangerous a.危险的
dark a.暗的，黑色的
dark a.暗的，黑色的
darkness n.黑暗，阴暗，秘密
Darwin n.达尔文(城市名)
dead a.死的，无生命的
death n.死亡，毁灭，瘟疫
decide vt.,vi.决定，下决心
decision n.决定，判决，决议
deep a.深的，深沉的
defeat vt.打败，战胜；破坏
definitely ad.一定，肯定地
delighted a.高兴的，欣喜的
depth n.深处，深度，纵深
descend vi.降落，下斜，下来
descent n.降下，出舱，斜坡
deserted a.废弃的，荒无的
deserve vt.应得，值得
design vt.设计，草拟，计划
designer n.设计者，谋划者
desolate a.荒凉的，荒芜的
despair n., vi.绝望
desperately ad.绝望地,孤注一掷地
destruction n.破坏，毁灭，消灭
detect vt.探测，侦查，发觉
detective n.侦探 a.侦探的
determine vt.决心，决意，决断
develop vt.养成，发展，开发
devote vt.把...奉献给，献身
diamond n.钻石，钻石刀，菱形
diet n.节食
difference n.差别，区别，差额
different a.不同的，各种的
dig vt.挖掘，采掘，探究
dinner-party n.宴会
disappoint vt.使失望，使沮丧
discover vt.发现，泄露，看出
disease n.疾病，弊病，变质
disguise n.伪装，假装，掩饰物
dismay vt.使惊愕，使沮丧
display n.展览 vt.陈列，显示
distance n.距离，远处，远离
distant a.遥远的，疏远的
district n.地区，管理，行政区
door-bell n.门铃
door-knob n.门把
double a.双重的，加倍的
doubtful a.可疑的，疑惧的
Dover多佛(英国港市名)
downhill ad.下坡,降下 vt.降低
drag vt.拖，曳，拉，打捞
draw vt.吸(入)，吸引，拉
drift vi.漂流，放任自流
drill vt. vi.钻孔，穿过
drily ad.冷冰冰地，干燥地
drink n.饮酒，饮料 vt.渴
drive vt.迫使，驱赶，驾驶
driver n.驾驶员，驱逐者
driving licence驾驶执照
drunk n.醉汉 a.醉的
due a.预定的，应得的
dull a.乏味的，迟钝的
duty n.责任，义务，本分
each pron.各，各自，每个
eager a.渴望的，焦急的
earth n.地球，地，地面
easier a.更容易的，更舒松的
edge n.边缘，边沿，刀口
effect n.效果，结果，影响
effort n.努力，艰难的尝试
Egyption a.埃及的 n.埃及人
elderly a.上了年纪的，年长的
election n.选举，选择
elephant n.象
else a.别的，其他的
embarrass vt.使窘迫，使为难
embassy n.大使馆，大使职务
employ vt.雇用，使用 n.使用
employer n.雇主，老板
enable vt.使能够
encourage vt.鼓励，赞助，促进
encouragement n.鼓励，奖励，怂恿
end n.末了，终点 vi.结束
end n.末了，终点，极限
endless a.一望无际的，冗长的
engine n.发动机，引擎；机车
Englishman n.英吉利人，英国人
enormous a.极大的，庞大的
entirely ad.完全地，整个地
entitle vt.题目为，给...称号
entrance n.入口，进入
erect vt.安装，使竖起
erupt vt.喷发，迸发；长牙
escape vi.逃脱，避开，逸出
especially ad.特别，尤其，格外
establish vt.确立，建立，设立
Europe n.欧洲
evade
even ad.甚至，连...也
eventually
eventually ad.终于，最后
ever ad.任何时候；永远
everybody pron.每人，人人
everyone pron.每人，人人
evil a.坏的，邪恶的
exactly ad.恰恰, 正好,准确地
examine vt.检查，考试
examiner n.主考人，审查者
exchange n.电话交换台，交换
excitement
exclaim vi.,vt.大声说，呼喊
excursion n.旅行，远足
exhibition n.展览会，陈列品
expect vt.期待，预期，指望
experience n.,vt.经历，经验
experiment n. vi.试验，实验
expert n.专家，能手
explain vt. vi.说明，解释
explanation n.解释，说明
explorer n.探险者，探索者
explosion n.爆炸声；扩张；爆发
explosive n.炸药 a.爆炸性的
express vt.表达，表白
ex-Prime Minister n.前任总理
extent n.程度，范围；广阔
extraordinary a.不平凡的，非常的
extremely ad.非常地，极端地
factory n.工厂，制造厂
fail vi.不，不能，忘记
fair n.定期集市，博览会
fairly ad.相当地，公正地
famous a.著名的，极好的
fan n.戏迷，狂热爱好者
fanatical a.狂热的，盲目听信的
fantasy n.幻想，空想；怪念头
far ad....得多 a.远的
farewell nn.告别，告别词
fast ad.酣畅地，牢固地
fear vt. vi.害怕，敬畏
feet n.足，英尺
festival n.节日，庆祝，饮宴
fewer a.为数更少的
field n.田地，区域，原野 field-glasses小型双筒望远镜
fight vt.与...搏斗，争取
figure n.塑像，数码，肖像
finally ad.最后，终于
finger n.手指，指状物
fire n.火，火灾，燃烧
fire-extinguisher n.灭火器
firemen n.消防队员们
firm n.公司，商行
first num.第一 n.开始
fish vi.捕、捞(鱼) n.鱼
fisherman n.钓鱼者，捕鱼人
fishing n.钓鱼，捕鱼；渔场
fishing-boat n.渔船
fix vt.使固定,注视；牢记
flat n.(楼房的)一层，公寓
flight n.飞行，航程，跳跑
flood n.洪水，水灾；涨潮
flour n.面粉 a.粉状的
flow vi.,n.流，流动，流畅
follow
following a.接着的，下列的
food n.食物，养料
fool n.傻子 vt.愚弄，欺骗
foot n.英尺
football n.足球，橄榄球
footstep n.足迹，脚步
forbid vt.禁止
foreigner n.外国人，陌生人
forest
form vi.形成，产生 n.形式
former a.从前的，前任的
fortunate a.幸运的，幸福的
fortunately ad.幸运地，幸亏
fortune
fortune-teller n.占卜者，算命先生
framework n.骨架，框架；组织
free a.免费的，自由的
friendly a.友好的，亲密的
fright n.惊吓，恐怖
frightened a.受惊吓的
frightful a.可怕的，丑的
fur n.毛皮，裘皮，皮毛衣
furniture n.家具，器具，设备
gain vt.得到，挣到，到达
game n.游戏，玩耍，运动会
gardening n.园艺
gasp vi.喘气 n.屏气
gate n.大门，出入口，通道
gather vt.,vi.聚集，搜集
gaze vi.凝视，注视
general a.总的，全面的
gently ad.慢悠悠地，轻轻地
ghost n.鬼，灵魂，阴影
gift n.赠品，礼物；天才
glance n.vi.(粗略)看一下
glimpse n.一瞥，隐约闪现
god n.神，上帝，偶像
gold n.金子，金币，财富
golden a.金黄色的，贵重的
goods n.货物，商品，动产
government n.政府，政治，政权
grass-seed草籽
gratitude n.感谢，感激
great a.极大的，伟大的
greater a.更大的，更伟大的
Greenwich格林威治
greenwood n.绿林，生材
group n.组群，团体，批
grower n.种植者，栽培者
guard n.守卫，卫兵 vt.保卫
guide vt.为...领路，引导
guiltily ad.内疚地
gust n.阵风，突然一阵(雨)
habit n.习惯，习性；僧袍
hand n.指针，手，人手
handsome a.气派堂皇的；大方的
hang vt.悬挂；绞死，贴
harbour n.港口，避难所
hard ad.努力地,艰苦地；硬
hardly ad.几乎不,不十分；才
harvest vt. n.收获，收割
hate vt.不喜欢,憎恨,嫌恶
haunted a.闹鬼的，反复出现的
head n.老板，负责人，头儿
headmaster n.(英国的)中小学校长
health n.健康，健康状况
heaven n.天，天堂，上帝
heavily ad.大量地，沉重地
heavy a.拥挤的，沉重的
height n.高度，(复)高地
helicopter n.直升飞机
help vt.帮助，援助，促进
helper n.助手，帮手
hesitate vi.迟疑，犹豫，不欲
hide vi.,vt.藏，潜伏
history n.历史，沿革，来历
hitch-hike vi.搭便车
hobby n.业余爱好，嗜好，癖
hold vt.举行，握住，拥有
hole n.孔眼，洞；伤口
honest a.老实的，坦率的
honesty n.诚实，正直，忠实
honour n.荣誉，尊敬，名誉
horse-power n.马力
hospital n.医院，兽医院
hostess n.女主人，女服务员
hot a.通高压电的，热的
however ad.然而，无论如何
huge a.极大的，庞大的
humour n.幽默，诙谐，滑稽
hungry a.饥饿的，渴望...的
hurriedly ad.匆忙地，草率地
Hyde Park海德公园(伦敦)
immense a.巨大的，无限的
impatiently ad.不耐烦地，急躁地
important a.重要的，重大的
inch n.英寸
include vt.包括，算入
include vt.包含，包括
income n.收入，所得
increase vi.增加，增殖，增大
inform vt.告诉，通知，报告
inland ad.向内地，在内地
inn n.小客店、小饭店
inn-keeper n.客栈老板，酒店主
inquire vi.询问，打听，调查
inside prep.在...里面
insist vi.坚持，定要，强调
inspector n.检查员，视察员
instruct vt.指示，命令，教育
instrument n.器具，工具，仪器
intend vt.打算，企图，意指
interest n.兴趣，趣味，爱好
interested a.感兴趣的，关注的
interrupt vt.,vi.打断，阻挠
invasion n.入侵，侵略，闯入
invent vt.发明，创造，虚构
iron n.铁，铁器；熨斗
island n.岛，孤立地区
itself pron.它自己，它本身
jazz n.爵士音乐 a.花哨的
jeans n.斜纹布裤子，牛仔裤
journey n.旅途，旅行，历程
just then正当那时
just then正当那时
keep away离开，避开，不使接近
key n.琴键；钥匙，答案
kick vt.踢，向...反冲
kill vt.杀死，弄死；破坏
laboratory
ladder
lake n.湖泊，湖水
land vi.着陆，登陆 n.土地
lane n.行车道，小巷，狭路
language n.语言，语言课
lantern n.灯笼，灯火室，天窗
last vi. vt.持续 a.最后的
latch n.门闩，门锁 vi.锁上
late a.迟的，晚的 ad.迟
late a.迟的，晚的 ad.迟
laugh vi.大笑，发笑 n.笑
lawyer n.律师，法学家
lay vt.摆出，放置；使之
layer n.层，地层，一层
lead vt.带领，领导
leading a.主要的，领导的
leaf n.树叶，叶子；花瓣
leap vi.跳跃，跳动，交尾
learn vi.,vi.得知，学会
lend vt.借给,出借 vi.贷款
length n.长，长度；时间
liberty n.自由；自由权；失礼
lie vi.位于，躺，平铺
lie vi.说谎，作假 n.谎言
life-time n.一生，终身
lift n.搭便车；提，吊
light vt.点燃，使光明
lighthouse n.灯塔
lime-light n.舞台灯光，聚光灯
line n.一行(字)，线，线路
liquid a.液体的，流动的
living n.生活，生计，生存
local a.当地的，地方的
lonely a.孤零零的，幽静的
look for寻找，期待
lorry n.卡车
Los Angeles洛杉矶(美国城市)
lost a.丢失的，失败的
loudly ad.大声地，高声地
loudly ad.大声地，高声地
loudly ad.大声地 a.高声的
lower vt.放下，降低，削减
luck n.运气，幸运
macaroni n 通心粉
macaroni-eating a.吃通心面的
machine n.机器，机械
machinery n.(总称)机器，机械
mad a.发疯的，疯狂
Madagascar马达加斯加岛(非洲)
main a.主要的 n.体力
mainly ad.主要地，大部分
man n.部下，兵士，男人
manage vt.设法，完成，管理
man-powered a.人力的
march vi.走动，行进
mark n.斑点，标记，符号
market n.市场，集市，行情
matador n.斗牛士
material n.料子，材料，物资
mattress n.床垫，垫褥
meantime n.某时，其间 ad.当时
meanwhile ad.同时，其间，其中
measure vi.有...长 vt.计量
Mediterranean n.地中海地区
member n.成员，会员，社员
mend vt.修理，改进，订正
mention vt.提及，说起 n.提及
message n.信息
metal n.金属
microphone n.麦克风，拾音器
middle n.中间，正中，中部
million num.百万，百万个
mind vi.介意，关心，留意
mine
miraculously ad.奇迹般地，神奇的
mirror n.镜子，反映 vt.反射
mistake n.错误，误会，误解
mix vt. vi.拌和，混淆
modern a.现代的，时髦的
money n.货币，金钱，财富
monster n.怪物，妖怪，巨兽
monument n.纪念像，纪念碑
motorist n.开汽车的人
mountains n.山区，山脉
mournful a.悲哀的，令人沮丧的
movement n.动作，运动，移动
moving a.感人的，动的
mummy n.木乃伊；妈咪(儿语)
murder n.谋杀，杀害，屠杀
museum n.博物馆，展览馆
music n.音乐，乐曲，乐谱
musical a.音乐的，和谐悦耳的
mystery n.难以理解的事，秘密
myth n.神话，神话故事
nearby ad.在附近 a.附近的
nearest ad.最近的，最亲近的
neat a.整洁的，简洁的
necessary a.必要的，必须的
nerve n.神经，勇气，精力
nervous a.紧张不安的，神经的
no less仍然，依旧，还是
no parking禁止停车
noble a.崇高的，高尚的
nod vi.点头，低头
none pron.没有人
none pron.没有人
normal a.正常的，合乎规范的
normally ad.通常地，正常地
notice vt.注意到，提到
oarfish n.皇带鱼
obey vt.服从,执行 vi.听话
object vt.反对.. n.物体
observatory n.天文台，了望台
observe vt.观察，观测；遵守
obvious a.明显的
obviously ad.明显地，显著地
occasion n.场合，时刻，时机
occasionally ad.偶然地
occur vi.被想到，发生
ocean n.海洋，无限，无边
of course当然
official n.高级职员，官员
officially ad.正式地，官方地
Olympic n.奥林匹克
Olympic a.奥林匹克的
on time按时，准时
once ad.一次，曾经
once a month每月一次
operate vi.动手术，操作
operation n.手术，运行，操作
opponent n.反对者，敌手
orange-coloured a.橘红色的，橘黄色的
order n.秩序，顺序，制度
ordinary a.平常的，平凡的
ought aux. v.应该...
outside ad.在外面，向外面
outside ad.在外面，向外面
overhead ad.在头顶上，在高处
own a.自己的，特有的
owner n.主人，物主
packet n.小包，包裹；群，组
paint vt.绘画；着色 n.颜料
painter n.油漆工，画家；缆绳
palace n.宫殿，华丽的大厦
pale a.苍白的，暗淡的
parcel n.小包，包裹 vt.打包
parent n.父，母，(复)双亲
Paris n.巴黎
park vi.,vt.停放 n.公园
parliament n.议会，国会，议院
part n.零件，部分
past prep.经过，越过
pastry n.油酥面，馅饼
patch n.一小块地，斑点
path n.小路，人行道，跑道
patience n.坚韧，耐性，忍耐力
patient n.病人，被动者
pattern n.图案，式样；模范
paw n.脚爪
pay vt.,vi.支付，缴纳
pay vt., vi.支付，缴纳
peculiar a.奇异地，特有的
pedal vi.踩动踏板,骑自行车
pedestal n.底座，根基，基础
per prep.每；经，由
percent百分之...
perfect a.完美无缺的，极好的
performance n.演出，履行，完成
persistent a.坚持的，固执的
persuade vt.说服，劝说
Perth n.珀思(澳大利亚城市)
petrol n.汽油 vt.加以汽油
pick vt.摘，采，挑选
picnic n.野餐，郊游
pigeon n.鸽子
pile n.堆，大批，大块
pipe n.管乐器，管道，笛子
pirate n.海盗，海盗船
plain n.平原，旷野
plan vi.vt.计划，设计
plane n.飞机，机翼；平面
planet n.行星
plant vt.种植，养殖 n.植物
play n.戏剧，剧本，游戏
play n.戏剧，剧本；游戏
please vt.使高兴，使喜欢
pleasure n.快乐，愉快；乐趣
plough vt.耕种，犁沟 n.犁
point n.点，标点，论点
pole n.(地球的)极，磁极
police n.警察当局，警察
polite a.有礼貌的，殷勤的
political a.政治的，政党的
polo n.水球，马球
poor
popular a.受欢迎的，流行的
population vt.人口，人口数
port n.港，港口，口岸
porter n.搬运工人，服务员
Portsmouth n.朴次茅斯(英国军港)
possess vt.拥有，占有，具有
possession n.拥有，占有；财产
possible a.可能做到的
postcard n.明信片
postcard n.明信片
post-office n.邮政局
pot n.桶，壶，罐，锅
power n.电力，动力，能力
power line电力线
powerful a.强大的，强有力的
precaution n.预防措施，警惕
precious a.珍贵的，十足的
prefer vt.宁愿，更喜欢
prepare vt.准备，预备，筹备
present n.现在，目前 vt.介绍
press vt.按，压，榨，拥抱
pressure n.压力，压，困厄
pretend vt.,vi.假装，装得...
prevent vt. vi.阻碍，妨碍
Prime Minister n.总理
prisoner n.囚犯，俘虏，拘押犯
private a.私下的，个人的
private a.私下的，个人的
prize n.奖赏，奖品 vt.珍视
probably ad.可能，大概，或许
process vt.加工，处理；起诉
produce vt.拿出，生产，制作
profit n.利润，利益，得益
progress vi.进行，进步，进展
progressive a.进步的，先进的
promptly ad.迅速地，立刻
proud a.自豪的，骄傲自大的
prove vi.显示，表明
public a.公共的，公用的
public garden公园 pull vt.拨，拖，拉
punish vt.惩罚
pupil n.小学生，门生；瞳仁
push vt. vi.推，冲；挤向
put out熄灭，拿出，长出
quantity n.量，数量；大量
queue vi.排长队 n.一行
quick a.快的，敏捷的
quietly ad.静悄悄地，平稳地
racing
radical a.激进的，根本的
railway n.铁路，铁道部门
railway-line n.铁路线
rapidly ad.迅速地，敏捷地
rare a.罕见的，稀少的
rarely ad.很少地，难得地
rather ad.相当，颇为，宁愿
reach
reach vt.,vi.到达，达到
react vi.反应；反动，反抗
real a.真正的，现实的
realize vt.了解，认识到
reason n.原因，理由；理智
rebuild vi.重建，改造
receive vt.收到，接受，承受
receiver n.话筒，接受者
recent a.最近的，近来的
recently ad.最近，近来，近代
reception n.酒会，茶话会，欢迎
record n.记录，案卷，履历
record-holder n.纪录保持者
refuse vt.,vi.拒绝，不愿
registered a.挂号的，已注册的
regret vt.后悔，遗憾，抱歉
relation n.亲戚；关系，叙述
relative n.亲戚，亲属，关系词
relieve vt.减轻，解除，救济
reluctant a.不愿意的，勉强的
remains n.遗体，残余，遗迹
remark vt.说，评说，注意
remind vt.提醒，使想起
reminder n.提醒物，提示
remove vt.去掉，移除，搬走
repeat vi.,vt.复述，重做
repeat vi.,vt.复述 n.重复
replace vt.代替,更换,赔(款)
reply vi.,vt.回答，答复
reputation n.名声，名誉，声望
request n.要求，请求，需要
require vt.要求，需要，命令
rescue vt.拯救，营救，挽救
resin n.树脂，松脂
responsible a.(应)负责的，尽责的
rest vi.休息，静止 n.休息
result n.结果，成果，成效
retirement n.退休，退职，引退
return n.,vt.,vi.报答，返回
reveal vt.揭露，显示，泄露
reverler n.揭露者，展示者
reward n.vt.报偿，报答
rice n.米饭
ride n.(乘车)旅行，骑，乘
rifle n.步枪，来福枪
ring vi.(钟、铃)鸣响
ring vi.(钟、铃)鸣响
Rio de Janneiro里约热内卢(巴西港市)
risk n.冒险，危险
rival n.对手，竞争者
river bed n.河床
road n.道路，公路；途径
roar vi.轰鸣，呼啸，吼叫
rock n.暗礁，岩石，岩壁
roof n.屋顶，房屋；车顶
root n.根，根本，根源
round a.圆的 ad.围绕地
row vi.划船，划行
royal a.英国皇家的，王室的
rude a.粗鲁的，无礼的
rudely ad.粗鲁地；原始地
rudely ad.粗鲁地，原始地
rush vi.冲，涌去，袭击
sack n.袋，包，睡袋
sadly ad.悲哀地，难过地
safety n.安全，平安，稳妥
sail vi.航行，启航 n.帆
sailor n.海员，水手，船夫
salary n.薪水 vt.给...薪水
salute vi. vt.致敬礼，祝贺
sand n.沙，沙子，沙滩
sarcastic a.讽刺的，挖苦的
satisfaction
save vt.节约，储蓄；拯救
savings n.存款，储蓄金
scene n.现场，场面，景色
scientist n.科学家
scornfully ad.轻蔑地，藐视地
sculptor n.雕刻家
sea n.海，海洋，海面
sea-level n.海平面
seaman n.海员，水手，水兵
search vt.搜寻出，搜查
sea-shore n.海岸
seat n.座位，底座，所在地
seat n.座位，vt.使坐下
secretary n.秘书，书记，干事
section n.切片；部分；节，款
seek vt.找出，探索，寻觅
seem vi.似乎，看来好象
send vt. vi.送,寄发；派遣
send vt.,vi.送，寄发
sense n.感觉，感官，观念
sensitive
serious a.严重的，严肃的
service n.业务，服务 vt.检修
set vt.放，竖立；安置
settle vi.定居，安放，整理
several a.几(至少三)
several a.几个(至少三个)
shady a.荫凉的，荫蔽的
shake vt.,vi.摇，动摇
shame n.耻辱，羞耻
shed n.小棚子
sheriff n.司法长官
shining a.闪闪发光的，明显的
shock vt.使震惊，使愤慨
shop n.铺子，商店；工厂
shore n.岸；海滨
shortly ad.不久,马上；简短地
shot n.子弹，炮弹；射击
shoulder n.肩，肩部 vt.挑起
shout vt.,vi.高呼，大声嚷
shouting n.叫喊声，哗笑
side-street小街道
sight n.视域，视觉，见解
sign vt.签名 vt.签署
signal n.信号，暗号；动机
silver a.银白色的，银的
simply ad.仅仅,只是,简单地
sing vt.,vi.唱，演唱
singer n.歌手，歌唱家，诗人
single a.单一的，独身的
site n.场所，基地，位置
skin n.皮肤，皮，毛皮
sleeping-bag n.睡袋
slow ad.缓慢地，审慎地
smash vt.vi.n.打碎，粉碎
smell vi.散发...气味 vt.闻
smoke n.烟雾；抽烟 vi.熏
smoking n.吸烟，冒烟，熏制
smoothly ad.顺利地，通顺地
snake n.蛇 vi.蛇行
snake-charmer n.弄蛇者
snatch vt.抓，攫取
sneer n.冷笑，嘲笑 vt.轻蔑
so far到目前为止
sock n.短袜，鞋内衬垫
soil n.土壤，土地，地面
solid a.坚硬的，固体的
solve vt.解决，解答
somewhere ad.在某处，在某时
song n.歌曲，歌唱，声乐
sort
sound n.声音，发音，噪声
soundly ad.酣畅地，完好地
source n.源泉，根源，出处
South Africa南非
South American n.南美洲
space n.场地，空间
spaceship n.太空船，宇宙飞船
spare a.备用的，多余的
spark n.火花
special a.特设的，专门的
specially ad.专门地，特别地
specially-made a.特制的
spectacle
speech n.讲话，演说，词类
speed-boat n.快艇
spite n.恶意，恨，遗恨
splendid a.极好的，辉煌的
spoil vt.损坏，糟蹋，宠坏
sport v.娱乐，消遣；运动
spray vt.喷洒，喷雾 n.浪花
spring n.弹簧，弹力，发条
spy vt.侦察，发现，瞥见
stadium n.露天运动场，龄期
stage n.舞台，阶段，场所
stairs n.楼梯
stalk n.麦秸，植物茎
stamp vt.踏、踩；盖章
start vt.,vi.开始，开动
state vt.声明，陈述 n.状态
station n,派出所，站，台 stationary a.静止的，固定的
statue n.像，雕铸像
steal vi.,vt.偷，窃取
steam n.蒸汽
steering-wheel n.方向盘，舵轮
step vi.举步走，踏足，踩
sticky a.粘的，闷热的
sticky fingers手脚不干净的人(小偷)
stocking n.长袜
stone n.石头，宝石，界碑
stone head石雕头像
store n.商店，贷栈
storm n.暴风雨，大雷雨
straight ad.一直地，垂直地
strange a.奇怪的，陌生的
stranger n.陌生人，异乡人
strap n.带，皮带，布带
stream n.小溪，河流；连续
strict a.严格的，严谨的
strike vi.,vi.敲响；打，击
string n.(乐器的)弦，细绳
strong a.健壮的，坚固的
struggle vi.,n.挣扎，奋斗
studio n.播音室，工作室
succeed vi.成功，顺利进行
success n.成功，胜利
successful a.成功的，有成绩的
successfully ad.成功地，有成绩地
such a.那样的，这样的
sudden a.突然的，意外的
suffer vi.受痛苦，遭受损失
suggest vt.建议，提出
sum n.金额，总数，算术题
sunshine n.阳光，睛天
support vt.支撑；扶持；鼓励
suppose vt.假设，猜想，认为
suppose vt.以为，推想；假定
sure a.肯定的，确实的
surely ad.必定地，无疑地
surface n.地面，表面，平面
surprising a.惊人的，意外的
surrounding a.周围的 n.环境
survive vt.经历...之后活着
survivor n.幸存者，残存物
suspicious a.疑心的，怀疑的
sweep vt.(风)扫刮，打扫
swimmer n.游泳运动员
swing vt.使...转向，挥舞
Swiss a.瑞士的，瑞士人的
symbol n.象征，符号
sympathetic a.同情的，合意的
sympathetically ad.同情地
symptom n.症状，征候，征兆
tail n.尾，尾状物，辨子
taken for a ride被骗
tap vt.轻敲，轻叩 n.旋塞
tart n.果馅饼，小烘饼
teach vt.,vi.教，讲授
temper n.脾气，情绪，气质
temple n.圣堂，神殿，庙宇
temporarily ad.暂时地，临时地
temptation n.引诱，诱惑物，魔道
tent n.帐篷，寓所，住处
terribly ad.可怕地，厉害地
test vt.试验，考验，化验
The Globe n.环球剧院
the public公众，民众
theatre n.剧场，戏院；戏
theatre n.剧场，戏院；戏
therefore ad.因此，所以
thick a.厚的，粗的，浓的
thing n.事，物，事物
thirsty a.贪杯的，口渴的
thoroughly ad.彻底地，充分地
thoughconj.虽然,尽管,即使
threaten vt. vi.威胁，恐吓
thresh vt.打(谷)；彻底讨论
ticket n.传票，票，券，标签
ticket-office n.售票处，票房
tight a.紧的，密封的
tiny a.小的，极小的
to pay the bill付帐
ton n.吨，货物体积
tone n.语调，音调，音质
tooth n.牙齿，嗜好
top n.顶部，尖端，头
total
touch vt.摸，碰，接触
towards prep.朝，走向，近...
tower n.塔，城楼，堡垒
track n.行踪，痕迹，途径
traffic n.交通，运输 vi.交易
train vt.培养，训练 n.列车
transport vt.运送，运输
trap vt.使陷落，诱捕
treasure n.财宝 vt.珍藏，珍贵
tree-trunk n.树干
tremendous a.巨人的，惊人的
tricycle
trouble n.麻烦，纠纷，烦恼
truant n.逃学，逃学者
TRUE a.真的，准确的 n.正
trunk n.大衣箱，行李箱
truth
tune vi.吹奏管乐
tunnel n.隧道，坑道
ugliest a.最丑的，最丑恶的
unaware a.未觉察到的
understanding n.理解，领悟，谅解
underwater a.在水下的
unfortunately ad.不幸地，倒霉地
unhurt a.没有负伤的
uniform n.军服，制服
unimaginative a.缺乏想象力的
university n.大学，大学校舍
unload vt.卸(货),解除..负担
unlucky a.倒霉的，不顺利的
unnecessary a.不必要的，无用的
unpleasant a.使人不愉快的
unsmiling a.板着脸，不笑的
until prep.直到...为止
until prep.直到...为止
unusual a.不寻常的，不常见的
unwillingly ad.不情愿地，勉强地
upset vt.使心烦，弄翻
upside-down a.颠倒的，混乱的
urge vt.怂恿，极力主张
used a.习惯于；用过了的
useful a.有用的，有益的
usual a.通常的，惯例的
Utah犹他(美国一州名)
valuable a.有价值的，贵重的
value n.价值，价格，购买力
variety n.变化，多样性，种种
variety show n.杂耍
various a.不同的，各种各样的
ventilate vt.使通风，使换气
ventilation n.通风，通风设备
versus prep.(比赛中的)对...
vibration n.震动，摆动，颤动
vicar n.教区牧师；代理人
victim n.受害者，牺牲品
view n.景色，看，眺望
villager n.村民，乡下人
violenly ad.猛烈地，凶暴地
violently ad.猛烈地；剧烈地
virtue n.美德，贞操
visit vi.,vi.访问，参观
volcano n.火山
volt n.伏特
volunteer vi.自愿 n.志愿者
waiter n.侍者，服务员，盆
waiting room
wake vi.醒，醒来，警觉
wake up叫醒，醒来，振作起来
wallet n.钱夹，皮夹子
wander vi.无目的的漫步
war n.战争，军事学；冲突
waste n.浪费，滥用；损耗
water-skiing n.滑水运动
wax n.蜡
weak a.软弱的，衰弱的
wedding n.婚礼，结婚，结合
weigh vi.重若干，权衡
weight n.重物，重量；锤
welcome n.,vt,int.欢迎，迎接
well-dressed a.穿着讲究的
well-ventilated a.通风好的
Welsh a.威尔士的
wheel n.车轮，轮，方向盘
wheneverconj.每当，无论如何
whetherconj.是..呢还是..呢
whether...or not不管是不是，无论如何
whole a.整个的，完全的
wicked a.邪恶的，恶劣的
wide a.宽广的，广阔的
win vi.赢，获胜，成功
wind vt.缠绕，上(发条)
wind vt.绕...弯曲前进
wing n.机翼，翅膀；厢房
wire
without prep.没有；在...外面
wonder vi.,vt.感到惊奇,怀疑
wonderful a.极好的，惊人的
wooden a.木头的，木制的
woollen a.羊毛的，毛织的
work hard努力工作
work-shop n.车间(干重活的地方)
worthless a.无价值的，无用的
would v.aux.将，愿，要
wrap vt. vi.包，裹，缠
yard n.码(3英尺)；天
新概念英语第一册学习笔记
第一册重点语法知识点都包含：
时态：一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时，一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，一般将来时，过去将来时。
词性：动词现在分词、动词的过去式和过去分词。形容词、副词的比较级与最高级。助动词、情态动词、半情态动词的使用。动词不定式。反身代词、不定代词。特殊疑问词。
句式：简单句、并列句、复合句（定语从句、状语从句、宾语从句）。
语态：被动语态。
结构：There be结构。
语序：倒装。
（请您记住以下新概念英语一册１－１４４课的所固定搭配短语）
英文 中文
I beg your pardon 请您在重复（说）一遍
Nice to meet you（too） （我也）很高兴见到你
Look at… 看…
How do you do 你好
Be careful 小心
A loaf of 一个
A bar of 一条
A bottle of 一瓶
A pound of 一磅
Half a pound of 半磅
A quarter of 四分之一
A tin of 一听
Hurry up 快点
Next door 隔壁
Black coffee 不加牛奶的咖啡
White coffee 加牛奶的咖啡
Come home from school 放学回家
Come home from work 下班回家
In the morning 早上
In the afternoon 下午
In the evening 晚上
At noon 中午
At night 夜里
At the moment 此刻
What’s the time? 几点钟？
Come upstairs 上楼
Come downstairs 下楼
Hundreds of… 数以百计的…
On the way home 在回家的途中
This morning 今天早晨
This afternoon 今天下午
This evening 今天晚上
tonight 今天夜里
Yesterday morning 昨天早晨
Yesterday afternoon 昨天下午
Yesterday evening 昨天晚上
Last night 昨天夜里
The day before yesterday in the morning 前天早晨
The day before yesterday in the afternoon 前天下午
The day before yesterday in the evening 前天晚上
The night before last 前天夜间
A low mark 分数很底
A high mark 分数很高
She said to herself 她心中暗想
The way to… 到…的走法
In fashion 流行的，时髦的
I’m afraid… 我恐怕…
I’m sure… 我确信，我肯定…
A lot of 许多（用于肯定句）
At all 丝毫、更本、一点也不
Going on holiday 度假
Have been to… 到过…
All the time 一直，始终
Have been to… 到过…
Drive into… 撞倒…
For sale 供出售、出售
Have the last word 最后决定、最后才算
The R.A.F. 英国皇家空军
Return ticket 往返票
Next door to… 与…相邻，在…隔壁
In five hours’time 在五小时之后。
Go back 返回
The othe day 几天前
Fell downstairs 从楼上摔下来
The Y.H.A. 青年招待所协会
Cheer up 振作起来
Full of… 充满了…
Would you like…? 你愿意…？
Could you…? 你能…?（比Can you…?更婉转客气）
Buy…on instalments 以分期付款的方式购买…
Small change 零钱
Go back to sleep 继续睡觉
To take…with… 把…带上（with后跟人称宾格）
Have to 不得不（过去式Had to）
By myself 我自己
By yourself 你自己
By himself 他自己
By herself 她自己
By itself 它自己
By ourselves 我们自己
By yourselves 你们自己
By themselves 他/她/它们自己
By oneself 独自的
Not that long ago 没那么久
At… （以…的方式进行、做某事）
He can’t be… 他不可能…
He must be 他肯定是…
He can’t have been… 他那时不可能…
He must have benn… 他那时肯定是…
Don’t be so sure 别那么肯定
He may… 他可能…
He might… 他可能…（没有He might…的程度强）
Make up…minds 打定主意（up后跟人称宾格）
Look after 照看
In the end 最后
In the first instance 首先，起初
He may be… 他可能是…
He may have been… 他可能己经…
I’m ot sure 我不敢肯定
I wonder why 我想知道为什么
A long time (ago) 很早（前）
Get married 结婚
Depend on… 依靠，取决于…
I’m late for… 我因为…而迟到
By the way 顺便（问，说）
I’m dressed in… 我穿戴着…
Make up her face 往她的脸上施脂粉
Make myselft beautiful 把自己打扮漂亮
Was covered with… 覆盖着…
I went for… （…表明目的）
Pice of paper 纸片
Cigarette ends 烟头
Take out 拿出
Put away 放到一边
Hundreds of… 成百上千的…
Round the world 周游世界
季节、月份、星期
Spring 春节
Summer 夏天
Autumn 秋天
Winter 冬天
January 一月
February 二月
March 三月
April 四月
May 五月
June 六月
July 七月
August 八月
September 九月
October 十月
November 十一月
December 十二月
Monday 星期一
Tuesday 星期二
Wednesday 星期三
Tursday 星期四
Friday 星期五
Saturday 星期六
Sunday 星期日
Weekend 周未
（请记住以下特殊疑问句的特殊疑问词）
１、 Why （有关原因）
２、 What （有关事物）
３、 Which （有关事物）
４、 Who （有关人物）
５、 Whose （有关人物）
６、 Where （有关地点）
７、 When （有关时间）
８、 How （有关方法或状态）
（英语中无论时间、地点还是人或事都遵循着从小到大的规则。也遵循着先出现地点后出现时间的规则。）
第一部份：词法（请记注以下词性概念，具体的用法参考我们所学过的课文）
一、 动词：（表示动作或状态等。）
１、 记住以下常见系动词
Appear Be Become Fall Feel Get
Go Grow Keep Look Prove Remain
Rest Run Seem Smell Sound Stay
Taste Rurn
２、记住以下常见助动词
Be Have Do Will Sould Shall Should
３、记住以下常见情态动词
Can Could May Might Must Ought
４、记住以下常见半情态动词
Need Dare Be able to Have(got)to Had better(best) Used to
二、 冠词（用在名词前帮助说明其词义）
三、 名词（表示人或事物的名称）
四、 代词（用来代替名词或数词等，包含反身代词）
五、 形容词（用来修饰名词或代词）
六、 副词（用来修饰动词、形容词、或副词）
七、 介词（用在名词、代词等前面，表示与别的词的关系）
八、 数词（表示数目或顺序）
九、 连词（用来加接词与词或句与句）
十、 感叹词（表示说话时的感情或口气）
第二部分：词法规则
一、 可数名词的复数规则变化
１、 一般情况下未尾加“s”。
２、 以x，ss，sh，ch，x结尾的名词加“es”。
３、 以ce,se,ze,（d）ge结尾的词加“s”。
４、 以辅音字母+y结尾的词，变“y”为“i”在加“es”。
５、 以元音字母+y结尾的词，直接加“s”。
６、 以f，fe结尾的名词一般变“f”或“fe”为“v”在加“es”。（以f或fe结尾的部分名词可直接加“s”）
７、 以o结尾的名词一般加“s”。（部分以辅音字母+o结尾的加“es”）
二、 规则动词的过去式与过去分词变化与动词现在分词的变化
１、 一般动词过去式在未尾加“ed”。
２、 结尾是e的动词加“d”。
３、 未尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加“ed”。
４、 结尾是辅音字母+y的动词，先变“y”为“i”在加“ed”。
５、 动词的现在分词一般情况下在原形后加“ing”。
６、 如果以e结尾的动词则去“e”在加“ing”来构成现在分词。
７、 如果动词只有一个元音字母，而后面跟了一个辅音字母时，则需双写辅音字母再加“ing”来构成动词的现在分词。
三、 形容词与副词的比较级、最高级（比较级在未尾加“er”而最高级在未尾加“est”）它们都遵循着以下规则
１、 一般情况下单音节的形容词或副词则在原形未尾加“er”。
２、 如果以e结尾的形容词或副词则加“r”。
３、 有些以y结尾的双音节词，如果y前面是一个辅音字母则变“y”为“i”在加“er”。
（如果是最高级则在形容词前加冠词“The”然后形容词或副词未尾加“est”，其它规则一样。）
第三部分：句法规则（时态）
１、 一般现在时：（除主语第三人称）谓语动词都使用动词原形。常与副词“always”，“never”，“often”，“seldom”，“usually”，“every”，“day”等连用。
２、现在进行时：表示现在正在进行的动作。
语法：Be+动词现在分词
３、现在完成时：表动作发生在过去，但与现在有关系。即用一个发生在过去的动作来说明现在的情况。
语法：Have+动词过去分词
４、 一般过去时：表过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示过去常发生的动作。
语法1（be动词）：主语+be动词过去式
语法2：主语+动词过去式
５、 过去进行时：表某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的作动。
语法：Be动词过去式+动词现在分词
６、 过去完成时：表在过去某一时间或动作以前己经完成的动作。
语法：Had+动词过去分词构成
７、 一般将来时：表将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表将来经常或反复发生的动作。
语法１：Will（Shall）+动词原形
语法２：Be+going go+动词原形
８、 过去将来时：表从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
语法１：Would（Should）+动词原形
语法２：Be动词过去式+going to+动词原形
第四部分：句法规则（从句）
一、宾语从句：宾语从句是由一个完整的句子构成，充当宾语修饰谓语动词、介词和、限定动词和某些形容词的宾语。如果从句部份是一个陈述句或是一个一般疑句（一般疑问句如果做为从句则需变为陈述句）则通常使用引导词“that”、“whether”、“if”加上从句部份来构成宾语从句。如果从句部份是一个特殊疑问句，而把特殊疑问词做引导词在加上由一般疑问句变来的陈述句来构成宾语从句。
例１：由that、whether或if引导的宾语从句。
１、She saw that her was sleeping. 她看见他在睡觉（修饰谓语动词“saw”）。
２、She was intersted in whatever she saw there. 他对在那无论所看到的都感兴趣（修饰介词“in”）。
３、She didn’t say if her was still alive. 他没有说他是否还活着（修饰谓语动词“say”）。
例２：由特殊疑问句的特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句。
１、She asked me where I was going. 他问我到那儿去（注意“where”后面的语序）。
二、定语从句：在句中起定语作用，修饰某一名词或代词，或修饰整个主句的从句，叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词称为“先行词”。定语从句常跟先行词后，并由“关系词”（引导词）所引导。对先行词，无论是人或物起到了加以限制的作用。
１、修饰人称一般由关系词“who”、“whom”、“whose”引导。用“who”引导其条件为定语从句所修饰的先行词在整个定语从句中做主语，而且who不能省略。用“whom”引志其条件为定语从句所修饰的先行词在整个定语从句中做宾语，但whom可以省略。用“whose”引导其条件为定语从句所修饰的先行词在从句中做某名词的定语。
２、修饰物一般由关系词“that”引导。
例１：由关系词“who”、“whom”、“whose”引导来修饰人。
１、The lady who is standing behind the counter. 那位站在柜台后面的女士。
２、They’re people whom I met during the rtip. 这些人是我在旅游时认识的。
３、I’m looking after this boy whose parents have gone to shop. 我在照看这个父母去了商店的男孩。
例２：由关系词“that”引导来修饰物。
This is a photo that I took during my trip to Australia. 这是一张我到澳大利亚旅行时照的照片。
三、状语从句：状语从句有很多，新概念一册所遇到的有时间状语从句。同样也是由一个完整的句子构成，起到一个时间性说明、限定的使用，称之为“时间状语从句”。一般由以下连词所引导：
１、when （当…时）
２、as （当…时，一边…一边）
３、while （当…时，在…期间）
４、before （在…以前）
５、after（在…之后）
例：
１、When my husband was going into the dining room this morning,he
dropped some coins on the floor. 今早当我丈夫走进饭厅时，把一些硬币掉在地上了。
２、While we were having breakfast,our little boy found two small
coins on the floor. 当我们正吃早饭时，我们的小男孩在地上找到了两枚小硬币。
３、 Just as I was opening the window,the telephone rang. 当我刚打开窗子时，电话响了。
４、She had finished the housework before she went out. 她在做完家务前出去的。
５、He gave us our exercise books after he had corrected them. 他修改完了后才把练习本给我们。
第五部分：句法规则（新概念一册的一些零散的句法规则）
一、由“there”引起的句子：常见的结构为“there+be”结构。“there”占主语位置，通常表示“有”这个意思。
例：There are some clouds in the sky. 天空中有（飘着）一些云。
二、介词“in”根据时态来判断范围：介词“in”与过时间连用则表示在范围以内，如果介词与现在或将来时连用则表示范围以外。
例：
１、I finished the work in two day. 两天内我完成了工作。
２、I’ll finish the work in tow day. 两天后我将完成我的工作。
三、as…as…或not as/so…as：形容词或副词的同级比较。
例：
１、You are as tall as me. 你和我一样高。
２、You are not so tall as me. 你没有我高。
四、部份形容词前加冠词“the”表示属于某类。
例：
１、The old 老年人。
２、The rich 有钱人。
３、The best 最后的一类。
五、部份名词前加冠词“The”，词未尾在加“’s”表指某一个地方。
例：
At the butcher’s. 在肉店。
六、“too…to…”结构与“…enough…to…”：“太…而不能…”、“足够…而可以…”
例：
１、She’s too young to go to school. 她太小轻而不上学。
２、The questions were easy enough to answer. 这些题够简单而可以回答。
（请注意所颜色所标的形容词在句中too与enough之间的位置）
第六部分：语态
一、被动语态：被动语态也分很多不同的时态，我们紧列出新概念一册中出现的。
语法１：be+动词过去分词
语法２：主语（动作承受者）+被动语态谓语+by+动作执行者
（其中“by”有“被”的意思）
例：
１、I live a very old town which is surrounded by beautiful woods. 我居住在一个被美丽的树林环绕的古老小镇上。
２、My four-year-old daughter,Sally,was invited to a children’s party. 我四岁的女儿萨莉被邀请去参加一个儿童聚会。
第七部分：语序（倒装）
倒装分很多，同样也有引导关系词，我们还是以新概念一册所出现的为例。如果谓语提前到主语前则句子称之为倒装句。有时整个谓语都提前则称为完全倒装。而大部分的疑问句都是使用倒装句。
例：
１、Do you know French? 你懂法语吗？
２、Neither can I. 我也不能（我也没有）。
３、So have I. 我也有。
新概念第二册学习笔记
Lesson 1
★New Words and Expressions
☆private adj.私人的
如果妈妈想看你的信，你可以说：It's my private letter.
如果陌生人想进你的房子，你可以说：It's my private house.
private life 私生活
由此引申出privacy n.隐私
新东方是private school(私立学校），与此相反，公立学校是public school.所以，private的反义词是public.
eg.public 公众；public letter 公开信；public place 公共场所
private还有一个值得注意的意思：普通的。
如：private citizen 普通公民；private soldier 大兵
我们熟悉的《拯救大兵瑞恩》就是《Private Ryan》
☆conversation n.谈话
subject of conversation 话题。（天气是英国人最喜爱的话题）
几种谈话：
talk 内容可以正式，也可以私人
conversation 一般用于正式文体中，内容上往往不正式
dialogue 对话，可以指正式国家与国家会谈。
eg.China and Korea are having a dialogue.
chat 闲聊，就是北京人说的“侃”，说的是无关紧要的事。
gossip 嚼舌头，说长道短
用法：have a +...
☆theatre n.剧场，戏剧
[记忆]cinema 电影院
☆seat n.座位
这个词很重要，考试常考。
have a good seat,这里的seat指place，而不是chair。
take a seat/take your seat 坐下来，就坐
下面这个句子在口语、电影里很常见：Is the seat taken?
请坐的3种说法：
Sit down,please.(命令性）
take your seat,please.
Be seated,please.(更礼貌）
考点：作为动词的seat与sit的区别
sit--vi; seat--vt
seat sb 让某人就坐
When all those present___he began his lecture.(D) (重点题）
A.sit B.set C.seated D.were seated
A,B改为sat就对了
☆angry adj.生气的
cross=angry
☆attention n.注意
Attention,please.
pay attention 注意
pay attention to 对……注意
pay a little/much/more/no attention
☆bear(bore,boren) v.容忍
忍受的几种说法：bear,stand,endure,put up with
bear->stand->endure 忍受的极限在扩大
pur up with=bear=stand
bear n.熊
give sb a bear hug 给某人热情（热烈）的拥抱
☆business n.事，生意
business man 生意人 do business 做生意
go to some place on business 因公出差
business:某人自己的私人的事情
thing：可以指事情，也可以指东西
★Text
Last week,I went to the theatre.I had a very good seat.The play
was very interesting.I didn't enjoy it.A young man and a young woman
were sitting behind me.They were talking loudly.I got very angry.I
could not hear the actors.I turned round.I looked at the man and
the woman angrily.They didnot pay any attention.In the end,I couldnot
bear it.I turned round again."I can't hear a word."I said
angrily."It's none of your business."The young man said
rudely."It's a private conversation!"
☆go to the+地点：表示去某地干嘛
go to the cinema=see a film
go to the +人+'s:表示去这个人开的店
go to the doctor's 去看病
go to the butcher's 买肉
go to the dairy(奶品店）
go to +地点：去某地做相关的事
go to school 去上学； go to church 去做礼拜； go to hospital 去看病 go home
回家休息
[注]跟home相连一定表示没有事情可做，休闲
☆enjoy
enjoy oneself 玩得开心
enjoy+sth 喜欢（从中得到一种享受） （后面不能加人）
I enjoy the music/book/dinner/film/program.
☆过去进行时态：过去的某个时间正在发生的动作
一个故事的背景往往用进行时态描述。
eg.The girl was reading a book in the garden.A boy came to her.
☆got 变得
I am/was angry.（是个事实）
I got angry.（强调变化过程）
got取代be动词。got是半联系动词，可以直接加形容词。
☆说话的时候喜欢用缩略：I'm not,he isn't,they aren't
写的时候会说：I am not,he is not,they are not
☆hear：听见 hear+人：听见某人的话
I couldn't hear you.Beg your pardon?
I couldn't hear a word.（夸张）
I couldn't catch your words.
a word 等于一句话
eg.He didn't say a word.
May I speak to Jim?=May I have a word with Jim?
Lesson 2 Breakfast or lunch
★New words and expressions
☆until prep.直到
后面加（时间状语）从句，前面就是主句
区分“直到……才”（not until)和“直到……为止”(until)的方法：
把until作为时间终止线。从句的时间终点之前，这个动作做了还是没做？
做了——肯定；没做——否定。
eg:For he___until it stopped raining.
A.waited B.didn't wait (A)
A.leave. B.left C.didn't leave (C)
☆outside adv.外面（作状语）
eg:He is waiting for me outside.
☆ring(rang,rung) v.（铃、电话等）响
[注]这种响是刺耳的，往往是提醒人做某事
如：The telephone/door bell is ringing.
而风铃等响要用jingle
jingle(bell):（铃儿）响叮当
v.给某人打电话：ring sb
n.打电话：give sb a ring
Remember to ring me.=Remember to give me a ring.
n.戒指
☆aunt n.姑，姨，婶，舅母
所有长一辈的女性都用这个称呼
与此相同，男性则是uncle
他们的孩子：cousin：堂兄妹（不分男女）
cousin的孩子：nephew：外甥，niece：外甥女[记：“捏死”]
★Text
It was Sunday.I never get up early on Sundays.I sometimes stay in
bed until lunch time.Last Sunday,I got up very late.I looked out
of the window.It was dark outside."What a day!"I thought.It's
raining again.Just then,the telephone rang.It was my aunt Lucy."I've
just arrived by train."she said."I'm coming to see you.""But
I'm still having breakfast."I said."What are you doing?"She
asked."I'm having breakfast."I repeated."Dear me!"She
said."Do you always get up so late?It's one o'clock."
（由于我没有文本，以上是听写出来的，错误只处还望指正）
☆look out of
out of是固定搭配
☆感叹句
What+a/an+adj+n+主语+谓语
省略：1.主、谓随时可省
eg:What a good girl (she is)!
2.省形容词
[注]有上下文和一定的语境，才能省略形容词。不能给对方造成误解。
如本文的What a day!根据上下文的It was dark outside.和It's raining again .可以推断出省略的是terrible.
☆It was my aunt Lucy.
如果不知道对方性别时，可以用it取代。
如有人敲门，可以问：Who is it?
☆by train
by直接加交通工具（不能有任何修饰词、复数）
如果加修饰词，就要换掉by，用in或on
I go out by bus.
若是两辆：I go out in/on two buses.
☆I'm coming to see you.我将要来看你。
用come的现在进行时态be coming表示一般将来
同样的用法还有：go,come,leave,arrive,land,meet,die,start,return,join...
前4个一定要记住
☆天哪！英国人说Dear me!或My dear!
美国人说：My god!(o发啊的音）
★Key strucrures关键句型
本课的重点句型是现在进行和一般现在。
now：现在进行时（说话的当时正在发生，现阶段正在发生）
often，always：一般现在时
一般现在时，是一种习惯、真理，是过去、现在和未来都会发生的事情。
频率副词往往放在句子中间，实义动词前，非实义动词后。
如果既有实义动词又有非实义动词，要放在两个之间。
疑问句中副词往往放在主语后面。
非实义动词：1.系动词（be）
2.助动词：帮助动词构成时态的（do,does,will,shall,have,had,has）
3.情态动词（must,can,may）
除此之外都是实义动词。
Lesson 3 Please send me a card
★New words and expressions
☆send v.寄
寄信：send a letter
用法：send sth to sb/send sb sth
类似的用法还有give,take,pass,read,sell...
send/take children to school
区别：take：强调某人亲自送；
send则是通过第三人去送，如美国的校车
本课重点：双宾语
双宾语指直接宾语（表示动作结果）和间接宾语（表示动作目标）
如在give sb sth中，sb是间接宾语，sth是直接宾语
如果不是为了以后讲语法，不用分清什么是间接宾语，什么是直接宾语，只需把用法记住即可。
间接宾语在后面时，其前必须加to（对……而做，翻译为“给”）或for（为……而做，翻译为“替”）
可以翻译为“给”，“替”，“为”的，就用for；如果只能翻译为“给”就以用to
give a book to me;I buy a book for you.
总结：用for的词：buy,order,make,find
Do me a favor please.=Do a favor for me.
☆postcard n.明信片
[注意]/t/和/k/前者失去爆破音
简写为card，由此引申出：
namecard/visiting card:名片
ID card:身份证
credit card:信用卡
cash card
☆spoil(spoiled or spoilt) v.使索然无味，损坏(重点词）
几种破坏：
打破玻璃用break；
damage:破坏，但是程度不一定很重；
destroy：破坏，彻底摧毁；
以上三个是指物理上的破坏，而spoil主要指精神上
spoil:把东西的质量变得不好了；生活中不顺心的事。
1.宠坏。His parents spoiled the boy.
2.毁了某人心情。His arrival spoiled my holiday.
☆museum n.博物馆
那么多博物馆一定要记住我们的Palace Museum(故宫）哦
☆public adj.公共的
这个词我们在第一课见过了，基本用法和private一起记。下面再说两点：
1.public house简称pub：酒吧
2.in public:公开的；in private:私下里的
☆friendly adj.友好的
以-ly结尾是形容词，同样的还有lovely
friendly单独用，一般做宾语来用
作为状语表示这个人做什么事情很友好，用短语in a friendly way
☆waiter n.服务员，招待员
waiter(男服务员），waitress（女服务员），只出现在餐馆里
领班：chief waiter
商店里的店员：shop assistant
其他公共场所的服务员:attendant
☆lend v.借给 lend to
借进：borrow borrow from
☆decision n.决定
make a big/great decision
v.decide
☆whole adj.整个的
the whole...
all the...
all of后面如果加代词，代词前面不需要修饰词
一旦要加名词，前面一定要加the
all of us;all of the students
★Text
Postcards always spoil my holidays.Last summer,I went to Italy.I
visited the museums and sat in public gardens.A friendly waiter
taught me a few words of Italian.Then he lent me a book.I read a
few lines.I did not understand a word.Everyday I thought about postcards.On
the last day,I made a big decision.I got up early and bought thiry-seven
cards.I spent the whole day in my room,but I did not write a single
card!
☆语言不可数，所以要用a little Italian或a few words of Italian
☆think about/of 考虑，思考，think of还可指想到
think over:仔细考虑
What do you think of the weather today?
冷：cold,chilly（凛冽），freeze:I'll freeze.（冻僵）
☆last summer里的last表示“上一个”
the last day里的last表示“最后一个”，表示“最后一个”时要加冠词the，这时前面要加介词
☆spend+时间+地点
eg:I spent three hours in the sea.
I spend a lot of time in traffic jam.(交通堵塞)
Lesson 4 An exciting trip
★New words and expressions
☆exciting adj.令人兴奋的
v.excite 激动->adj.excited ,exciting
-ed:自己感到；-ing：令人感到
如：interesting:令人感到有趣的；interested：感到有意思的
动词的宾语一定是人，让后面的人感到……
eg:The news excited me.
Rhe book interests me.
☆receive v.接受，收到
3个接受：
accept:同意接收，主观上乐意
receive（与have通用）：客观的收到 receive/have a letter from sb
eg:This morning I received a bunch of flowers from a boy,but I didn't
accept it.
take:接受，与前两词无可比性，只需记住两个搭配：
take the exam;take advice
☆firm n.商行，公司
等同于company
☆abroad adv.在国外
注意是个副词，直接和动词连用，不需要介词
go/live/study abroad
★Text
I have just received a letter from my brother Tim.He is in Australia.He
has been there for six months.Tim is an engineer.He is working for
a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different
places in Australia.He ha just bought an Australian car and has
gone to Alice Springs,a small town in the centre of Australia.He
will soon visit Darwin.From there,he will fly to Perth.My brother
has never benn abroad before,so he is finding this trip very exciting.
☆have been+in 地点
他已经到北京了：He has arrived in Beijing.
他到北京一年了，就不能用arrive了。因为arrive是表示点的动词，不能和段时间连用。所以用我们的新句型：have been
in 地点
He has been in Beijing for one year.
☆work in 强调工作的地点
work for 强调work，不是在游逛，是在工作
☆a great number of后面一定要加可数名词复数
a lot of可加可数名词也可加不可数名词
它们是约等于的关系
I have a lot of/a great number of friends.
I have a lot of time.中的a lot of 就不能替换为a great number of了
☆have gone to :去了某地没回来
have been to :曾经去过某地，现在不在那个地方
☆from there:从那地方起
from既可以加时间又可以加地点
eg:from half past 8 to half past 11
from Beijing to Tianjin
☆fly to Perth=go to Perth by air
☆before用在句子的末尾是副词，翻译为“在此之前”，是现在完成时态的标志。
☆find+宾语+形容词做宾补
find trip exciting;find the room clean
注意，在本句中用的是find的进行时态。
在收听外台的广播中经常能听到find不用一般式，而用进行式。
eg:We're finding the program very exciting.
在写的时候用一般式，口语就用进行式
下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时态：
believe doubt see hear know understand belong think consider feel
look seem show mind have sound taste require possess care like hate
love detest desire
★第3课关键句型：一般过去式。
第4课关键句型：现在完成式。
第5课将总结一般过去式和现在完成式的相同点、不同点，用的时候要注意声明。
下面的几个词已出现就标志着完成式：just,before,already
Lesson 5 No wrong numbers
★New words and expressions
☆pigeon n.鸽子
口语里常说：It's not my pigeon.=None of my business.这不是我的过错
☆message n.信息（可数名词）
information 信息（不可数名词）
leave sb a message:给……留便条
I'll leave you a message.
take a message for sb:替……捎口信
此句在电话里非常常用，如果你要找的人不在，对方会说：
Can I take a message for you?
或者你可以说：Can you take a message for me?
☆cover v.越过
cover+距离：越过 cover the distance
☆distance n.距离
adj:distant
以-ce结尾的名词，形容词一般以-t结尾
如：importance--important;difference--different
keep distance:保持距离
中国人往往喜欢和人靠的很近，而英国人喜欢保持一定距离，他们认为自己周围的一切，包括空气都是自己的。所以在餐厅吃饭，想和英国人坐一桌，应该先问：Can
I join you?或Can I share this table?而不要直接去坐。
☆request n.要求，请求
request for:对……有请求，需求
I have a request for the cake.
v.request sb to do sth=ask sb to do sth:要求某人做……
在口语中用require sb to do sth
外国人喜欢用被动：You're required/asked to do...
☆spare part 备件
☆service n.业务，服务
v.serve
(I'm glad to be)At your service. 我很乐意为您效劳。
[总结]对Thank you.的回答：
-That's all right./That' OK.绝对正确，绝对过时。只有老人还用，已渐渐背遗忘。
-You are welcome./Not at all./(It's)My pleasure./At your service.
在演讲讲座的结尾，演讲者会说：Thank you for your listening.此时以上回答都不准确，回应是报以热烈的掌声。
如果一个老外给你说Thank you.你一激动想不起怎么回答，最聪明的回答就是：No thanks.同样对sorry可以回答：No
sorry.
★Text
Mr James Scott has a garage in Silbury and now he has just bought
another garage in Pinhurst.Prinhurst is only five miles from Silbury,but
Mr Scott cannot get a telephone for his new garage,so he has just
bought twelve pigeons.Yesterday,a pigeon carried the first message
from Pinhurst to Silbury.The bird covered the distance the first
three minutes.Up to now,Mr Scott has sent a great many requests
for spare parts and other urgent messages from one garage to the
other.In this way,he has begun his own private 'telephone' service.
☆another:其它中的一个（+单数名词）
other(adj)+n（可为单数或复数） 其它的 other people/books
the other:两个之中的另外一个（直接用，后面什么也不加）
句型：One...the other...
eg:I have two sisters.One is watering the flowers,and the other
is reading.
others=other+名词复数
句型：Some...others...
eg:Some boys are playing football,and others are rowing/going boating.
结合课后选择题（8）
Mr Scott has a garage in Silbury.His___garage is in Pinhurst.
A.another B.other C.else D.different
C错。else:其它的。else会放在被修饰词的后面。
它只能修饰两种词：1.疑问代词：who else,what else;2.不定代词：anyone else,anything else.
D错。
A和B语法上都对，但A不好。
原因：1.an/a是冠词；his/my/your是形容词性物主代词；my mother's是名词所有格。在语法上，以上三个词是不能同时并存的，一般要用只能用其中一个。
所以his和another=an+other不同时出现。
在这里可以用但是用的不好，是因为语法的范围正在放宽松。
2.another强调的是剩下的还有好几个当中的一个，强调的是有三个以上。
B.other加单数就表示一个，his取代the的位置。
☆距离的表达方式:Pinhurst is five miles(away)(from Silbury).
Bus stop is only one mile (from school/here).
对距离提问：How far...?
How far(away)is the bus stop?
☆get a telephone:安装电话
☆carry:带着，携着，意味着这个东西不会落地
I carry the bag.
take则是着地：I take my sister to the cinema.
☆a great many=a great number of (+可数名词复数） 许多
a lot of太简单了，把它放到一边吧，有舍才有得：）
☆关于way的几个短语：
※in this way:这样，以这种方式 in a friendly way
※by the way:顺便说以声（口语开头，用来转移话题，或使很严肃的问题变得较随意）
※on the way(to):在去……的途中（陈述句）
on the way to school/the office;on the way home
※in a way:从某种意义上来说
In a way,you are kind.
※in the way:
1.挡路：Sorry,you are in the way.但一般不需要说，只要说Excuse me.就行。
out of the way:让路
如果那个人死活不给你让路，你说：Get out of the way!滚开！
2.=in this way
记住一个句型：I do...in the way you showed me.
eg:I fly the kite in the way you showed me.
但是in the family way不是以家庭的方式，而是指have a baby.
※get one's own way:随心所欲
★课后题学到的
☆4:表语从句
That's why+从句：那就是……的原因，前者是原因，why后面是结果
I was caught in the traffic jam.That's why I was late.
be动词后面是表语，后面的从句是表语从句。
That's后面的表语从句常常用特殊疑问词引导，再加一个句子。
That's when we can start class.
That's where we will have a meeting.
That's how I get to school.
☆时态填空
一般过去时标志：yesterday;
in+具体的过去年代是具体的过去时间；
when对时间点提问：要不然和将来时连用，一般情况when的出现意味着一般过去时，现在完成时会用How long定位。
现在完成时的标志：
up till now=up to now/yet/already/just/before/How long
动词的时态第一种概念：根据这句话本身找关键词；
完形填空一句话得出的结论不一定是正确的，往往要根据上下文的时间得出时态。
Lesson 6 Percy Buttons
★New words and expressions
☆beggar n.乞丐
注意这是我们目前为止学到的唯一的以-ar结尾的名词。
v.beg 乞求
beg for:乞求得到
ask for:请求得到
☆pocket n.衣服口袋
inner pocket：大衣、西服内口袋
jacket pocket;coat pocket
pocket book:袖珍书；pocket dictionary
pocket money:零花钱（小孩的）
（不是零钱，零钱是change：get exact change）
男人的零花钱：beer money
18世纪，在小说里有时能见到女人的零花钱是针线钱。但是随着时代的进步，剩下的money都归女人管，所以女人无零花钱。
pocket pick:车上的小偷
☆call v.拜访，光顾
call sb/call up sb:给某人打电话
call back:回电话
我们昨天学的电话用语
-Can you take a message for me?
如果不想让第三人知道，你可以说：
Can you tell him to call back?
关于call的几个短语：
call at+地点=visit someplace
call on sb
I will call on you.=I will call at your home.
call out=shout 大声喊
call in sb 招集和邀请
For the project,the government called in a lot of experts.
★Text
I have just moved to a house in Bridge Street.Yesterday a beggar
knocked at my door.He asked me for a meal and a glass of beer.In
return for this,the beggar stood on his head and sang songs.I gave
him a meal.He ate the food and drank the beer.Then he put a piece
of cheese in his pocket and went away.Later a neighbor told me about
him.Everybody knows him.His name is Percy Buttons.He calls at every
house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and
a glass of beer.
☆ask sb for sth:问某人要什么东西
for：为了这个目的去请求某人。sb更多的时候并不出现，而直接说ask for sth,因为强调的是东西而不是人。
eg:The boy asks (his parents)for money again/once more.
☆in return:作为回报
He doesn't want anything in return.
in return for sth:作为对……的回报
I'll buy a present for him in return for hospitality.
☆stand on one's head:倒立（头着地）
用手着地：stand on one's hand/hands
跪着：stand on one's knees
躺着：lie on one's back(仰面)/side（侧躺）/stomach（趴着）
☆tell sb about sth
about:关于，通过其它事自己得出结论
tell sb sth:告诉某人某件事（把事情直接告诉）
☆所有的不定代词作主语一律为单数看待。
everybody,somebody,anybody,something,anything,everything
☆英语：in the street
美语：on the street
★难点
有些动词的后面加上介词或副词以后就会改变词义。这种新的组合称作短语动词。
如：put：放 put on:穿
take：拿走 take off:脱下
look：看
look at:看；look for:寻找；look after:照顾；look out:当心
knock
knock at:敲
knock off:1)下班 He knockedoff earlier.
2)knock sth off+地点：从……把……撞倒
knock the vase off the table
3)打折 knock 10% off the price
knock over
A car knocked the boy over.
[注]如果有地点：off；无地点：over
knock out:打晕（拳击术语，把人打倒在地）
Lesson 7 Too late
★New words and expressions
☆detective n.侦探
detective story 侦探小说
☆airport n.机场
☆airfield n.飞机起落的场地
port 港口：airport：航空港
at the airport
field 田野：airfield：停机坪
on the airfield
☆expect v.期待，等待（重点词）
区分：except 除……之外
I think so.=I expect so.(口语）
expect sb to do sth:期待某人做某事
expect(vt):expect sth
I expect your letter.=I expect you to write.
wait(vi):wait for sth/sb
wait for:动作上的等待
expect：心理上的等待
☆valuable adj.贵重的（重点）
☆precious adj.珍贵的
precious带有感情色彩，是真心喜欢的
如：precious photo 珍贵的照片
如果不谈感情，valuable和precious是一样的。
sth is valuable/precious
price:价格->priceless adj.
-less表示否定：没有价格的，无价的
valueless adj.没有价值，不足道的
worth 值：worthless adj.无价值的
☆diamond n.钻石
precious stone 宝石
crystal 水晶
jade 玉
diamond ring 钻戒
☆steal(stole,stolen) v.偷
在中国，认为在不知道的情况下是“偷”，明目张胆的就是“抢”。
而英语不区分。
我们说“我的钱包被偷了”和“我被偷了”是一个字，而在英语里是两个词。
My wallet was stolen.
I was robbed.
steal sth 偷（某物）；rob sb 抢（某人）
跟地点相连也用rob：rob the bank
☆main adj.主要的
main永远不修饰人，我们可以说main building/street/sentence/idea,但不能说main person
☆guard n.警戒，守卫
life guard 救生员
body guard 保镖
★Text
The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all
morning.They were expecting a valuable parcel of diamonds from South
Africa.A few hours earlier,someone had told the police that thieves
would try to steal the diamonds.When the plane arrived,some of the
detectives were waiting on the airfield.Two men took the parcel
off the plane and caried it into the Custom House.While two detectives
were keeping guard at the door,two others opened the parcel.To their
surprise,the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!
☆someone had told...
过去完成式，过去以前发生的事情
...that thieves would try to...
would+do:过去将来式，间接方式，转述，站在过去看未来
☆when和while都表示当……的时候，考试时一定选when
while能用when代替，但是when却不一定能用while代替
while+从句，动作一定会延续
when+延续性动作/瞬间动词
when he arrived/died
用过去进行时：
在过去的某一点时间，或者是过去某一动作同时发生的另外一个动作。瞬间动词（如arrive）无进行时态。
同时发生的两个动作
1.一个用一般过去时，另一个用过去进行时。
2.分工的情况，均用过去进行时
When I was doing my homework,my mother was cooking.
表面上是分工：两个动作同时开始，表示同时开始同时结束，延续时间不一致，长一点时间的动作用进行时态，短时间的动作用过去时。
When someone knocked at the door,I was having dinner.
☆two others=two other detectives
☆to one's surprise, 让某人惊讶的是
跟人的情绪有关的名词都可以替换
to one's joy/excitement
☆be full of...装满
My bag was full of books.
★Special difficulties
vt+adv+宾语(n)
vt+宾语(n/pron)+adv
vi+prep+宾语(n)
宾语的位置和词性取决于施加动作的动词
介词出现，一定要有宾语，所以v+prep+宾语(n)
副词可以省略，v+宾语(n/pron)+adv或v+adv+宾语(n)
是副词还是介词要看动词是及物动词还是不及物动词
vt-adv vi-prep
而判断是不是及物动词就要看平时的积累了
特殊：1.make up...->make(vt)up one's mind
语法上可以改为make one's mind up,但习惯上不改
2.ask for...
表面上ask（vt），可改。但要注意是ask (sb) for sth 的省略，所以不能改
Lesson 8 The best and the worst
★New words and expressions
☆competition n.比赛，竞赛
所有的比赛都可以通称为competition
速度比赛：race eg.car race
球赛：match eg.football match
contest用的更多，除了以上的比赛，都可以说contest
选美比赛就是beauty contest
还有game，如果把上面的都忘了，就用这个
☆neat adj.整齐的，整洁的
不等于clean，等于tidy
☆pool n.水池
pool是人工的，游泳池：swimming pool
天然的叫池塘：pond
★本课重点是比较级和最高级
※三个或者三个音节（元音音标）以上的词：多音节词：
比较级的构成：more+原级，最高级的构成：the most+原级
※单音节的词用er，est
※双音节：不一定
一般情况，同单音节
以y结尾的+er，例外：slowly-more slowly-the most slowly
often-more often-the most often
clever-cleverer-cleverest和clever-more clever-the most clever都对
技巧：长的当多音节，短的当单音节，但仅仅是技巧哦
fun按照语法应该是funner,funnest,可老美偏偏说more fun,the most fun。
如果考语法，中国人全对，美国人错的一塌糊涂，英国人对一半。所以老美是不会拿自己的弱点来考我们的。
无规律：
good-better-best;bad-worse-worst;many/much-more-most;little-less-least
far-farther-farthest;far-further-furthest
farther：距离上的更远；further：程度上的
old-older-oldest;old-elder-eldest
older是比……大；elder做定语修饰其它名词：elder sister
★Text
Joe Sanders has the most beautiful garden in our town.Nearly everybody
enters for 'The Nicest Garden Competition' each year,but Joe wins
every time.Bill Frith's garden is larger than Joe's.Bill works harder
than Joe and grows more flowers and vegetables,but Joe's garden
is more interesting.He has made neat paths and has built a wooden
bridge over a pool.I like gardens too,but I do not like hard work.Every
year I enter for the garden competition too,and I always win a little
prize for the worst garden in the town!
☆enter for:报名参加，只强调报名
eg.enter for the exam
参加：take part in
☆win-won-won
vi.I win.我赢了。 I lose.我输了。
vt. 1.win sth win后面往往是奖品
eg.I win the book.
2.win a prize:赢了一个奖
win a prize for:因为……而获奖
[注]win后面不能接对手，不能说I win you.
要用defeat或beat，但defeat用得多，因为beat还有打的意思。
I defeat you.
Lesson 9 A cold welcome
★ New words and expressions
☆welcome n.v.欢迎
n.a cold welcome 冷遇
v.welcome to+地点
Welcome to China.Welcome home/back.
adj.You are welcome.1.你是受欢迎的。2.不用谢
You are welcome to+地点
☆crowd n.人群
in the crowd: 在人群里 I spotted him in the crowd.
a crowd of people:没有秩序的人群，拥挤的人群
a group of people:有秩序的人群
a large crowd of people/crowds of people:人山人海
v.crowd 拥挤，挤满
☆gather v.聚集
people gather:人们聚集在一起，尤指自发性的聚集
☆hand n.（表或机器的）指针
minute/second/hour hand:分/秒/时针
Which is the oldest? --second hand
因为second hand还有“二手的，旧的”意思
wait for a moment/wait for a few seconds(secs.)
secs.是seconds的缩写，在美国电影里经常能遇到
☆shout v.喊叫
=call out 大声喊叫；cry out:大声哭喊；scream:尖叫
★Text
On Wednesday evening,we went to Town Hall.It was the last day of
the year and a large crowd of people had gathered under the Town
Hall clock.It would strike twelve in twenty minutes' time.Fifteen
minutes passed and then,at five to twelve,the clock stopped.The
big minute hand did not move.We waited and waited,but nothing happened.Suddenly
someone shouted,"It's two minutes past twelve.The clock has
stopped!"I looked at my watch.It was true.The big clock refused
to welcome the New Year.At that moment,everybody began to laugh
and sing.
☆a cold welcome:冷遇
cold:寒冷的；冷淡的
cold fish:冷漠的人
英语中有许多以动物代替人的词，如：lucky dog 幸运的人
☆Town Hall:市政厅
☆strike
strike the clock
Listen,the clock is striking.
strike twelve 数字表示敲击的次数
敲门用knock，敲钟用strike
hit和strike在一定时候可以互换，都是一次性打，strike:hit hard
beat：连续不断的打 beat drums:敲鼓
☆in twenty minutes' time 20分钟之后
根据时态判别in表示的含义：如果是将来式，in+段时间表示一段时间以后
minutes' 名词所有格
1.有生命的东西：my mother's;kit's;Tom's
2.可以用来表达时间：an hour's time
3.表示距离（在指路时常用）
-How far is the school from here?
-3 minutes' walk.
☆分钟的介词：past：过了；to：没到
...minutes past...前半小时
...minutes to...后半小时
☆The clock has stopped!
现在完成时，强调过去动作导致的结果。
看一般过去式，只要按字面意思理解即可。
看过去完成式，要读出潜在的意思。
☆at that moment=just then 就在那时
at the moment=now 现在，此刻
☆文章重点：
1. ...minutes passed and then,sth happened.
2.What happened? Nothing happened.
3.It was true.
★Key structures
at/in/on/others 用when提问
on:
具体的某一天：on Friday/Dec 15th
morning,afternoon,evening前有修饰词：on Wednesday evening
in:
in the morning/afternoon,evening
in a week;in January/Feb...
in summer/spring/autumn/winter
in 1992/1999
at:
at night;at noon;at five to twelve;at ten o'clock
用的最多的是in，考的最多的是on
until 直到……时候
I can't entre for the sports meeting until tomorrow.
from...to...
Everyday we have English class from 8:30 to 11:30.
during 在……期间
in the holiday强调这段时间其中某一点时间，并不表示自始至终
during the holiday 强调假期的从头到尾
Lesson 10 Not for Jazz
★New words and expressions
☆musical adj.音乐的
music student:the student who learned music
musical student:有音乐天赋的
☆instrument n.乐器
instrument=musical instrument
☆key n.琴键
1.琴键
2.钥匙：key to the door
3.答案:Do you know the kdy to the question?
4.关键:key structure
☆shock v.使不悦或生气,震惊
[复习]跟人的情绪有关的动词的宾语往往是"人"：It shocked me.
凡是能够用"人"做宾语,又是表示人的情绪活动的动词,有两个形容词形式:1.令人……；2.感到……
It is shocking.I'm shocked.
n.get a shock
sb get a shock:某人很吃惊
shock/surprise
共同点：都是吃惊，没想到
不同点：任何一件事没想到都是surprise,好事坏事都可。而shock一定是让人不高兴的。
☆allow v.允许，让
allow doing :Smoking is allowed
allow sb to do sth :You are allowed to smoke.
allow喜欢用被动语态：sb be allowed to do sth
★Text
We have an old musical instrument.It is called a clavichord.It was
made in Germany in1691.Our clavichord is kept in the living room.It
has belonged to our family for a long time.The instrument was bought
by my grandfather many years ago.Recently it was damaged by a visitor.She
tried to play jazz on it!She struck the keys too hard and tow of
the strings were broken.My father was shocked.Now we are not allowed
to touch it.It is being repaired by a friend of my father's.
☆be made
be made in+地点
be made of/be made from+材料：由……制造
be made of:能看出原料 eg:The ring is made of gold.
be made from:看不出原料/多种原料
eg:It is made from plastic.
be made into+成品：被制成 eg:The gold is made into a ring.
平时见的最多是in，填空考的最多的是of/from,阅读理解最多的是into
☆play
1.跟球类连用，直接+球类：play football
2.跟乐器连用，+the+乐器：play the piano
在乐器上：play music on+乐器
☆双重所有格/双重属格：
名词+of+名词所有格/名词性的物主代词
只有一张照片：my photo
很多照片中的一张：a photo of mine/one of my photos
强调很多个当中的一个或几个，选用双重属格结构。
Lesson 11
★New words and expressions
☆turn n.行为，举止
“行为，举止”常用behavior
Pay attention to your behavior.
turn:对人有影响力的行为，很少用。
☆deserve v.应得到，值得（重点）
He deserves praise.
You deserve the best.
deserve+n:He deserved a promotion.
deserve to do:She deserved to be punished.
Good work deserves good pay.
☆lawyer n.律师
lawyer's office:律师事务所
☆salary n.工资
pay：工资（salary+wage)
collect:收集，领取 collect salary/wage:领工资
salary:工资（月薪，年薪）——有固定工作或管理阶层
wage:工资（按小时，周算的）——不稳定的工作
bonus：奖金，红利
☆immediately adv.立刻
right now:现在
at once=right away=immediately:立刻，马上
★Text
One good turn deserves another:礼尚往来 善有善报（更好）
I was having dinner at a restaurant when Tony Steele came in.Tony
worked in a lawyer's office years ago,but he is now working at a
bank.He gets a good salary,but he always borrows money from his
friends and never pays it back.Tony saw me and came and sat at the
same table.He has never borrowed money from me.While he was eating,I
asked him to lend me twenty pounds.To my surprise,he gave me the
money immeiately.'I have never borrowed any money from you,'Tony
said,'so now you can pay for my dinner!'
☆He gets a good salary.
get a good salary:薪水不错
The teacher in the new oriental school can get a good salary.
☆pay back=repay:还钱
☆at table:吃饭
at the table: 坐在桌子旁边
☆pay for(为……而付钱）有点类似于ask for（要……）
pay (money) for...;ask (sb) for...
I have paid for you a dinner.
I have paid 20 dollars for the book.(强调钱）
It's my treat.我请客。
Let's go duthch.AA制
不想请：This time is your treat,next time my turn.
★Key structures
a.What is happening now?——现在进行
现在正在发生；现阶段
b.What always happens?——一般时态
（现在，过去，将来）习惯，反复
c.What happened?——过去时态
在过去的时间里发生的事情，不强调对现在的影响和跟其他时间比较，叫一般过去式。
过去的过去——过去完成时
有过去发生的动作，但是还强调对现在的影响——现在完成时
有(yesterday,last night),以前的事情，没有强调对现在的影响——一般过去时
d.What has happened——现在完成时态
过去的行为对现在产生影响或者过去的行为一直延续到现在——一般完成时
e.What was happening?——过去进行时态
过去某一特定时间发生的动作——过去进行时
★难点
... sb to do sth
ask,want,tell,order,expect,wish,allow,advise,would like,teach,prefer
一定不能说hope sb to do
正确用法：hope to do;hope that...
Lesson 12
★New words and expressions
☆luck n.运气，幸运
good luck:祝你好运（常用口语形式）
bless you:别人打喷嚏时说 (god)bless you
break your leg:俚语=good luck
adj.luck:幸运的 luck dog:幸运儿
反义：unlucky
adv.luckily Luckily,sth...
☆harbour n.港口
port
☆proud adj.自豪的
be proud of:以……为自豪
Parents are proud of their children.
n.pride take pride in:以……为自豪
proud adj.自豪的；自满的，自大的
★Text
Goodbye and good luck
Our neighbour Captain Charles Alison,will sail from Portsmouth tomorrow.We'll
meet him at the harbour early in the morning.He will be in his small
boat,Topsail.Topsail is a famous little boat.It has sailed across
the Atlantic many times.Captain Alison will set out at eight o'clock,so
we'll have plenty of time.We'll see his boat and then we'll say
goodbye to him.He will be away for two months.We are very proud
of him.He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic.
☆early in the morning:一大早
late in the afternoon:傍晚时分
☆meet sb+地点
在口语里是“某地接某人”：I'll meet you at the station.
本课中是“见”的意思
送：see sb off
☆in his small boat;a famous little boat
要避免用词重复
small表示形体上的小
little往往倾注了一定的感情，“可爱”
☆sail across the Atlantic 横渡大西洋
跟水面相关的用across：across the river过河
过桥：over
☆set out;set off:出发
begin a journey/trip
☆plenty of=enough 充足的
a lot of:指客观上的多
☆say goodbye to sb 告别某人
say hello to:I said hello to him this morning.
say sorry to:You must say sorry to him.
☆take part in参加；enter for:报名参加
I have entered for the meeting,but now I don't want to take part
in the meeting.
☆be+副词：固定短语
be in:在家；be out:不在家；be away:离开；be on:上映；be back:回来；be up to sth:胜任某件事情;be
over:结束
☆be in the race:take part in the race 参加比赛
at the race:在比赛场地观看比赛
Lesson 13
★New words and expressions
☆group n.小组，团体
group指合唱团
band:n.乐队
☆pop singer:流行歌手
pop:popular adj.受欢迎的
pop song(music)：流行音乐
pop star
☆club n.俱乐部
night club:夜总会
☆performance n.演出
-mance:名词标志
perform v.演出
☆occasion n.场合
中文：在某种条件下，某种环境中
英文：occasion=time,时候
this occasion:on the/this occasion
occasionally=sometimes adv.有时候，偶尔
★Text
The Greenwood boys
The Greenwood Boys are a group of pop singers.At present,they are
visiting all parts of the country.They will be arriving here tomorrow.They
will be coming by train and most of the young people in the town
will be meeting them at the station.Tomorrow evening they will be
singing at the Worker's Club.The Greenwood Boys will be staying
for five days.During this time,they will give five performances.As
usual,the police will have a difficult time.They will be trying
to keep order.It is always the same on these occasions.
☆visit v.拜访，参观；（歌手）巡演
visit+地点，表示去某地
若带有职业相关目的，就是去做相关的事
The headmasters of the New Oriental school visited lanzhou.
本课学到3个“演出”：
1.visit;2.sing;3.give five performances
☆most of...大多数的
most of the...=most...
most of the young people/most young people
☆tomorrow evening:明天晚上
yesterday evening:昨天晚上； this evening:今天晚上
morning,afternoon的用法同evening
night:
last night:昨天夜间；tonight:今天夜间；
tomorrow night:明天夜间；next night:第二天夜间
☆The police will have a difficult time..
have a good time:玩得开心
have a hard time:生活得艰辛
have a difficult time:日子不像平时那样惬意
★Key structures
将来进行时
用一般将来时和将来进行时所表述的含义是一致的。
一般将来时：shall/will+动词原形
1.表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态
2.将来时的其他结构
1.shall/will+动词原形
2.be going to do sth:打算做某事 be gonna(美语）
3.be+to do sth:表示计划安排做某事或用来征求意见
4.be about to do sth:即将做某事
5.will be doing:表示将要做某事
6.be doing:（瞬间动词）表示将来时态
7.一般现在时表示将要发生
一般的情况可以互换，遇上没有办法打算和计划安排的，只能用will be
★Special difficulties
ten pounds' worth of minced meat
There was a hundred pounds' worth of damage.
Lesson 14
★New words and expressions
☆amusing adj.好笑的，有趣的
amused:感到好笑的
v.amuse
interesting:一般有意思
funny:好笑的，可以指贬义；开心的，令人开心的（不一定笑）
interesting/funny story
amusing:倾向于让某人笑出声
☆experience n.经历
经历—可数名词 +s(a/an)
经验—不可数名词，原形
experienced:有经验的
☆wave v.招手
wave to sb:向某人招手
☆lift n.搭便车
take a bus/taxi/lift
take a lift:搭便车
give sb a lift:让某人搭便车
thumb lift:拇指便车
☆reply v.回答
vi.answer=reply
vt.answer sth/reply to sth
回信：answer the letter/reply to the letter
☆language n.语言
母语：native language（书面），mother tongue（口语）
☆journey n.旅行
trip:短距离旅行或出差
出差：go on business/go on a trip
travel:周游（长途）
tour:为了玩； tourist:游客
journey:所有的旅行
voyage:旅行（海上）；flight:空中飞行；journey:偏重于陆地旅行
★Text
Do you speak English
I had an amusing experience last year.After I had left a small village
in the south of France,I drove on to the next town.On the way,a
young man waved to me.I stopped and he asked me for a lift.As soon
as he had got into the car,I said good morning to him in French
and he replied in the same language.Apart from a few words,I do
not know any French at all.Neither of us spoke during the journey.I
had nearly reached the town,when the young man suddenly said,very
slowly,'Do you speak English?'As I soon learnt,he was English himself!
☆after:从句的标志，后面的叫时间状语从句，主句的动作发生在从句之后。
如果两个都是过去时，同时发生，会用进行时态；
如果一先一后发生，发生在前的动作为过去完成时态。
☆as soon as:一……就……
后面一定要加一个句子（时间状语从句），一后面的先发生
强调两个动作几乎是连在一起的
☆用某种语言：in+某种语言
☆apart from:除了……之外
apart from=except for,习惯上放在句首
except for可以不放在句首，强调整体当中某 一方面除外，剩下的整体都不错。
apart from有两层含义：except,besides
except和besides可放在句子中间，besides指在整体上加上，except要从整体减掉
☆either of sb:……中的任何一个
neither of sb:……中的任何一个都不
either,neither都是指两个当中的任何一个
如果不只两个人，就是none of
none,neither一旦出现，这句话就不会再有not
☆as I learnt
learn:知道，得知；know:知道
As+主语+动词+逗号+句子（as:正如）
eg:As we know,the New Concept English is very good.
★Key structures
过去完成时
过去的过去或两个动作都在过去，一个动作在前，一个在后，发生在前的动作为过去完成时。
过去完成时一定要以一个过去时态做铺垫，这个动作一定要发生在had done之后。
[特殊]until:主句和从句两个都用一般过去时对，任何一个用过去完成时也对。
Lesson 15
★New words and expressions
☆secretary n.秘书
secret n.秘密
☆nervous adj.精神紧张的
nervous:事情正在发生
worried:为以后的事情担心
upset:不安的，事情发生以后
☆afford v.负担得起
afford sth:I can afford the book.
afford money/time:I can afford five yuan.
afford to do sth:I can afford to buy the book.
注意：一定要加情态动词can
☆interrupt v.插话，打断
n.interruption
disturb sb:打扰某人
interrupt sb:打断某人的话
★Text
Good news
The secretary told me Mr Harmsworth would see me.I felt very nervous
when I went into his office.He did not look up from his desk when
I entered.After I had sat down,he said that business was very bad.He
told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries.Twenty
people had already left.I knew that my turn had come.
'Mr Harmsworth.'I said in a weak voice.
'Don't interrupt.'he said.
Then he smiled and told me I would receive an extra thousand pounds
a year!
☆look up:朝上看
look down:朝下看
look down upon/on sb:瞧不起某人（词义太重）
☆The firm could not afford to pay such large salaries.（重点）
pay salaries:支付薪水；collect salary:领薪水
如此：so,such
so的后面加形容词或副词
such的后面加名词，允许在该名词前加修饰词
☆My turn has come.（书面语）
It's my turn.（口语）
☆in a ... voice
in a loud/low/weak/strong voice
low:音量低；weak:心里不塌实
☆extra,other,more,another
最灵活的是more
more可以放数词和名词之间，甚至可以放在整个名词的后面
extra和other一定放在数词和名词之间，another一定放在数词前面
记住几个短语：one extra thousand;two others;once more;another three days
★Key structures
陈述句的间接引语（宾语从句）
一.主从一致：主句和从句的时态一致
主句的动词为一般现在时，从句为任意时态
主句的动词为一般过去时，从句为相对应的过去时态
一般现在时——一般过去时
现在进行时——过去进行时
现在完成时——过去完成时
将来完成时——过去将来完成时
一般过去时——过去完成时
二.人称变化
主要是第一和第二人称变化，“设身处地”
三.只要属于宾语从句，引导词that可以省略
Lesson 16
★New words and expressions
☆park v.停放（汽车）
stop the car 车在运动中停下来
parking area 停车场
☆traffic n.交通
traffic police 交通警
traffic lights 交通灯
(in) traffic jam 交通堵塞
(in) heave traffic 交通拥挤
☆not n.便条；纸钞
message 消息
make notes 做笔记
☆area n.地段；场地（一块地方）
place 地点
region 地区（交战、开火）
☆reminder n.提示（可以致人、也可指物）
v.指示；提醒
reminder sb of sth
reminder sb to do sth
★fail v.无视；忘记
v.失败
fail+宾语 失败做某事
fail in doing sth 在某些方面失败
fail to do 没有能够做某事 He fail to swim across the river.
not fail to do sth 一定能做某事
I can not fail to pass it. 我一定会通过的。
You can not fail to obey it. 你一定会遵守。
★Text
If you park your car in the wrong place, a traffic policeman will
soon find it. You will be very lucky if he lets you go without a
ticket. However, this does not always happen. Traffic police are
sometimes very polite. During a holiday in Sweden, I found this
not on my car:‘sir, we welcome you to our city. This is a “No
parking” area. You will enjoy your stay here if you pay attention
to out street signs. This note is only a reminder.’If you receive
a
request like this you cannot fail to obey it!
☆in the wrong place
wrong 不合适的
right 合适的 He is the wrong / right person who you are looking for
.
☆however 然而
however 放在句首或句中都可以，经常用逗号隔开（转折性语气较弱）
but 习惯放在两个句子之间（转折性语气较强）
★Key structures
☆条件句
真实条件句：假设很有可能发生
真实条件句中从句往往为现在时，主句中会用一般将来时用
使句
eg : If he is sleeping, don’t wake him up.
☆If 引导的叫条件，without 后面引导的也叫条件
Without + n. 如果没有 起了条件的作用
Without water, fish can’t live.
★Special difficulties
☆Police 一定会作复数看待
☆Pay attention to ; care ; take care of ; look after
Pay attention to / notice 在思想上注意
Care 关心；在意
eg : I don’t care / Who care. 我不在乎。
take care of / look after 照顾，照料
☆remind ; remember
remind 提醒；提示
remind sb of sth
remind sb to do sth
remember 记住，记得
remember to do sth 记得去做某事
remenber doing sth 记得已经做了某事
补充
▲park:no parking area:禁止停车（标志）
▲traffic lights=crossing/turning:十字路口（听力中常考）
▲note拼写错了：）
▲however在写作中常用
▲sometimes：有几次，有时，偶尔。（有人会把它理解为经常，其实不是，它的频率并不高）
▲sir 直接称呼的时候不和姓相连，mister的后面一定要加姓。
表示尊称；可以不知道对方姓什么，只要知道对方是男性就可以，女性是madam
▲You will enjoy your stay here.(要求背过）
Enjoy your stay here.=Have a good time.
▲可以直接接人的动词：
shock,surprise,amuse,please,worry
共同特征：和人的感觉相连
be worried about:为……担心
My house worries me.我的房子让我担心。
lesson 16
★new words and expressions
☆park v.停放（汽车）
stop the car 车在运动中停下来
parking area 停车场 no parking :禁止停车（标志）
☆ traffic n.交通
traffic police 交通警
traffic lights 交通灯
traffic lights=crossing/turning:十字路口（听力中常考）
(in) traffic jam 交通堵塞
(in) heave traffic 交通拥挤
☆note n.便条；纸钞
message 消息
make notes 做笔记
☆area n.地段；场地（一块地方）
place 地点
region 地区（交战、开火）
☆reminder n.提示（可以致人、也可指物）
v.指示；提醒
reminder sb of sth
reminder sb to do sth
★fail v.无视；忘记
v.失败
fail+宾语 失败做某事
fail in doing sth 在某些方面失败
fail to do 没有能够做某事 he fail to swim across the river.
not fail to do sth 一定能做某事
i can not fail to pass it. 我一定会通过的。
you can not fail to obey it. 你一定会遵守。
★text
if you park your car in the wrong place, a traffic policeman will
soon find it. you will be very lucky if he lets you go without a
ticket. however, this does not always happen. traffic police are
sometimes very polite. during a holiday in sweden, i found this
not on my car:‘sir, we welcome you to our city. this is a “no
parking” area. you will enjoy your stay here if you pay attention
to out street signs. this note is only a reminder.’if you receive
a
request like this you cannot fail to obey it!
☆in the wrong place
wrong 不合适的
right 合适的 he is the wrong / right person who you are looking for
.
☆ however 然而,在写作中常用
however 放在句首或句中都可以，经常用逗号隔开（转折性语气较弱）
but 习惯放在两个句子之间（转折性语气较强）
☆ You will enjoy your stay here.(要求背过)
Enjoy your stay here.=Have a good time.
★key structures
☆条件句
真实条件句：假设很有可能发生
真实条件句中从句往往为现在时，主句中会用一般将来时用
使句
eg : if he is sleeping, don’t wake him up.
☆if 引导的叫条件，without 后面引导的也叫条件
without + n. 如果没有 起了条件的作用
without water, fish can’t live.
★special difficulties
☆police 一定会作复数看待
☆ pay attention to ; care ; take care of ; look after
pay attention to 在思想上注意 notice =see(眼睛看)
care 关心；在意
eg : i don’t care / who care. 我不在乎。
take care of / look after 照顾，照料
☆remind ; remember
remind 提醒；提示
remind sb of sth
remind sb to do sth
remember 记住，记得
remember to do sth 记得去做某事
remenber doing sth 记得已经做了某事
送行Good bye!
Have you enjoy your stay here?
Remember me to your family.
可以直接接人的动词：
shock,surprise,amuse,please,worry
共同特征：和人的感觉相连
be worried about:为……担心
My house worries me.我的房子让我担心。
Lesson 17
★New words and expressions
☆appear v.登场，扮演
appear:1.显示，露面；反义：disappear（都是vi）
appear on the stage as:扮演……角色
as:I work as a teacher.比I am a teacher.更好
appear:2.显得（系动词）
☆stage n.舞台
on the stage:在舞台上
in the stage:在某一阶段
☆bright adj.鲜艳的
bright red:鲜红色；bright yellow:明黄色；bright blue:宝蓝色
★Text
Always young
My aunt Jennifer is an actress.She must be at least thirty-five
years old.In spite of this,she often appears on the stage as a young
girl.Jennifer will have to take part in a new play soon.This time,she
will be a girl of seventeen.In the play,she must appear in a bright
red dress and long black stockings.Last year,in another playshe
had to wear short sock and a bright,orange-coloured dress.If anyone
ever asks her how old she is,she always answers,'Darling,it must
be terrible to be grown up!'
☆以-or，-er结尾的是男性，以-ess结尾的是女性（不是全部）
actor:男演员；actress：女演员
waitor：男服务员；waitress：女服务员
prince：王子；princess：公主
lion：公狮子；lioness：母狮子
teacher男女通用
doctor：男医生；woman doctor:女医生
☆in spite of:尽管
in spite of this:尽管如此
☆take part in,join,attend（参加）的区别：
join: join sb/sth 参加了某一种团体
join the army:参军
join the party:入党
join us:（口语）加入我们中来
take part in:参加某一种活动
take part in the race:参加比赛
take part in a play
take part in the party
attend;出席
attend meeting;参加会议，出席会议
attend the party:出席宴会
attend class:上课
☆in（介词）+颜色、衣服：穿着……衣服
用介词短语取代动词，避免了一句话中出现两个动词的尴尬
☆ever=at any time:任何时候（时间副词）
☆grow up:（人）成长
grown up:（形容词短语）成年人
★Key structures
must的用法；
must+原形
1.=have to 不得不，必须
2.（对现在的）推测
have to可以被have got to取代
在过去时的句子中，要用have to来表示“必须”
must只有两种时态：现在时，将来时
have to可以有任意时态
have to作为实义动词，否定式为：don't have to,will not have to,didn't have to
对现在的推测：must do;对过去的推测：must have done
★Special difficulties
☆as
1.介词，“作为” As a young girl...
2.代词，“正如” As I learned,...
3.连词，=because As I am busy...
4.连词，=when，“当……时” As I was leaving the house,...
5.方式状语从句的引导词 Do as you are told.
6.“作为……工作” I work as...
☆dress,suit,costume
dress:裙子，晚礼服，连衣裙（女式）
suit：套装（男式）
costume：演出服，民族服装，某一年代的服装
Lesson 17
★New words and expressions
☆appear
1: v.登场，演出
apear as 扮演....角色
He appeared as prince.
2: v.显示，露面
(反) disappear (都是不及物动词)
The plan appeared / disappeared.
3: (系动词) 显得
He appears nervous.
☆stage n.舞台
on the stage:在舞台上
in the stage:在某一阶段（时期）
☆bright adj.鲜艳的
bright red:鲜红色；bright yellow:明黄色；bright blue:宝蓝色
★Text
Always young
My aunt Jennifer is an actress.She must be at least thirty-five
years old.In spite of this,she often appears on the stage as a young
girl.Jennifer will have to take part in a new play soon.This time,she
will be a girl of seventeen.In the play,she must appear in a bright
red dress and long black stockings.Last year,in another playshe
had to wear short sock and a bright,orange-coloured dress.If anyone
ever asks her how old she is,she always answers,'Darling,it must
be terrible to be grown up!'
☆以-or，-er结尾的多指男性，以-ress结尾的多指女性（不是全部）
actor 男演员 actress 女演员
waitor 男服务员 waitress 女服务员
prince 王子 princess 公主
lion 公狮子 lioness 母狮子
teacher 男女通用
doctor 男医生 woman doctor 女医生
☆least---little 的最高级
at least 至少，最少
at most 最多
☆in spite of 尽管
in spite of this 尽管如此
☆take part in；join；attend（参加）的区别
join join sb/sth 参加了某一团体
join the army 参军
join the party 入党
join us （口语）加入我们中来
take part in 参加某一种活动
take part in the race 参加比赛
take part in a play
take part in the party
attend 出席
attend meeting 参加会议，出席会议
attend the party 出席宴会
attend class 上课
☆this time 这一次
☆in（介词）+颜色、衣服：穿着……衣服
用介词短语取代动词，避免了一句话中出现两个动词
The boy in green.
☆ever=at any time:任何时候（时间副词）
☆grow up （人）成长
grown up （形容词短语）成年人
★Key structures
☆must 的用法
must+原形
1. = have to 不得不，必须
must ; have to 的区别
have to 可以有任意时态
must 只有两种时态：现在时，将来时；在过去时的句子中，要用have to来表示“必须”
have to 可以被have got to取代
have to 作为实义动词，否定式为 don't have to；will not have to；didn't have to
2.（对现在的）推测
对现在的推测 must do
对过去的推测 must have done
★Special difficulties
☆as
1.介词 “作为” As a young girl...
2.代词 “正如” As I learned,...
3.连词 =because “由于” As I am busy...
4.连词 =when “当……时” As I was leaving the house,...
5.方式状语从句的引导词 Do as you are told. 叫你怎么做你就怎么做。
6.“作为……工作” I work as ...
☆dress,suit,costume
dress:裙子，晚礼服，连衣裙（女式）
suit：套装（男式）
costume：演出服，民族服装，某一年代所穿的服装
☆fancy-dress party 化装舞会
Lesson 18(skip)
have的用法
1.have a pen 有
have a headache 患病
have做“有，患病”概念时，可作为实意动词，也可作为非实意动词
2.如果一个词是以完成时态出现的，其中的have只能作为非实意动词
3.除1，2以外的have只能作为实意动词
下面三种情况，have可以被have got取代
1.I have a pen.=I have got a pen. “有”
2.I have a headache.=I have got a headache. “得病”
3.have to=have got to
（不是我偷懒，是老师只讲了这么些）
Lesson 19
★New words and expressions
☆hurry v.匆忙
n.in a hurry
if you are not in a hurry(时间上）
if you are not busy(行为上）
in no hurry:不匆忙
v.Hurry up.快点
hurry可以取代go,come等
go to:去；hurry to:匆匆忙忙地去
come in--hurry in；go out--hurry out;
☆ticket office 售票处
☆pity n.令人遗憾的事
What a pity!真遗憾
It is a pity to be a grown up.(it做形式主语）
感到遗憾：sorry（adj）
I am sorry to hear that.
☆exclaim v.大声说
shout,cry,call out:大声喊
☆return v.退回
return to:回来
return money:还钱=pay back,repay
☆sadly adv.悲哀地，丧气地
最通用，不管什么样的“悲哀”都可用
★Text
Sold out
'The play may begin at any moment,'I said.'It may have begun already,'Susan
answered.I hurried to the ticket office.'May I have two tickets
please?'I asked.'I'm sorry,we've sold out,'the girl said.'What a
pity!'Susan exclaimed.Just then,a man hurried to the ticket office.'Can
I return these two tickets?'he asked.'Certainly,'the girl said.I
went back to the ticket office at once.'Could I have those two tickets
please?'I asked.'Certainly,'the girl said,'but they're for next
Wednesday's performance.Do you still want them?''I might as well
have them.'I said sadly.
☆at any moment:在任何时候，随时
at the moment=now
at that moment=just then:就在那时
☆have是最活跃的词，可以指任何的意思
have coffee:喝咖啡
have a ticket:买票（习惯用法）
I'll have/taken sth.我买……
☆sell out:卖完
☆for next Wednesday's performance
用名词所有格取代时间。“……时间的”
ticket for+事情
May I have a ticket for the sports meeting?
ticket to+地点
May I have a ticket to Tianjin?
☆still:还，可以和任意时态连用
☆might(may) as well+动词原形：“还是……好”（无可奈何）
had better+动词原形:“最好” （积极心态）
eg:天看上去要下雨了：I had better take an umbrella.
已经下了，非带不可：I might as well take the umbrella with me.
[注]只是针对现在、未来。不用于过去时，过去时的是虚拟语气
★Key structures
“推测”
对什么时候的推测不在于must,may,can't是什么时态，而在于后面加的是原形还是have done
must,may,can't+动词原形：对现在、未来的推测
must,may,can't+have done:对过去的推测
must:一定，很可能；may：有可能；can't：不可能
may的用法：
1.推测“可能”：might比may语气弱
must>may>might>can't
2.可以：might比may委婉
May (Might) I...? 我可以……吗？（只能和第一人称连用）
Can(May) I...?
Can you...?
Could I...?(更委婉的说法)
Lesson 20
★New words and expressions
☆catch(caught,caught) v.抓到
catch fish：抓鱼；catch thief:抓小偷
记住几个短语：
catch a cold:感冒；catch a bus:赶上车；catch one's breath:屏住呼吸；catch sight
of=see;catch fire:着火；catch one's eyes:吸引某人注意力
☆fisherman n.钓鱼人，渔民
[注]不要忘了er哦
☆boot n.靴子
a pair of boots
☆waste n.浪费
v.You are wasting time.
n.a waste of
It is a waste of time/money/food.
☆realize v.意识到
eg:I realized that I was wrong.
实现：realize one's dream
★Text
One man in a boat
Fishing is my favourite sport.I often fish for hours without catching
anything.But this does not worry me.Some fisherman are unlucky.Instead
of catching fish,they catch old boots and rubbish.I am even less
lucky.I never catch anything-not even old boots.After having spent
whole morning on the river,I always go home with an empty bay.'You
must give up fishing!'my friends say.'It's a waste of time.'But
they don't realize one important thing.I'm not really interested
in fishing.I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing
at all!
●本课的重点是-ing形式
☆fish n.鱼：一般情况下作为不可数名词用
eg:I have bought some fish.
在表示种类时为可数名词
eg:There are a lot of fishes in the sea.
v.钓鱼-->n.fishing
主语通常由名词和代词充当。动词+ing就变成名词词性
如:eat->eating;read->reading
☆...without catching anything.
without(prep),介词后面一定要加宾语
同样，动词+ing变为名词做宾语
without doing作为状语而出现，表示结果状语
eg:He went out without saying any words.
Without asking for money,the boy went to school.
without后面的动作由主语来做
☆instead of后面的词一定是没有做的，可以放在主句后面
与without比较：
without强调没有做某事
instead of强调这件事没做成而做成了另外一件事（有“代替”的含义）
翻译成：我原准备做……但是后来做了……
eg:I go to school instead of staying at home.
I bought books instead of buying dresses.
☆v.worry sb:宾语为主语而感到担心
adj.be worried about:主语为宾语而感到担心
☆less+原级
A is less...than B.“不如”
☆after
after+从句（连词）从句的主语必须是主句的主语才能换成下面一种形式
after+名词/动词ing形式
eg:After I go to school,I learned a lot of knowledge.
=After going to school,I learned a lot of knowledge.(主语都是I)
☆give up doing=stop doing:放弃做某事
give up smoking:戒烟
☆be keen on,be fond of,be interested in,enjoy+doing:喜欢
☆be up to,be capable of:胜任
Lesson 21
★New words and expressions
☆mad adj.发疯
be mad/crazy about:为……而疯狂
go+adj:变得
go mad/crazy/insane/bananas
☆reason n.原因
for this reason:由于这个原因
☆sum n.量
大量：a great many/a great number of+可数名词复数
plenty of（注意：前面没有a）足够的
a sum of:一笔
a large sum of:大量的，喜欢跟钱连用
a large sum of money
an amount of+不可数名词：一笔
a large amount of:许多
☆determined adj.坚定的，下决心的
下定决心：
v.determine to do
decide to do
n.make a decision to do
be determined to do
make up one's mind to do
★Text
Mad or not?
Aeroplanes are slowly driving me mad.I live near an airport and
passing planes can be heard night and day.The airport was built
years ago,but for some reason it could not be used then.Last year,however,it
came into use.Over a hundred people must have been driven away from
their homes by the noise.I am one of the few people left.Sometimes
I think this house will be knocked down by a passing plane.I have
been offered a large sum of money to go away,but I am determined
to stay here.Everybody says I must be mad and they are probably
right.
☆or not:在疑问句的后面表示是还是不是，选择概念
mad or not=mad or not mad
☆drive sb mad:逼某人发疯
☆night and day:日日夜夜
☆passing plane:过往飞机
passing作定语，正在路过的
eg:sleeping baby:正在睡觉的小孩
waiting car:正在等待的车
☆for some reason:由于某种原因
some+可数名词单数：某一 some book
some+可数名词复数：一些 some books
some+不可数名词：一些 some water
☆come into use:投入使用
use n.s发/s/的音
主动概念，没有被动式
☆Over a hundred people must have been driven away from their homes
by the noise.
这句好好分析一下
home:家，强调有感情；house仅仅指房子
☆left:leave的过去分词，表示被留下来的
left作定语放在被修饰词的后面：剩下的
☆offer=give:提供
give sb sth/give sth to sb 双宾语
双宾语的被动语态，主语有两种可能：以sb作主语或以sth作主语
give sb sth-->sb be given sth
give sth to sb-->sth be given to sb
用离动词最近的宾语作主语
第22课
一。词汇
1 dream n. have a dream/dream a dream 做梦
Have a good/sweat dream (口语）祝你好梦
v. She is daydreaming. 白日梦；思想开小差
dream of doing sth. 梦想
think of 考虑
eg. I dreamed of flying in the sky.
I dreamed of being a teacher.
dream on! （口语）别做梦了！
dream boat 梦中情人；梦寐以求的（东西）
2 throw away 扔掉
二。课文
1 of one's own age 和...同年龄的
2 I have a bag with books in it. with放在名词后面做定语。
3 each other 相互（两者之间）
one another相互（三者及以上之间）
4 cost表示花费，主语一定是物：sth. cost sb.
5 more既可做形容词也可做代词
6 a litte 修饰比较级 “稍微”
eg. It's a little hotter.
It's much hotter.
It's expensive.-->That is more expensive.-->That is little
(much) more expensive.
第23课
一。词汇
1 complete v. complete bullding
complete /finish homework
complete /finish doing sth.
adj. 完全的 完整的
2 modern--->modernization 现代化
3 stragne 奇怪的 陌生的
stranger 陌生人
I am stranger here. (口语，别人问路，你也不知道时回答）
be strange to sth. 对...不习惯
二。课文
get a surprise 感到惊喜 吃了一惊
to one's surprise 令某人吃惊
get a shock 感到震惊
三。难点
1 It is a pity that... 遗憾的是...
3 There be sb. doing +地点 某地有某人做某事（托福常考）
4 表示天气 后面是动词或形容词用 it,例：
It is cold.
It will rain.
如果后面是名词，用There be 句型：
There was a rain in Beijing.=It ranis in Beijing.
Lesson 24
New words and expressions
☆manager n.经理
boss 老板
head 头儿
☆upset a.不安 （一件事情发生过之后）
nervous （正在做一件事）感到不安
☆sympathetic a.表示同情的
☆complain v.报怨
complain of / about to sb 向某人抱怨
☆wicked a.很坏的，邪恶的 =evil
☆contain v.包含，内装(在容器里装)
container 集装箱，容器
include 装有,内涵，包含
☆honesty n.诚实
honest adj.
honestly adv.
Text
☆名词可以修饰名词
the hotel manager
elephone number
the village fair 村庄的集市
☆feel+(adj.)感到
☆not any = no
sorry, I could do nothing for you. 我无能为力。
☆用进行时态取代一般现在时，表示不满
Everyone's losing money these days.
☆start to do /start doing 开始
☆outside prep. & adv.
I find this outside this gentleman's room.
out of 从...到外面去，一定要和有实在意义的动词连用，get/go/come out of
out adv.在...外面(不能跟名词)
☆lose / miss / go away / disappear
lose 丢失，人丢失sth lose sth./sth. be lost
miss 怀念，错过，丢失（missing adj.） sth.is missing
MY keys are lost/missing.
I lose my book./My book lost(is missing).
只能用missing,人丢了，MY child id misssing.
失踪的孩子 missing boy
go 走 sth. is gone
be gone 不见了 Gone with wind 飘（随风而逝），
My book is gone.
go away 离开（人走），something is gone.
disappear 不见了（瞬间）没有被动语态
sth./sb. disappear/disappeared
be disappearing 慢慢地不见了
His money disappeared.
Lesson 25
☆New words and expressions
☆railway n.铁路
railroad 铁路（美）
railway /railroad station 火车站
☆several 几个
some 一些，即可以修饰可数，又可以修饰不可数
several 只能修饰可数 = a number of(一些)
a great number of 大量的
some time / sometime /sometimes
some time 一段时间 some time age
sometime 某时 I will defeat you sometime.
sometimes 有时，偶尔
some times(不存在这种说法)
several times 许多次
☆wonder v.感到奇怪
v.1: 感到奇怪
wonder at sth. 对...事情感到奇怪
I wonder at this.
2.想知道 =want to know
I wonder +if / 特殊疑问词 我想知道
I wonder why you are late.
I wondered how to get there
n. 奇观
it's a wonder . seven wonders 七大奇观
wonderful a.极好的
no wonder 难怪（口语常用）
☆Text
☆arrive in / reach /get 到达
when will you arrive?
arrive vi.
reach vt.后面一定要加宾语
arrive at 小地点 arrive in 大地点
when will you reach (arrive in) Beijing.
get to +宾语 到达
How can i get there?
get home 到家， get there 到那
home/there 都是副词，副词跟动词连用的时候不用加介词
I arrived at last. 最终我到了
☆并列的表示方法前面都用逗号隔开，最后两个用and连接
black 颜色（建筑物）
dark : without light没有光线
☆the way to 通往..路
Can you tell me the way to...
I don't know the way to ...Can you tell me how to get there?
know sth. well 很熟悉
key stucture
☆并列句
连词，把并列句连在一起
and 和
but 但是
so 因此
yet adv.然而 have you finished yet?
yet = but 放在两个句子中间，起转折作用
or 或者，否则
hurry up, you will be late./hurry up, or you will be late.
both...and... 不但...而且
either...or... 或者...或者，要么...要么
either you or I
neither ...nor... 既不...也不
not only ...but...as well 不但...而且...
not only ...but also.. 不但...而且...
Lesson 26
New words and expressions
☆art n.艺术
art student 艺术系的学生
English student 学英语的学生
student of England 英国学生
artist 艺术家
artiste 艺人
art gallery 艺术画廊
black art 巫术
☆critic n.评论家
criticise v.批评，批判
criticism n.批评，批判
critical adj.挑剔的
creitically adv.爱挑剔的
he criticised my painting.
you are critical
☆paint v.画
draw a picture 用线条画
paint a picture 强调油画
paiting
oil painting 油画
Chinese paiting 中国国画
Beijing opera 京剧
☆pretend v.假装
pretend to do sth. 假装做某事
pretend that
☆pattern n.图案
pattern drills 模式句型
pattern 模式 典范
☆material v.材料
listening material 听力材料
☆appreciate v.鉴赏
enjoy 享受 enjoy the music
i like poems.
i love..
i enjoy..
i appreciate...
appreciate sth. 喜欢
appreciate doing sth. 喜欢
I appreciate your help.我很感激你的帮助。
☆notice v.注意到（看）强调别人没有注意到
pay attention to 思想上的注意
notic the beauty spot.
☆whether conj.是否
If 在表示是否的时候可以被whether 所替代
If 在表示如果的时候不可以用whether 替代
If it will rain..
Whether it will rain..
Whether it will rain or not..
I wondered if it will rain..
Whether he is mad or not.
☆hang v.悬挂，吊
hang hanged hanged 绞死
hang hung hung 悬挂
The thief was hanged.
The coat was hung.
☆upside down 上下颠倒的
right way up 上下是正常的（反义词）
Text
☆In the same way that 正如（两者方式一模一样）
In a way 以某种方式
I love you in the same way that I love my father.
I love you just in the same way that I love money.
☆make an appoionment
When will it be convenient for you? 你什么时候方便？
☆喜欢
I like sth.
I like sth. very much
I like sth. better.
I like sth. best.
☆else 其他的
一定放在被修饰词之后
跟在anyone,anything的后面
who else, what else
better than anyone else 比任何人（用比较级表示最高级）
The teacher is taller than anyone else.
☆whether...or not = if
☆the window in the wall
picture on the wall
☆is't it upside down? 否定疑问句起肯定作用 = It's upside down.
Aren't you lucky? 你很幸运
☆composition
call 是称之为 name 是给他取个名字
key structures
☆和人的情绪相连，跟人的状态相连，跟人的思维活动相连的动词都不用进行时态。
appear,appreciate,believe,feel,forget,hear,like,look like,notice,remember,resemble,see,think(that),understand..
☆speech marks 引号
引号在英文当中第一次出现是单引号，第二次出现是双引号
英文当中的书名号是引号来代替的
☆not only ...but ...as well
as well 放在句字结尾。且可以省略
☆直接引语变间接引语要注意
1.连接词 陈述句中用that; 特殊疑问句由特殊疑问词引导; 一般 疑问句由if或whether引导
2.时态 主句的谓语动词是过去时时，其从句的谓语动词应该为相 应的时态。
3.语序 疑问句变间接引语时，要变成陈述句语序。
4.人称的变化
☆What about中about 是介词，后接名词或动词的ing形式，不接句子。
What about it?
Lesson 27
☆New words and expressions
☆field n.田地，田野
airfield n.飞机场 on the airfield
in the field
in one's field 在...领域
He is an expert in his field.
football field 足球场地
★smell v.闻起来(smelled or smelt)
smell vt.闻 smell sth.
smell vi.闻起来 作半联系动词，接表语，接形容词，
The food smelt good.
感官动词 look,smell,taste,sound,feel
look v.看起来
You look fine/better/beautiful.
taste v.尝起来
The food smelt good, and it tasted better.
sound v.听起来
feel v.
1.感到 I feel ill.
2.用手的感觉 The blackbroad felt cold.
☆wonderful adj.极好的
Great!
Excellent!
outstanding
brilliant
fantastic
☆campfire n.营火
fire 可数也不可数
☆creep v.爬行(蹑手蹑脚的)(crept;crept)
creep out 爬出去了
climb 爬（上、下） climb the tree
climb up or down 爬上爬下
crawl 爬（平行） The baby is crawling on the floor.
☆sleeping bag n.睡袋
passing plane 正在路过的飞机
动词加ing变成形容词作定语有两个意思：
1.正在....
2.用来做...
sleeping bag/sleeping dog
listening material 用来听的材料
walking stick (用来)
☆soudly adv.香甜的
sleep soundly
go to bed 上床睡觉
go to sleep 睡着了
fall asleep 坠入梦乡
sleep well 睡得好
sleep deeply 睡得很沉
sleep soundly 睡得很香
fast / fall fast asleep 坠入沉沉的梦乡
☆leap v.跳跃，跳起（跃起更换位置）(leapt;leapt)
jump v.（原地）跳 jump up and down
skip v.跳过去 Let us skip it. 让我们跳过这一课
Look before you leap 三思而后行
leap year/month 闰年/月
☆heavily adv.大量的
rain/snow heavily
smook heavily
He smook heavily 他烟瘾大。
☆wind v.蜿蜒(wound;wound)
wind one's way 蜿蜒而行
The road winds its way. 这条路曲折而行伸向远方
☆right adv.正好
起强调作用
作副词时，强调后面的形容词，副词，介词短语，不强调动词。
可以用just来替换
just like 正如
just as 正当
后面加代词时，只能用just。 just you 就你了
Right here waiting for you 在此等候
I found my lost watch right in the garden.
Text
☆wet 反义词是dry
wet 湿淋淋的
英文中表示“湿”的词
wet/damp/moist 湿的程度越来越小
moist 稍湿（让人感觉很舒服）
moist cake 松软的蛋糕 moist eyes 水灵灵的眼睛
damp 湿的（让人不舒服）
humid 指气候比较潮湿
A rainy night 多雨的夜
☆late in the afternoon 傍晚
early in the morning 清晨
☆put up 搭建/强调搭
build 建/强调精心设计并且建造 build a car 造汽车
☆in the middle of 在...中间
in the center of 在...中心
in the middle of the river 河中心
midnight 午夜
the mid-autumn day 中秋节
☆as soon as 一...就.../当...
☆open fire 在野外生的火，篝火
☆over 在...上面（垂直上方）
on 在...上面（一定要有接触面）
☆表示“在...之后”的句式
after +从句/doing
英语中经常用一个介词加一个宾语表达一个动词概念
with a bag 带着书包
in sweater 穿着毛衣
after a wonderful meal 在美美的吃了一顿饭之后
after the arrival of the plane 飞机到达之后
after my arrival 我到达之后
☆by 在...旁边 near/beside/at/next to
by the river （既不太远也不太近）
near 在附近
at （紧挨着）
at the door/window 在门/窗户边（靠得很近）
sit at the table 在桌边
next to （紧临着的）= beside 与...相邻
He sits next to me. Who is the next?
next to /beside the villege
☆some time later 一段时间以后
some time ago 一段时间以前
a few hours earlier 几小时之前
☆put out 人为地熄灭
be out 火自动地熄灭
I put out the fire.
The fire is out.
☆in the middle of the night=midnight
at midnight 在午夜
☆wake up 醒来 主语自己醒
wake sb up 唤醒 wake me up
☆The stream had formed in the field.
如果强调某东西自动形成，则可以用主动态。如果强调某东西是人为的，用被动语态。
when I'm getting close the door,the door opened.
river formed
The bus stopped.
☆flow 流淌(flowed;flowed)
fly /flew/flown
grow /grew/grown
blow /blew/blown
composition
☆knock/beat
knock 大声的撞
beat 持续的撞击/打
☆hurt/pain
身体的某一部位+hurts 某一部疼痛
pain 表示疼痛是名词
I have a pain in my hand 手疼
Special difficulties
☆动词加介词或 副词起 改变put的含义作用。
put up with 容忍
put up 搭建，安排住宿
put out 扑灭
put on 穿上
put away 把...收好
Your rooms is unbidy,put your things away.
put off 推迟,推延
put down /write down 记下
Comprehension
☆beside 在...旁边
besides 除...之外
close v.关闭
close to 表示离...很近 close to me 离我很近
☆be on 上演；(灯)亮着的
What's on in the cinema today?
The lights were on last night.
switch n.开关
v.用开关 The light was switched on.
on fire 起火 The house is on fire.
alight 燃烧着的 以a开头的形容词为表语形容词
Lesson 28
☆New words and expressions
☆rare adj.罕见（在世界上少有）
rare animal 稀有动物
rare bird 珍稀鸟类
rare illness 疑难杂症
scarce 少有的（在某一地方或某一时间段少有）
Watermelon is scarce in winter
coconut 椰子
steak 牛排
well done 全熟
medium 半生半熟
rare 几乎是生的
☆ancient adj.古代的，古老的
ancient Egypt 古埃及
antique adj.古老而有价值的
n.古董
☆myth n.神话故事
fairy 神仙故事
☆trouble n.麻烦
woman/man troubles 女人/男人真麻烦
child troubles 孩子真麻烦
never trouble troubles until troubles trouble you
永远不要自寻烦恼
Let sleeping dog lie. 不要自找麻烦
ask for trouble 自找麻烦
He is asking for trouble. 他自找麻烦
I'm sorry to put you in trouble.
我很抱歉给你带来麻烦（口语）
have trouble in doing sth. 在做某事上遇到了麻烦
I have trouble (in) parking the car
☆effect n.结果
have an effect 有效果
have no effect 没有效果
have effect on 对...有效果
The advice has no effect on me.
Text
☆one of 其中之一
one of 后面加可数名词的复数
none of ,neither of 做主语时作单数看待
☆believe in 信任，信仰（彻彻底底地相信）
believe +sb 相信（某人的话）
☆ever since =since
☆have trouble doing 做...有麻烦
have trouble with sb. 和某人相处有麻烦
I have trouble with my roommate.
☆in the morning 每天早上
in the afternoon 每天下午
at night 每天晚上
☆park a car 停车
☆because of 由于
because 的后面加句子
because of 的后面加词
☆be able to 的主语一般都是人，表示有能力去做
☆get sth. into 把...弄进
get his car into his garage
I drove the car into the wall.
I drove the car into the tree.
drive the car into 把车子撞上某地
☆put up 张贴
put up the picture on the wall 在墙上贴画
☆not any = no
☆I have ever done 一旦作定语从句修饰名词时，这个名词前面往往用最高级
This is the most difficult thing I have ever done.
This is the most terrible news I have ever heard.
有两个结构一定是最高级
1.of + 范围
2.in + 地点
He is the tallest in the room.
3.I have ever 从句
☆hope + that 从句
☆turn sth. to 把前者变成后者
turn the prince to a frog
Special difficulties
☆定语从句
定语从句 句子作定语，一般放在被修饰词后。
关系代词：who,whom,which,that
who 在从句当中作主语或做宾语
whom 只能在从句当中做宾语
which 指物，既可以作主语，又可以作宾语
that 即可以指物，又可以指人，既可以作主语也可以作宾语。
whose 后面一定要加一个名词， 然后这个部分共同作主语或宾语
关系代词有两个功能，一是承上，一是启下
☆如果关系代词在从句中作宾语，关系代词可以省略。
先行词 放在定语从句前面，而且是主句和从句共同含有的一个词，还是被定语从句修饰的词
I have a book that/which he likes.
who 在从句中指代的是单数,就是用单数对待，在从句中指代的是复数,就是复数对待。
如果定语从句中出现了one of作为先行词，它后面的关系代词指代的是后面的复数名词。
如果在one of前面还有一修饰词only,那么后边的关系代词将指代one这个词。
He is the only one those rare people who believes in ancient myths.
☆one of 直接作主语的时候，它是作单数看待
one of the answers is true.
one of those people is good.
lesson 29
New words and expressions
☆taxi n.出租汽车
taxi driver 出租司机
take a taxi / take a bus / take a lift
☆land vi.着陆
Whose plane landed in the field.
☆plough v.耕地
n.犁
farm 农田
☆lonely adj.偏僻的，人迹罕见的
lonely （人） 孤独的/ cold fish
She felt lonely.（感觉）（主观）
She is alone.（事实）（客观）
Home alone 独自在家
☆roof n.楼顶
ceiling 天花板
raise the roof v.喧哗，大声抱怨
hit the ceilling (美口)勃然大怒，暴跳如雷
☆block n.一座大楼;块
a block of flats 公寓楼
office block 办公楼
☆flat n.公寓房
apartment 公寓（美）
a block of apartments 公寓楼
☆desert v.废弃 n.沙漠（重音迁移）
desert the house = let the room empty
text
☆captain 船长/机长
☆called
call sb sth.
The instument was called a clavichord.
be called 被称为
The 'taxi' is a small Swiss aeroplane called a 'Pilatus Porter'
called 在此句中为过去分词
过去分词作定语时，是作为被动语态来翻译的。-ing表示正在。
I have a cat called Lucy.
-ing; -ed 是非谓语动词
a ploughed field 被耕过的田
a deserted car park 被废弃的车场
written English 书面语
spoken English 口语
短语作定语时要后置
a race across the Atlantic(介词短语)
单个的词作定语时可放前边
★The most surprising thing is that...最让我惊讶的
To my surprise,....
surprising 可以由其他词替换
The most exciting thing is that...
The happiest thing is that I can stay with my mother.
☆the 不能和所有格及形容词物主代词并存。
☆from ...to... 从...到...
☆since then / so far / up to now
since then 强调起点
so for / up to now 强调终点
from then 从...起
since then 从...起（到现在为止）
by then /by that time 到...为止
☆fly sb to..开飞机送某人去
My friend drove me to Tianjing.
drive sb to...开车送某人去
☆once 一次
on another occasion 还有一次
once i met him on the street and on another occasion I met him in
the library.
★once...and on another occasion
☆request from 来自某人的请求
request for sth. 要求得到
☆take sb to school 送某人上学
☆too 在副词或形容词前表示否定含义
very 强调程度深
too 强调程度达到了人们不愿意去做
very expensive 买得起
too expensive 买不起
Sepcial difficulties
☆refuse / deny
refuse 拒绝
deny 否认
refuse to do sth
deny doing /+从句
☆bring / take / fetch
bring 带来（离说话人越来越）
bring sth here
take 拿走（离说话人越来越远）
take there
fetch 取来（去了再回来）双向动词
☆sow / seed
sow 种下去
seed 把种子种下去
☆spot = place
lesson 30
polo 水球
kick 踢
Wayle 威尔河
towards 向，朝(prep)
cut 穿过
nearly 几乎
row 划船
sight 眼界，视域
cut oneself
cut one's hair 理发 have a hair cut
cut （down）the tree （down）
cut the head off砍脑袋
cut off electricity 切断电源
cut sth into pieces把。。。切成小片（碎）
cut across 直着穿过
cut a corner走捷径
when you learn english，never cut a corner
go boating去划船，强调玩
my brother is rowing，row强调动作
kickback 回扣，佣金
i get a kickback of 2000 yuan
kick upstairs明升暗降
well to go，well done做得不错
catch sight of
catch sight of the bird看见那只鸟
out of sight在视线之外
in sight在视线之内
the bird is in sight
out of sight，out of mind眼不见心不烦
long sighted眼光长远，远视眼
somebody is long sighted
short sighted目光短浅，近视
by the river
like to do 一次性的
like doing习惯性的
afternoon+s表示每逢
as usual
there be＋sb。 doing
call out大声喊
call out to
so 。。。 that。。。如此。。。以致于
so的后面跟副词或形容词
the teacher speaks so fast that i can't catch the word。
my brother walks so slowly that he can't catch up with me。
the englis is so easy that i can learn it well。
there weren't any in sight。
there were not anything in sight。
there were something in sight
key structures
some 和 any
some在表示邀请的语气中取代any
do you want some？
do you want any drink？你想要喝点什么吗？（不愿意给别人喝）
would you want some to drink？
composition
blew 吹
take out 拿出 put out 扑灭
catch 接住 reach够得着
but连接两个句子，中间可用逗号隔开
however是副词，只表示意思上得转折，它可以放在句首也可以放在句中，
只是用逗号把它和其他得词隔开就可以
However，the man was not angry and he threw the ball back the bank
the Atlantic大西洋
raft 木筏
如果以单个的词作为国家，基本上不加the，比方说China，America，Britian，
一旦这个词成为缩略形式，就要加the
round围绕 alone 沿着
across the grass，across 用于从。。。的表面穿过
through the tree，trough 用于从。。。的内部穿过
over在。。。上方，与下面没接触
over the bridge，over the mountains，over the hill
over 用于穿越时，表示穿过弧形
go through the market
hear sb doing
i heard my sister singing
i heard two boys talking
lesson 31
retire v 退休
company n 公司
bicycle n 自行车
save v 积蓄
workshop n 车间
helper n 帮手，助手
employ v 雇用
grandson n 孙子
he is getting old，he is going to retire
retire＝stop doing this ＝ stop working
i'm going to retire next year
我明年将推出影坛或歌坛等
i'm so tired that i‘m going to retire now
form 商行
corporation 责任公司
limited corporation 有限责任公司
Ltd. Co
he works in my business
他在我的公司工作
save 挽救
save one's life
he saved my life
他挽救了我的生命
save one's face 挽回面子
save money 存钱
西方人不喜欢提钱，所以用
save up存钱
i have saved up for many years
我已经存了好几年的钱
save it for a rainy day
未雨绸缪，为将来而做好准备
workhouse 感化院，强迫劳动的地方
workshop 工作并且可以拿出来卖
assistant助理
employee雇员
employer雇主
trainer训练
trainee被训练的人
text
he worked in a factory他曾经在一个车间工作
he used to work in a small workshop他过去在一个小车间工作
used to do 过去常常，但是现在不做
my teacher used to live there我的老师过去住在那（现在不在了）
he lived there 他过去住在那，（但不知道他现在时否住在那）
she worked as a teacher
work...as...作为...工作...
he used to work as a teacher
i used to study in this school
as a boy＝as he was a boy
as 在这是当...的时候
as a young man 当他年轻的时候
in his twenties，in one’s thirties/fourties
in one's －ies，在某人几十多岁的时候
in my fifties 在我五十多岁的时候
in his fifties，he learned the second language
in the 1980s 二十世纪八十年代
i worked/began the job in the 1990s
a head of 老板
at that time＝just then＝at that moment
of one's own某人自己的
my own book
用of one's own 或 one's own 由被修饰词的位置决定，如过修饰词在前边用
of one's own，否则用one's own
has become 成长为
in a few years在一些年之后
hard early years早年的艰辛
long road to success通往成功的长路
remember记得，回忆起
memory n 记忆 memorize v.
there is a long way to go
my wife came in when i was smiling强调我妻子进来
i was smiling when my wife came in强调我微笑（when 不能放在强调的前面）
want sb to do sth
过去进行时出现在1。一个故事的背景
2。和另外一件事同时发生
a。experience 经历（可数名词） 经验（不可数名词）experienced 有经验的
b.save save one's life save、 one's face、 save money
c.work and job work 可做动词，job 可数，work 不可数
economize 经济，节省（能不用的就不用）
save 存钱（多余的钱）
go for a ride/go for a walk go for a ride on sth
be surprised to do
not anymore不再
leader 起带头作用的人
headmaster 校长
direction 方向
director 管理整个事务的人
Frank is a director of a business company
superior 监理
enter＝go in/come in return＝go back
lesson 32
once adj 曾经，以前
temptation n 诱惑
article n 物品，东西
wrap v 包裹
simply adv 仅仅
arrest v 逮捕
long long ago
i visited my mother once a month
once 连接从句，表示“一旦”
Once you leave my company，you must return the house
temptation to＋动词原形
temptation to do sth
temptation to steal
resist the temptation to do抵抗不了什么的诱惑
i can't resist the temptation to laugh
article 文章：this is a good article
arctile/thing
article强调的是商店里的一个一个的东西，是可数名词
thing 指任何的东西
cargo 货物
goods 货物，商店里的货物的总称
Please wrap them （up） for me请替我把他们包好
wrap sth up
pack
i will take/get/have it。please wrap them for me please pack them
for me
simply：only/just
arrest the criminal
arrest one's attention吸引某人的注意
the criminal was arrested。
sb。 be under arrest
control/under control控制/被控制
shopping made easy
make：1、制造
2、使。。。怎么样
make the room clean
make shopping easy
Shopping be made easy（句子）
标题不用句子，所以标题省略be
text
not so...as表示比较，不如
as...as...和什么一样
as＋adj/adv＋as＋比较对象
as quickly as possible尽可能快
he is as tall as i
this case is as light as that one
it is as heavy as that one
这个东西不如那个东西重
as...as...的否定形式是not so...as...,/not as ... as...
it is not as heavy as that one
这个东西不如那个东西重
i am not as tall as you
i am taller than you/you are not as tall as i
less ＋ 原级＝not as...as...=not so...as...
not as ＋ 原级 ＋as
i am not so lucky as those fisherman
less ＋ 原级＋than
they are 与 they were 在用不同时态比
you are beautiful。you were beautiful
you are more beautiful than you were
you look better than you were
i think 想
i thought 原以为
you were worse表示you are better
1。 they are 与 they were 在用不同时态比
2。用断语than ever before
People are not so honest as before
impulsion冲动
adventure冒险行动
watch：观察，监视，当心
watch the enemy
watch sth 当心
well-done
well＋动词的过去分词
design
well-design
well-educated 有教养的
as usual想平常
than usual 比平常
be动词＋形容词＋for sb to do sth
so it was easier for the detective to watch her
it 是形式主语，for sb.重中的sb是逻辑主语
the teacher bought a lot of dresses to make her more beautiful
用more是表示对别人的尊重
out of politeness
after a little time过了一会
hand...to...递给（比较有权威的人） pass to一个一个的传递
hand in 上交
find out发现
find/find out
find sth sth 是看得见，模得着的，具体的
i find the pen
find out 后跟的宾语一般是抽象的
find out the truth
free 免费
fee 交费
special difficulties
a强调的是后面的名词；one强调的是“一个”的意思
composition
arrive at come to
most expensive ＋地点 用in
＋范围表示所有的人或（书）当中，用of
i have ever seen/done/heard
lesson 33
darkness n 黑暗
explain v 解释，叙述
coast n 海岸
storm n 暴风雨
towards prep 向，朝，接近
rock n 岩石，礁石
shore n 海岸
light n 灯光
ahead adv 在前面
cliff n 悬崖，峭壁
struggle v 挣扎
hospital v 医院
in the darkness 在黑暗中
explanation n 解释
Could you give me an explanation能给我一个解释吗？
interpret n 解释，（强调翻译）语言之间的解释 interpretor 翻译
bank 河岸，（两边比水面高）
coast 地理意义上的海岸，地平线等，感觉旁边是岩石，很陡峭
seashore 海岸，（跟游玩有关系）
seaside
旁边是沙滩，可以进行日光浴的感觉
snowstorm 暴风雪
thunderstorm 雷雨
rain heavily 表示雨吓得很大
pour倾倒
the rain is pouring。倾盆大雨
It's raining cats and dogs。滂沱大雨
towards 强调nearer and nearer
rock 表示huge stone
asleep，awake，alive，ahead a开头的往往是表语形容词，不管是作表语形容词
还是副词，都放在名词的后面，一般形容词放在名词的前面
pretty flowers
light ahead
1、放在被修饰词的后面作定语
2、ahead of在什么前面
he went ahead of me
3、go ahead朝前走，请随便
Would you mind my using your phone?
--Can I use your phone?
--Ok,go ahead
can i smoking here？
－－go ahead
－－sorry＋一个原因，不让别人做
school
1、前面不加the，和它的功能有关系
go to hospital
2、一旦＋the，只表示地点
i am in the hospital
in hospital 住院
in the hospital在医院
2、去医院看老师
go to the hospital
自己肚子疼go to hospital
happen:不及物 sth。 happen to sb
What happened to
nearly 将近 nearly a week 快一个星期了
sometime later...
Three days later，my mother returned强调某人做某事
...passed and then...
Three days passed and then my mother returned.
并列句，强调某人做某事，又强调时间
Three days passed before my mother returned强调时间
be able to强调有能力，且能够成功
can 只表示能力
i can swim across the river我能游过这条河，（但没有游过，不知道能不能成功）
i was able to swim across the river
set out：set off
be caught in＋灾难
i was caught in a rain我遇上了一场雨
As soon as he left，it began to rain
he was caught in a rain when he left他刚一离开，就下雨了
遇上人用meet，遇上灾难用be caught in
struck强调的往往是猛烈的撞击
to：强调朝那个方向去，但没有强调越来越近
towards：表面也翻为朝那个方向去，
spend sometime ＋地点
the red army （covered a distance of 25000...）两万五千里长征
on doing＝as soon as＝the moment
as soon as＝the moment后面要加句子
on 后面一定要加动词ing，承认动词是由主句主语做的
up ：往上
that's all she remembered。
That's all i wanted to say那就是我想说的全部
That's all i can do for you＝i can do nothing else for you
find ＋ 宾语 ＋宾补 find the books tidy 发现书摆放得整齐，found the room clean
i found the books in order
when i woke up，i found myself in bed
time passed before
...a day later...
time passed and then
key structures
和时间相连的介词：in，at，on，from...to...,until,after,before
和地点相连的介词：from...to。。。
into：进、入 tell him go into my house
只强调到哪里，不一定强调到里面去，go to
out of ：从...出来 away from
leave for ：动身到某地，yesterday my father left for Tianjin
head for/to：前往
leave for 强调leave，head for 强调去
set out for动身到某地
towards强调越来越近
at：含有一种瞄准的概念，aim at，fire at
pass past词性的区别
词与词的区别
1、意思上的区别2、词性上的区别3、细节上的区别
pass只有动词的概念，其他由past承担
i pass the garden
i go past the garden
i go and pass the garden
next other
next day 第二天 the other day：few days ago
the other day 出现一定是过去时
next day有可能是过去式，有可能是将来式
how far away...
what's the distance
multiple choice
not any more/longer/further不再
remind 提醒
recollect回忆
memorise记住
mind介意
4、
只有谓语动词才有时态
句子中如果没有连词，但有两个动词，要把其中一个动词变成非谓语动词
when 是连词的标志
when ＋doing：1、主语要跟主句的相同，2、谓语动词含有be doing 结构
when standing there found the book very interesting
lesson 34
station n (警察）局
most adv 相当，非常
post office
police office
bureau局
i went to the police 我去警察局
have a quick meal
quick freeze速冻
local new ：当地新闻
local police 当地警察局
local color 当地色彩
local people 当地人
native 土著人（土生土长的）
local call 市话
call at(some place)
call on
ask/tell/expect/want/allow sb to do sth 请求某人做某事
he was told that...
someone told him that...
five miles away这一类结构可以直接做定语，放在被修饰词后面
letter writting
pics.：pictures
secs.:seconds
call on拜访
call （sb） up给某人打电话
一旦一个词可以省略而意思不改，这个词可能是副词，
如果宾语是代词，后面的词组由动词和副词组成，代词一定会放在中间
call on you/call you up
go to the pictures 去看电影
call off 取消
call out 大声喊
call at 去了某地
lesson 35
while n 一段时间
regret v 后悔
far adv 非常
rush v 冲
act v 行动
straight adv 径直
fright n 害怕
battered adj 撞坏的
shortly adv 很快，不久
afterwards adv 以后
while ：some time
wait for a while等一会儿
隔了一会儿after a while
regret sth
you will regret it你会后悔的，你一定会后悔的
regret to do：很遗憾要去做
regret doing很遗憾已经做
i regret to tell you a bad news我很遗憾要告诉你一个坏消息
i regret telling him the news我真后悔告诉他这个消息
i regret to steal your money
regret that
遗憾：pity、sorry、regret
pity n. it's a pity
sorry adj. i am sorry
regret v.
比较级前可以加修饰词，表示程度
多一点点用a little，多很多用much
far＝much，修饰形容词或副词的比较级
rush（用腿）冲 run 跑（速度很快）
take action 采取行动
go straight on径直往前走
frighten：惊吓
frightening ：令人感到可怕的
frightened：自己感到可怕的
frightful＝terrible可怕
your handwriting is frightful你的字真糟糕
cold is frightful寒冷是可怕的
一个动词能够加ing/ed，证明这个动词跟人的情感有关，他
的宾语就会是人
this doesn't worry my
you frighten me
get a fright得到惊吓的感觉，
类似get a surprise
i get a fright我吓了一跳
you give me a fright你吓了我一跳
give sb sth
give me a pleasure/an excitement/a fright
batter v
动词＋ed：被
battered：lose one's shape 被撞变形的
damaged：被刮坏的
destroyed car车子被损害不能修
damaged car车子坏了能修
battered car 车变形
battered bag破旧不堪的包
shortly afterwards不久以后＝soon
shortly＝soon afterwards＝later后来，以后
text
Rov Trenton used to drive a taxi. A short
while ago, however, he became a bus-
driver and he was not regretted it. He is
finding his new work far more exciting.
When he was driving along Catford Street
recently, he saw two thieves rush out of a
shop and run towards a waiting car. One
of them was carrying a bag full of money.
Roy acted quickly and drove the bus
straight at the thieves. The one with the
money got such a fright that he dropped
the bag. As the thieves were trying to get
away in their car, Roy drove his bus into
the back of it. While the battered car was
moving away, Roy stopped his bus and
telephoned the police. The thieves' car
was badly damaged and easy to recognize.
Shortly afterwards, the police stopped
the car and both men were arrested.
he used to drive a taxi，but now he doesn't drive a taxi any more
a short while ago＝a short time ago不久以前
however
1、可以放句首，可以放句中
2、如果一个词两边有逗好，证明这个词是插入语
you will regret it
find 可以用一般现在时态，可以用进行时态
he is finding his trip very exciting
far more exciting更有趣
along 沿着
a waiting car：正在等候的车子
see sb do sth看见某人做某事（强调全过程）
see sb doing 看见某人正在做某事
i see them dance
i see them dancing
hear sb doing/hear sb do
如果全过程用do，过程中的一瞬监用doing
full of：装满
i have a cup full of tea
with 一旦出现在名词后代词后就做定语，出现在动词之后做状语
he came in with a book
the boy with a book came in
get a fright吓了一跳
such...that.../so...that...如此以致于
so＋形容词（副词）＋that.../such+(修饰词或形容词）＋名词＋that
一旦有名词，就认为形容词修饰的是名词，前面的词也修饰的是名词
drop/fall：掉
sb drop sth，drop vt.由于不当心抓什么没抓住掉下去
fall vi. sth fall从上往下落
drop the money
fall the money
get away ＝ run away逃跑
by car /in the car
drive into 撞
stopped his car/the car stopped
damaged：毁坏
用不定式放在形容词后面，主动表被动含义
too...to.../enough...to...
stop拦住车子
both men ＝ two persons
stop the card
1、the driver stop the car
2、其他人stopped the car：拦车
stop thief 捉賊
捉，抓catch
multiple choice
1......
prefer ...to...更喜欢这个东西（和后面的东西比），宁可也不
be sorry遗憾
prefer＋名词 更喜欢
i prefer tea to water
prefer＋名词＋to（prep.）＋名词
i prefer drinking tea to drinking water
prefer to（不定式的标志）＋动词原形：更喜欢
rather than ：不喜欢
he prefers to drive bus rather than drive a taxi
i prefer to have an apple rather than have an orange
3......
used to（不定式的标志） 过去做现在不做
used to do过去常常做现在不做了
be used to doing sth习惯于
i am（not） used to getting up early我习惯起早
be used to do sth被用来
the knife is used to cut the paper刀被用来切纸
the boy is used to swimming in the river那男孩习惯在河里游泳
the boy used to swim in the river那男孩过去在河里游泳
it's easy to recognize
the apple is sweet enough to eat
如果一个不定式的前面是一个形容词，如果主句的结局是系表结构＋to，不定式当中
常用主动表被动，在不定式的表达方式当中，动词的宾语如果刚好是这句话的主语，这个
宾语一定不能出现
the apple is too sour to eat
to answer the question
the question is easy enough to answer
easy to recognize（car）因car是主语，所以不能出现
the clothes is too comfortable to ware
special difficulties
so/such如此
such...that.../so...that...如此以致于
so＋形容词（副词）＋that.../such+(a，an修饰词或形容词）＋名词＋that
一旦有名词，就认为形容词修饰的是名词，前面的词也修饰的是名词
如果名词是可数名词才要加a和an，反过来如果名词是可数，一定要加a或an
如果形容词是表示数量的（many，much，little，few），一律用so
there is so little time left that we must hurry
there is such a little（小） bird that i can't see it
he is so lazy a boy/he is such a lazy boy
如果有几个以上的形容词共同修饰一个名词的时候，冠词放在第一位
such＋冠词＋形容词＋名词/so＋形容词＋冠词＋名词
lesson 36
record n. 记录
strong adj 强壮的
swimmer n 游泳运动员，游泳者
succeed v 成功
train v 训练
anxiously adv 焦急
intend v 打算
solid adj 固体的，硬的
如果同一词音节落在第一个音节的重音，肯定是名词，重音落在第二个音节肯定是动词
recorder 录音机
如present/desert
break the recorder破记录
set up a new recorder创记录
hold the recorder保持记录
keep the recorder保持记录
equal等号，等于
equalize the recorder 平记录
as strong as horse想牛一样壮
strong wind 大风 heavy rain 大雨
strong girl（隐示不是很瘦，结实）
strong mind意志坚强
out of sight out of mind
sturdy ：结实的
robust ：身体结实
strong swimmer：
strong ＋运动员：获胜把握比较大，强有力的
athlete：运动员（运动会上常说的运动员）
swimming athlete游泳运动员
success n 成功，成功的人
successful adj 成功的
succeeding in doing sth
be successful in doing sth
fail v
failure n
train sb to do sth（教，而且有让人形成某种技能）
teach sb to do sth
trainer教练
be to/be about to/be going to:表将来
intend to do sth＝be going to do sth打算做某事
plan计划
plan to do sth 计划作某事
mean to do sth 打算做某事
what do you mean to do（intend to do）
aim to do sth 打算做某事
aim n 目标
i am going to have a company
i intend to have a company
i intend to do sth＝i will do sth
hope to do
want to do
the ice is solid冰很硬
ballet dancers/football player
1 work as＋地点
2 工作怎么样
（1）interesing/boring/exciting
（2）人对工作的喜欢程度，she/he likes the job very much
channel 海峡
the Channel＝the English channel
across 横渡，across the Channel
text
Erna Hart is going to swim across the English Channel tomorrow.
She is going
to set out from the French coast at five o'clock in the morning.
Erna is only tour-
teen years old and she hopes lo set up a new world record. She is
a strong swim-
mer and many people feel that she is sure to succeed. Erna's father
will set out with
her in a small boat. Mr Hart has trained his daughter for years.
Tomorrow he will
be watching her anxiously as she swims the long distance to England.
Erna in-
tends to take short rests every two hours.She will have something
to drink but she
will not eat any solid food. Most of Erna's school friends will
be waiting for her on
the English coast. Among them will be Erna't mother, who swam the
Channel
herself when she was a girl.
hope 希望
hope to do：希望自己做
hope that＋从句：希望别人做
she hope to set up a new recorder
feel （that），宾语从句中的that 可以省略
must ＋ 动词原形 表示一定
be sure to do ：一定能够
sure
are you sure sure 肯定
be sure of（对某件事情名词做宾语）
be sure to do（对某件事情动词有把握）
be sure that（对某件事情某人做某事有把握）
i am sure that i can do sth＝i am sure of sth＝i am sure to dosth
i am sure of my success
i ma sure to succeed
i am sure that i can succeed （be successful）
by boat/ in a boat乘船
for years 几年
will be doing
as＝when
swim＋距离：游过多长距离
will be watching sb anxiously as：当...的时候人们会密切（焦急）关注
the war broke out战争爆发
all the world will be watching anxiously as the war broke out
meet the parents
we will be watching anxiously as you went（go） out
plan to/intend to
have（take) a break（rest）休息
take short rests休息短时间
every two hours
i will plant another tree every three trees
something to drink：可以喝的东西
have something to eat/read/do
most/most of
most直接用：most of ＋the
will be waiting
i will be right here wating for your
on the coast在海边
among them在他们当中
oneself放在动词或一句话的后面，往往起强调的作用
定语从句中的关系词往往指代的含义是前面的先行词
限定性定语从句/非限定性定语从句
如果是有逗号的是非限定性定语从句，没有逗号的是限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句可以做，非限定性定语从句不可以做的是that
限定性定语从句少了后面的句子，这句话意思不完整
非限定性定语从句一旦有逗号隔开，后面的句子和前面的句子关系不紧密，起补充作用
among ：在...之间（三者或三者以上）
between them：左右各一个人：among them 很多人
Among them will be Erna't mother, who swam the Channel
herself when she was a girl.
倒装句
地点＋will＋名词
here you are/here is my ticket
among them will be Debbie's mother
全部倒装：地点（介词短语或副词）＋动词＋名词
here you are
倒装句型中如果主语是名词，放在动词后面，如果是代词，放在动词前面
be going to/will be doing/intend to do将来式的表达
在陈述句和疑问句中，我们常常用be going to来代替shall和will
但是下列的句子中我们不能用going to
be going to 一定强调计划和安排，顺理成章的不用be going to
tomorrow will be Tuesday。
way to go/well done
bilgo，go（加油）
special difficulties
watch/look at/follow
watch something happening
look at：看
follow：跟随，follow me
solid/firm/stable
solid：硬的（固体）
firm：稳固的（不松动的）
stable：坚定的（性格）
firm/stable
firm（人）：下定决心，不会改变主意firm decision
stable（人）：稳重的，可靠的
i came to a firm decision and i will not change my mind
come to a decision/make a decision
come to a conclusion 得出结论
watch the boats
watch sb doing sth
watch 得出结论直接加宾语
so solid如此的坚硬
enough to do足以做某事
the ice in the pond is solid enough to walk on
the ice in the pond is so solid that you can walk on it
the room is clean enough to live in
the room is so clean that we can live there
i tried to persuade him but he remained firm
multiple choice
3. ... feel sure ______it.
sure of+n
sure to do
sure that ...
4...____...
as 由于，当......时候
as（当......时候）＝when，while
during prep.
though meanwhile
meanwhile＝at the same time
meanwhile adv
however adv 然而
连词连接两个句子：副词只能修饰句子或动词，起修饰作用
set up a recorder
make a recorder破记录
succession 继任者
successful adj
success n
be ＋adj 系表结构
be＋n 前者＝后者
lesson 37
Olympic adj. 奥林匹克的
hold v 召开
government n 政府
immense adj 巨大的
stadium n 露天体育场
standard n 标准
capital n 首都
fantastic adj 巨大的
design v 设计
Olympic games 奥林匹克运动会
hold held held
have a meeting召开会议
hold a meeting召开会议
hold a party 召开宴会
hold习惯用被动，被动：the meeting will be held
the Olympic games will be held in China in 2008
big，large大的
huge 巨大的
great 大的，伟大的
immense 极大的，无边的
the universe is immense
immense ocean
fantastic （建筑等）表惊叹
great man 伟人big man 大人物large man大块头
huge（体积）巨大，庞大
playground操场
sports field运动场，sports 各种各样的运动
gymnasium体育 gym：体育馆
high standard高标准
Olympic standard意为体育最高标准
capital 大写的
designer 设计师
well－designed设计不错
text
The Olympic Games will be held in our country in four years' time.
As a great
many people will be visiting the country,the government will be
building new
hotels, an immense stadium, and a fine new swimming pool. 'They
will also be
building new roads and a special railway-line. The Games will be
held just outside
the capital and the whole area will be called 'Olympic City'. Workers
will have
completed the new roads by the end of this year. By the end of next
year, they
will have finished work on the new stadium. The fine modern buildings
have
been designed by Kurt Gunter. Everybody will be watching anxiously
as the
new buildings go up. We are all very excited and are looking forward
to the
Olympic Games because they have never been held before in this country.
4 years later 四年后
the olympic games will be held in our country。。。
as/because引导原因
a large number of people/a great many people大部分的人
be visiting the country
be building 建设
an immense stadium一个大型体育场
a new Olympic-standard swimming pool一个高标准的游泳池
be building 修建
special railway-line专线铁路
outside the capital 市郊
Olympic city 奥林匹克城
by the end of this year到今年年底前
by 完成时的标志，表示到......为止
现在完成式：到现在某一点时间为止
过去完成式：到过去某一点时间为止
现在完成式：到现在某一点时间为止，某个动作已经发生
will have done
by the end of next year到明年年底前
by the end of next year，they will have finished/completed the work
on the new stadium.
work on... ......的工程
modern buildings 现代化建筑
fantastic 巨大的
...have been designed by...
Everybody will be watching anxiously。。。人们都将密切注视
as the new building go up
as随着，引导从句，状语从句不用将来时态
be built强调建造
go up 拔地而起
be excited激动的
look forward to＋n./doing期待（很高兴的）
look forward to your letter
because they never been held before in this country
before 在此之前
将来完成时 will have done（till，until）
multiple choice
because ：强调后面的是原因
because of ：（介词短语）
why－－不能直接做连词
due to：（介词短语）由于
His success is due to his hard work
look forward to ：期待（高兴）
expect：期待
be pleased：感到高兴地，令人满意地
be pleased to do sth：乐于做某事
完成地概念
be complete
complete：（adj）完全的（v)完成
are now completed are complete
special difficulties
a hold（会议，宴会）
b look
look forward to＋名词/动词的-ing
look out：当心（正发生的）（be careful 事情发生之前）
look up：查阅 ，拜访
look up words in the dictionary查字典
look up sth in the book查参考书，look up message in the book
look sb up
knock over：撞到
'Who’s Who'：<<名人大全>>
debate on：辩论
口语过程三步：1、dialogue 2、discussion 3、debate
capital：首都，大写
capital punishment：极型
look（sb） up：拜访，看
hold an exam：举行考试
take the exam：接受考试
lesson 38
except prep 除了
Mediterranean n (the ~)地中海
complain v 抱怨
continually adv 不断地
bitterly adv 刺骨地
sunshine n 阳光
except /except for /besides /apart from
complain to sb：向某人抱怨
complain of/about：抱怨某事
continuously：连续不断地
continually：连续地，频繁地（时断时续）
the baby cry continually
bitterly cold：刺骨地寒冷
chilly：寒冷的
bitterly disappointed：彻底的失望
a drop of：一缕
a drop of sunshine一缕阳光
text
My old friend, Harrison, had lived in the Mediterranean for many
years before. he
returned to England. He had often dreamed of retiring in England
and had
planned to settle down in the country. He had no sooner returned
than he bought a
fine house and went to live there. Almost immediately he began to
complain about
the weather, for even though it was still summer, it rained continually
and it was
often bitterly cold. After so many years of sunshine, Harrison got
a shock. He acted
as if he had never lived in England before. In the end, it was more
than he could
bear. He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house
and left
the country. The dream he had had for so many years ended there.
Harrison had
thought of everything except the weather.
dream of：想，梦见（梦想）
think of：想（思维的活动）
settle down：定居
no sooner...than：（关联词）一...就...
同义as soon as,the moment,on doing
had no sooner done...than一般过去时，固定用法
he had no sooner arrived than he called me up。
no sooner放在句首就要倒装
no sooner had he arrived than he called me up（倒装）
almost immediately：马上（时间上，用于写作）
for：（连词）表示因为（解释说明，附加的）＝because因为（一定要说的）
even though--从句的连词，"即使"（让步状语从句）
even though i came here，my mind was absent尽管我人来了，但我还是心不在焉
for＋并列句，做主句
so many years：这么多年
after ＋ ...
after seven years of hard work，he was successful
after ten years of staying in abroad，he decided to return and settle
down
got a shock：吓了一跳，吃了一惊
as if＋句子：似乎，好像
过去完成时，虚拟语气
he acted as if he was poor
even though--even if
as if-- as though
in the end，it was more than he could bear他再也不能忍受
i can't affard it ＝ it was more than i can affard
hardly...when...:还没来得及...就...；用法同no sooner ... than
hardly had sb done
have time to do sth：有时间做某事
i have no time to talk with you。
i have time enough to have coffee
knock out：打晕，击倒
he had hardly opened his eyes when he was knocked out
the dream ended
except：除...外
key structures
过去完成时
no sooner...than...
hardly...when...
special difficulties:
a.no sooner...than...
hardly...when...
b.country(国家，乡间)
countryside（农村）景色 seaside
in the country：在乡下住
multiple choice
5. not any more 不再
not any longer
not any further
not more ＝ less比...少
not longer不是更长
4. as if ＝ as though
act as if/though习惯用法
as if 是宾语从句
as 后面可以加句子，like 后面加词
even if即使
11. do as id did 按我所做的做
seem as if看起来象什么
act as if
look as if看起来象什么
conduct可以做动词，表示行为，＝behave
不及物动词，如果作及物动词，加oneself
他表现的很好，he conducted himself well
he behaved as well
in a bad state 状态不太好
though 虽然，even though 即使＝even if
这些词出现在两句之间，就不再加but
worn out 破旧不堪的
engine发动机
gearbox变速箱
sawdust木头屑子
not only出现在句首要倒装
the engine was not only worn out but the gearbox was full of sawdust
lesson 39
operation n 手术
exchange n （电话的）交换局
successful adj 成功的
inquire v 询问，打听
following adj 下一个
certain adj 某个
patient n 病人
called n 打电话的人
alone adj 独自的
relative n 亲戚
第二天the next day，the following day
第二个星期the next week，the following week
alone 强调人孤单一个
home alone独自在家
leave me alone我烦着呢，别理我
inquire sth of sb 从某人那打听
insquire about sth
some＋可数名词单数时表示某个
certain 后面的东西不能定
a certain boy
two certain boys
certain根据它前面的数量来定
某一个a certain＋n
某两个two certain ＋n（复数）
for some reason由于某个理由
text
While John Gilbert was in hospital, he asked his doctor to tell
him whether his
operation had been successful, but the doctor refused to do so.
The following
day, the patient asked for a bedside tele-phone. When he was alone,
he telephoned
the hospital exchange and asked for Doc-tor Millington. When the
doctor answered
the phone, Mr Gilbert said he was in-quiring about a certain patient,
a Mr
John Gilbert. He asked if Mr Gilbert's operation had been successful
and the
doctor told him that it had been. He then asked when Mr Gilbert
would be allowed
to go home and the doctor told him that he would have to stay in
hospital for an-
other two weeks. Then Dr Millington asked the caller if he was a
relative of the
patient.' No,' the patient answered,' I am Mr John Gilbert.'
key structures
如果直接引语是问句，变为间接引语时，主句不说e said，而用he asked
told可以跟问句连，还可以跟陈述句连
祈使句：唯一不以从句方式表达的
tell sb to do sth
ask sb to do sth
以that引导的是陈述句
has my operation been successful？
1、certain 前加数字表某几个
2、following取代next
3、alone表示单独的，客观事实上的
a＋人名前面，表示某一个拥有这个特征的人
multiple choice questions
7、a、has done 已经做的
b、must do必须做的
c、must be doing
must 后面＋原形，＋be doing，＋have done属于推测句型的三种结构
must＋v（原形）：1、＝have to 不得不
2、很可能，对现在或者将来的推测
must be doing对说话的当时的正在进行的行为的推测
must have done对过去的事情的推测
must have been doing对过去的正在进行的动作的推测
11、on one's own ＝ alone
of one's own 某人自己的
12、knowledge学问
information信息，不可数名词
message可数名词
3、take sb to hospital送某人去医院
5、for what 因为...在疑问句中＝why
ask for 要求得到
lesson 40
hostess n. 女主人
unsmiling adj. 不笑的，严肃的
tight adj. 紧身的
fix v. 凝视
globe n. 地球
despair n. 绝望
actor 男演员
actress 女演员
host 男主人
host（v.）作为主人，主办
the shoes are shall/tight（夹角）
tight jeans紧身牛仔裤
fix（没有凝视的概念）
fix one's eyes on sth盯着...，目不转睛
习惯用被动，表达为
one's eyes be fixed on sth
all the eyes were fixed on the blackboard
globe球状物，如地球仪
global：全球的
disappoint失望
in despair绝望的
sb./sth. is a despair of...
the boy is a despair of his parents那男孩的父母对他感到绝望了
the examination was a despair of me我对考试已经绝望了
text
Food and talk
Last week at a dinner-party, the hostess asked me to sit next to
Mrs Rumbold.
Mrs Rumbold was a large, unsmiling lady in a tight black dress.
She did not even
look up when I took my seat beside her.Her eyes were fixed on her
plate and in a
short time, she was busy eating. I tried to make conversation.
' A new play is coming to" The Globe" soon,' I said. 'Will
you be seeing it ?'
' No,' she answered.'Will you be spending your holidays abroad this
year ?' I asked.
' No,' she answered.' Will you be staying in England?' I asked.
' No,' she answered.In despair, I asked her whether she was enjoying
her dinner.
' Young man,' she answered,' if you ate more and talked less, we
would both
enjoy our dinner !'
ask sb to do sth祈使句
next to：与......相邻sit next to me 座我旁边
the film will be on那部电影即将要上映
用虚拟语气：
1、与现在事实相反，从句使用一般过去时，主句使用would＋动词原形
if you ate more and talked less，we would both enjoy our dinner
if it rained，it would not be hot如果下雨，就不会这么热
if you help me，i will be grateful如果你帮我，我会感激你
if you helped me，i would be grateful如果你帮了我，我会感激你
key structures
special difficulties
make progress取得进步
do business做生意
do one's best
make the bed 铺床
do some shopping
make a speech
make ... mistake
make up one's mind
do one's homework
do ... a favour
do ... job
do ... work
do exercise
make ... promise
make conversation
composition
1、she not only resused to answer question but
she did not ask any question either
but...as well 可以加肯定也可以加否定
but...either只能加否定
multiple choices
5、sit down
seat一定要加宾语，如果后面没宾语，后面就用seat的被动语态
seat yourself be seated
sit 是主动，没有被动语态，后面不能加宾语
9、
glance at：扫了一眼
stare at：盯着看
stuck to：粘在...上面
look at，see，watch （看活动的），
notice：强调的是眼睛的注意，看一些别人不太注意的事情
fix one's eyes on＝stare at
i glanced at it but i didn't pick it up
glimpse of have a glimpse of：瞥了一眼
sight catch sight of看见
i can catch sight of the birds
be in sight
read：阅读（看）
read loudly，read aloud大声朗读，汉语中的读
从头来看－look at go through：浏览
12、enjoy sth：表示在后者当中得到了一种享受
sth amuse/entertain sb
enjoy 主语是人 enjoy oneself amuse,entertain后面会加人
lesson 41
rude adj. 无礼的
mirror n 镜子
hole n 孔
remark v 评说
remind v 提醒
lighthouse n 灯塔
look up sth in the dictionary查字典
look at oneself in the mirror照镜子
his novel is a mirror of his time他的小说就是他那个时代的真实写照
mirrot ...的写照,...的真实反映
polite
以p开头的形容词的否定前缀im
impolite不礼貌的，表示没有注意到礼节性的问题
rude：强调故意的
cheeky无礼，没礼貌的，表示小孩对长辈
naive天真的
hole in
remind sb of sth
remind sb to do sth
reminder
text
'Do you call that a hat ?' I said to my wife.
'You needn't be so rude about it,' my wife answered as she looked
at herself in
the mirror.I sat down on one of those modern chairs with holes in
it and waited. We had
been in the hat shop for half an hour and my wife was still in front
of the mirror.
' We mustn't buy things we don't need,' I remarked suddenly. I regretted
saying
it almost at once. 'You needn't have said that,' my wife answered.
' I need not remind you of that terrible tie you bought yesterday.'
' I find it beautiful,' I said. 'A man can never have too many ties.'
'And a woman can't have too many hats,' she answered.
Ten minutes later we walked out of the shop together. My wife was
wearing
a hat that looked like a lighthouse !
need
call sb sth call that
be rude be rude about sth be rude to sb
don't be rude to me别对我这么粗鲁
needn't：不必on the chair
he has been there
bookstore书店 drugstore药店
must表示必须 mustn't不能、不准
need的否定形式：needn't don't need
regretted doing sth后悔已经做
needn't have done原本不必做，但是做了，强调过去的动作不必做
you needn't have bought it你原本不必买的
remind sb of sth
needn't do：现在的动作也不必做
never＝not too无论...也不为过
A man can never have too many ties.再多的领带对一个男人来说也不为过
i can never thank you too much：感激不尽
drinking water can never be too clean饮用水越干净越好
a wife can never complain too much妻子怎么罗嗦也不为过
need：需要
needn't：非实义动词，情态动词，无时态变化，也没有人称
don't need：实义动词有任意一种时态，有人称变化
need i...？（情态）do i need...？实义动词
情态动词后面一定要加动词原形
在实义动词后面再加一个实义动词，就在后面加to do
need i go out？do i need to go out？
情态动词后面不能直接用名词做宾语
实义动词后面可以直接加名词
we don't need things（名词）...
you don't need to be
needn't have done：过去不必做，但是做了
mustn't 不准
can't ：不可能
you don't...：事实
key structures
must可能等于have to 表示必须，不等于have to时表示推测
1、对现在和将来加原形
2、对正在be doing
3、对过去have done
4、对过去正在have been doing
be bad for对什么有害
smoking is bad for your health抽烟有害你的健康
observe：仔细地看
multiple choices
3......
do you have to...?yes，i do/no，i don't
have to 必须
do you have to...?no,i don't have to do sth
mustn't不准 don't have to 不必
must＝have to必须
英文中要么助动词之后所有地东西都省略，要么省到不定式标志
would you like to do sth？yes，i'd like to
no，i don't/no，i don't need to
do you want to go to school？yes，i do/yes，i want to
would you like to see the menu？yes，i'd like to（后结动词
would you like some bananas？yes，i’d like（后结名词）
do you need the hat？no，i needn't
7......
can never：不可能＝can't
unable：不可能，be able（unable） to
impossible
improbable，：不太可能probably很有可能
incapable：没有能力，be capable of
8......
reflect:发射，reflection：反射地东西
idol：偶像
imagination：想象
picture：照片，图象
11......
wear/dress/put on/have on穿
wear（状态）
dress，dress sb：给某人穿衣服，强调动作
put on（动作）
have sth on（状态）
in a green coat
she is in a green coat
be in＋衣服（状态）
12......
match：与...相配
lien：与...做比较，compare，liken sth to another thing
we liken the hat to a lighthouse
resemble：像 vt a resemble b
appear：显得，similar：与...相似，be similar to
remark/notice
notice：看
remark：说
make rude remark(粗话）
call one's name： 骂人
say F（fuck） words
fail to do：没有能够，表示强烈地肯定，not fail to
you can not fail to notict it
lesson 42
musical adj 精通音乐的
market n 市场，集市
snake character 玩蛇者（通常借音乐控制)
pipe n （吹奏的）管乐器
tune n 曲调
glimpse n 一瞥
snake n 蛇
movement n 动作
continue v 继续
dance v 跳舞
obviously adv 显然
difference n 差别
Indian adj 印度的
have a glimpse of：瞥了一眼,引入眼帘（无意识，非主动看，东西进入视线）
glance at：扫了一眼（有意识）
action ：采取行动，行动
move：移动
begin/start/continue to do
begin/start/continue doing
i continue to go/going on
continue ＋ sth
let's continue our trip
let's continue out journey
dance to the music随着音乐跳舞
tell the difference between a and b说出两者之间的差异
can you tell the difference between them？
be different from
a is different from b
differ v.
pipe:两头通的东西
obviously＝clearly
obviously you are wrong
obviously i love you
text
As we had had a long walk through one of the markets of Old Delhi,
we stopped
at a square to have a rest. After a time,we noticed a snake-charmer
with two
large baskets at the other side of the square, so we went to have
a look at him.
As soon as he saw us, he picked up a long pipe which was covered
with coins and
opened one of the baskets. When he be-gan to play a tune, we had
our first
glimpse of the snake. It rose out of the basket and began to follow
the move-
ments of the pipe.We were very much surprised when the snake charmer
sud-
denly began to play jazz tunes and popu-lar modern songs. The snake,
however,
continued to 'dance' slowly. It obviously could not tell the difference
between
Indian music and jazz!
have a walk/rest/lock
have a ＋名词，这个名词可以与动词同行的
have a swim/bath
have a bath＝bathe，have a swim＝swim
have a walk ＝ walk
have a look ＝ look
have a rest ＝ rest
have a +名词＝动词
一个动词的后面加介词（如果这个动词是不及物动词），这个动词后面加什么样的介词，
名词也可以加什么样的介词
look at－》have a look at；walk across－》have a walk across
succeed in doing sth－》be successful in－》succeed in
to 放在一个句子的后面起目的作用
at the other side of
be vovered with：盖满
play a tune（可数名词）
tune，可数名词；music，不可数名词
have a（first） glimpse of
at the first sight
i love you at the first sight of you
rise：升，vi
raise：提高，vt
follow the movements of the pipe
obviously更习惯放句首
pick：采摘，pick apples
pick up拣起
pick sb up：接某人（顺路），meet sb＋地点，专程接
pick up a lot of english＝learn a lot of english
pick out：挑出来
pick up the radio program（the program on the radio）在广播上收听节目
exercise
2...——————。
by doing...通过做某事，通过某种方式
by train 乘火车
by the river沿着河边
be the end of...到......时候为止
i show him my respect by sending him flowers
3...________...
so as to...为了，表示目的
to不定式做状语表目的
in order 在秩序中，有秩序的，有次序的，整洁的，整齐的
keep your room in order
in order to＋v为了
in order that＋从句：为了
7...it_______
might not可能不
may not可能不
must not不准
be not able to不可能
语法精髓：Nouns
1、julie went to the_____ to buy a pair of shoes
a）shoes store b）shoe's store
c）shoe store d）shoe's store answer： c
表示类别的商店，用单数名词修饰
2、as a safety precaution，all city cab drivers carry
only enough money to make change for a_____bill。
a）ten－dollar b）ten－dollars
c）tens－dollar d）ten－dollar's
answer：a
cab drivers＝taxi drivers
bill纸币
有连字符连接的单词没有复数，连字符单词做定语
3、recently，he has lost all his_____at cards。
a）wage and saving b）wages and saving
c）wage and savings d）wages and savings
wage薪水和saving积蓄，两种不同概念
answer：d
4、i want______.
a）a dollar worth candy b）candy a dollar's worth
c）a dollar's worth of candy d）a dollar worth's candy
a dollar's worth of n
answer：c
5、the surroundings a child grows up in usually___an effect
on his development
a）have b）had c）do d）had
have an effect on对......有效果
grow up 成长
in 连接作用
the surroundings做主语
a child grows up定语从句
answer：a
lesson 43
pole n （地球的）极
flight n 飞行
explorer n 探险家
lie v 处于
serious adj 严重的
point n 地点
seem v 似乎，好像，看起来
crash v 坠毁
sack n 袋子
clear v 越过
aircraft n 飞机
endless adj 无尽的
plain n 平原
South Pole 南极
North Pole 北极
Pole Star 北极星
explore v 探险
exploration n （科研相关）探索，探求，开发
adventure n 冒险（追求刺激）
venture n 冒险（为了财富，没有生命保障）
tell a lie 撒谎
lie n 谎言；lie v 撒谎 Eg. you lied。you liar！
lie，lied，lied撒谎
lie，lay，lain 处于，位于
stay in bed/lie in bed趟在床上
lie现在分词－－》lying
lay v 放，放置：lay an eff 下一个蛋
lay vt. lay sth ，lay，laid，laid
hang，hung，hung挂，悬挂
hang，hanged，hanged绞刑
you lied！
you lied to me
lie in bed
point点，一般指从飞机上向下看的点
地点place，spot
dot 点
@-->at
seem ＋ as if
seem ＋ adv
seem to be
seem that
Eg.：he seems rich。
he seems to be rich
it seems that he is rich
it seems that 看起来似乎
seem as if看起来似乎
Eg.:he seems as if he had never lived in England before
crash（从上向下掉）
aircrash空难
strike 撞击
clash撞击，冲突
over 越过（距离）
clear （凌空）越过
go over飞跃
clear the mountain飞跃山峰
the horse cleared the fense
mountains 高山
plain girl 平凡的女孩
i'm a plain girl
text
In 1929, three years after his flight over
the North Pole, the American explorer,
R. E. Byrd, successfully flew over the
South Pole for the first time. Though, at
first, Byrd and his men were able to take
a great many photographs of the moun-
tains that lay below, they soon ran into
serious trouble. At one point, it seemed certain that their plane
would crash. It
could only get over the mountains if it rose to 10,000 feet. Byrd
at once ordered
his men to throw out two heavy food sacks. The plane was then able
to rise and
it cleared the mountains by 400 feet.Byrd now knew that he would
be able to
reach the South Pole which was 300 miles away, for there were no
more mountains in sight. The aircraft was able to fly
over the endless white plains without difficulty.
exercises：
can－－可能性
be able to－－可能性，强调成功地做
4......
could与过去时态有关，强调可能性
be able to强调成功地做
用过去式表达，表示在过去发生
过去完成时，强调在过去地过去
5...d...
could rise －－有可能，不知道结果
might rise －－ 可能
might succeed in rising－－可能成功地做
rose－－没有情态动词，表示已经成为事实
6...d...
be able to
was/were able to－－表示这个动作在过去成功地做
will be able to--将来可能会成＝can
lesson 44
forest n 森林
risk n 危险，冒险
picnic n 野餐
edge n 边缘
strap n 带，皮带
possession n 所有
breath n 呼吸
contents n （常用复数）内有地物品
mend v 修理
out of breath 上气不接下气
waste one's breath 白费口舌
in one breath：片刻
hold one's breath：屏住呼吸
bad breath：口臭
content：内容（抽象）
text
Mrs Anne Sterling did not think of the risk she was taking when
she ran through
a forest after two men. They had rushed up to her while she was
having a picnic
at the edge of a forest with her children and tried to steal her
handbag. In the
struggle, the strap broke and, with the bag in their possession,
both men started
running through the trees. Mrs Sterling got so angry that she ran
after them. She
was soon out of breath, but she continued to run. When she caught
up with them,
she saw that they had sat down and were going through the contents
of the bag, so
she ran straight at them. The men got such a fright that they dropped
the bag
and ran away. 'The strap needs mending,' said Mrs Sterling later,
'but they
did not steal anything.'
Mrs. Anne Sterling did not think of the risk...
take a risk：冒...风险
run after：追赶，追随，追求，
run behind：在某人后面跑
run to：跑向
rush up to：
up：向上；面对面 （down：方向相同）
in one's possession：为某人所拥有
so...that：如此...以至于
continued to do：接着做
catch up with：追上，赶上（强调结果）
contents of the bag：包里的东西
go through：浏览，翻看
run（straight）at
need doing：需要做，需要被做（被动含义）
needn't可以回答must开头的疑问句，只能用在肯定句中，可以直接加动词－ing
want doing：主动，表示被动含义
它们的主语一定是物
need to be done主语是人，也可以是物
1、never/not think of the risk she was taking
2、with sth in one's possession
3、need doing
letter writing：
Esq.
Esquire写信时对男性的敬称（放在人名的后面）
Mr.and Mrs.（已婚）
先写人名，再写地址
key structures
a.动词-ing做介词宾语，或做主语
b.to 做介词＋动词-ing
look forward to，be used to，be accustomed to（习惯于），
devote oneself to全身心投入， object to反对
my mother devote herself to doing the housework
i object to eating out
c.begin，start，continue＋to do/doing（没有区别）
d.hate，love，like＋doing--表示一种习惯
hate，love，like＋to do--表示一次性的行为
i like drinking tea我喜欢喝茶
i like to drink coffee我喜欢喝咖啡（现在）
would love/like to do：表示想要
i hate to disturb you，but can i come in for a moment please？
我不愿意打扰你，但我可以进来一会儿吗？
i hate disturbing people when they are busy
人们忙的时候，我不愿意打扰
i hate to （say)...
i hate to say i have no money，but i really need them
i hate to say，but i really have something important to do
e.need， want
如果以物体为主语，可以直接加动词-ing，表达被动含义
i hate to leave so early，but i'm afraid i have to（很好的告别用语）
mutiple choice
4.
that's后一般加特殊疑问词引导的从句
或that's all 加从句
for 加句子的时候，放在主句之后
biaoshi由于某个理由，我们不说for this，而说for this reason
5.frightful ＝ terrible
frightened感到害怕的
10.
steal后面加物，rob的后面加人
steal sth from sb
rob sb of sth
8.
what she did她做的事
what i said is true我所说的话是真的
that is what i heard那就是我所听到的事情
what＝the thing that
the thing is that my brother will come/arrive
the thing surprised me
the thing that/whick surprised me is that my brother will come
what surprised me is that my brother will come
lesson 45
clear adj 无罪的，不亏心的
conscience n 良心，道德心
wallet n 皮夹，钱夹
savings n 存款
villager n 村民
percent 百分之...
clear conscience 问心无愧
guilty conscience 问心有愧
i have a clear conscience 我问心无愧
i have a guilty conscience我问心有愧
bad conscience问心有愧
purse 钱包（女士用）
handbag手袋
billfold钱包（美语）
savings account存款帐号
checking account存款（没有利息）
deposit定金
deposit account存款（有利息）
ATM 自动取款机
auto teller machine
self-service machine自助银行
cash card取款卡
three percent百分之三
text
The whole village soon learnt that a large sum of money had been
lost. Sam Benton,
the local butcher, had lost his wallet while taking his savings
to the post-office. Sam
was sure that the wallet must have been found by one of the villagers,
but it was
not returned to him. Three months passed, and then one morning,
Sam found
his wallet outside his front door. It had been wrapped up in newspaper
and it
contained half the money he had lost, to-gether with a note which
said: 'A thief,
yes, 'but only 5o per cent a thief!' Two months later, some more
money was sent
to Sam with another note:'Only 25 percent a thief now!' In time,
all Sam's
money was paid back in this way. The last note said:' I am 100 per
cent honest
now!'
learn得知
the whole world learn...全世界都知道
while doing是一个省略形式
这种情况应具备两个条件
1、这个动作的主语跟主句的主语一样
2、这句话一定要是进行时态
这句话完整的应为
while he was taking...
must have been done
must have done 表示对过去的推测
must have been done 是表示对过去被动的推测
三种表示一段时间以后，另外一件事情发生的方式
1、...passed and then
2、some time later
3、some passed before
wrap up 包裹
it had been wrapped up in newspaper by somebody
half the money钱的一半
half an hour半个小时
half a year半年
together with＝with介词短语作状语，表示随他一起的还有
i with my son went there我带着我的儿子去了那
my som and i went there。
the picture said...图片上说
Newspaper said...报纸上说
Note said...纸条上说
some more money又有一些钱
in time＝in the end 最终
pay back还回来
...per cent作副词
structure
no。3
while doing两者同时发生
while sb was doing当......的时候
能用while；as的地方就可以用when，反之则不一定
A
when 后的时间表达式既可以是点，也可以是段
while后的时间表达只可以是段
as 等同于while
no.7
send ＝ take/give
send/take/give sb sth
双宾语一般用离动词最近的宾语来做被动态的主语
sb be sent sth
send sth to sb
sth be sent to sb
no.6
对名词的提问用what
no.10
contain/container
include指一种抽象的包含
no.12
a time一段时间
for a long time
after a time＝after some time
lesson 46
unload v 卸（货）
wooden adj 木制的
extremely adv 非常，极其
occur v 发生
astonish v 使惊讶
pile n 堆
woollen n 羊毛的
goods n （常用复数）货物，商品
discover v 发现
admit v 承认
confine v 关在（一个狭小的空间里）
normal adj 正常的，通常的
load 装货
extremely beautiful表示漂亮到极点
i am tired。
i am extremely tired
happen vi
what happened/occured？
it happened to me......发生在我身上
what happened to the clavichord
it occured to me......我想起了一件事
it occured to sb that......
it occured to me that i didn't finish my homework我想起来了，我的作业还没做
i have a good idea/a good idea occured to me我想起一个好主意
it suddenly occured to one of the workers to open up the box。
sth occur to sb
如果一个动词跟人的情绪有关，则它的宾语是人
其形容词有两个：令人--ing；感到--ed
astonishing/astonished
surprise/shock/astonish
surprise 最常用，但意思肤浅
shock 不快的事情
astonish 难以置信的事
i am surprised
i am astonished
astound非常吃惊
deny拒绝
deny sth/deny doing
admit sth/admit doing sth
i admit having lunch
sb was confined to
confine to 固定用法
text
When a plane from London arrived at Sydney airport, workers began
to unload
a number of wooden boxes which contained clothing. No one could
account for
the fact that one of the boxes was extremely heavy. It suddenly
occurred to
one of the workers to open up the box.He was astonished at what
he found. A
man was lying in the box on top of a pile of woollen goods. He was
so surprised at
being discovered that he did not even try to run away. After he
was arrested, the
man admitted hiding in the box before the plane left London. He
had had a long
and uncomfortable trip, for he had been confined to the wooden box
for over ten
hours. The man was ordered to pay &345 for the cost of the trip.
The normal
price of a ticket is &230 !
occur to sb
it occur to sb to do sth/that......
clothing/clothes
clothing在分类时强调衣服这一种类
clothes表示“衣服”的单数名词的复数形式
no one could.....没人能
no one knows.....没人知道
account fo：explain解释（令人满意的）
give the explanation
一个句子跟在一个名词后，可以是：
1、定语从句
2、同位语从句
my friend Lucy
i know the fact that he doesn't know
i do know the fact that he doesn't know
1、同位语从句后的that是起解释说明的作用
而定语从句是起修饰的作用
2、that在从句中做主语或宾语成分，则是定语从句
that在从句中不能做主语或宾语成分，则是同位语从句
be astonished at对某件事吃惊
be surprised at对某件事吃惊
what＝the thing that
on top of在......上面
a pile of一堆
piles of snow
at the top of/on top of
on top of 与顶端有接触
at the top of在.....上方（at the top of 之前的词属于其之后的词的范围之内
admit doing sth
be confined to
over：more than
pay......for......为......付钱
pay付钱
cost of......的花费
the cost of government政府开支
it is too expensive!（表示贵得不可接受）
dear昂贵的（可以接受）
have a trip
go on a trip
2、because后面加原因
to后面加目的
avoid后面一定要加doing避免做某事
fare车费，乘坐的交通工具的费用
4、a、the wooden （adj）木头的
b、the wood木头
表示木头制的东西用wooden
key structures
固定搭配,在一部分动词后面加to，at，for，with
a to:accustom(ed),amount,appeal,apply(or for),accach(ed),attend,belong,challenge,compare(or
with),condemn(ed),confess,confine,consent,convert,entitle(d),listen,metion,object,occur,prefer,react(or
against),reply,respond,see,submit,surrender,turn,yield
与to连用：习惯于，达到，呼吁，适用于，附属于，参加，属于，向......提出挑战，比较
判刑， 承认， 限制， 同意， 改信(某宗教)，享有权利，听，提到，反对，想到，更喜欢，对......反应
回答， 响应，注意，服从于，向......投降，转向，屈服
b AT:amuse, arrive(or in), astonish(ed)(or by),exclaim, glance,
guess, knock
look, point(or to), shock(ed)(or by), stare, surprise(d)(or by),
wonder(or about),work(or on)
与at连用：对...感到有趣，到达，感到惊愕，惊叫，对...看一眼，猜测，敲
看，指向，感到震惊，盯着...看，感到惊讶，感到惊异，钻研
c for:account, ask(or of), act(or on), apologize, blame, beg, call,
charge, exchange, hope,
look, mistake, mourn, pay, prepare, provide, search, thank, vote(or
on), wait(or on)
与for连用：说明（原因）；请求；代表；因...而道歉；责备；乞求；需要；收费；交换；希望；
寻找；误认为；哀悼；为...付款；准备；提供；寻求；感谢；投票支持；等候
d with:agree, begin, communicate, compare(or to), compete(or against),
comple, confuse, contrast(or to)
cope, correspond, disgust(ed), finish, help(or in), interfere(or
in), mix, occupy(ied), part, please(d),
quarrel( or about),reason, satisfy(ied)( or by), threaten(ed).
与with连用：同意；以...开始；与...联络；与...比较；同...竞争；同意；误作；形成对照
对付；与...一致；使...讨厌；完成；帮组；干扰；混合；从事于；放弃；对......满意；
争论；规劝；感到满足；威胁
lesson 47
thirsty adj 贪杯的
ghost n 鬼魂
haunt v （鬼）来访，闹鬼
block v 堵
furniture n 家具
whisky n 威士忌
suggest v 暗示
shake v （shook，shaken）摇动
accept v 接受
thirsty 渴的
i am thirsty for the book。
be thirsty for 渴望得到
ghost强调魂
the ghost haunt闹鬼
the ghost haunted the house这个房子闹鬼
haunt（专指鬼魂） ＝ visit
the pipe was blocked
furniture不可数
a piece of furniture一件家具
a set of furniture一套家具
Scotoch一种上等的威士忌
wine果酒，如葡萄酒，石榴酒等
beer啤酒
brandy白兰地
suggest常用用法：1、＋that从句
2、＋doing
accept：receive sth with pleasent
text
A thirsty ghost
A public house which was recently bought by Mr Ian Thompson is up
for sale. Mr
Thompson is going to sell it because it is haunted. He told me that
he could not go
to sleep one night because he heard a strange noise coming from
the bar. The
next morning, he found that the doors had been blocked by chairs
and the furni-
ture had been moved. Though Mr Thompson had turned the lights off
be-
fore he went to bed, they were on in the morning. He also said that
he had found
five empty whisky bottles which the ghost must have drunk the night
before.
When I suggested that some villagers must have come in for a free
drink, Mr
Thompson shook his head. The villagers have told him that they will
not
accept the inn even if he gives it away.
a public house 酒吧
up for sale有待出售
on sale 打折卖
for sale拿出来卖的
up for有待于
this problem is up for discussion这个问题有待于讨论
hear sb doing 听见某人做某事
turn off 关闭
the light is on这个灯是亮的
the night before前一天晚上
last night昨天晚上
the next day 下一天
shake one's head摇头
nod one's head点头
even if即使
give away捐献，免费的送
multiple choice
7、in one's opinion就某人看来，以某人观点，某人认为
have to＝have get to
should可以是情态动词，表应该
it's too late，i should go home太晚了，我要回家了
must＋v（原形）：1、必须做很可能做
lesson 48
pull v 拔
cotton wool 药棉
collect v 搜集
collection n 收藏品，收集品
nod v 点头
meanwhile adv 同时
pull（vt） 拔，拉，反义词push 推
pull one's leg开某人玩笑
you are pulling my leg你在开我玩笑
don't pull my leg any more不要再开我玩笑
you are kidding你在开玩笑
no kidding不要开玩笑
you are joking
collect salary领工资
collect money筹集资金
collect stamp集邮
collect children收养孩子
meanwhile＝at the same time
用法和however一样，不能连接两个句子，但在意思上有承接作用
text
Did you want to tell me something
Dentists always ask questions when it is impossible for you to answer.
My dentist
had just pulled out one of my teeth and had told me to rest for
a while. I tried to
say something, but my mouth was full of cotton-wool. He knew I collected
birds' eggs and asked me whether my collection was growing. He then
asked
me how my brother was and whether I liked my new job in London.
In answer
to these questions I either nodded or made strange noises. Meanwhile,
my
tongue was busy searching out the hole where the tooth had been.
I suddenly felt
very worried, but could not say anything.When the dentist at last
removed the
cotton-wool from my mouth, I was able to tell him that he had pulled
out the
wrong tooth.
be busy doing 忙于做某事
search out找出
判断是否是定语从句就看是否和前面的名词有关系
where＝介词＋which
that is the house which i lived in
that is the house where i lived
this is the river where i swim
where作定语从句的标志，修饰前面的hole
in answer to作为对...的回答
in return for作为对...的报答
lesson 49
tired adj 厌烦的
real adj 真正的
owner n 主人
spring n 弹簧
mattress n 床垫
gust n 一阵风
sweep n 扫刮（swept/swept/,swept)
courtyard n 院子
smash v 碰碎，摔碎
miraculously adv 奇迹般的
unhurt adj 没有受伤的
glance v 扫视
promptly adv 迅速地
be tired of sth/doing sth 讨厌做某事
true：真挚，真诚，符合标准
spring：春天，泉水
fountain人工喷泉
mat垫子
cushion座垫
breeze：微风
gale 大风，（突发的）一阵风
a gust of anger无名火
blow
sweep sth away把...刮走
smash sth into pieces把...摔成碎片
crash：受挤压而变碎
egg is easy to crash
break:打碎
cut into pieces切碎，剪碎
tear into pieces撕碎
crack：裂
backyard后院
court院子
yard院子
glance at
glare at瞪着
stare at盯着
gaze at：盯着（无限神往，羡慕地看）
promptly＝at once，immediately
text
The end of a dream
Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Teheran saved up
for years to
buy a real bed. For the first time in his life, he became the proud
owner of a bed
which had springs and a mattress. Because the weather was very hot,
he
carried the bed on to the roof of his house. He slept very well
for the first two
nights, but on the third night, a storm blew up. A gust of wind
swept the bed
off the roof and sent it crashing into the courtyard below. The
young man did not
wake up until the bed had struck the ground. Although the bed was
smashed
to pieces, the man was miraculously unhurt. When he woke up, he
was still on
the mattress. Glancing at the bits of wood and metal that lay around
him, the
man sadly picked up the mattress and carried it into his house.
After he had put
it on the floor, he promptly went to sleep again.
be tired of：对......感到厌倦
如果一个名词和一个代词分别做主句和从句地主语，能把事物说清楚地名词
习惯放在主句做主语
用形容词短语直接做状语
tired of sleeping on the floor
Worried about my daughter，Lucy, she went to London to visit Lucy
i went home tired
i went home excited
for the first time in one's life平生第一次
for the first two nights头两天晚上
i study hard for the first two three days
blow up风越刮越大
speak up大声点
below：直接放在被修饰词之后作定语
一个句子中不能出现两个动词：
如果出现了两个动词，用and，but连接；或者把其中一个作为非谓语动词】
although：though
crash直接用主动形式，smash一般用作及物动词
glancing at＝be glancing
只有谓语动词才会把它变成集中时态
key structures
主语从句
what i say ...
宾语从句
i am sorry （that） i am late
定语从句
状语从句
原因状语because，as，since
条件状语if，
时间状语until，after，before，as
结果状语
目的状语to
following his mom，he went there
followed by his mom，he went there
letter writing
写business letter，参照范本
multiple choice
3、_______the hot weather，...
because， as， for＋句子：不能加词组
because the weather is hot...
5、How_____...
how对形容词或者副词提问
how本题中，对程度副词提问
the tree is tall
how tall is the tree
he sang songs beautifully
how beautifully did he sing
6、where...?______
down在......下（向下）；go down，sit down
under prep. ＋宾语
7、..._______around him
...that lay around him定语从句
laying（lay） vt 放；lay the eff
lying（lie）vi lie in bed
laid（lay）vt
lie，lied，lied撒谎
过去分词属于非谓语动词，做定语时与被修饰词形成被动关系
8。...very_____.
a gust of wind 一阵风
hard修饰动词，表示程度大
9....it _______the courtyard
crash vi 从上往下掉，摔碎
smash vt 敲击
knock v 敲击
explode v 爆炸
struck v 撞击
11....he______...
glance at（漫不经心的）扫视
look quickly at快速地看
had a glimpse of（无意识的）看
stare at 盯着看
watch 注视，密切关注
lesson 50
ride n 旅行
excursion n 远足
conductor n 售票员
view n 景色
trip（出差性的）旅行
travel（周游世界性的）旅行
journey（陆地上的）旅行
flight（空中）旅行
voyage（海上）旅行
tour游玩
sightseeing观光游
ride v 骑（车，马）
excursion n 游玩，郊游
weekend's excursion 周末游
Tomorrow we will have （a day's excursion 一日游）
sight n 景色，视线，视野
in one's view＝in one's opinion就某人看来
view n 景色（主观性较强）
sight（强调客观）
Can I have a room with a good view？
text
Taken for a ride
I love travelling in the country, but I
don't like losing my way. I went on an
excursion recently, but my trip took me
longer than I expected.
' I'm going to Woodford Green,' I said
to the conductor as I got on the bus,' but
I don't know where it is.'
' I'll tell you where to get off,' answered
the conductor.
I sat in the front of the bus to get a good
view of the countryside. After some time,
the bus stopped. Looking round, I realized
with a shock that I was the only passenger
left on the bus.
' You'll have to get off here,' the condoctor said. 'This is as
far as we go.'
' Is this Woodford Green ?' I asked.
'Oh dear,' said the conductor suddenly.' I forgot to put you off.'
'It doesn't matter,' I said. 'I'll get off here.'
'We are going back now,' said the conductor.
'Well, in that case, I prefer to stay on the bus,' I answered.
love doing/like doing强调一种习惯，喜欢做某事
i love my brother，but i don't like his girlfriend
i love having dinner with you，but i don't like paying for dinner
go on an excursion＝have an excursion
take花费
take sb some time
Eg.：My trip took me a long time
it 形式主语
it takes sb some time to do sth
it takes sb some time that...
it took me a month to learn book 2
sb spend some time doing sth
i spent a month learning English
sb spend some time on sth
金钱上的花费cost，pay for sth
than i expected【口语话】比我所预料的
the question is easier than i expected
you are greater than i expected
you are more beautiful than i expected
you are better than i expected
than i thought比我原以为的
the holiday took you longer than i expected
the English class took me longer than i thought
get on the bus上车
get off the bus下车
i will tell you where you can（should） get off
i will tell you where to get off
语法结构：特殊疑问词＋to＋动词原形 可用来取代宾语从句
How can I get there？
can you tell me how i can get there
can you tell me how to get there
can you tell me what to do？
can you tell me how i should do
i don't know which to choose
i wonder when to have a meeting
exercise
1、did you find out____the pie out of oven？
a to take b have taken
c when to take d pile up answer ：c
find out 发现
pie馅饼
oven火炉
take sth out of 取出来
did you find out when we could（can）take the pie out of oven
in the front of前者属于后者的范围
in front of前者不属于后者的范围
the teacher stands in the front of the classroom
the teacher stands in front of the students
get a good view of 欣赏......的美景
i stood at the window to get a good view of the city
after some time＝after a time
looking round
现在分词或过去分词做状语，那么这个动作必然与主句主语相关
1、非谓语动词做状语，这个动作必然与主句主语有关
－ing与主句主语构成主动关系
－ed与主句主语构成被动关系
to do与主句主语构成目的关系
2、如果非谓语动词做定语，只与被修饰词相关，与主语无关
passing plain路过的飞机
ploughed field耕过的地
3、如果-ing/-ed做宾补，与宾语有关
i find the door locked
i realized with a shock that...
i do sth with an excitement
that引导宾语从句
left放在被修饰词之后
with＋n 表示状态
as far as we go
this is as far as i can do
as far as ＋ 从句；最大程度地，最大限度地
as far as we go＝we couldn't go any more
i can't bear（it any more）
it was more than i could bear
this is as far as i bear
this is as far as i can understand
this is as far as i can afford我只能付这么多钱
Oh dear哦，天呐
forget to do忘记去做某事
forget doing忘记已经做了什么事
I forget to shut the door我忘了锁门
i forget shutting the door我忘门已经锁了
put sb off
put off the meeting/put off the appointment表示推迟，延期
put sb off off adv＝remind sb to do 表示提醒
put sb off推脱，敷衍
My son always asks me to take him up，I always put him off
in that case如果那样的话
in this case如果这样的话
prefer to do sth宁可做某事
prefer to do...rather than...宁可...也不...
letter writing
how to begin a letter
a、给朋友写信要称呼他们的名字，如亲爱的弗雷德，决不要以亲爱德朋友之类德词语开头
b、给亲戚写信，则可以这样开头：亲爱的妈妈，亲爱的弗雷德叔叔；
但决不可称亲爱的表兄
如何给下列人写信：
你的祖母Dear grandma 你的表姐Dear Elizabeth
你的朋友杰克：Dear Jack 你的叔叔汤姆：Dear Uncle Tom
key structures
表示习惯性动作的动词
belong to，consist of，contain，desire，detest，hate，hope，love，matter，mean，mind，need，want，wish
special difficulties
lose丢失
loose adj 松动的
miss v 怀念，思念，错过
sth is lost/sth is missing
missing adj 不见了的
missing boy 失踪了的孩子
servral screws have come loose。
come loose系动词＋adj松了
expect，wait for
I get to the office in an hour
-->it takes me an hour to get to the office
bet on sth就...打赌
lesson 51
reward n 报偿
virtue n 美德
diet n 节食
forbid v 禁止
forbidden
hurriedly adj 匆忙地
embarrass v 使尴尬
guiltily adv 内疚地
strict adj 严格的
reward v 给奖赏
occasionally adv 偶而地
give sb reward给...报偿
reward sb with sth用...奖赏...
reward sb for sth因为...给某人奖赏
...reward him for the first prize
strongpoints 长处，merit优点
shortpoints短处 weak points弱点
go on a diet
be on a diet
forbid sb to do sth：禁止某人做某事
allow sb to do允许某人做某事
Forbidden City
lost：一个动词地过去分词可以作为形容词用
broken glass被打破地玻璃
embarrassing：令人尴尬地
embarrassed:感到尴尬
sth embarrass sb
you embarrassed me你让我感到尴尬
embarrassment
to my embarrassment让我感到尴尬的
be strict with sb
my father is strict with me
be strict in sth
on the occasion偶尔
sometimes偶尔
at times偶尔
How often do you visit your parents
off and on偶尔
now and again偶尔
text
My friend, Herbert, has always been fat,
but things got so bad recently that he de-
cided to go on a diet. He began his diet
a week ago. First of all, he wrote out a
long list of all the foods which were for-
bidden. The list included most of the
things Herbert loves: butter, potatoes,
rice, beer, milk, chocolate, and sweets.
Yesterday I paid him a visit. I rang the
bell and was not surprised to see that
Herbert was still as fat as ever. He led me
into his room and hurriedly hid a large
parcel under his desk. It was obvious that
he Was very embarrassed. When I asked
him what he was doing, he smiled guiltily
and then put the parcel on the desk. He
explained that his diet was so strict that he had to reward himself
occasionally.
Then he showed me the contents of the parcel. It contained five
large bars of
chocolate and three bags of sweets!
First of all首先，首要 at first首先
write out 写出
included contain一定是容器里面装
most of 大部分 fatten：使某人长胖
pay sb a visit 拜访某人pay a visit to call at拜访某地
pay you a visit
have a visit＝visit
as...as ever像往常一样... as clean as ever
be surprised to do
lead sb into（进门） show sb out（出门） see sb off（送行）
obviously ＝ it was obvious that
letter writing
如果给一个不很熟悉的人写信，应按如下方式开头：亲爱的布朗先生
对对方熟悉，但是为了表示一种尊重
raise及物动词
rise：不能加宾语
lay：及物动词 lie不及物
beat后面接对手 win不能接对手
multiple choices
4、有ago的词，一定不用完成时，用一般过去时
11、半联系动词：be动词
感官动词feel，smell...
get：变得，become，
lie
feel＋adj
shy：害羞的（习惯性的，在某一种情况下就会作出的反应）
shame：（n）羞愧
shameful：令人羞愧的
ashamed：感到羞愧的
hot热的，恼火的
uncomfortable：不舒服的
lesson 52
temporarily adv 暂时地
inch n 英寸（度量单位）
space n 空间
actually adv 实际上
text
We have just moved into a new house and
I have been working hard all morning. I
have ten trying to get my new room in
order. This has not been easy because I
own over a thousand books. To make
matters worse, the room is rather small,
so I have temporarily put my books on
the floor. At the moment, they cover every
inch of floor space and I actually have
to walk on them to get in or out of the
room. A short while ago, my sister helped
me to carry one of my old bookcases up
the stairs. She went into my room and
got a big surprise when she saw all those
books on the floor. 'This is the prettiest
carpet I have ever seen,' she said. She
gazed at it for some time then added, 'You don't need bookcases
at all. You can
sit here in your spare time and read the carpet!'
有just就是完成时
现在完成进行时－动作有延续
现在完成时：1、在漫长地时间段，过去发生的，还一定要对现在产生影响
2、在过去发生的动作，一直延续到现在
I have been working hard all morning（还在继续）
get my new room in order
in order ：有秩序，有次序
get sth in order 使...有秩序
to make matters worse－插入语，放开头，“更糟糕的是”
rather相当的
at the moment：（＝now）现在
every inch：每一英寸（夸张）
help sb （to）do sth：帮某人做某事
help sb with sth
he help me to learn english
he help me with my english
with your help：在你的帮助下
with your help i made great progress
i have ever seen：做定语从句出现，是最高级的标志
gazed at：对...向往，羡慕
not at all起强调作用
key structures
i have read the book书已看完
i have been reading the book还没看完，还要继续
i have read 'Oliver Twist' five times
跟次数连用的，一定只能用完成时
语法精髓
1、you should go to bed.you have been watching/have watched TV for
5 hours
2、i_____having been(writing)letters since breakfast
3、i （have written）3 letters since breakfast
4、sorry，but Mr.Smith has left for Beijing
leave瞬间动词
1、和现在完成进行时连用的，一定不能是次数
2、和现在完成进行时连用的动词，一定不能时短暂动词
5、i have been looking for him everywhere，where can he be？
special difficulties
have been doing
强调动作有可能继续发生
不能是短暂动词，次数不能连用
形容词－做表语，定语
副词－修饰动词，形容词，副词词性本身
beautiful－－beautifully
不是所有的形容词都可以加ly（asleep）
不是所有的副词都一定以ly结尾（late）
不是所有的加ly的都是副词
有些词加了ly后，反而意思会改变
有些词的形容词和副词同行
late（adj，adv）迟 lately：近来
hard努力地（＝difficult）困难地 hardly几乎不
high：（adj）高的 high（adv）高度地 highly：高度地
deep：深的（adj）（adv） deeply：深度地
near：在旁边的 nearly：几乎，将近
keep order：保持秩序
动词＋宾语＋形容词－－做宾补
get，keep，make，find
else一定放在不定代词和疑问代词后面anything else、anybody else
different－－形容词，加副词或名词做宾语
other－形容词
the other－－代词
otherwise－连词，“否则',副词（＝differently）
hurry up,otherwise you will miss train
lesson 53
hot adj 带电的，充电的
fireman n 消防队员
cause v；n 引起；原因
examine v 检查
accidentally adv 意外地，偶然地
remains n 尸体，残骸
wire n 电线
volt n 伏特
power line 电力线
solve v 解决
mystery n 谜
snatch v 抓住
spark n 电火花
hot热的，hot-hot-hot：麻辣烫
hot-wings：辣鸡翅
hot-tempered：火暴（脾气）的
hot line：热线
hot topic：热门话题
hot cake：热蛋糕
hot dog：热狗
it sells like a hot cake/cakes
hot新鲜的
best seller：畅销的东西
hot potato棘手的问题
hot news最热点的新闻
hot snake触电的蛇
hydrant：消防栓
fire extinguisher：灭火器
extinguish＝put out：灭火
cause sth：引起麻烦
Carelessness causes accidents。粗心导致事故
Pride causes failure骄傲使人失败
cause sb to do sth
illness caused him to lose his temper
because：因为 be cause
reason：理由，cause：原因
cause：强调事情发生的直接原因
reason：其他各种的理由
examine the soil
check：核实，核对
accident－》accidental－》accidentally
accident：事故
unexpectedly：出乎意料地
remains指dead body
solve the mystery
solve the problem
mystery（无法接受地，解释不了的）
catch：
hold
snatch：（突然抓起来）
seize：抓住（用力）seize my arm
text
Hot snake
At last firemen have put out a big forest
fire in California. Since then, they have
been trying to find out how the fire began.
Forest fire are often caused by broken
glass or by cigarette ends which people
carelessly throw away. Yesterday the fire-
men examined the ground carefully, but
were not able to find any broken glass.
They were also quite sure that a cigarette
end did not start the fire. This morning,
however, a fireman accidentally dis-
covered the cause. He noticed the remains
of a snake which was wound round the
electric wires of a 16,000-volt power line.
In this way, he was able to solve the
mystery. The explanation was simple but
very unusual. A bird had snatched up the snake from the ground and
then
dropped it on to the wires. The snake then wound itself round the
wires. When
it did so, it sent sparks down to the ground and these immediately
started a fire.
put out a fire扑灭火
a fire一场（堆）火
since then 从那时起到现在为止
have been trying to
现在完成时强调的是很有可能
broken glass被打碎的玻璃片
cigarette ends烟头
be sure that：对...很有把握
quite sure：相当的把握性
rather：相当
fairly
quite（＝completely）－》rather－》fairly
程度一个比一个轻
quite a few颇有几个（相当多的）
start a fire＝cause a fire
accidentally（by chance）：偶然地
unexpectedly
cause：直接原因
notice：注意别人没注意的东西
wind one's way：蜿蜒而行
wind：盘旋，缠绕
in this way：以这种方式
explanation：解释
do so：这么做
i refuse to do so我拒绝这么做
send＋宾补
down to the ground
get a electric shock
now that既然
special difficulties
quiet adj 安静的
quite adv 相当地，非常地，很
cause/reason
reason：理由，cause：原因（直接）
cause v
1、cause sth：导致，引起
2、cause sb to do sth：导致某人做某事
reason v
reason with sb：劝说（以道理）
beg for sth：乞求什么东西
drop/fall
drop vt
fall vi
multiple choice
6、key phrase：be able to＝can，succeed in doing
11、in this way以这种方式
like 在英文中不表示方式
区分同位语从句与定语从句地区别：
如果that做了主语或者宾语，是定语从句
如果that既不作主语也不作宾语，是同位语从句
lesson 54
sticky adj 粘的
finger n 手指
pie n 馅饼
mix v 混合，拌和
pastry n 面糊
annoying adj 恼人的
recelver n 电话的话筒
dismay v 失望，泄气
recognize v 认出，听出
persuade v 说服，劝说
mess n 乱七八糟
doorknob n 门把手
sign v 签字
register v 挂号邮寄
as sticky as glue和胶水一样粘
thumb大拇指
index finger食指
middle finger中指
ring finger无名指
little finger小指
toe脚趾
mixture n混合物
it is annoying
annoyed感到烦恼的
比anger的语气弱
dismay sb让某人感到失望
dismaying令人失望
dismayed感到失望
reason with sb劝说
try to persuade 劝说 persuade表示劝说已经成功
what a mess！
you are a mess！你真邋遢
the man/woman is a mess
make a mess of sth把...搅得乱七八糟
he made a mess of my job他把我的工作搅得一团糟
sign your name here在这签名
signature签名
i need your signature我需要你的签名
autograph明星，名人的签名
registered letter挂号信
sign for签收
text
sticky fingers
After breakfast, I sent the children to
school and then I went to market. It was
still early when I returned home. The
children were at school, my husband was
at work and the house was quiet. So I
decided to make some tarts for tea. In a
short time I was busy mixing butter and
flour and my hands were soon covered
with sticky pastry. At exactly that mo-
ment, the telephone rang. Nothing could
have been more annoying. I picked up the
receiver between two sticky fingers and
was dismayed when I recognized the
voice of Mrs Bates. It took me ten minutes
to persuade her to ring back later. At last
I hung up the receiver. What a mess!
There was pastry on my fingers, on the telephone, and on the door-knobs.
I had
no sooner got back to the kitchen than the door-bell rang loud enough
to wake
the dead. This time it was the postman and he wanted me to sign
for a registered
letter !
after breakfast在吃过早饭后
i send the children to school送孩子上学
at school在上学
at work 在上班
at home在家休息
be busy doing忙于做某事
flour面粉，不可数名词
be covered with盖满
at exactly that monent就在那时
no one could be/have been没有人...
no one could be /have been fatter没有人更胖了
nothing could have been cheaper没有什么东西更便宜了
no face could be uglier没有一张脸更丑了
no books could be more interesting没有书更有趣了
nothing could have been more exciting没有什么事情更令人激动
pick up the receiver捡起话筒
persuade sb to do sth说服某人做某事
it takes sb some time to do sth花费某人多久做某事
ring back：1。回电话，2、再打电话
hang up挂起
hang up the receiver挂断电话
no sooner...than...
hardly...when...
enough足够的 1、n. i have/had had enough
2、adj enough＋n，n＋enough
i have enough time/time enough
enough修饰名词放在被修饰词的前面或后面
3、adv不修饰只修饰adj或者adv
enough修饰adj或者adv时一定要放在被修饰词的后面
enough to do sth足以用来做某事
he is rich enoudh to buy the whole city他富有的可以买下整个城市
i am hungry enough to eat sth
在dead，young，old前面可以直接加the
the＋adj表示...一类人
the rich富人 the young 年轻人 the blind瞎子
the English英国人 Englishman，Englishwoman
letter writing
pleased to do非常高兴的
在信的第一段里，你应该提及你已经收到的一封信或促使你回信的某一事件
如：i was very pleased to learn that you are well
multiple choice
5、nothing ＋ be more annoying表达最高级含义
8、join的两种用法
1、join the army/join the party
2、join us！
lesson 55
gold n 金子
mine n 矿
treasure n 财宝
revealer n 探测器
invent v 发明
detect v 探测
bury v 埋藏
cave n 山洞
seashore n 海岸
pirate n 海盗
arm v 武装
soil n 泥土
entrance n 入口
finally adv 最后
worthless adj 毫无价值的
thoroughly adv 彻底地
trunk n 行李箱
confident n 有信心的
value n 价值
gold/golden
sth be made of gold由金子做成的
gold watch 、gold ring
golden sum金色的太阳
Silence is golden沉默是金
golden：金色的，宝贵的
golden opportunity宝贵的机会
golden sentence黄金句型
i am glad to have the golden opportunity to stay with you
gold fish金鱼
all......it not不是所有的
all that glitters is not gold
部分否定 not all
platinum白金
treasure island金银岛
jewel珠宝，（可数）
jewelry珠宝（总称，不可数）
people/police/cattle(总称）
diamond钻石
jade碧玉
reveal揭示
hold one's arm
Farewell！Arms永别了，武器
Soldiers should be armed well士兵应该要很好的武装
the youth should be armed with knowledge
be covered with
the teacher should be patient
the teacher should be armed with patience
earth泥土
soil土壤
entrance of/entrance to
completely/thoroughly/totally
be confident of doing sth
be confident that
text
Dreams of finding lost treasure almost
came true recently. A new machine called
'The Revealer' has been invented and it
has been used to detect gold which has
been buried in the ground. The machine
was used in a cave near the sea-shore
where--it is said--pirates used to hide
gold. The pirates would often bury gold
in the cave and then fail to collect it.
Armed with the new machine, a search
party went into the cave hoping to find
buried treasure. The leader of the party
was examining the soil near the entrance
to the cave when the machine showed
that there was gold under the ground.
Very excited, the party dug a hole two
feet deep. They finally found a small gold coin which was almost
worthless. The
party then searched the whole cave thoroughly but did not find anything
except
an empty tin trunk. In spite of this, many people are confident
that 'The
Revealer' may reveal something of value fairly soon.
dreams come true梦想成真
dreams ended梦想破灭了，梦断了
dream of
dream of doing sth
i dream of flying in the sky
dream of flying in the sky comes true
一句话中只有一个动词，如果再出现动词，可以用and并列连接，也可以变成复合句
用when，because连接，还可以使这个动词表示动词意思，但不做谓语，即非谓语
动词
过去分词做定语，表示被
ploughed field
n＋called
the plane called a “Pilatus Porter”
如果用短语修饰其他词，则把短语放在被修饰词的后边
be used to do被用来
used to do
同位语从句中的引导词只要一个that
under the ground
it is said是插入语“据说”
used to常常
would一般表示从过去看将来，但此处表示“used to”过去常做
be armed with
went into the cave
hoping to find
如果几个句子的主语是同一事物，则可以把几个句子合并为一个句子
在把握中心句子的前提下，注意其他成分的合成。如果是主动关系，用ing形式
保留一个句子做主句，其他的变成非谓语动词
非谓语动词采用何种形式，则根据其与主语的关系，如果是主动关系，用ing，被动
关系，则用动词的ed形式
主句与其他句子的位置安排要保持句子的平衡，还要注意动作的连贯
the boy went home。the boy was crying。the boy was beaten
beaten by sb，the boy went home，crying
形容词短语做状语
tired of
two feet deep数词＋量词＋形容词
long/wide/high/deep
数词＋量词＋形容词结构可以做定语；也可以做表语
the street is wide
the street is five meters wide
离名词最近的形容词是最被强调的
in spite of尽管
something of value
of 加名词往往让人联想这名词对应的形容词
of value＝valuable
形容词要放在不定代词的后边
something important
something of importance
someone patient
someone of patience
multiple choice
3、介词后面要加v＋ing形式
被用来做某事，有两种表达方式
如果跟名词相连说be used for
如果跟动词相连说be used to do＋v be used for ＋v＋ing
8、machine机器
engine发动机
machinery机器（总称，一般后边不会加s，前面也不加a）
mechanic技师
revealer探测器
of small value＝worthless不值钱的
of great value非常值钱的
lesson 56
sound n 声音
excitement n 激动，兴奋
handsome adj 漂亮的，美观的
Rolls-Royce 罗乐斯-罗伊斯
Benz n 奔驰
wheel n 轮子
explosion n 爆炸，轰响
course n 跑道，行程
rival n 对手
speed v 疾驶
downhill adv 下坡
sound v 听起来
adj 合理的 等于reasonable
i have a piece of sound advice
我有一个合理的建议
soundly香甜的
sleep soundly
voice人的声音
noise和周围不和谐的声音，躁音
to one's excitement令人激动的是
the most exciting thing is that
最令人激动的是
the most surprising thing about it is that
it excited me that
让我激动的是
you look beautiful
一般形容人，形容人的时候表示内在和外在美的统一
she is pretty
flowers are beautiful
picture is beautiful
pretty美丽（用于女孩或小孩）
pretty boy pretty girl pretty woman
nice
you are nice你长得不错
lovely可爱的
this is a lovely story这是一个可爱的故事
lovely girl
good-looking
smart小巧而美丽的（物）
时髦而美丽的（人）
cute漂亮，常用来形容小孩
the baby is cute
what a cute baby
how cute you are
handsome形容男孩
pretty跟男性连用就表示没有阳刚气，女性化
handsome跟女性连用的时候就表示这个女孩子有阳刚气
explode v
explosive n 炸药
bomb n 炸弹
the bomb exploded
on the course按照轨道运行
off course 偏离轨道
course n 课程
this term， i took seven courses这学期我学了七门课
competition n 竞争，竞赛
competitor：the person who takes part in the competition竞争者，对手
opposite相反的
opponent n 对手，持相反意见的人
enemy敌人
rival势均力敌的，势均力敌的对手
speed sped sped
speed 速度
at the speed of 以...的速度
the car goes at the speed of 40 miles/hour
在车后的3 speed/4 speed表示档位
blow up风力的增加
speed up速度的增加，加速
slow down减速
downstairs下楼
upstairs上楼
go down stairs
go downhill 下山
downtown市中心的商业区
i'll go to the downtown
text
Once a year a race is held for old cars. A
lot of cars entered for this race last year
and there was a great deal of excitement
just before it began. One of the most
handsome cars was a Rolls-Royce Silver
Ghost. The most unusual car was a Benz
which had only three wheels. Built in
1885, it was the oldest car taking part.
After a great many loud explosions, the
race began. Many of the cars broke down
on the course and some drivers spent
more time under their cars than in them !
A few cars, however, completed the race.
The winning car reached a speed of forty
miles an hour--much faster than any of
its rivals. It sped downhill at the end of
the race and its driver had a lot of trouble trying to stop it.
The race gave every-
one a great deal of pleasure. It was very different from modern
car races but no
less exciting.
how fast did the winning car go？
race车赛
enter for报名参加
a great deal of 大量的
a great number of
a great many
a large amount of
there was a great deal of excitement人们非常激动
break down车子抛锚
many cars许多车子
many of the cars 车子当中的许多
many students许多学生
many of my students 我叫过的许多学生
some pictures一些照片
some of the pictures那些照片中的一些
much faster快得多
a little faster快一点
any of its rival＝any rival
any 在比较级中一旦出现，它往往要加可数名词得单数
Beijing is bigger than any city
如果是不定代词，可以说someone else，anyone else
如果不是不定代词，要在名词前加otherany other competitor
have trouble doing sth干...有麻烦
give sb pleasure
give sb a fraight
give me a fright你吓了我一跳
give you a surprise给你一个惊喜
give sb＋n
be different from和...不同
no more和no less都表示和...一样，only，the same
there are no more than 100 students
表示不相同用
not more；not less
not less ＝ more
not more ＝ less
not less exciting更令人激动
no less exciting一样得激动
no more than you 和你一样
be held for 比赛为...而举行
is held for the blind
a great deal of后要加不可数名词，表示大量得
have trouble doing做...很困难
have trouble in doing sth
not so...as不如
not as...as
take part in参加
take place＝happen
lesson 57
madam n 太太，夫人
jeans n 牛仔裤
hesitate v 犹豫，迟疑
serve v 接待（顾客）
scornfully adv 轻蔑地
punish v 惩罚
fur n 裘皮
eager adj 热切的，热情的
trousers裤子
pants裤子
hesitate to do sth
make up one's mind
hesitation犹豫
without hesitation毫不犹豫
（n）service
at your service
look down upon（on）
punishment惩罚
capital punishment极刑
mink貂皮
be eager to do 急于做某事
text
can i help you，madam？
A woman in blue jeans stood at the win-
dow of an expensive shop. Though she
hesitated for a moment, she finally went
in and asked to see a dress that was in the
window. The assistant who served her
did not like the way she was dressed.
Glancing at her scornfully, he told her
that the dress was sold. The woman
walked out of the shop angrily and de-
cided to punish the assistant next day.
She returned to the shop the following
morning dressed in a fur coat, with a
handbag in one hand and a long umbrella
in the other. After seeking out the rude
assistant she asked for the same dress.
Not realizing who she was, the assistant
was eager to serve her this time with great difficulty, he climbed
into the shop
window to get the dress. As soon as she saw it, the woman said she
did not like it.
She enjoyed herself making the assistant bring almost everything
in the window
before finally buying the dress she had first asked for.
do window shopping（表示在橱窗外面购物）
ask to do sth
dress sb 给某人穿衣服
i dress myself
反身代词是不能做主语的
be dressed in
the way 可以直接加定语从句，不需要引导词
i cooked in the way you taught me
with sth in hand 手上拿着
非谓语动词形式的否定词not一定要直接加在该结构的前面
with great difficulty/trouble
he had a lot of trouble climbing into the shop window to get the
dress
enjoy oneself
enjoy sth
enjoy doing
make sb do sth
key structures
at 表地点
off：1、away from 2、down from
in 后面加衣服，或颜色
with 表示具有，带有，拿有
special difficulties
let/make sb do sth
be made to do
multiple choice
9、
else放在不定代词或疑问代词后面，who else anyone else
other，next都多形容词用，单个形容词修饰一个名词
一定要放在被修饰词之前，the next day the other books
after 可以放在结尾，副词表达式：later
three days later three days after
before i've never seen it before
lesson 58
blessing n 福气，福分
disguise n 伪装
tiny adj 极小的
possess v 拥有
cursed adj 可恨的
increase v 增加
plant v 种植
chruch n 教堂
evil adj 坏的
reputation n 名身
claim v 以...为其后果
victim n 受害者，牺牲品
vicar n 教区牧师
source n 来源
income n 收入
trunk n 树干
bless 保佑
God bless you
Bless you
bless my country
in disguise穿着伪装的
a blessing in disguise因祸得福
a curse in disguise
a wolf in disguise披着羊皮的狼，被伪装的狼
possession
in one's possession
sb possess sth
如果有ed构成形容词，做为形容词读音要读/id/
add
grow不及物动词
plant：强调把东西给种下去
grow生长
grow sth
plant tree
church ＋ the ：地点
不＋the和功能有关
go to the church：去教堂玩
go to church去教堂做礼拜
i am at church做礼拜
i am at the church：在教堂玩
good reputation
bad reputation
fame一定是好名身
famous
resource re-又
reread
bonus奖金
DINK-丁克家族
D－double
I－income
N－no
K－kids
text
The tiny village of Frinley is said to
possess a 'cursed tree'. Because the tree
was mentioned in a newspaper, the num-
ber of visitors to Frinley has now in-
creased. The tree was planted near a
church fifty years ago, but it is only in
recent years that it has gained an evil
reputation. It is said that if anyone touches
the tree, he will have bad luck; if he picks
a leaf, he will die. Many villagers believe
that the tree has already claimed a num-
ber of victims. The vicar has been asked
to have the tree cut down, but so far he
has refused. He has pointed out that the
tree is a useful source of income as tour-
ists have been coming from all parts of
the country to see it. In spite of all that has been said, the tourists-have
been
picking leaves and cutting their names on the tree-trunk. So far,
not one of them
has been struck down by sudden death!
被动语态－》据说
it is said that...
called sth called ... 和地点相连的词的名字：of，跟城市，村庄连
the city of Beijing：名叫北京的城市
the village is said to＋动词＋。。。
be said to
it is said that village possesses a ‘cursed tree’。
he is said to be very good据说他人非常好
mention
my father ofter mentions you
in a newspaper：强调报纸里面的内容
on the newspaper
the number of a number of
后面都加可数名词的复数
a number of＝lots of做复数看待
the number of：...的数量 做单数看待
主谓数字一致
gain＝get
it is ...that：强调 it is i that am looking for you
it is you that i'm looking for
分号可以断开两个句子
anyone：任何人
if anyone wanted to go there， he will do sth
be asked to do
have sth done 让某事被别人做
i will go to have my bicycle repaired
i will have my hair cut
point out：explain
have been doing：现在完成进行时态
in spite of this
in spite of 介词后面不能接从句，只能加王哈特引导的从句
not one of＝none of
strick struck stricken
be struck town被打倒
poverty-struck穷困潦倒
multiple choice
1、cut切割
pick摘
2、gain/earn the reputation
gain：获得＝get sth
earn得到结果（通过努力）
earn money 挣钱
earn one's living：谋生
10、win赢得（通过比赛或竞争）
beat打败（后加对手）
profit利润&得到利润
grow＝increase（表示数量增长），the number is increasing/growing
grow增长和生长
increase增长
lesson 59
bark v 狗叫
press v 按，压
paw n 脚爪
latch n 门闩
expert n 专家
develop v 养成
habit n 习惯
remove v 拆掉，取下
the dog is barking
somebody is barking某人在咆哮
cat's paw被人所利用的人
i don't want to be a cat's paw我才不想被人利用
bar门闩
expert at/in在某一方面是专家
expert at/in doing sth
develop the file冲洗胶卷
develop：发展
developing skills：发展技巧
developing country：发展中国家
developed country发达国家
bliling water滚开水
boiled water开水
custom：风俗，习俗
customs海关
customer顾客
remove sth from从...挪走
text
Our dog, Rex, used to sit outside our
front gate and bark. Every time he wanted
to come into the garden he would bark
until someone opened the gate. As the
neighbours complained of the noise, my
husband spent weeks training him to
press his paw on the latch to let himself
in. Rex soon became an expert at opening
the gate. However, when I was going out
shopping last week, I noticed him in the
garden near the gate. This time he was
barking so that someone would let him
out ! Since then, he has developed another
bad habit. As soon as he opens the gate
from the outside, he comes into the gar-
den and waits until the gate shuts. Then
he sits and barks until someone lets him out. After this he immediately
lets himself
in and begins barking again. Yesterday my husband removed the gate
and Rex
got so annoyed we have not seen him since.
let sb in让某人进来
let sb out让某人出去
let sb down让某人失望
let‘s like let's go and so on
front gate
would＝used to
every time＝when
the monment＝as soon as
the monment一...就...(强调的是瞬间
every time：每次，每当
every time i turn to lesson 59，i will remember my teacher
complaim of抱怨
spend time doing花费某段时间去做某事
it takes sb事情做主语
sb spend time人做主语
train sb to do 训练某人做某事
press his paw/press the latch
press the button/press the figure on the button
so that：以便于，为了（表达目的）
so...that...如此...以至于，结果状语从句，可以省略一个词
表达目的:to/in order to/in order that/ so as to/so that,
to+动词原形，他哈特＋从句
目的状语从句必须具备一个特征，在动词前面一定要出现情态动词
目的状语从句当中不存在want，只有to do
非谓语动词的否定形式在结构前面
如果发现do的动作不是由主语做的，而是由其他人做的，在to的前面加for sb
不定式的逻辑主语for sb to do sth
multiple choice
6、
so that引导目的状语从句
in case 以防万一，如果
EG.:Bring your unbrella in case it rains
so表示结构：引导句子
7、as soon as he______...
as soon as引导状语从句
状语从句中使用一般现在时取代一般将来时
be opening强调动作正在发生
has been doing现在完成进行时强调从过去延续到现在
lesson 62
control n 控制
smoke n 烟
desolate adj 荒凉的
threaten v 威胁的
surrounding adj周围的
destruction n 破坏，毁灭
flood n 洪水，水灾
authority n （常用复数）当局
grass-seed n 草籽
spray v 喷撒
quantity n 量
root n 根
century n 世纪
patch n 小片
blacken v 变黑，发暗
control str （v）：控制
i can control it
i can manage it我能对付
介词短语：
in control：在控制之内
under control：在控制之下
out of control：失控
arrest：逮捕
under arrest：被逮捕
smoke：（v）吸烟
Don't smoke
No smoking
cigarette,cigar:(n)香烟
smoke：烟雾
full of smoke
名词加-y，变为形容词
smokey：（a.）多烟的
smokey area：吸烟区
nonsmokey area：吸烟区
heavy smoker：烟瘾重的人
lonely：孤独的，荒凉的，偏僻的
desolate：荒凉的，极度孤独的
desolate＋地方－－无人居住，荒无人烟的
threaten to do：威胁着要做...
threaten sb with sth：以什么来威胁某人
it threatened to rain有迹象表明明天要下雨了
surrounding：环境（在周边的事物）
atmosphere：大气层，氛围（在周边的人文环境）
destroy（v）：破坏
destructive：毁灭性的
construction：建设，建筑
build：建设（具体的建某物）
construct：建设（为...创造更好的条件）
spray sth over/on往什么上喷洒
spray water over/on flower
spray grass-seed over/on ground
quality：质量
quantity：数量
sth with good quality
quantities of：大量的
root of...的根
what is the root cause？
take root：升根
come out：长出来
shoot：芽
a patch of：一小片
patches of：许多片
piece：片，快
patch（平面上的）一片，补丁
-en --表示动词
weak虚弱的
weaken使...虚弱，削弱
复合词：fireman
派生词：（前缀，后缀）
-tion --名词
- less --形容词
text
Firemen had been fighting the forest fire
for nearly three weeks before they could
get it under control. A short time before,
great trees had covered the countryside
for miles around. Now, smoke still rose
up from the warm ground over the deso-
late hills. Winter was coming on and the
hills threatened the surrounding villages
with destruction, for heavy rain would
not only wash away the soil but would
cause serious floods as well. When the
fire had at last been put out, the forest
authorities ordered several tons of a special
type of grass-seed which would grow
quickly. The seed was sprayed over the
ground in huge quantities by aeroplanes.
The planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began
to rain. By
then, however, in many places the grass had already taken root.
In place of the
great trees which had been growing there for centuries, patches
of green had
begun to appear in the blackened soil.
fight sth：和...作搏斗
get＋宾语＋介词短语－－作宾补
for miles around方圆几英里
a short time before--从过去某一点时间算起，一段时间以前
a short time ago--从现在算起，一段时间以前
都可以放在段时间之后
rose up（from）：升上来
over the desolate hills:(烟、雾）弥漫
winter was coming on季节的来临
put our 扑灭
order 定购
several tons of a special type of grass－seed
in huge quantities--介词短语作状语，“大量的"
in place of替代（只能指代位置、空间）
in stead of替代＋没做的事
in stead of staying home，i went to school
special difficulties：
control：控制
check：检查，核对
great：大的（强调重要性）
big大的（强调面积，体积上的）
multiple choice
6、花费：如果人作主语用spend
用时间表达用take
9、weights weigh重量
measures 测量
tons吨 several tons
amounts large amounts 大量的，修饰不可数名词
11、patches许多快
everywhere每一寸土地上都长着东西
here and there 这一块，那一块，很多快，不一定是每一寸
summary writing
now that既然
by the time（that）到...时候为止
lesson 63
circle n 圈子
admire v 赞美，钦佩
close adj 亲蜜的
wedding n 婚礼
reception n 招待会
sort n 种类
admire sb for sth：因为...羡慕某人
i admire him for his richness/house/clever daughter/konwledge.
close friend
my best friend's
reception ＝ party
wedding＝reception婚宴
news conference新闻发布会，记者招待会
type 种类，有特殊特征的
一般情况都用kind，sort
习惯用sort的时候：1、那种人that sort of person
2、sort可含有讽刺意味
that's the sort of thing you like best
text
Geoffrey Hampden has a large circle of
friends and is very popular at parties.
Everybody admires him for his fine sense
of humor--everybody, that is, except his
six-year-old daughter, Jenny. Recently,
one of Geoffrey's closest friends asked
him to make a speech at a wedding recep-
tion. This is the sort of thing that Geoffrey
loves. He prepared the speech carefully
and went to the wedding with Jenny. He
had included a large number of funny
stories in the speech and, of course, it was
a great success. As soon as he had finished,
Jenny told him she wanted to go home.
Geoffrey was a little disappointed by this
but he did as his daughter asked. On the
way home, he asked Jenny if she had enjoyed the speech. To his surprise,
she
said she hadn't. Geoffrey asked her why this was so and she told
him that she
did not like to see so many people laughing at him!
1、have a large circle of friends有一个很大的朋友圈子，交际很广
＝sb has/have a lot of friends
he has a large circle of friends他有很多朋友
2、that is一旦插在句子当中，是作为固定结构，意思是那就是说
3、prepare sth后面跟内容有关系
prepare for sth后面不一定跟内容有关系
speech发言
i am preparing a speech。
4、as从句：正如，方式状语从句
a little 稍微，有一点
be disappointed by因为某事感到失望
do as you are told按你被告知的做
5、why this was so
this 可以作主语，也可以作宾语
so 只能作宾语，只能放在动词后面
i think so
i hope so
i guess so
do so
i expect so
like to do 某一次
like doing习惯
see sb doing看见某人正在作某事
so many people
跟数字相连的前面一定要用so
the sort of，the kind of的后面加单数
included 包含，把里面内容的一部分挑出来说
contain强调容器里的包含，后面一定要把所有的东西都列举出来
it was a great success
multiple choice
no、4
except for ＝ apart from
apart from a few words，i do not know any French at all
no、7
a little少量，少许
little几乎没有
与形容词或副词连用时，用a little
与名词连用时，用a little，little都可
何时用a little，何时用little，是由说话人的态度区分
i have little time
i have a little time
somehow i fell in the hole
somewaht＝a little
no、8
think of考虑
think highly of高度赞扬
lesson 64
tunnel n 隧道
port n 港口
ventilate v 通风
chimney n 烟囱
sea level 海平面
double adj双的
ventilation n 通风
fear v 害怕
invasion n 入侵，侵略
officially adv 正式地
connect v 连接
European adj 欧洲的
continent n 大陆
channel 海峡
airport航空港
air
air the room，please给房间通通风
couple/pair两个
a couple of weeks
a pair of shoes/socks/glasses
Forced Ventilation强制排风系统
afraid/frighten/frightening/frightened/frightful
be afraid/fear是习惯性的/人做主语
frighten/scare是因某件突然的事情才又的害怕情绪/句子后边的部分是人
sb fear sth
i feared darkness
i fear dogs
be afraid of i am afraid of dogs
be afraid that can you help me？i am afraiid i can't（恐怕）
sth frighten/scare sb
you frightened/scared me
the film scared me
official（官方的）
formally（一般）
connect sth with/to
text
In l858, a French engineer, Aime Thome
de Gamond, arrived in England with a
plan for a twenty-one mile tunnel across
the English Channel. He said that it
would be possible to build a platform in
the centre of the Channel. This platform
would serve as a port and a railway sta-
lion. The tunnel would be well-ventilated
if tall chimneys were built above sea-level.
In 1860, a better plan was put forward by
an Englishman, William Low. He sug-
gested that a double railway tunnel should
be built. This would solve the problem of
ventilation, for if a train entered this
tunnel, it would draw in fresh air behind
it. Forty-two years later a tunnel was
actually begun. If, at the time, the British had not feared invasion,
it would have
been completed. Recently, there has again been great interest in
the idea of a
Channel Tunnel. If it is built, it will connect Britain to Europe
for the first time
in history.
描速一件事物的要素：
who/do/what/how/why
plan for
twenty-one-mile 加连字符，是定语
serve as作为......来服务，起......作用
it will serve as a swimming pool
put forward（plan/suggestion）提出
suggest有两个意思
1、作为“暗示”意思时，用法与其他的词相同
2、作为“建议”意思时，则为虚拟语气，后接动词是要用-ing形式，后接
that从句采用一种固定的用法
should＋动词原形
insist 用法作坚持用时同suggest
he suggested that a double railway-tunnel be built
i suggested （that） he （should） go home
he insisted that i should stay to lunch
draw in吸进
虚拟语气（非真实条件句）
1、与现在事实相反
2、与过去事实相反
其从句的使用：
1、与现在事实相反，用一般过去时
2、与过去事实相反，用过去完成时，此时主句格式为would have done
would/could/should
must have done对过去的推测
cann't have done对过去的推测
情态动词加have done 表示对过去的推测
wait ofr
wait for five minutes
i have waited five minutes
i have waited for you for five minutes
i have waited five years for you
非谓语动词中的ing形式
1、表示其与主语是主动的关系
2、表示动作正在发生
非谓语动词中的ed形式表示其与主语是被动的关系
key structures
1、虚拟语气 与过去事实相反
特殊结构：suggest/insist，后接that从句（should＋动词原形）
multiple choice
mix：混合
join：连接（加入），成为其中一员
rejoin：再次加入
combine：合并
draw up＝stop
draw up签署
draw back倒退
lesson 65
versus prep 对
Christmas n 圣诞节
circus n 马戏团
present n 礼物
accompany v 陪伴，随行
approach v 走近
ought modal verb应该
weigh v 重
fortunate adj 幸运的
Christmas Eve
Father Christmas：圣诞老人
Santa Claus：圣诞老人
i'll accompany you to your hotel
i'll accompany you home
come nearer and nearer
the old man approaches 80 years old
approach sb
he is approaching me
approach n 途径，方法
we have found an approach to success
ought to do sth
should do sth
should
：应该（我认为）
ought to：应该（义务上）
you shouldknock at the door
you ought to knock at the door
sb＋weigh＋体重
weight n
lose weight 减肥
lucky：有运气的，幸运的
text
Last Christmas, the circus owner, Jimmy
Gates, decided to take some presents to a
children's hospital. Dressed up as Father
Christmas and accompanied by a 'guard
of honour' of six pretty girls, he set off
down the main street of the city riding a
baby elephant called Jumbo. He, should
have known that the police would never
allow this sort of thing. A policeman
approached Jimmy and told him he ought
to have gone along a side-street as Jumbo
was holding up the traffic. Though Jimmy
agreed to go at once, Jumbo refused to
move. Fifteen policemen had to push
very hard to get him off the main street.
The police had a difficult time, but they
were most amused. 'Jumbo must weigh a few tons,' said a policeman
afterwards,
'so it was fortunate that we didn't have to carry him. Of course,
we should arrest
him, but as he has a good record, we shall let him off this time.'
take to：把...送到
dress up as：打扮成为
dress up：打扮
be dressed
accompanied
a guard of honour：仪仗队
set off：出发
riding跟主语有关系，必然是状语
should have done：原本应该做而没做
needn't have done：过去不必做但是做了
ought to：应该
所有的情态动词＋have done都跟过去有关
1、跟虚拟语气有关的：would have done
2、表示推测句型：may/must/can't have done
as＝because
hold up the traffic：阻碍交通
though尽管
agree to do：同意做某事
agree with sb
agree to （prep）sth
i agree with you
i agree to your advice
i agree to go with you
off＝away from离开什么地方
must＋v推测：have to：不得不
afterwards＝later后来
it was fortunate that...
carry：抬起来
should跟现在有关系
should have done跟过去有关系
let sb off（go）：让某人走（离开）
record：（警察局的）记录
set up a new world record
sb have a good record
resume：履历
情态动词＋have done一定和过去有关系
1、表示推测的过去：must/can't/may
2、虚拟语气相连：would have done
3、should have done：原本该做但是没做
4、needn't have done：原本不必做但是做了
should（应该）/ought to（应该）/have to
ought to：应该（强调义务）
have to：不得不
must表示推测
should应该（含有建议）
multiple choice
3、as后面要加句子，只有在the same as结构时不加句子，或者
是as...as
Lucy is the same as her sister。
like的后面加词
like me 象我这样
like London象伦敦一样
seem后面可以直接加形容词
he seemed rich他看起来很富有
seem后面会加to 这个不定式结构
he seemed to be rich
一个句型：
it seemed that...表示某件事情看起来似乎如此
it seemed that he is rich
1、seem加形容词
2、加不定式
3、it seemed that句型
4、seem后加as if从句
must的后面是不会加to的
have to当中的have是实义动词
lesson 66
Lancaster n 兰开斯特
bomber n 轰炸机，炸弹手
remote adj 偏僻的
Pacific n 太平洋
damage v 毁坏
wreck n 残骸
rediscover v 重新发现
aerial adj 航空的
survey n 调查
rescue v 营救
package v 把...打包
enthusiast n 热心人
restore v 修复
imagine v 想像
packing case 包装箱
colony n 群，殖民地
bee n 蜂
hive n 蜂房
preserve v 保护
beeswax n 蜂蜡
bomb 炸弹
lonely偏僻的（孤零零的）
remote village遥远的村庄
lonely island孤岛
remote偏远
Atlantic大西洋
Indian ocean印度洋
Arctic ocean
wreck强调坏了没用的东西：broken thing
wrekage强调坏的东西成碎片：piece of
re-表示再，又的意思
review复习
reread再读
rewrite改写
retell复述
investigation调查
survey调查（一定要跟数据有关系）
aerial survey航空调查
rescue＝save
pack n. v.小包，把...打成小包
package n 大包
package v 把...打成打包
parcel包裹（邮局邮寄）
pack it for me
wrap it up for me
package deal
imagine doing
imagine it想象一下吧
imagine that
colony 一群聚居在一起的生物
a colony of ants一群蚂蚁
a colony of bees一群蜜蜂
a colony of artists一群艺术家
a flock of
a flock of goats 羊群
a herd of cows 一群奶牛
a crowd of（用于人）
protect保护
preserve保存（经过特殊手段而保存下来）
bean curd豆腐
preserved bean curd豆腐乳
preserved fruit果脯
preserved meat腊肉
preserved fish腊鱼
smoked fish熏鱼
can i keep your photo？
我能保存你的照片吗？
how long can i keep it？
can i return it to you？
can i keep it for you？
store the cabbage
store储存，保存（以便日后使用）
text
Sweet as honey
The Hatheld Puffin is a modern aero-
plane, but its designer, Mr John Wim-
penny, is finding it difficult to get it off
the ground. The reason for this is that
this plane is also a bicycle. Its pilot has
to pedal hard to get it into the air. After
Mr Wimpenny had the plane built, it was
tested thoroughly. In 1961, it was the
first man-powered aircraft to fly half a
mile. While being flown by a champion
amateur cyclist in 1963, the plane crashed
on an airfield. Since then, Mr Wimpenny
has had it rebuilt. He has had the length
of the wings increased so that they now
measure 93 feet--almost as long as those
of a Dakota. Many people have shown
interest in this new and unusual sport. But though air cyclists
may learn how to
fly over short distances, and may, eventually, even get across the
English
Channel, it is doubtful whether they will ever cycle across the
Atlantic.
Lancaster轰炸机的型号
crash从上往下掉
crash in the mountain掉到山里
west of
east of
south of
north of
在英文中跟方位感相连的介词有三个in，on，to
Haerbin‘s in the north of China
on是指跟一个地方有接触面
Korea is on the north of China
to是相离的概念
前面又没the，又没介词，the west of＝to the west of
west of前面没有任何词修饰的时候，我们认为处于相离的概念
was too badly damaged损坏的太厉害
over在此之间，相当于during
over the years 这些年来
over the new year在新年期间
over the Christmas在圣诞期间
over Spring Festival在春节期间
remain＋adj看作系动词be理解
the room remained ward房间还是那么暖和
Christmas is coming few days after the beginning of the winter
by this time到这时
in condition处于...状态
in reasonable condition＝in good condition
in perfect condition处于完美状态
in poor confition状态不好
in reasonable condition做后置定语
keep the house in good condition
建议看的几部电影
walking in the cloud 云中漫步
dinosaur恐龙
snow white白雪公主
be worth doing表达了被动含义
the cake is worth eating
the books are worth reading
have something done
in parts:little by little,bit by bit一部分一部分
imagine后面可以直接加宾语
imagine my excitement when i found my mother outside
imagine their excitement and delight when the People’s Republic
of China was founded
the door opened（open是动词）
the door is open（open是形容词）
break sth open打开...
cut open切开
cut it open剪开（信封）
tear it open撕开（信封）
busy as a bee忙得象个蜜蜂
sweet as honey甜得象蜜
sticky as glue胶水一样粘
stong as horse马一样强壮
turn...into把...变成
在固定短语中as...as中得的一个as省略
as busy as a bee中第一个as省略
i am busy as a bee
key structures
have sth done
1、让别人做某事 2、遭遇不幸
i have my leg broken我摔断了腿
i have my wallet lost/stolen我丢了钱包
special difficulties
my family are watching TV
my family is happy
集合名词做人看：复数；不作人看，单数
lesson 67
volcano n 火山
active adj 活动的
Kivu n 基伍湖
Congo n 刚果
Kituro n 基图罗
erupt n （或山）喷发
violently adv 猛烈地，剧烈地
manage v 设法
brilliant adj 精彩的
liquid adj 液态的
escape v 逃脱
alive adj 活着的
active：积极的
passive：消极的，被动的
violent（adj）
manage to do
i can manage it
escape death：死里逃生
narrow escape：九死一生
escape doing sth
alive 做定语时一定要放在被修饰词后面
living sth
live（adj）：现场的；表“活着的”永远不和人连用
text
Haroun Tazieff the Polish scientist, has
spent his life-time studying active vol-
canoes and deep caves in all parts of the
world. In 1948, he went to lake Kivu in
the Congo to observe a new volcano
which he later named Kituro. Tazieff was
able to set up his camp very close to the
volcano while it was erupting violently.
Though he managed to take a number of
brilliant photographs, he could not stay
near the volcano for very long. He
noticed that a river of liquid rock was
coming towards him. It threatened to sur-
round him completely, but Tazieff man-
aged to escape just in time. He waited
until the volcano became quiet and he was
able to return two days later. This time, he managed to climb into
the mouth of
Kituro so that he could take photographs and measure temperatures.
Tazieff has
often risked his life in this way. He has been able to tell us more
about active
volcanoes than any man alive.
spend some time doing sth
用不定式做目的状语
close to：离......很近
for long＝for a long time
notice sth
notice sb do/doing
notice that
river of...：......形成的河流
threaten to：有迹象表明
take a risk of/at a risk of：冒险
risk sth＝risk losing sth：冒着失去......的危险
risk doing：冒着做......的危险
在两相比较中，如果前者属于后者，那一定要在比较时用other，else排除前者
special difficulties
say sth
tell sb sth
tell the time
what time is it？/what's the time？/can you tell mewhat time it is？
tell the difference between
tell（sb）a lie
tell（sb）the truth
say a good word for sb：为某人说好话
multiple choice questions
4、only just＝almost not
7、on the subject of＝about
towards＝in the direction of
lesson 68
persistent adj 坚持的，固执的
avoid v 避开
insist v 坚持做
you are stubborn你这个死脑筋
persist坚持（不顾阻拦一味的坚持）persist in doing sth
insist坚持（认为，说，是人的一种态度）insist on doing sth
persevere坚持不懈（褒义词）persevere in
avoid doing sth
text
I crossed the street to avoid meeting him,
but he saw me and came running towards
me. 'It was no use pretending that I had
not seen him, so I waved to him. I never
enjoy meeting Bert Dykes. He never has
anything to do. No matter how busy you
are, he always insists on coming with you.
I had to think of a way of preventing him
from following me around all morning.
'Hullo, Bert,' I said. 'Fancy meeting
you here !'
'Hullo, Elizabeth,' Bert answered. ' I
was just wondering how to spend the
morning--until I saw you. You're not
busy doing anything, are you ?'
' No, not at all,' I answered.' I'm going
to.. .'
'Would you mind my coming with you ?' he asked, before I had finished
speaking.
. Not at all,' I lied, 'but I'm going to the dentist.'
' Then I'll come with you,' he answered.' There's always plenty
to read in the'
waiting room !'
avoid meeting
cross：（v）穿过
across（adv/prep）穿过
came running向...跑过来
go shopping，go swimming，go skating
it is no use doing...做某件事情是没有用处的
it is no use crying over the spilled milk 覆水难收
enjoy doing
like，love，enjoy，appreciate
用不定式做定语，修饰anything， anything to do
insists on coming
no matter ：无论 ＋从句（要以特殊疑问词引导）
no matter how busy you are
think of a way of doing：想一个作某事的方法
prevent sb from doing sth阻止某人做某事，让某人不做某事
stop sb from doingsth让某人不做某事
keep sb from doing sth让某人不做某事
forbid sb to do sth禁止某人做某事
facy meeting you here！真想不到会在这见到你！
fancy＝imagine
escape doing，risk doing， allow doing
fance＋名词－表示惊讶
不定式的复合结构，做宾语从句
be busy doing：忙着做某事
反义疑问句的回答，根据事实回答
finish doing
complete doing
would you mind my coming with you？
mind＋v.-ing
for sb--逻辑主语
my－形容词物主代词
如果是名词，就变成名词所有格
would you mind my parents' having dinner with me？
would you mind me opening the door？
-ing的逻辑主语，有四种形式，分两大类
1、作为代词，可以用人称代词的宾格，又可以用形容词性物主代词
2、作为名词，可以保持本身不变，也可以变成名词所有格
my--me可以互换
would you mind my/me smoking？
would you mind me making myself at home？
语法精粹
4、动名词复合结构：由名词所有格或物主代词与动名词构成
His leaving is a great loss。
他的离去是一个很大的损失
Mother dislikes my（me） working late
妈妈不喜欢我工作很迟
John's having seen her did not make her worried
约翰已经见到她的事实，没有让她感到担心
注：动名词复合结构多作主语或宾语，作主语时必须是所有格（名词所有格，形容词性物主代词），
但作宾语时可以用所有格，也可用普通格
宾语：下列动词须跟动名词作宾语
admit，deny，appreciate，enjoy，avoid，complete，delay，fancy，
finish，mind，practice，risk，suggest，allow，permit...
insist on doing，persist in doing，persevere in doing
give up doing
特注：
以allow为例：allow＋doing sth（动名词作宾语），但可以，allow sb to do sth
（不定式作宾语）
这类动词常见如：advise，allow，permit，recommend，etc。
structure：
6、insist on
insist ＋从句（should +原形）
10、salute问候（军人向长官的）行军礼，敬礼
greet：问候
12、lie to：向某人撒谎
9、as if似乎，好像
make制造，做
do as if （不这么用）
act as if
conduct as if（conduct＋oneself表现）
新概念英语第三册学习笔记（1）
Lesson 01 A Puma at large 逃遁的美洲狮
New words and expression 生词和短语
学习词汇时仅知道汉语语义是不够的，要把单词放在语句中体会其应用，学习关键句结构是则要把它放在段落结构或文章里
puma n.美洲狮
spot v.看出, 发现
= see, pick out, recognize, catch sight of 强调结果, 辨别出, 看见, 识别, 发现 --
A tall man is easy to spot in the crowd.
-- He has good eye for spotting mistakes.
同意词： -- find：强调发现的结果 / find out：查出事实真相 -- discover：做出重大发现 / notice：注意到 --
observe：观察 / watch：观察活动中的人或画面 Spot n.斑点 -- There is a white spot
on the shirt.
on the spot有两个含义： 1> 立刻, 马上（at once, immediately） -- Anyone
breaking the rules will be asked to leave on the spot.
2> at the place of the action 在现场 -- Wherever she is needed,
she is quickly on the spot.
Evidence n.证据（不可数名词） Evident adj.明显的, 显然的 / evidently adv.明显地,
显然 Evidence = proof (n.证据)
-- When the police arrived, he had already destroyed the evidence.
in evidence 显而易见的 -- He was in evidence at the party.
Accumulate v.积累, 积聚（强调积累的过程） -- As the evidence accumulates,
experts from the zoo felt obliged to investigate.
Gather vt.聚集, 把某人召集在某处 -- The teacher gathered his students in
the class
Collect vt.搜集, 采集
-- Do you collect stamps? Yes, I collect stamps as my hobby.（n.业余爱好） Assemble
v.集合, 集会 / 装配 -- A large number of people assemble on the square.
Hoard vt.大量的储存 （-- hoard up = store up 储藏） -- The squirrel hoards
up nuts for the cold winter （squirrel n.松鼠）（nut n.坚果） amass vt.积聚（主要用于诗歌和文学作品） --
The clouds amassed above the hills
Oblige v.使…感到必须 feel obliged to do sth 感觉有必要做某事 -- I feel obliged
to say no to his demand（n.要求, 需要） be obliged to do sth 被迫做某事 --
They were obliged to sell their car to pay their debts off.（debt
n.债务）
hunt v.n.追猎, 寻找 （hunt for） -- The experts from London zoo began
to hunt (v.) for a puma.
-- The hunt (n.) for the puma proved the difficult. （prove vt.证明,
证实） search 搜寻某处为了寻找到某人或某物 -- The police were searching the forest
for the missing boy.
run after 强调追赶, 追求
-- look, a dog is running after a cat
-- what are you run after in your life
seek = pursue v.追寻(理想)
chase v.追赶 （-- They are chasing a thief / They are running after
a thief）
blackberry n.黑莓 / berry n.浆果 human being 人类
corner v.使走投无路, 使陷入困境
作为动词, 经常使用被动语态 -- The thief was cornered at last
-- The problem cornered me.
corner n.角落
-- at the corner of the street
-- in the corner of the room
-- on the corner of the desk
Trail n.一串, 一系列
trail vt. 跟踪, 追踪（= follow） -- The police trailed the criminal to
the place where he was hiding （criminal n.罪犯）
Print n.印痕
Cling v.粘 （clung, clung, clinging） -- She is always clinging to
her mother.
-- He clung to the hope that he would succeed. 他怀有成功的希望 stick v.粘住
（-- stick the envelop）n.信封
stick to 坚持 （-- stick to the plan / stick to one’s promise）n.许诺
sticky adj.粘的 （-- sticky fingers）
convince v.使…信服 1>convince sb of sth
-- I convince him of my honesty.（n.诚实, 正直） 我使他相信我的诚实。 2> be
convinced that…
-- I am convinced that she is honest girl.（adj.诚实的, 正直的）
somehow adv.不知怎么搞地, 不知什么原因 = by some means, in some way, for
some reason unknown
-- I’ll get the book back somehow. 无论如何我要把这本书取回来。 -- I got lost
somehow 不知怎么搞地, 我迷失了。 Somewhat adv.稍微, 有点, 有些 （= a little） --
The price is somewhat higher than I expect.（high adj.高的）
disturb v.令人不安 disturbing adj.令人不安的 / disturbed adj.感到不安的 surprising
adj.令人惊讶的 / surprised adj.感到惊讶的 exciting adj.令人激动的 / excited adj.感到激动的
wild adj.野性的, 野生的 investigate v.调查, 研究 de脚本ion n.描写, 描述 extraordinarily
adv.特别地，非常地，格外 similar adj.相似的, 类似的 attack vt.攻击 difficult adj.困难的,
艰难的 difficulty n.困难, 难点 rabbit n.兔, 野兔 paw n.手掌, 手爪 fur n.毛皮,
毛, 软毛 bush n.矮树丛 fully adv.充分地, 完全地 collector n.收藏家, 征收者
Text 课文 at large 逃遁的, 没有被控制的 -- The thief is still at large
at large 详细地（= in detail）n.细节, 详情 -- I need talk to you at large
at large 总体来讲（= as a whole） -- The students at large are hungry
for English. （hungry adj.饥饿的, 渴望的）
Where must the puma have come from?
Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America.
在英文的表达方式中，首先呈现给读者的是结果（和中文不同） 英文擅长用长句，中文擅长用短句。 -- Pandas are large
cat-like animals which are found in Asia. （panda n.熊猫） cat-like
猫一样的, 偷偷摸摸的 / dog-like 狗一样的 / life-like 栩栩如生的
When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted
forty-five miles
south of London, they were not taken seriously.
一般来讲定语从句和同位语从句紧随在被修饰名词的后面，但为了保持句子平衡，也可以把谓语动词放到从句之前 1> 定语从句只是对于被修饰词的补充说明、修饰 --
定语从句的引导词： -- 指人：主语who；宾语who, whom；定语 whose
-- 指物：that（也可以指人）/ which
-- 时间状语：when / 地点状语：where / 原因状语：why
2> 同位语从句则是讲述被修饰名词的内容 -- 同位语从句的引导词： -- 名词(做主语、宾语等)：关系词用that而不是which
-- 时间：when； 地点：where
-- 定语从句中没有what这个关系词，但what可以引导同位语从句 -- An idea came to her that
she might do the experiment in another way.
-- I have no idea what has happened to him。
they were not taken seriously（they指代reports） take sth seriously
= deal with sth seriously 认真地对待某事 -- I always take your suggestions
seriously.
take sth lightly 草率地对待某事 （lightly adv.轻率地） -- Don’t take the hot
potato lightly （hot potato n.棘手的问题）
However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the
Zoo felt obliged to
investigate, for the de脚本ions given by people who claimed to have
seen the puma were
extraordinarily similar.
However adv.然而(起转折作用)
As 连词：随着, 当...之时 过去分词做定语： -- the de脚本ions given by people
-- the story told by the sailor (n.海员, 水手, 船员)
-- a book written by Luxun
claim to have done sth 声称曾经做过某事 -- He claimed to have been the
manager of the large shop.
The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking
blackberries saw
’a large cat’ only five yards away from her.
Where a woman picking… 定语从句 -- I still remember the school where
I studied English.
It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed
that a puma will not attack
a human being unless it is cornered.
Confirm = be sure = be certain (confirm vt.确定)
Unless it is cornered = if it is not cornered (unless conj.如果不,
除非)
-- He will accept the job unless the salary is too low.
The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at
one place in the morning
and at another place twenty miles away in the evening.
search = hunt
Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small
animals like rabbits.
把某物留在后面：leave behind
-- Wherever he went, the wound left behind him a trail of blood.（n.血）
Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found
clinging to bushes.
英文表达方式习惯用被动语态, 突出客观事实。而中文则善于运用动作的执行者。 puma fur was found clinging
to bushes. （被动） à We found the puma fur clinging to bushes. （主动） --
clinging to bushes是现在分词短语做宾补
Several people complained of “cat-like noises’ at night and a businessman
on a fishing trip
saw the puma up a tree.
complain of/about sth 抱怨某事 on+名词：强调动作正在进行 -- on the rise 在上升 /
on the increase 在增加 -- on the watch 在观看 / on the match 在比赛中 --
on the fishing trip 在钓鱼的途中 / on holiday 在度假
The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma,
but where had it come
from?
Fully（adv.充分地, 完全地）= completely = entirely
As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country,
this one must have
been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed
to escape.
sth be in the possession of sb = sth be in sb’s possession 某物归某人所有(主语是物)
-- The beautiful car is in my possession.= The beautiful car is
in the possession of me.
Sb be in possession of sth 某人拥有某物(主语是人)
-- I am in possession of the beautiful car.（in possession of… 做表语） --
The person in possession of the big house is excited. （in possession
of… 做定语） take possession of… 拥有…
The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught.
Went on = lasted （last vi.继续, 持续）
It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still
at large in the quiet countryside.
It is disturbing to think that... 一想到…就心理不安 -- It is disturbing
to think that I fail my examination
in the quiet countryside 在宁静的山村
Special difficulties 难点 Exercises A
1. at/for 2. to 3. to 4. in 5. on
Exercises B
1. He is the man we have heard about so much.
2. The shelf you put those books on has collapsed.（vi.倒塌, 崩溃, 瓦解） 3.Whom
did you receive a letter from?
特殊疑问句中whom 不能省略（本句）。 定语从句中Which以及指代人的做宾语的Whom, 在非正式用法当中可以省略。 省略时，介词不能前置到关系代词Whom,
Which前，只能用于非固定的动词短语后面。 固定的动词短语 look for：寻找（去掉for后look没有寻找的意思，所以介词for不能前置） 非固定的动词短语 look
at：注视 live in：居住（去掉in后live仍有居住的意思，所以介词in可以前置） This is the old
house in which he lived. = This is the old house he lived in.
4.This is the road we came by?
5.Where is the pencil you were playing with?
Multiple choice questions 多项选择 1… 正确答案：D
in common adv.共有 （替换了similar）
2… 正确答案：B
A）只是一个具体的特定的事列，阅读理解题的时候要把握中心大意 B） large cat
persuade v.说服, 劝说
3… 答案正确：C
做理解题时要紧扣主题、紧扣中心大意 文章最后一句话总结了大意
句型结构题和词汇题是每课的关键 4… 答案正确：C
Make的用法： make somebody do（在主动语态中不定式的符号to应该省略） be made to do（被动语态中不定式的符号to必须补充完整） --
They made her wait for hours. à She was made to wait for hours.
5… 答案正确： D
A）把say改成claim就对了 （-- People claimed to have seen the puma.） D）清楚的道明了动作发生的先后关系
6… 正确答案：B
原句中的 when引导的时间状语从句表示：－...就…（as soon as） 被动：On being observed, it
immediately ran away.
主动：On observing her, it immediately ran away.
On seeing me, he waved to me.
7… 正确答案：D
except可以和名词/名词性从句进行搭配（也可是when/if引导的从句形式） unless = if...not = except
on the condition that…
when = if
-- …except when they are cornered. = …except if they are cornered.
-- Whenever you come, you are welcome. = If ever you come, you are
welcome.
8… 正确答案：D
A）must be只是对客观现实的推测，时态不一致 -- 对于过去事实推测一定要用：情态动词+ have +过去分词
9… 正确答案：C
on more than = nothing more than = only / within = not more than
10… 正确答案：B
in a corner 偷偷摸摸地, 暗中地, 秘密地 in a trap 落于陷阱中 at an angle 不正的, 倾斜的（angle
n.角, 角度, 角落, 墙角, 棱角） under cover 在遮蔽处, 秘密地, 暗中
11... 正确答案：B
fishes for pleasure 钓鱼消遣 travel for pleasure 外出游玩 read for pleasure
阅读消遣
Lesson 02 Thirteen equals one 十三等于一
New words and expression 生词和短语
equal v.等于
A等于B à A equals B
Equal vt.与...相匹敌
-- None of us can equal her, either in beauty or as a dancer.
be equal to +名词（equal adj.不相上下的）
-- Mary is quite equal to John in brains.（n.智力, 脑髓）
玛丽可以和约翰在脑力上相匹敌。
be equal to doing：有能力, 有力量来做某事 （to是介词）
-- I am equal to running the company.
vicar n.牧师
raise v.募集，筹（款） -- raise money 募集资金
提高 -- raise the price 提高物价
饲养、供养 -- raise a horse饲养一匹马
种植 -- raise wheat种植小麦
召集、招募 -- raise an army招募一支军队 （army n.陆军, 军队）
提出、发出 -- raise a cheer 发出欢呼声 （cheer n.愉快, 欢呼）
torchlight n.电筒光 torch n.手电筒
cause n.事情
church n.教堂
figure n.外形, 轮廓, 体形
grocer n.食品商人, 杂货商人
bell n.钟, 铃, 钟声, 钟形之物
tower n.塔, 城堡
Text 课文
Was the vicar pleased that the clock was striking? Why?
Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but
he has never managed to get
enough money to have the church clock repaired.
现在进行时和always等频度副词搭配时：表示说话人带有某种的情感色彩
Tom is always doing homework. 汤姆总是做家庭作业，怎么也做不完。
Tom always does his homework. 汤姆总是做家庭作业，不拖欠作业。
He is always making noises. 他总是吵吵闹闹，真烦人。
one or another：表示这样或那样
-- for one reason or another 处于这样或那样的原因
-- at one time or another 在这样或那样的时间
-- in one way or another 用这样或那样的方法
get enough money to do sth 募集足够的资金做某事
-- I have to get enough money to have my house repaired.
have something done
1>找某人来做某事
-- have the church clock repaired
-- have the plane repaired / -- have hair cut
2>某人所遭受到的意外某种情况（主语必须是发出动作的人）
-- His wallet was stolen. à He had his wallet stolen.
The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was
damaged many years ago
and has been silent ever since.
used to：过去常常做，而现在不再发生的事情了。
-- He used to smoke every day.
One night, however, our vicar woke up with a start: the clock
was striking the hours!
However -- 在口语中, 主要用于句首；在作文中, 最好用在句中、句尾。
要用逗号分隔开来
-- He said that it was so, he was mistaken, however.
He said that it was so, however, he was mistaken.
他说这件事就是如此，然而他弄错了。
-- I know his story, however, I wouldn‘t like to tell you.
I know his story, I, however, wouldn‘t like to tell you.
However = Nevertheless (adv. conj.) = Nonetheless (adv.)
Start n.vt.惊跳, 惊起
-- The noise made him started(v.).
-- What a start(n.) you give me. / -- he stood up with a start(n.).
Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o‘clock, but the
bell struck thirteen times
before it stopped.
before：...才
-- Nearly a week passed before she could explain what had happened
to her.
Armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower to
see what was going on.
Armed with a torch... 过去分词
Looking at his watch… 现在分词
分词做状语/定语的时候，一定要注意它和逻辑主语要呼应一致
In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately
recognized as Bill Wilkins
, our local grocer.
in the torchlight 在手电筒光下 / in the moonlight 在月光下
in the sunshine 在太阳光下 / in the candlelight 在烛光下
非正式用语中whom可以省略掉
recognized somebody as… 认出某人是…
regard somebody as 认为某人是 / think of somebody as 认为某人是
treat somebody as 把某人对待为 / have on somebody as 把某人尊敬为
‘Whatever are you doing up here Bill?‘ asked the vicar in surprise.
Whatever中的ever用来加强语气
‘I‘m trying to repair the bell,‘ answered Bill. ‘I‘ve been coming
up here night after night for
weeks now. You see, I was hoping to give you a surprise.‘
night after night 一夜连着一夜
day after day 一天又一天 / year after year 一年又一年
week after week 一周又一周 / bus after bus 一辆车接着一辆车
‘You certainly did give me a surprise!‘ said the vicar.
肯定句中常用do, did, does加强语气和情感色彩（一定要位于动词原形之前）
-- You do like nice today. 你今天看上去确实很不错。
-- I do like you.
‘You‘ve probably woken up everyone in the village as well.
as well用在句尾相当于too, 主要用于肯定句中, 但比too所表达的语意更优秀。
-- You looked nice yesterday and you look beautiful as well today.
Still, I‘m glad the bell is working again.‘
still用于句首, 用逗号分隔开来, 表达一个转折的关系：虽然如此, 但是
‘That‘s the trouble, vicar,’ answered Bill.
‘It‘s working all right, but I‘m afraid that at one o‘clock it
will strike thirteen times and
there‘s nothing I can do about it."
There is nothing I can do about it = I am at a lose what to do（at
a loss adv.困惑）
‘We‘ll get used to that, Bill,’ said the vicar.
"Thirteen is not as good as one, but it‘s better than nothing.
Now let‘s go downstairs and
have a cup of tea.‘
get used to / be used to / be accustomed to / get accustomed to
都表示习惯于
get强调渐近的过程, be强调习惯了的状态
Special difficulties 难点
in
1>与表达惊奇、恐惧、失望或生气等感情色彩的名词搭配连用, 在句中起状语作用。
in surprise惊奇地 / in astonishment惊愕的
in alarm恐吓的 / in embarrassment窘迫的
in amazement极为惊讶 / in despair绝望的
in dismay沮丧的 / in anger恼火的 / in disappointment失望的
2>表示以、用。用于语言, 书写材料, 色彩或声音等方面。
in English / in pencil / in ink / in oil 用颜料 / in red用红色 / in code用代码
in such a high voice 用这么高的声音 / in a few words 用几句话
3>表示状态、情况或处境
in trouble / in difficulty在困境中 / in bed在床上 / in a hurry匆忙的
in debt负债 / in love with sb爱上某人 / in tears流着泪
in good order有条不紊, 整齐, 情况正常 / in good repair维修良好
in good health 身体好 / in poor health身体坏
in the bad mood情绪坏 / in the good mood情绪好
in haste匆忙的 / in a favor of excitement 欣喜若狂
in poverty 在贫穷中 / in luxury奢侈的
Exercise：
very quickly = in a hurry
eventually = in the end （eventually adv.最后, 终于）
be seen = in sight
with a pen = in ink / with a pencil = in pencil
which they share = in common （share v.共享）
crying = in tears
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1... D
in order adv.整齐, 状况良好, 适宜
out of order adv.次序颠倒, 不整齐, 状态不好 （= was damaged）
2... B
3... C
为…表示感谢：be grateful for… / be thankful for…
不辞辛劳地做某事：take the trouble to do sth.
4... B in the past 是过去时态的标志；always用在实意动词之前
5... D stroke n.击, 敲, 报时的钟声
强调句式结构：It was not until...that... — 直到…才…
-- It was not until midnight that snow stopped. — 直到半夜, 雪才停了。
6... B 宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序
7... C Mend vt.修理, 修补
突出结果或者对现在的影响, 用现在完成时。
8... A get used to doing 表示习惯于 （to是介词）
9... B
fund 基金； cash 现金； scholarship 奖学金； investment 投资
10... A run a shop 经营商店
11... A night after night = every night
12... C
still 1>adv.仍, 仍然, 还
-- He came yesterday and he is still here. 他昨天来的，现仍在此。
still 2>adv.(连接副词) 尽管如此, 依旧, 仍然（表达一种坚持的态度）
相当于in spite of that, even though, just the same）
-- It‘s raining；Still, I must go out.
-- This picture is not too valuable；Still, I like it.
Yet conj.但是, 然而（表示一种转折的关系）
-- I have failed, yet I shall try again.
Lesson 03 An unknown goddess 无名女神
New words and expression 生词和短语
goddess(tile) n.女神
archaeologist n.考古学家
Aegean adj.爱琴海的
Explore v.考察，勘探
-- The archaeologists are exploring the cave.
exploration n.探险 / explorer n.探险家
promontory n.海角
prosperous adj. （经济上）繁荣的，昌盛的
-- our finance is prosperous 我们的经济非常的繁荣。（Finance n.财政, 金融）
thriving adj.昌盛的，兴旺的 -- thriving business
booming adj.蓬勃的，景气的 -- a booming market繁荣的市场
flourishing adj.繁茂的，健康的
-- Those plants are flourishing. 那些植物长得茂盛。
civilization n. 文明 / civilize vt.使开化, 使文明
-- high level of civilization 高度文明
storey n.楼层 （story的变体）
drainage n.排水
worship n.v.祟拜 / respect vt.尊敬, 尊重 / admire v.赞美, 钦佩, 羡慕
-- Who do you worship in the world?
Warship n.军舰, 战船
Sacred adj.宗教的, 神圣的
-- sacred music 圣乐 / sacred promise 神圣的诺言
Holy adj. 神圣的, 圣洁的
-- a holy person. 圣洁的人 / a holy place. 神圣的地方
Solemn adj. 庄严的, 庄重的
-- a solemn face 严肃的面孔 / a solemn ceremony 隆重的仪式
Fragment n.碎片
Remains n.遗物，遗迹，废墟
Classical adj.（希腊和罗马）古文化的（即传统的）；文科的, 人文科学的
-- classical music 古典音乐 / classical education 人文科学教育
Classic adj. 第一流的, 标准的, 著名的, 典型的
-- This is the classic example of love at the first sight.
Classic n.杰作, 经典之作
-- That joke‘s a classic; it really is funny. "这个笑话确属一流,真是妙趣横生。"
Reconstruct v.修复 （Re --重新, 再次）
Construct vt.构造, 建造, 组织（通过装配或组合部件而构成）
-- construct a sentence / construct a broken statuary（n.雕象）
-- build a house 造建筑物 / put up a tent
construction n.建设, 建造
constructive adj.有教育意义的
constructor n.建造者, 建设者
erect vt.盖, 使竖立, 使直立（build high buildings）
-- erect a monument 建造纪念碑 / erect a clock tower 建造钟楼
setup / establish / found 建立
-- setup students‘ union 学生会 （union n.联盟, 协会）
-- establish a school / establish a rule 设立一条规则
-- found a country 建立一个国家
Rest v.倚放, 放置
Hip n.屁股, 臀部
Hip n. [口]在服用兴奋剂、宗教信仰方面赶时髦的人；消息灵通人士；
adj.通晓的，见闻广的
-- Mary is a real hip. 玛丽是个爱赶时髦的人。
-- The guy isn‘t a hip. 这家伙什么都不懂。
Joined at the hip 表示交情极厚的
-- These two are joined at the hip.
shoot from the hip 信口开河
-- Sorry, I said that I shouldn‘t have shot from the hip.
full-length adj.（裙衣）拖地长的, 全长的, 全身的
-- a full-length dress 拽地长裙
full-grown adj.生长完全的, 发育完全的
full time n.专职, 全部时间
graceful adj.优雅的
-- a graceful lady
elegant adj.优雅的（举止）
-- an elegant gentleman. 举止文雅的绅士
identity n. 身份
ancient adj.远古的, 旧的
decorate vt.装饰；点缀
clay n.粘土, 泥土
Roman adj.罗马的, 罗马人的 n.罗马人
Rome n.罗马(意大利首都)
Indeed adv.真正地, (加强语气)确实
Text 课文
How did the archaeologists know that the statue was a goddess?
Some time ago, an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists
on the Aegean island
of Kea.
some time 1>经过若干时间 2>在未来的某时
sometime adv.在某一时候, 曾经, 有一天
sometimes adv.不时, 有时
中文习惯用主动语态。
英文习惯用被动语态。以事件、结果、影响、效果为主语，强调对客观事实的陈述。
An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city
on the promontory of
Ayia Irini.
which引导定语从句，修饰限定temple。（which = that）
stand(不及物) = lie(不及物) 位于
= situate(及物) 使位于, 使处于
= locate(及物) 使...坐落于, 位于
which stands in... = which lies in… = which is located in… = which
is situated in...
Stand 1 >身高 2>表示高高坐落于, 矗立于
-- She stands 1.75m. 她身高1.75米
-- A great tree stands on the mount. 一棵大树竖立在山上。
The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed
a high level of civilization.
for 引导原因状语从句：对主句的附加说明和解释，提供更多的信息。
because 引导原因状语从句：强调原因。
-- The day broke for the birds were singing.
at one time 表达曾经, 一度（过去时态的标志, = once）
must have been 对过去事实肯定的推测
enjoyed a high level of civilization 享有高度文明
Houses -- often three storeys high -- were built of stone. They
had large rooms with
beautifully decorated walls.
With… 具有…
-- a young man with broad shoulders / an old lady with black hair
beautifully decorated 过去分词做定语
-- a beautifully dressed lady 衣着漂亮的女士
-- a deserted car park 废弃的停车场
-- a white painted door 被刷成白色的门
现在分词做定语, 被修饰词与修饰词之间为逻辑主动关系
-- a boy climbing the tree 正在爬树的男孩
-- the students reading in the room 正在房间里读书的学生
The city was equipped with a drainage system, for a great many
clay pipes were found
beneath the narrow streets.
be equipped with 配备, 装备 （equip vt.装备, 配备）
air conditioning 空气调节装置 / air conditioner 空气调节机, 空调设备
-- The car was equipped with air conditioning.
for 引导原因状语从句
在正下方：Beneath = under
-- beneath the narrow streets = under the narrow streets
-- He is standing under/beneath the umbrella.
在进行中：只能用under
-- under control 控制之中 / under discussion 讨论之中 / under repairs修理之中
below 在下方（强调在斜下方）
-- She is sitting below the window
The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place
of worship from the
fifteenth century B.C. until Roman times.
be used as / be used to be 把…用作为
-- The box was used as a desk in the small village school.
-- The wooden box was used as a bookcase.
be used to do 被用来做…
-- The wooden box is used to contain books
In the most sacred room of temple, clay fragments of fifteen statues
were found.
Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been
painted.
represent vt.代表
-- I represent all the classmates.
The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the
fifteenth century B.C.
dating 现在分词, 修饰remains
date from = date back to （开始于…, 起始于…）
-- The custom dating from 1990. （custom n.习惯, 风俗）
-- The tradition dates from the time when his grandfather was young.
-- The castle dates from the 14th century. = The castle dates back
to the 14th century.
城堡建造于14世纪
Its missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century
B.C.
happen to 偶然, 碰巧（强调事情的偶然发生）
-- I happen to have driven that kind of car. 我恰巧开过那种车。
-- He happened to find the ticket in his pocket.
It happens that +从句
-- It happened that I met her on my way to work.
= I happened to meet her on my way work.
happen on 碰巧碰上
-- I happened on this old picture in the back of the drawer.
我偶然的在抽屉的背面发现了这张旧照片。
-- Guess, who did I happen on while I was in London last month?
This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully
preserved.
It was very old and precious even then.
When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were
amazed to find that the
goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman.
Reconstruct = put together, piece together, restore（vt.恢复, 使回复）
Amazed = very much surprised
surprised > astonished > amazed > astounded 感到惊讶（语气递增）
to find... / to discover... / to realize... / to see…
-- I‘m not surprised to see you here
1> turn out…（表示结果）结果是, 原来是 （= prove, 都表示系动词）
turn out (to be)+ n./adj.
-- The concert turned out to be a failure.
-- Our party turned out (to be) a success. 我们的聚会非常的成功。
2> It turned out + that从句 （it作形式主语）
It turned out +其它名词从句
-- It turned out that the diamonds had been in the bank all the
time.
原来钻石一直都在银行里保存着。
-- It turned out that his statement was false. 原来他的话是假的。
3> as it turns out… 后来人们发现…
-- As it turned out, there was no need to worry. 后来人们发现, 没有必要担心。
-- As it turned out, the report was mistaken. 后来人们发现, 报告被弄错了
She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hips.
rest on v.被搁在, 停留在, 信赖
= depend on（依*, 依赖）/ lean on（*着）
-- His hand rested lightly on my shoulder
She was wearing a full-length skirt which swept the ground.
which swept the ground 近一步说明拖地的，拽地的
Despite her great age, she was very graceful indeed, but, so far,
the archaeologists have been
unable to discover her identity.
But, so far, the archaeologists have been unable to discover her
identity.
= It is still a problem for the archaeologists up to now.
Despite = in spite of （两者都是介词），后面+ 名词/动名词
so far, up to now 完成时的标志
discover her identity = find out her identity
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1... D
‘Its missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century
B.C.‘
2... D be employed in 被应用在...方面
this is confirmed by the fact that 引导同位语从句，补充说明fact的内容
3... A in doing sth 在...方面
4... D prosperity n.繁荣（不可数）
know 1>知道, 认识
2>（文学用语）经历过, 曾经有过（= experience, 比experience更加正式）
-- He knew poverty in his early days. 他早年有过痛苦的经历
5... B since：自从 （主干的时态为现在完成时）
6... C
to one‘s surprise 使某人感到惊讶的是
在句中可做独立的状语, 句子的主语不必是某个人
-- To my great disappointment the train had already left
with surprise 惊讶地 （With satisfaction/delight/dismay）
必须与行为动词连用, 句子的主语必须是某个人
-- He smoked his last cigarette with satisfaction.
-- He went home with dismay.
-- To our dismay the party proved to be a failure.
7... B despite = in spite of (可以和名词、代词、动名词搭配)
8… B so far：现在完成时的标志
如果用possible/impossible, 就要采用形势主语it
-- So far, it has been impossible for the archaeologists to discover
her identity.
9... A Holy adj. 神圣的, 圣洁的
religious 宗教的 / frightening 令人害怕的 / colourful 丰富多彩的
10... D in good condition情况良好 = in good state
well done 侧重强调做得好
conserve vt.保存, 保藏 （= keep from being wasted, damaged, lost, destroyed）
“不用尽或耗尽某物，保留”
-- Conserve your energy you needed. （energy n.精力, 精神）
你该养精蓄锐，你回用得上的。
-- We must conserve our forest.
maintain vt.维持, 维修 -- 通过修缮保养, 不使...破损（强调动作的过程）
11... B turn out = prove, 都表示系动词
resolve vt,vi决定 vt.(使)分解, 溶解
-- He resolved on going out. 他决定出去。
12... B
so far = until now, up till now
beforehand (adv.预先) = in advance (adv.预先)
at this distance of/in time 时隔已久
-- I can hardly remember him at this distance of time. 时隔这么久, 我几乎想不起来他了。
Lesson 04 The double life of Alfred Bloggs
阿尔弗雷德.布洛格斯的双重生活
New words and expression 生词和短语
Double adj.两倍的, 双重的
manual adj.体力的 （= physical adj.身体的, 物质的）
manual work 体力工作
mental work 脑力工作
collar n.衣领
white-collar adj.白领阶层的, 脑力劳动者（those who do mental work）
blue-collar adj蓝领阶级的, 工人阶级的（those who do manual work）
get hot under the collar 怒气冲天
-- He got hot under the collar when he knew that they laughed at
him.
sacrifice vt.牺牲，献出 （to give up for good purpose）
-- sacrifice one‘s life for the country
-- sacrifice time
sacrifice n.牺牲 （-- make many sacrifices）
privilege n.好处 （= advantage n.优势, 有利条件, 利益）
-- sacrifice one‘s advantage/privilege 牺牲掉某人的好处
privilege n.特权, 特别待遇（= special right）
-- give sb the privilege of doing sth 特许某人做某事
privileged a.荣幸的
-- We are privileged tonight to have our headmaster as our speaker.
dustman n.清洁工
corporation n.公司
overalls n.工作服
shower n.淋浴
secret n.秘密 adj.秘密的, 隐秘的
Confidential adj.机密的
keep secret 保密
-- It‘s between you and me. 此事只介于你我之间。
-- I‘ll keep it to myself. 我会保守秘密的。
in secret 私下里（= secretly, in private, privately）
-- I was told about it in secret.
in the secret 知道内情
-- He was in the secret from the beginning
status n.地位（= social position）
statue n.雕像, 塑像
rise n.发生, 出现
loss n.损失
fellow n.伙伴, 朋友, 同事 adj.同伴的, 同事的, 同道的
Text 课文
Why did Alf want a white-collar job?
These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money
than people who
work in offices.
people who do manual work = blue-collar workers
people who do mental work = white-collar workers = people who work
in offices
for more money（far副词用来加强语气= much）
People who work in offices are frequently referred to as "white-collar
workers‘ for the
simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.
refer to...as = regard...as 把...看作为
-- I always refer to him as bookworm（n.书呆子）
for the simple reason = for 引导的原因状语从句
for the reason that多用于正式文体，because多用于口语中。
-- He is refer to as a book worm for the simple reason that he spare
no efforts reading.
-- He was send to prison for he could not pay his debts.
Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing
to sacrifice higher pay for
the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.
human nature 人性
such...that... （that引导同位语从句, 进一步补充说明such的基本内涵）
-- His kindness was such that we will never forget him.
= Such was his kindness that… （such在句首要倒装）
= He was so kind that we will never forget him.
-- Such is human nature that we want to get a lot of things free.
介词for表示一种目的
be willing to do sth = be ready to do sth 心甘情愿做
This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case
of Alfred Bloggs who worked as
a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.
give rise to =（lead to v.导致, 通向）（cause vt.引起, 惹起）（result in v.导致）
-- Such conduct might give rise to misunderstandings. 这种行为会引起误解。
-- The bad conditions have given rise to a lot of crimes. 不良的环境引起了犯罪。
in the case of 就...来说, 关于, 就...而言 （= concerning prep.关于, 涉及, 就...说）
-- Stealing is no shame in the case of him. 偷窃对他来说不是一件可耻的事。
in case of（副词）万一, 以防 à （in case conj.万一）
-- You should ensure your house in case of fire. （ensure vt.保证;
担保, 保险）
-- Take umbrella in case of rain 带上雨伞以防下雨。
who引导定语从句
When he got married, Alf was too embarrassed to say anything to
his wife about his job.
too embarrassed to say 太尴尬而没有说明
be ashamed of 感到羞愧, 惭愧
-- Alf was ashamed of his job as a dustman.
marry 强调动作 （-- He married the girl. 他娶了这个女孩。）
get married 强调过程（-- Last year they got married.）
be married to sb 强调状态（-- The old man has been married to his wife
for 50 years.）
He simply told her that he worked for the Corporation.
Simply 副词--用来修饰限定动词told
Every morning, he left home dressed in a smart black suit.
dressed in a smart black suit --形容词短语表示一种状态 打方框代表有问题
-- He go to work dressed in a beautiful coat.
-- He left home wearing a smart black suit.
He then changed into overalls and spent the next eight hours as
a dustman.
changed into 换上 / change back into 换回
Before returning home at night. He took a shower and changed back
into his suit.
Before returning home = Before he returned home
Before和动名词搭配, 相当于Before引导的时间状语从句。
如果运用动名词形式，动名词的逻辑主语必须是主句的主语
-- After getting home, he had a good rest.
-- Before having dinner, he finished all his homework.
Alf did this for over two years and his fellow dustmen kept his
secret.
Alf‘s wife has never discovered that she married a dustman and
she never will, for Alf
has just found another job. He will soon be working in an office.
she never will = she will never discover the secret
在省略句式中, never要放在助动词之前
-- “will you go to see her?”
-- “I will never to to see her" = "No, I never will."
He will be earning only half as much as he used to, but he feels
that his rise in status is well
worth the loss of money.
half as much as
half / a quarter / twice / three times + as...as... 表示倍数
-- I won‘t marry a man who is twice as old as me.
-- We got three times as many people as we expected.
-- This room is about three times as large as that one.
是...的几倍：...as +形容词或副词原形+ as...
比...多几倍：...times +形容词或副词比较级+ than…
-- This road is four times longer than that one. = This road is
five times as long as that one.
What he obtained is well worth the loss of time. 他的所得是值得花时间的。
well 副词用来加强语气, 修饰形容词worth
From now on, he will wear a suit all day and others will call him
‘Mr. Bloggs‘, not ‘Alf‘.
Special difficulties 难点
impossibility n.不可能之事, 不可能
grant vt.同意, 准予
A. 两类词汇：
1>tell, give等动词可以和双宾语搭配（指物的直接宾语，指人的间接宾语）
-- He told a story to me. = He told me a story .
2>explain, say等动词只能代一个(直接)宾语, 在间接宾语前要用介词to
-- He explain the difficult to me. / He said nothing to me.
-- She speaks English to her husband and Swedish to her children.
-- He admitted his guilt to the police.（guilt n.罪行, 内疚）
-- Did you suggest this idea to him?
当直接宾语比较长或者是个从句时, 通常放在间接宾语之后（但say除外）
-- I explained to him the impossibility of granting his request.
= I explained the impossibility of granting his request to him.
-- He confessed to me that he had fallen asleep during the meeting.
= He confessed that he had fallen asleep during the meeting to me.
confide vt., vi.
1> 倾诉（与in连用）
-- Jone felt she could only confide in her mother. 琼觉得她只有向她妈妈倾吐心中的秘密。
2> 吐露 (心事、秘密等), 与to连用
-- One evening he came and confided to me that he had spent five
years in prison.
有一天晚上他到我家来向我吐露他曾坐过五年牢。
B.“Worth"后面只能跟名词或动名词
-- His suggestion is worth considering.
-- His rise in status is worth the loss of money.
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1... A illustrate vt.阐明, 阐述
“...a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay
for the privilege of becoming
white-collar worker"
2... C double life
3... D "...he feels that his rise in status is well worth
the loss of money"
previous adj.在前的, 早先的
respect n.某方面 vt.尊敬, 尊重
4... B to go 可以省略
They usually go to work wearing a collar and tie.
5... D
"Alfred was too embarrassed to say anything to his wife about
his job."
too...to…（不定式to表示否定）
so...that…（在that引导的结果状语从句中, 如果采用否定式，可以和too...to 互换）
-- The water is too hot for us to drink. = The water is so hot that
we can‘t drink.
6... C "He simply told her that he worker of the Corporation"
simply副词（仅仅是, 再没有别的了= only, just）
无论是simply, only还是just，往往用在所修饰的主体词之前。
-- I did it simply/only for the money
-- I don‘t like driving. I do it simply/only because I have to go
to work each day.
and no more（放句尾）
in a simple way 简单地, 简朴地
-- She was always dressed in a simple way.
7... B
Before是介词和动名词形式搭配。 -- Before returning home...
Before是连接词，引导时间状语从句。 -- Before he returned home...
before 引导的从句, 常用一般现在时或一般过去时, 不用进行时。
8... C "half as much as it used to be"
the amount 要用定语从句进行限定
当主句的谓语动词是行为动词时，used to之后的动词必须省略掉
当主句的谓语动词是系动词时，used to之后必须带有系动词be.
-- I feel the summers are hotter than they used to be.
-- I feel you are much fatter than you used to be.
9... D
gain：获利, 赢得（表示通过努力）
-- gain time, gain reputation, gain speed, gain height
fee：（为专业服务支付的）费用
-- doctor‘s fees 医疗费 / the lawyer‘s fees 律师费
-- pay for my university fees 支付我的大学学费
payment：（商业、信贷）支付的款项（非常正式）
wages：（体力劳动者的）工资
salary：（白领的）薪水
10... B companion n.同伴, 共事者 comrade n.朋友, 同志, 伙伴
11... C "well worth the loss of money"
pay back 偿还, 报复
reward 酬劳
value 价值
compensate v.偿还, 补偿
compensate for赔偿 = make up for弥补
-- His intelligence more than compensate for his lack of experience.
12... A call = addressed as被称为
Lesson 5
The facts
确切数字
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
★editor
n. 编辑
edit:(v.)编辑
edition:(n.)编辑
editorial:(a)编辑的，主编的
(n.)社论，评论
★extreme
n. 极端
go to extreme(s) to do: 走极端
He went to extreme to say that the play was the best one.
He went to extremes to say that his girlfriend was the most beautiful
in the world.
go from one extreme to the other
★statistics
n. 统计数字
★journalist
n. 新闻记者
reporter:(电视台）记者
correspondent:(电台）记者，通讯员
★president
n. 总统
★palace
n. 王宫；宏伟的住宅
★publish
v. 出版
They have already published the magazine
=print(vt.),go to press
The book has already been published.
The book has gone to press.
★fax
n. 传真
send a fax
★impatient
adj. 不耐烦的
patient :有耐心的
patiently:有耐心地
impatient:不耐烦的
impatiently:不耐烦地
n.: patience,impatience
★fire
v. 解雇
He was fired from his job
dismiss(正式）
The manage dismissed him from his company.
sack(俚语)“解雇，辞退“
If you do it wrong again you will be sacked.
★originally
adv. 起初，原先，从前
original (a.)
Listen to the tape then answer the question below.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What was the consequence of the editor's insistence on facts and
statistics?
Editors of newspapers and magazines often go to extremes to provide
their reader with unimportant facts and statistics. Last year a
journalist had been instructed by a well-known magazine to write
an article on the president's palace in a new African republic.
When the article arrived, the editor read the first sentence and
then refuse to publish it. The article began: 'Hundreds of steps
lead to the high wall which surrounds the president's palace'. The
editor at once sent the journalist a fax instructing him find out
the exact number of steps and the height of the wall.
The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts,
but the took a long time to send them Meanwhile, the editor was
getting impatient, for the magazine would soon go to press. He sent
the journalist two more faxes, but received no reply. He sent yet
another fax informing the journalist that if he did not reply soon
he would be fired. When the journalist again failed to reply, the
editor reluctantly published the article as it had originally been
written. A week later, the editor at last received a fax from the
journalist. Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had
been sent to prison as well. However, he had at last been allowed
to send a fax in which he informed the editor that the he had been
arrested while counting the 1,084 steps leading to the fifteen-foot
wall which surrounded the president's palace.
参考译文
报刊杂志的编辑常常为了向读者提供成立一些关紧要的事实和统计数字而走向极端。去年，一位记者受一家有名的杂志的委托写一篇关于非洲某个新成立共和国总统府的文章。稿子寄来后，编辑看第一句话就拒绝予以发表。文章的开头是这样的：“几百级台阶通向环绕总统的高墙。”编辑立即给那位记者发去传真，要求他核实一下台阶的确切数字和围墙的高度。
记者立即出发去核实这些重要的事实，但过了好长时间不见他把数字寄来，在此期间，编辑等得不耐烦了，因为杂志马上要付印。他给记者先后发去两份传真，但对方毫无反应。于是他又发了一份传真，通知那位记者说，若再不迅速答复，将被解雇。但记者还是没有回复。编辑无奈，勉强按原样发稿了。一周之后，编辑终于接到记者的传真。那个可怜的记者不仅被捕了，而且还被送进了监狱。不过，他终于获准发回了一份传真。在传真中他告诉编辑，就在他数通向15英尺高的总统府围墙的1，084级台阶时，被抓了起来。
【课文讲解】
The facts:确切数字
go to extremes:走极端
provide=supply: 给...提供（通常与介词搭配连用）
provide sb.with sth/provide sth for sb.
He provided them with a bed for the night.
He provided a bed for them for the night
instruct sb.to do sth.=tell sb formally to do sth.正式告诉某人做某事
A well-known magazine instructed a journalist to write an article
on the president's palace in new African republic.
The teacher instructed him to take the examination.
on=about 侧重强调课题专一
a book on radio
When the article arrived=When the editor received the article
refuse to publish it
refuse:（vt.) 拒绝（态度严厉）
decline:(vt.) 婉言谢绝
repudiate:(vt.)断然拒绝
which 指代the high wall
instruction……现在分词进一步补充说明fax的情况
set out to do = decide and try to do 决定，打算，着手做...
He set out to make his first 1,000,000 in 5 years.
set about doing
take sb.a long time to do sth.:某事花了某人很久的时间
It took me five days to write the article.
two more faxed=another two faxed
fail to
reluctantly=unwilling 勉勉强强地，不情愿地
as it bad originally been written=in its original way
Not only位于句首，必须采用倒装形式
The poor man had not only been arrested,but had been sent to prison
as well.
否定副词位于句首，要倒装
Never have I read such stones.
Nowhere can he find the book he wants.
Hardly did I think it possible.
常见的否定副词: never,seldom,rarely,little,hardly,scarcely,nowhere,no sooner
含有only的状语位于句首，句子要倒装
Only then did he realize that he had made a mistake.
Only when a great deal more information has been obtained will it
be possible to plan a trip.
含有not的副词短语位于句首，句子要倒装
not for a moment,not in the least,not for an instant,not until
Not in the least is he interested in English literature.
Not for an instant did I believe he had lied.
含有no的短语位于句首，句子要倒装
at on time,in no way ,in no sence,by no means,in no case,on no account,on
no condition,under no circumstances“决不”
Under no circumstances can we accept the check.
On no account must you leave the baby in the house.
so such 位于句首，句子要倒装
he had at last been allowed=he had at last been permitted
=he had asked for permission
请求允许，被允许：be allowed to do,be permitted to do,asked for permission
to do sth.
in which --which指代fax
while和现在分词（-ing)搭配，做时间状语，表示“正在做某事的过程中”
可用用while引导的时间状语从句去替换
while he was counting
现在分词
the steps leading to the president's palace
the road leading to the forest
fifteen-foot……做前置定语，这里的名词必须上单数形式
which 指代wall(避免和前面的句式结构相同）
【Special difficulties】
倒装的用法
1.Not only has he made this mistake before but he will make it
again.
2.Only then did I realize what was happening
3.Never will I trust him again.
4.Seldom do you find traffic wardens who are kind and helpful.
【Multiple choice questions】
1.C
2.B
3.A
4.B 首选从句、分词、独立主格结构,缺少了时间状语从句的连接词
Having seen the movie,they went for a walk.
6.D 表示“任意”
7.B unless=if not 一般过去时
8.C inform sb.of(about)sth
9.C
10. C print=publish
11. D
12. D 请求允许做某事：ask for permission to do sth.
允许某人做某事：be given permission to do sth.
Lesson 06 Smash-and-grab 砸橱窗抢劫
New words and expression 生词和短语
smash-and-grab n.砸橱窗抢劫
smash vt.打碎, 粉碎（= break sth into pieces violently）violently adv.猛烈地
-- Smash the car.
Smash vi.打碎, 粉碎（-- The dishes smashed on the floor.）
smash into 撞击到某处 （-- The bus smashed into a tree.）
grab v.抢夺, 掠夺, 夺取（= seize suddenly）
-- He grabbed me by the arm.
-- He grabbed the coin and ran off. 他抓起硬币就跑了。
snatch vt.抢, 夺取（= catch sth/sb suddenly and violently）
-- The big bird snatches the hen from the ground.
Seize v.抓住, 逮住, 夺取（强调抓住、抓到的结果）
-- Fear seized her. 她突然感觉很恐惧。
catch vt.捕获, 赶上(车船等) （= get hold of sth/sb moving）
-- catch mouse / catch bus / catch a thief
Grasp 强调"掌握"
-- We have already grasped six thousand words.
Hold 强调抓牢、抓紧（catch hold of 抓住）
-- He is holding an umbrella.
arcade n.有拱廊的街道（两旁常设商店）
Piccadilly n.皮卡迪利大街
Jewellery n.珠宝（总称）
Necklace n.项链
Ring n.戒指
Background n.背景 （on the background of sth.）
-- background information 背景资料
-- a man of excellent background 有很好的背景的人
velvet n.天鹅绒，丝绒
headlight n.（汽车等）前灯
blare v.发嘟嗜声，吼叫
staff n.全体工作人员
raid n.偷袭 / raid vt., vi.袭击, 突击
scramble v.爬行（= creep quickly）
-- The two thieves scrambled into their car.
Climb vt.爬上（-- climb up the tree）
Mount vt.登上（-- mount the hill）
Fantastic adj. 非常大的
1> = very great / very large 非常大的
-- a fantastic sum of money = a very large sum of money
2> = strange adj.奇怪的, 奇异的
-- a strange dream = a fantastic dream
3> = wonderful adj.极好的, 美好的, 极妙的
-- a fantastic play.
ashtray n.烟灰缸
owner n.所有者, 业主
admire vt. 以赞赏的眼光看着
busily adv.忙碌地
arrange v.安排, 排列, 协商
horn n.(牛、羊等的)角, 喇叭
roar vi.吼叫, 怒号
jeweler n.珠宝商, 宝石匠,钟表匠
wheel n.（汽车的）方向盘
iron n.铁 adj.铁的
furniture n.家具
diamond n.钻石, 菱形
Text 课文
How did Mr. Taylor try to stop the thieves?
The expensive shops in a famous arcade near Piccadilly were just
"opening.
介词短语修饰shops
-- The shoe shop in my neighborhood was just opening.
在我家附近的鞋店刚刚开门营业
At this time of the morning, the arcade was almost empty.
Mr. Taylor, the owner of a jewellery shop was admiring a new window
display.
BeiJing, our capital, is developing enormously.
-- enormously adv.非常地, 巨大地（= at fantastic speed）
Two of his assistants had been working busily since eight o 'clock
and had only just finished.
Diamond necklaces and rings had been beautifully arranged on a
background of black
velvet.
After gazing at the display for several minutes, Mr. Taylor went
back into his shop.
After gazing at… = After he gazed at…
After having gazed at… = After he had gazed at…
The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights
on and its horn
blaring, roared down the arcade.
with的符合结构：（独立主格结构）
1>如果宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上有主谓关系，应该采用现在分词形式作宾补。
-- She sat staring into the distance with tears streaming down her
cheeks.
她坐着凝视着远方泪流满面。 （Cheek n.脸颊, 面颊）
-- She stood there with her hands resting on her hips
2>如果宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上是动宾关系，应该采用过去分词形式作宾补。
-- He ran into the room with his face covered with tears.
-- With his homework finished, he felt happy.
3>如果表达某事将要发生，要用动词不定式to；
-- With a lot of work to do, he can 't go to the cinema.
4>如果是说明当时的情况，常用形容词、副词、介词短语表明宾语的状态；
-- He used to sleep with all the windows open.（open adj.开着的）
-- He went out with his hat on.（on是副词）
-- With the meeting over, we went home.（over adv.结束）
-- He came in with a knife in his hand.（in his hand --介词短语）
-- Tow others with black stockings over their faces jumped out.（over
their faces --介词短语）
另外两个脸上蒙着黑色袜子的人跳了出来。
5>总结：
with用于句首或句尾，常表示状语、行为方式、原因、伴随状况等。
with如果跟在名词之后，是用来修饰限定该名词。
-- a thief with stocking over his face.
-- a teacher with a book under his arm.
-- a room with the windows open.
It came to a stop outside the jeweller 's.
come to 后面常接名词, 表示达到
-- come to a stop停下来 / come to an end结束 / come to a decision做出决定
-- come to an agreement达成协议 / come to an understanding互相理解
-- come to success获得成功, come to fame成名
停车 stop = draw up = pull up
at the barber 's在理发店 / at the butcher 's在肉店 / at the baker 's在面包店
at the greengrocer 's在蔬菜水果店 / at the grocer 's在杂货店 / at the stationer
's 在文具店
at the tobacconist 's在烟草店 / at the chemist 's在药店
barber n.理发员, 理发师
butcher n.屠夫, 肉商
baker n.面包师, 面包工人 n.<美>(便携式)烘炉
greengrocer n.蔬菜水果商人 n.蔬菜水果商店
grocer n.食品商人 n.杂货店
stationer n.文具商人 n.文具店
tobacconist n.烟草商人 n.烟店
chemist n.化学家, 药剂师
One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stocking
over their faces jumped
out and smashed the window of the shop with iron bars.
While this was going on, Mr. Taylor was upstairs.
He and his staff began throwing furniture out of the window.
Chairs and tables went flying into the arcade.
One of the thieves was struck by a heavy statue, but he was too
busy helping himself to
diamonds to notice any pain.
help oneself to 自便
-- My roommate helped herself to my clothes without asking me.
The raid was all over in three minutes, for the men scrambled
back into the car and it moved
off at a fantastic speed.
at a fantastic speed / at a tremendous speed / at a high speed
/ at a full speed
with great speed
Just as it was leaving, Mr. Taylor rushed out and ran after it
throwing ashtrays and vases,
but it was impossible to stop the thieves.
They had got away with thousands of pounds worth of diamonds.
hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of jewel
Special difficulties 难点
前缀构词法：
1> dis
加在形容词前
-- agreeable（adj.使人愉快的） disagreeable（adj.不愉快的）
-- content（adj.满意的 vt.使满足） discontent（adj.不满的 vt.令人不满 n.不满）
-- graceful（adj.优美的） disgraceful（adj.使失体面的, 耻辱的）
-- honest（adj.诚实的, 正直的） dishonest（adj.不诚实的）
-- satisfactory（adj.满意的） dissatisfactory（adj.不满意的）
加在名词前
-- agreement（n.同意） disagreement（n.意见不同）
-- honesty（n.诚实, 正直） dishonesty（n.不诚实, 不老实）
-- ability（n.能力, 才干） disability（n.无力, 无能）
-- grace（n.优美, 雅致） disgrace（n.耻辱）
-- comfort（n.舒适 vt.安慰） discomfort（n.不舒适 vt.使不舒适）
可以加在动词前
-- agree（v.同意） disagree（v.不同意）
-- appear（vi.出现） disappear（vi.消失, 不见）
-- believe（相信, 信任） disbelieve（v.不信, 怀疑）
在名词前加dis得到动词, 表示除去、解除。
-- courage（n.勇气, 精神） discourage（vt.使气馁）
-- root（n.根, 根部） disroot / unroot（vt.连根拔除）
-- mask（n.面具, 掩饰 v.戴面具, 掩饰） unmask / dismask（vt.揭露, 暴露）
-- burden（n.担子, 负担 v.负担） disburden（v.解除负担）
2>il -- 加在以i开头的形容词之前
-- legal（adj.法律的, 法定的） illegal（adj.违法的）
-- logical（adj.合乎逻辑的） illogical（adj.不合逻辑的）
-- literate（adj.有文化的 n.学者） illiterate（adj.没受教育的 n.文盲）
3>im -- 加在以b, m, p开头的形容词之前
-- possible（adj.可能的） impossible（adj.不可能的）
-- mortal（adj.必死的, 人类的） immortal（adj.不朽的）
-- moral（adj.道德的） immoral（adj.不道德的）
-- balanced（adj.平衡的） imbalanced（adj.不平衡的）
-- balance （n.平衡） imbalance（n.不平衡）
4>ir -- 加在以r开头的形容词之前
-- regular（adj.规则的） irregular（adj.不规则的）
-- rational（adj.理性的） irrational（adj.无理性的）
-- resistible（adj.可抵抗的） irresistlble（adj.不可抵抗的）
5>in --主要用于其它字母开头的词之前
-- human（adj.人性的） inhuman（adj.野蛮的）
-- correct（adj.正确的） incorrect（adj.不正确的）
-- justice（n.正义, 公平） injustice（n.不正义, 不公平）
-- sincere（adj.真诚的） insincere（adj.虚假的, 不真诚的）
6>un --只能用于形容词和动词之前
不
-- happy（adj.快乐的） unhappy（adj.不幸的, 不快乐的）
-- friendly（adj.友好的） unfriendly（adj.不友好的）
-- lucky（adj.幸运的） unlucky（adj.不幸的）
无
-- conditional（adj.有条件的） unconditional（adj.无条件的）
-- limited（adj.有限的） unlimited（adj.无限的）
非
-- official（adj.官方的, 正式的） unofficial（adj.非官方的, 非正式的）
-- just（adj.正义的, 公正的） unjust（adj.不公平的）
未（主要用于过去分词之前）
-- undecided（adj.未定的） unfinished（adj.未完成的）
-- unexpected（adj.未预料到） unhurt（adj.没有受伤的）
用于动词之前表示做相反的动作
-- lock（v.锁, 锁上） unlock（vt.开...锁）
-- tie（vt.系, 打结） untie（vi.松开, 解开）
-- cover（vt.覆盖） uncover（vt.揭开, 揭露）
-- pack（vt.包装） unpack（v.打开包裹）
-- dress（v.穿衣） undress（vt.使脱衣服）
-- load（v.装载） unload（v.卸货）
Exercise：
1> polite（adj.有礼貌的） impolite（adj.无礼的, 粗鲁的）
2> agree disagree
3> legible（adj.清晰的, 易读的） illegible（adj.难辨认的, 字迹模糊的）
4> accurate（adj.正确的, 精确的） inaccurate（adj.错误的, 不准确的）
5> locked unlocked
6> regular irregular
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1.B正确
on one 's way to do
-- He is on the/his way to become a lawyer.
2.A正确
warn somebody out of one 's way 警告某人别挡住去路
in one 's way 挡住某人的去路
-- You are in my way. 挡住了我的去路。
3.C正确
4. C正确
形容词和名词共同修饰名词时, 形容词在前, 名词在后。（adj + n +被修的名词）
-- an old village school
-- an empty beer glass
5.B正确
做句子结构题时要和原文加以对比
6. A正确 made of 可以看出原材料
7. A正确 began doing something = began to do something
8.D正确
9. A正确
accelerate v.加速, 促进
-- The driver accelerated to pass the other car.
speed v.加快（加快动作和工作的进程, 常和up连用）
-- We 'd better speed up, if we want to get there in time.
-- The car sped along the road.
Reverse vt.倒车, 颠倒, 倒转
-- The car reversed through the gate.
10. A正确
Overdressed v.(使)穿得太讲究
-- I fell rather overdressed in this smart suit.
Overlooked vt.俯瞰, 远眺
11. B正确
for the time being = temporarily（adv.临时）
meanwhile = at the same time
As it happened 随着这类事情的发生
for a while = for a moment
12. C正确
fly flew flown （fly 是不及物动词, 不能用于被动语态。）
-- go flying
-- send sth flying （send sth doing） （direction n.方向）
-- A gust of wind sent the paper flying in all directions 一阵风刮得纸片到处乱飞。
hurl vt.用力投掷
project v.发射 （= send up 发出, 射出, 长出）
Lesson 07 Mutilated ladies 残钞鉴别组
New words and expression 生词和短语
Mutilate v.使残缺不全 / mutilation n.切断, 毁损
及物动词（经常用于被动语态）
1> 毁伤、残害
-- He was mutilated in the accident, and now has only one leg.
-- a mutilated note 一张残缺不全的钞票
2> 把...搞砸了
-- You‘ve already mutilated the novel by making such changes.
Dollar = dad president 美元
chew v.咀嚼
-- A lot of people love chewing gums.（chewing gums口香糖）（gum n.树脂,
橡胶）
-- Don‘t bite off more than one can chew. 不要贪多嚼不烂。 Bite（n.咬）
chew the fat 聊天, 闲谈
chewed up 着急的、担心的 嚼碎, 毁坏, 消耗
-- Don‘t get worried about your examination.
-- Don‘t get chewed up about your examination.
Microwave n.微波，微波炉
Microswitch 微型开关
Microfilm 缩影胶片
Microscope 显微镜
Microsecond 一百万分之一秒, 微秒
Microphone 扩音器, 麦克风
Microbiology 微生物学
micro adj.极小的, 微小的 / macro adj.巨大的
oven n.炉灶
safekeeping n.妥善保管
keep something safe
-- Please keep your ID card safe. 妥善保管你的身份证。
干坏事： do evil (动词) / evil doing (名词)
惹麻烦： make trouble (动词) / trouble making (名词)
Newcastle n.纽卡斯尔（英国港市）
Identify v.鉴定, 识别（= prove identity of sb or sth）
-- He can‘t identify the person
identity n.身份
-- So far the archeologists have been unable to discover her identity.
= So far the archeologists have been unable to identify her.
identification n.辨认, 鉴定, 证明
spokeswoman n.女发言人
trousers n.裤子, 长裤
Britain n.英国
despair n.绝望, 失望 vi.绝望
concern vt.涉及, 关系到
dismay n.沮丧, 惊慌
note n.纸币
ash n.灰, 灰烬
Text 课文
Why did Jane cook John‘s wallet?
Has it ever happened to you? Have you ever put your trousers in
the washing machine and
then remembered there was a large bank note in your back pocket?
断首或断尾运用疑问句：
断首--主要引起读者的兴趣和注意力。
断尾--进一步巩固、加深与本段所涉及的内容，并引起读者的沉思。
When you rescued your trousers, did note in your back pocket?
Rescued vt.援救, 营救
-- Hundreds of people went to rescue the plane 无效.
Rescue是一个大词（大词小用可以加强语气）
When you rescued your trousers, did you find the note was whiter
than white?
whiter than white = damaged, mutilated
People who live in Britain needn‘t despair when they made mistakes
like this (and a lot of
people do)!
needn‘t despair(v.) = needn’t feel despaired(adj.)
Fortunately for them, the Bank of England has a team called Mutilated
Ladies which deals
with claims from people who fed their money to a machine or to
their dog.
Fortunately for them = luckily for them = happily for them
Team n.队, 组（= Organization n.组织, 机构, 团体）
called Mutilated Ladies = that called Mutilated Ladies
-- 这里采用分词called是为了不和后面which引导的定语从句从复
deal with v.处理 （deal vi.处理, 应付）
Claim n.(根据权利提出)要求, 索赔
-- make a claim for 对（赔偿等）提出要求...
feed vt.vi.( fed , fed, feeding) 给吃, 喂
-- feed sth to… 把某物喂给…
Dogs, it seems, love to chew up money!
it seems 似乎
本句= It seems that dogs love to chew up money!
A recent case concerns Jane Butlin whose fiancé, John, runs a
successful furniture business.
第二段充分的说明了约翰是怎么样把钱从银行里拿回来
concern vt.涉及到 （= is about）
run a factory 开一家工厂 / run a company 开一家公司
John had a very good day and put his wallet containing $3,000 into
the microwave oven for
safekeeping.
I have a very good day. 我今天过得很好。
I have a good time. 我玩得很高兴。
Fro safekeeping = to keep it safe
Wallet containing… = wallet which contained…
Then he and Jane went horse-riding.
go horse-riding / go fishing / go hunting / go shopping
When they got home, Jane cooked their dinner in the microwave
oven and without realizing
it, cooked her fiancé‘s wallet as well.
Imagine their dismay when they found a beautifully-cooked wallet
and notes turned to ash!
beautifully-cooked wallet 用一种讽刺的口吻, 一种幽默
turn to = turned into = become
John went to see his bank manager who sent the remains of wallet
and the money to the
special department of the Bank of England in Newcastle: the Mutilate
Ladies!
Who = bank manager
They examined the remain and John got all his money back.
‘So long as there‘s something to identify, we will give people
their money back,‘ said a spokeswoman for the Bank. ‘Last year,
we paid $1.5m on 21,000 claims.
so long as = as long as = on condition that 只要…（表假设）
pay money for… 为...付多少钱
-- We paid 80 dollars for the dictionary.
pay off 还清(债务等)付清
-- The couples have already paid their debts off
pay back
1> 把钱归还回去
pay money back
2> 报复、报仇
pay somebody back
-- Don’t say that again or I will pay you back.
Special difficulties 难点
Interval n.间隔, 距离, 幕间休息
如何运用后缀（名词+后缀à动词）
1> less（表示：否定概念）
-- care（n.v.注意, 关心）à careless（adj.粗心的）
2> ful（表示：有, 充满了）
-- success（n.成功）à successful（adj.成功的）
-- hopeful（adj.怀有希望的） / careful（adj.小心的, 仔细的）
3> ly（形容词+ ly à 副词），（名词+ ly à 形容词）
-- daily（adj.adv.每日的）/ weekly（adj.adv.每星期的）
-- yearly（adj.adv.每年的）/ hourly（adj.每小时的）
4> ic / pic
-- energetic（adj.精力充沛的, 积极的）
-- athlete（n.运动员, 运动选手）à athletic（adj.运动的, 体育的, 身体健壮的）
5> ish
-- fool（n.愚人）à foolish（adj.愚蠢的）
-- childish（adj.孩子气的）/ womanish（adj.像女人的）
Exercise：
1> painless（adj.无痛的, 不痛的）
2> beautiful
3> daily
4> childish（--ish的形容词具有贬义色彩）
5> athletic（adj.运动的, 体育的, 身体健壮的）
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1.B正确 involve vt.包括, 使陷入
2.D正确
-- identify à identifiable（adj.可以确认的）
-- return à returnable（adj.可退回的）
-- eat à eatable（adj.可以吃的）
3.B正确 unless = if not
4.A正确
c) any large bank notes（any +复数）
5.C正确 真实的条件句
6.B正确
一般来说, 如果表示某人的东西就用 ‘s.
如果采用介词of表示所属关系, 被修饰名词前要出现定冠词。
-- Mary’s book = the book of Mary
7.C正确
简单句, 选用一般过去式
8.A正确
safety n.安全, 保险
9.A正确
-- in charge of 某人负责某物
-- in the charge of 某物由某人负责
10.D正确 -- become ash = turn to ash = turn into ash
11.B正确
send = dispatch（vt.送, 派遣, 发出）= deliver（vt.递送, 交付）
convey（vt.运输, 运送）
fetch（vt.去取回来）
12.B正确
provided（conj.倘若）= providing（conj.倘若）
-- Provided that you reduce the price, I‘ll take all the goods.
假如你减价, 我会买下所有的货物。
c) supposed的形式不对, suppose和supposing都可以。
-- Suppose（conj.假使...结果会怎样）= supposing（conj.万一, 假使）
Lesson 08 A famous monastery 著名的修道院
New words and expression 生词和短语
Monastery n.寺院，修道院
Abbot n.男修道院院长
Convent n.女修道会, 女修道院
Nun n.修女
abbess n.女修道院院长
St. Bernard 圣伯纳德
Pass n.关隘
Watchdog n.看门狗
Rashly adv.莽撞地，冒失地
Boldly adv.大胆地, 显眼地
Enclosure n.围场，圈地
Monk n.和尚
Privacy n.清静，隐居
Skier n.滑雪者
Ski n.滑雪橇 vi.滑雪（-- go skiing）
Easter n.复活节
-- at Easter 在复活节 / at Christmas 在圣诞节 / at Thanksgiving 在感恩节
connect （v.连接, 联合, 关连）
Switzerland （n.瑞士, 欧洲中部国家）
Italy （n.意大利, 欧洲南部国家）
Metre = Meter （n.米, 公尺）
Lie, Lay, Lain, Lying （vi.位于, 躺, 平放）
Lie, Lied, Lied, Lying（vi.说谎）
Lay, Laid, Laid, Lying（vt.放置, 产卵）
Europe （n.欧洲） Asia （n.亚洲）
Tunnel （n.隧道, 地道） Attempt （vt.尝试, 企图）
Freedom （n.自由, 自主） Wander （vi.漫步, 徘徊）
Regular （adj.规则的, 有秩序的, 经常的）
Party （n.团体, 一伙人）
Peace （n. 静寂, 安宁, 和平, 和睦）
Minus adj.负的, 减的 prep.减去 n.负数
Minus adj.负的负的或在负值区间的
-- a minus value 一个负值 / minus five degrees 零下五度
Degree n.度数, 度, 程度
Text 课文
What are the St. Bernard dogs used for?
The Great St. Bernard Pass connects Switzerland to Italy.
St. = saint（n.圣人, 圣徒 adj.神圣）
Bernard n.伯纳德(男子名)
Pass n.关口
把...与…连接在一起 connect…to… / join….to… / link…with…
connect...with 把...与某事联系在一起
-- I can‘t connect the picture with my friend, Mary.
be connected with 与...有联系
-- Are you connected with the government?
At 2,473 metres, it is the highest mountain pass in Europe.
At 2,473 metres（介词短语修饰全句用于句首表示原因、条件或状态）
-- In red, she looks much more beautiful.
-- At the age of 25, he is able. 在十五岁的时候, 他很能干。
-- At one point 65 metres, he is a little short.
The famous monastery of St. Bernard, witch was founded in the eleventh
century, lies about
a mile away.
Found（v.建立, 创立）= set up（设立, 竖立）= establish（vt.成立，建立）
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句最大的区别：
1> 非限制性定语从句只是对主句或主句中所出现的某个名词的补充、说明和解释, 去掉
对主句影响不大。
2> 限制性定语从句是主句当中不可缺少的一部分。
1>who引导的非限制性定语从句主要指人做主语
-- Mr. Smith was a famous person in American history.
-- Mr. Smith, who died on July 17th at 84, was a famous person
in American history.
-- There were very few passengers, who escaped without serious
injury.（n.伤害）
旅客很少, 他们都逃出来了, 没有受到重伤。
-- There were very few passengers who escaped without serious injury.
没有受重伤而逃出来的旅客很少。
-- The taxi drivers, who knew about the traffic jam, took another
road.
所有司机都知道堵车的事, 都走了别的路。
-- The taxi drivers who knew about the traffic jam took another
road, and others who didn‘t know
about the traffic jam still took this heavy road.
得知堵车的司机走了别的路, 不知道堵车事件的司机仍然走这条路。
2>指代事物在非限制性定语从句当中只能使用which, 不用that。
-- He lent me a thousand dollars, which was exactly the sum I needed.
3>指代时间when、地点where
-- He was left on the desert island, where he stayed for as long
as three weeks.
他被留在了荒岛上, 在那里他呆了长达三周之久。
For hundreds of years, St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of
travellers crossing the
dangerous Pass.
Life（n.生命, 生活）à lives（life的复数）
These friendly dogs, which were first brought from Asia, were used
as watchdogs even in
Roman times.
which指代friendly dogs
-- The panda, which was brought from China, was used as a symbol
of friendship
symbol（n.象征）
Now that a tunnel ahs been built through the mountains, the Pass
is less dangerous, but each
year, the dogs are still sent out into the snow whenever a traveller
is in difficulty.
Now that 既然
1> 用做时间连接词, 后面通常跟完成式
-- Now that you have left university, you have to find a job.
2> 用做原因连接词时, 后面时态不限
-- Now that you won‘t help me, I must do the job myself.
whoever, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, however
= no matter who/what/when/where/which/how
-- You can telephone me whenever you like. 无论什么时候你想打电话给我都行。
-- Whichever day you come, we‘ll be pleased to see you.
-- Wherever you go, I‘ll follow you.
-- However busy you are, you must spare some time to study English.
Despite the new tunnel, there are still a few people who rashly
attempt to cross the Pass on
foot.
Despite(介词) = in spite of (of是介词)
attempt to do something = try to do something 企图做某事
There be结构：
-- There are still a few students studying English in the classroom.
= There are still a few students who are studying English in the
classroom.
依旧有些学生在教室学习英语。
During the summer months, the monastery is very busy, for it is
visited by thousands of
people who cross the Pass in cars.
in cars = by car
As there are so many people about, the dogs have to be kept in
a special enclosure.
About（adv.到处, 周围）
-- Don‘t litter waste paper about. 不要到处扔废纸。 Litter（vt.乱丢, 铺草, 弄乱）
-- look about 到处看 / go about 到处走 / run about 到处跑 / wander about
到处闲逛
keep经常和介词短语、形容词、分词搭配使用, 表示使某人或某物处于某种状态。
-- Keep him out. / Keep him in.（介词）
-- Do keep the cat in the room. （介词）
-- I‘m sorry to keep you waiting.（现在分词）
-- The lamb was kept tight to a tree. = I kept the lamb tight to
a tree.
lamb（n.小羊, 羔羊） / tight（adj.紧的, 绷紧的）
In winter, however, life at the monastery is quite different.
quite the opposite 恰恰相反
The temperature drops to -30°and very few people attempt to cross
the Pass.
The monks prefer winter to summer of they have more privacy.
prefer A to B 宁愿A也不愿B
-- I prefer reading to doing nothing. 我宁愿看书, 也不愿什么都不做。
-- The boy prefers apples to bananas.
prefer to do sth than do sth
-- He prefers to read than do nothing. 我宁愿看书, 也不愿什么都不做。
The dogs have greater freedom, too, for they are allowed to wander
outside their enclosure.
The only regular visitors to the monastery in winter are parties
of skiers who go there at
Christmas and Easter.
The regular visitors to BeiJing.
These young people, who love the peace of mountains, always receive
a warm welcome at
St. Bernard‘s monastery.
Mike, who loves chess very much, enter for the game.
Chess（n.国际象棋）
Special difficulties 难点
1> what
2> when engaged（adj.忙碌的, 使用中的）
3> who
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1... C be best known for = be famous for… 众所周知, 因...而著名
attraction（n.吸引, 吸引力） trap（vt.使受限制, 设陷）
2... C the main advantage（n.好处, 优势, 有利条件）
endanger（vt.危及）
Swiss（n.瑞士人 adj.瑞士的, 瑞士人的）
Italian（n.意大利人, 意大利语 adj.意大利的, 意大利语的, 意大利文化的）
3... D differ（vi.不一致, 不同）
occupation（n.工作, 职业） undisturbed（adj.不受打扰的）
pursue（vt.从事, 继续, 追赶） relatively（adv.相对地, 比较地）
4... D 名词作表语（原句中为at介词短语作状语）
5... A 形容词或副词和enough to do搭配
b）选项错在so rash as to （-- You are so kind as to help me.）
6... A with的复合结构形式
-- A large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared
down the arcade.
-- With so many people around me, I fell happy.
7... C 让某人做某事：let sb do
8... C 泛泛的概念采取一般现在时
9... B 强调两者之间
10... A
whenever = if ever 无论什么时候, 只要情况是如此
-- Whenever/if ever you pour oil on water, it floats.（vi.飘浮）
in case（conj.万一） 主要是讨论预防措施
-- You should insure your house in case there is a fire.
11... D voyage（n.vi.航海, 航行）
12... C wander = roam（v.漫游, 闲逛, 徜徉）
graze（v.放牧, 吃草）
drift（n.v.漂流）= float（n.v.浮动, 飘浮）
wonder（vt.想知道, 感到奇怪）
Lesson 09 Flying cats 飞猫
New words and expression 生词和短语
Fascinate v.迷住，吸引住
Fascination（n.魔力, 入迷, 魅力）
Fascinating（adj.令人着迷的）
-- Sweet music is fascinating.
Fascinated（adj.感到着迷的）
Be fascinated with… 迷上了…
-- He is fascinated with music.
-- He is fascinated with chess. / Are you fascinated with English?
Be crazy about… 着迷于…
-- He is crazy about music.
Be mad about… 着迷于…
-- He is mad about music.
Like, Love, Be fond of 喜欢
-- The boy is fond of football.
Affectionate adj.充满深情，柔情的
-- Cats are affectionate animals.
Affectionately（adv.充满深情的, 有感情的, 慈爱的）
-- The lady is looking that man affectionately
affection（n.友爱, 爱情, 影响, 疾病, 倾向）
affect（vt.影响, 感动）
Mysterious adj.神秘的，难以理解的
-- a mysterious plan / a mysterious explanation
mystery（n.谜面，神秘感）
-- His death is a mystery.
Submissive adj.服从的，顺从的
be submissive to sb
-- Dogs and horses are submissive, but cats are never submissive
to us.
Obedient（adj.服从的, 孝顺的）
-- Are you obedient?
Submit（v.服从, 顺从）
-- submit oneself to sb/sth
Submission（n.屈服, 降服, 服从）
Feline adj.猫的
Independence n.独立，独立性 dependence（n.依*, 依赖, 信任, 信赖）
Independent（adj.独立自主的, 不受约束的） dependent（adj.依*的, 依赖的）
-- You have already grown up, you must be independent.
Depend（vi.依*, 依赖） independ 没有此词
-- You must depend on yourself.
high-rise adj.高层的
windowsill n.窗槛
paratrooper n.伞兵
squirrel n.松鼠
air-resistance n.空气阻力
impact n.冲击力
height（n.高度, 海拔, 高地[常用复数]）
protect（vt.保护）
remain（vi.保持）
suspicious（adj.可疑的, 怀疑的）
apparently（adj.显然的, 外观上的）
ability（n.能力, 才干）
fall（vi.倒下, 落下）--（fell, fallen, falling）
medical（adj.医学的, 内科的）
period（n.时期, 学时）
shock（n.打击, 震动）
injury（n.伤害, 侮辱） injure（vt.损害, 伤害）
ideal（n.理想 adj.理想的, 完美的）
sill（n.窗台, 门槛）
storey（n.层 = [美]story）
behave（vi.举动, 举止, 运转）
suffer（vt.遭受, 经历, 忍受 vi.受痛苦, 受损害）
stretch（v.伸展, 伸长）
increase（n.增加 vt.增加, 加大 vi.增加, 繁殖）
resistance（n. 阻力, 电阻, 抵抗力, 反抗, 抵抗）
reduce（vt.减少, 缩小）
Text 课文
How do cats try to protect themselves when falling from great heights?
Cats never fail to fascinate human beings.
never fail to 双重否定意味肯定（运用双重否定结构加深句子肯定的语气）
-- If you ask for help in the polite way, you never fail to succeed.
-- If you receive requests like this, you‘ll never fail to accept.
双重否定结构：（起加深句子肯定的语气的作用）
1>否定词+fail to
-- never fail to / can‘t fail to / don‘t fail to
2>否定的形容词之前加以否定
-- What he said is not unreasonable.（adj.不讲道理的, 不合理的）
-- It is quite common for us to make mistakes.
= It is not uncommon for us to make mistakes.
3> not + without
-- You can‘t obtain English without working hard. Obtain（vt.获得,
得到）
-- He doesn‘t have any meal without meats.
4> no + not
-- There is no cat that doesn‘t like fish.
-- There is nothing that he can‘t do. 没有什么他不能做的。
-- There is no rule that has no exception. 没有无例外的法规。Exception（n.除外,
例外）
They can be friendly and affectionate towards humans, but they
lead mysterious lives of
their own as well.
as well 也, 又, 同样
They never become submissive like dogs and horses.
As a result, humans have learned to respect feline independence.
as a result adv.结果
have learned to 学会了, 习惯了
-- People have learned to expect(盼望) that trains are punctual.（adj.准时的）
-- Children have learned to expect(认为) that their parents are very
able.（adj.能干的）
Most cats remain suspicious of humans all their lives.
be suspicious of… 对…表示怀疑, 存有戒心
One of the things that fascinates us most about cats is the popular
belief that they have nine
lives.
that 引导同位语从句
-- One of the things that fascinates us most about planes is the
popular fact that they are safe and
fast.
Apparently, there is a good deal of truth in this idea. herehere
a good deal of +不可数名词
apparently（adv.显然地），语气不是非常确定（= It seems that...）
A cat‘s ability to survive falls is based on fact.
Survive（v.幸免于, 幸存, 生还）
Fall（n.堕落, 落下, 下降）
-- a cat‘s ability to survive falls is based on fact
be based on 基于事实基础之上
base sth on … 把某事建立在…基础之上
-- We base the theory on the fact. 我们把这理论建立在事实的基础之上。
-- The theory is based on fact. 这理论是建立在事实基础上的。
Recently the New York Animal Medical Center made a study of 132
cats over a period of five
months.
make a study of sth 对什么作出研究
over a period of five months
All these cats had one experience in common: they had fallen off
high buildings, yet only
eight of them died from shock or injuries.
in common = the same
fall off 坠落，掉落
die of + illness, disease, hunger, thirst
die from + shock, injures, wound
Of course, New York is the ideal place for such an interesting
study, because there is no
shortage of tall buildings.
Shortage（n.不足, 缺乏）= lack（n.缺乏, 短缺），两个词都和of搭配
-- Shortage of money led to the failure of the experiments.
资金缺乏导致实验的失败。
There are plenty of high-rise windowsills to fall from! One cat,
Sabrina, fell 32 storeys, yet
only suffered from a broken tooth.
32 storeys
suffer from 遭受什么痛苦
-- A lot of people in the world are suffering from terrible disease.
‘Cats behave like well-trained paratroopers.‘ a doctor said.
behave like = act like
well-trained 训练很好的，well-decorated 装饰漂亮的
It seems that the further cats fall, the less they are likely to
injure themselves.
the more...the more...（用定冠词the +形容词或副词的比较级）
-- The harder you study English, the better you can learn it.
-- The more you eat, the fatter you will be.
be likely to do 有可能如何（强调可能性）
-- In cold winter, we are likely to catch a cold.
In a long drop, they reach speeds of 60 miles an hour and more.
and more 甚至更多（= more than 60 miles an hour）
At high speeds, falling cats have time to relax. They stretch out
their legs like
flying squirrels.
at high speeds
stretch out 充分伸展
This increases their air-resistance and reduces the shock of impact
when they hit the ground.
Special difficulties 难点
so, such, such a, such an
1> so
2> such （fun是不可数名词）
3> such an （exhibition n.展览会）
4> so （twin n.双胞胎中一人）
5> such a
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1... A endlessly fascinating 无穷的吸引人的
Endlessly（adv.不断地, 无穷尽地）
2... D
3... A
unlikely（adj.未必的, 不太可能的）
exceed（vt.超越, 胜过）
4... C
for 对于人们来讲
with 对于人们来讲（强调对比概念）
-- With some children, their pocket money goes a long way.（暗含：对于其他的孩子来说…）
Unfailing（adj.经久不衰的,无穷尽的）
Endless（adj.无止境的, 无穷的）
5... B
as...as... 象…一样
in the way that... 以…方式
-- I love you in the way that you love me.
-- We like modern art in the same way that we like pretty curtain
material.
6... D popularly（adv.一般地, 流行地, 通俗地, 大众地）
It is said that... 据说…
It is announced that... 据宣布…
It is reported that... 据报道…
7... B there is plenty of改为there are plenty of就对了
8... A
9... A
throughout（prep.遍及, 贯穿）
-- throughout one‘s life 毕生, 整个一生中
during 在…期间（时间较短）
-- during our holiday / during the week
through 侧重强调从空间穿过
-- through the crowd 穿过人群 / through the door
-- Monday through Friday
10... C It would seem (that)... = apparently
event n.结果, 事件, 事变 （in the event adv.结果, 如果）
Surprisingly（adv.令人惊讶地）
11... C
explain（v.解释, 说明）
test（v.测试, 试验, 检验）
bear vt.vi.（bore, borne/born, bearing）v.负担, 忍受
support（vt.支撑, 扶持, 支持）
-- The theory is supported by the fact.
-- The theory is based on the fact.
12... A
even so（conj.虽然如此） 注意：要有上下文
-- He is very tired, even so he keeps studying English hard.
Although（conj.虽然, 尽管）引导让步状语从句
in spite of（虽然, 尽管）只用了连接名词、动名词或代词
moreover（adv.而且；此外）表示递近关系
-- I don‘t like skating; moreover, the ice is too thin. 我不喜欢溜冰
Lesson 10 The loss of the Titanic “泰坦尼克”号的沉没
New words and expression 生词和短语
Southampton n.南安普敦（英国港市）
Colossal adj.庞大的（= large in size）
-- A ship Titanic was colossal.
-- A colossal monument / A colossal statue
big
-- You give me a big surprise.
-- He is a big person.（重要）
-- The box is big.（large and heavy）
large（体积大 、数量大）
-- an empty large box（体积大） / a large number of people（数量大）
great （伟大）
vast （辽阔、广阔） -- vast desert
immense（adj.极广大的, 无边的）
-- immense = immeasurable 不可测量的 （measurable adj.可测量的）
-- an immense stadium / an immense iceberg
enormous（重点突出数量、程度、体积）---强调程度时比big语气, 且更正式。
-- We had an enormous lunch.
-- He made a big success. / He made an enormous success.
Giant（n.巨人, 大力士 adj.庞大的, 巨大的）= gigantic（adj.巨人般的, 巨大的）
-- a giant person
tremendous （= big、fast、powerful）
-- The plane is travelling at tremendous speed.
Titanic（用于修饰人和物、体积大、力量大）
-- The ship is titanic.
Huge
-- 强调体积大a huge stone / 数量巨大a huge sum of money
watertight adj.不漏水的 （-- a watertight ship）
watertight（引申为无限可击的、毫无破绽的）
-- watertight arguments 无懈可击的论点 / watertight excuse 毫无破绽的借口
water proof（adj.防水的） proof（adj.不能透入的）
-- waterproof watch 防水手表 / waterproof coat 防水雨衣
compartment n.（轮船的）密封舱
flood v.充满水（= be filled with water）
-- The ship is flooded.
-- The room was flooded with moonlight.
-- Our classroom is flooded with sunshine.
Flood n.洪水（-- in flood 洪水泛滥）
-- During the rains, the river is in flood
引申表示连续不断的、滔滔不绝的（-- in a flood of words ）
-- She blamed her husband in a flood of words on seeing him.
Float v.漂浮, 飘浮 = drift（vi,vt漂浮, 漂荡, 漂流 n.漂流物, 漂流）
tragic adj.悲惨的（= unfortunate）-- a tragic accident
miserable（adj.痛苦的, 悲惨的）
bitter adj.痛苦的
tragedy n.悲剧, 惨案（-- in tragedy以悲剧形式）
-- The holiday ended in tragedy.
Comedy n.喜剧
comic adj.喜剧的, 滑稽的
comical adj.古怪的, 可笑的（含有贬义）
liner n.班船
voyage n.航行（海上航行）/ flight飞行 / journey长途行程
-- The voyage is more than the old lady can bear.
navigation 航海, 航行学, 航海[航空]术
-- navigation light 夜航灯光, 导航灯
Iceberg n.冰山
lookout n.了望员
collision n.碰撞
collide vi 碰撞, 抵触
-- The plane collided with the mountain.
无效 v.坠毁
-- It is said that there is an airplane that 无效ed in the mountains.
conflict vi.和某事（某人）相抵触
-- My idea conflicts with yours.
clash vi.相冲突
-- His wedding clashed with my examination, so I couldn‘t go.
Narrowly adv.刚刚，勉强地
miss v.避开
slight adj.轻微的
tremble v.震颤（有规律的、小幅度的抖动）
-- Look, your hands are trembling. what‘s wrong with you?
Shiver v.强调由于寒冷、惧怕而一连串地抖动
-- I found he‘s shivering in a cold.
shudder vi.强调全身的颤栗
-- The boy is shuddering, why? Because he was frightened.
Faint adj.微弱的（= weak adj.弱的, 虚弱的）
-- faint sound, weak sound / weak voice, faint voice
= unconscious（adj.失去知觉, 无意识的）
-- He has been faint for a long time.
slight adj.轻微的, 微不足道的
-- a slight headache 点轻微的头疼 / a slight book 一本微不足道的书
horror n.恐惧
abandon v.抛弃（因为某事而被迫放弃自己喜爱的事物）
-- He abandoned his research because of the war.
desert （vt.放弃, 遗弃, 离弃）
-- desert the army / desert the duty / desert his family
plunge v.投入，跳入（= jump or rush suddenly and wildly）
-- He got so angry that he plunge into the water.
-- When the ship Titanic sank in the ocean, a large number of people
plunged into...
jump（侧重强调快速地跳）
-- The boy is jumping up and down.
Leap vt. 跳跃, 跳越（-- He leapt out of the sleeping bad.）
Dive vi.潜水, 跳水, 下潜, 俯冲
lifeboat n.救生船
passenger n.乘客, 旅客
crew n.全体人员 ton n.吨, 大量, 许多
unsinkable adj.不会下沉的，不会沉底的
sinking n.沉没 Atlantic n.大西洋 adj.大西洋的
Alarm n.警报
Sharply adj.突然地, 急剧地, 强烈地, 尖锐地
Direct adj.直接的, 笔直的
Trembling adj.发抖的, 震颤的, 颤抖的 n.发抖, 震颤
Text 课文
What would have happened if only two of the sixteen water-tight
compartments had been flooded?
The great ship, Titanic, sailed for New York from Southampton on
April 10th, 1912.
The great ship, Titanic, sailed for... 背景介绍
sail for… 航海去往某处
set out for / set off for 出发去往某处
leave for / head for / make for 出发去往某处
-- He will set out for the Atlantic.
-- The plane is making for the airport.
-- We are heading for Canada.
She was carrying 1,316 passengers and a crew of 891.
She was carrying... （carry 表示载有）
a crew of 一组人员
Even by modern standards, the 46,000 ton Titanic was a colossal
ship.
modern standards 现代的标准
by = according to 表示依据
-- by regulation依据规则 （regulation n.规则, 规章）
-- by rules依据条例（rule n.规则, 惯例）
-- by our estimate 依据我们的估计（estimate n.估计, 估价, 评估 v.估计, 估价, 评估）
-- by one‘s looks = by one‘s appearance 根据某人的长相（appearance n.外貌,
出现）
according to… 依据（事实、课文等客观存在的现实）
-- according to the fact 依据事实
-- according to the text 依据这篇课文
in accordance with = according to
in accordance with… 依据（法律等），更加正式
-- in accordance with law / in accordance with rules
in my opinion 在我看来
At the time, however, she was not only the largest ship that had
ever been built, but was
regarded as unsinkable, for she had sixteen watertight compartments.
At that time 在当时
not only... but(also)... 不仅…而且…
be regarded as = be considered to be = be thought of as 把...看作为
口语中：regard sb./sth. As + (n./porn./adj./doing/done)
-- I regard his idea as totally unacceptable.（adj.无法接受的, 不受欢迎的）
-- We can‘t regard the matter as settled.（adj.定下的, 决定的）
for 表示原因
Even if two of these were flooded, she would still be able to float.
be able to 强调有能力
The tragic sinking of this great liner will always be remembered,
for she went down on her
first voyage with heavy loss of life.
be remembered 被永远记住 （always adv.永远, 始终, 总是）
go down = sink
on her first voyage 处女航, 首航
with heavy loss of life 损失惨重, 造成大批人员的死亡
Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across
the icy water of the North
Atlantic, huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a lookout.
four days after setting out... = four days after setting off...
spotted = discovered
icy（adj.冰冷的, 冷淡的, 盖着冰的） waters（n.水域, 海域）
After the alarm had been given, the great ship turned sharply to
avoid a direct collision.
the alarm had been given 发出警报
to avoid... 不定式表目的
The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall
of ice which rose over
100 feet out of the water beside her.
Just in time 很及时
Missing… 现在分词做状语, 对主句的补充说明
which 指代the immense wall of ice
Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below, and the
captain went down to see
what had happened.
from below 从下方 / from above 从上方
The noise had been so faint that no one though that the ship had
been damaged.
So faint that no one thought that...（so...that…）
Below, the captain realized to his horror that the Titanic was
sinking rapidly, for five of her
sixteen watertight compartments had already been flooded!
to one‘s horror 使某人感到惊恐
to one‘s surprise 使某人感到惊讶
The order to abandon ship was given and hundreds of people plunged
into the icy water.
The order was given 命令被下达 / to abandon ship 弃船（不定式做定语）
-- be able to do sth 能够做某事 / the ability to do sth 做某事的能力
-- order sb to do sth 命令某人做某事 / the order to do sth 做某事的命令
-- be capable of doing sth 有能力做某事 / capability of doing sth 做某事的能力
ability（n.能力, 才干）
capable（adj.有能力的, 能干的, 有可能的）
capability（n.能力, 才能, 才干）
As there were not enough lifeboats for everybody, 1,500 lives were
lost.
As = because
Special difficulties 难点
1>动词后加-er
如果是以不发音的e结尾的, 只加r（表示行为的主动者, 做某事的人）。
work à worker / teachàteacher / writeàwriter / readàreader
murder（vt.谋杀, 凶杀）à murderer（n.杀人犯, 凶手）
2>动词、名词后加-ist （表示某种主义信仰者, 从事某种职业、研究的人。）
Copy à copyist（n.抄写员, 模仿者）
无效 à typist（n.打字员）
novel（n.小说, 长篇故事）à novelist（n.小说作家）
drug（n.药）à druggist（n.药商, 药剂师）
tobacco（n.烟草, 烟草制品）à tobacconist（n.烟草商, 烟店）
3 >形容词后加-ness（抽象名词, 表示一种性质、情况、状态）
kind à kindness（n.仁慈, 亲切, 好意, 善意）
bitter à bitterness（n.苦味, 辛酸, 苦难）
happy à happiness（n.幸福, 快乐）--- 以结尾要变y为i加ness.
willing（adj.乐意的, 自愿的）à willingness（n.自动自发,积极肯干）
4>某些动词后加-ion,构成名词。
Suggest à suggestion
possess（vt.占有, 拥有, 持有）à possession（n.拥有, 占有）
collect à collection（n.收藏, 搜集品）
以-te结尾的动词, 把不发音的-e去掉, 在加-ion.
Translate（vt.翻译, 解释, 转化） à translation（n.翻译, 译文, 转化）
complete à completion（n.完成）
graduate（v.(使)(大学)毕业）à graduation（n.毕业, 毕业典礼）
某些以-aim/-ain结尾的动词、把-i去掉，在加-ation.
Explain（v.解释, 说明）à explanation（n.解释, 解说, 说明）
Exclaim（v.呼喊, 惊叫, 大声叫）à exclamation（n.惊叫, 喊叫）
5>（以-able/-ible结尾的）形容词之后加-ity变成（以-ability/-ibility结尾的）抽象名词
（表示性质、状态）
able à ability
probable（adj.很可能的, 大概的）à probability（n.可能性, 或然性, 概率）
possible（adj.可能的）à possibility（n.可能性, 可能发生的事物）
mobile（adj.可移动的, 机动的）à mobility（n.活动性, 灵活性, 机动性）
Exercise：
Violin（n.小提琴）à violinist（n.小提琴演奏者, 小提琴家）
Responsible（adj.有责任的, 可*的）à responsibility（n.责任, 职责）
Careless（adj.粗心的, 疏忽的） à carelessness
1> physics（n.物理学）à physicist（n.物理学者, 唯物论者）
2> mine（n.矿v.开采, 开矿）à miner（n.矿工）
3> human（n.人类adj.人类的）à humanity（n.人性, 人类）
4> impress（vt.留下印象）à impression（n.印象, 感想）
-- make a good impression
5> original（adj.最初的, 原始的）à originality（n.创意, 创造性）
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1... D maiden（n.少女, 处女 adj.未婚的, 纯洁的, 处女的）
-- on her first = maiden voyage 首航, 处女航
2…C course（n.过程, 路线, 课程）
-- steep（adj.陡峭的, 险峻的）à steeply（adv.险峻地）
3... A
4... B on board her（her指代的是the great ship）
-- on board the plane 在飞机上
-- on board the train 在火车上
-- on board the ship 在轮船上
5... D 表示下沉的可能性
6… D 有了“段时间”four days, 所以用过去完成进行时。
7... B so位于句首, 句子必须倒装。
8... D
9... A veer（vi.转向vt.使转向）= turn
10... C just in time = with no time to spare 躲得很及时
in next to no time = at once = immediately
on a sudden impulse 凭一时的冲动（impulse n.冲动, 推动, 刺激）
11... B 重点在于下去调查
investigate（v.调查, 研究） examine（v.检查, 调查）
12... A room（n.空间）
volume（n.容量, 容积）
area（n.范围, 区域,地区）
place（n.地方, 地点）
Lesson 11 Not guilty 无罪
New words and expression 生词和短语
Guilty adj.犯罪的，违法的
-- He felt guilty when he did what he shouldn‘t have done.
-- He said that with a guilty smile.
Guilt (n.罪行, 内疚) guiltily (adv.有罪地, 有罪似地)
反义词：innocent (adj.清白的, 无罪的) innocence (n.清白)
tolerant adj.宽容的 à Tolerantly (adv.)
-- A tolerant person must be easy going. 一个宽容的人一定是很好相处的。
Tolerance (n.宽容, 忍受, 容忍) Tolerate (vt.忍受, 容忍)
Tolerable (adj.可忍受的) hardship (n.困苦, 艰难, 辛苦)
-- The hardship is tolerable. 这种困苦还是可以忍受的。
declare v.申报
hardened adj.有经验的（侧重于老练的）
-- a hardened player / a hardened thief
experienced adj.富有经验的 (侧重于有经验的)
-- an experienced teacher
professional adj.职业的，专业的
-- a professional player 一个职业的选手
smuggler n.走私者
officious adj.爱管闲事的 / Officiousness (n.)
-- A lot of old ladies are officious.
Officious adj.多管闲事的, 非官方的, 非正式的, 专横的
-- civil（adj.全民的, 市民的, 公民的, 国民的）
-- servant（n.仆人）
-- civil servant n.文职人员,公务员,公仆,(联合国等机构的行政人员)
-- officious civil servant 爱管闲事的的公务员
-- an officious police officer 专横的的警官
Officiously（adv.多管闲事的, 非正式的, 非官方的）
official adj.官方的, 官员的, 正式的
-- An official inquiry will be made into this matter.（inquiry n.质询,
调查）
此事将进行一次官方调查。
Confidently adv.自信地（= with confidence 充满信心的）
-- He went to do the work confidently.
Confident (adj.自信的, 确信的)
Confidence (n.信心)
-- have confidence 有信心 / gain confidence 获得信心
in confidence (悄悄的,秘密的) = secretly
take sb into one‘s confidence 以某人为心腹
-- The boss takes his secretary into his confidence.
dreadful adj.可怕的，一团糟的 （= frightful adj.糟糕的, 讨厌的）
dreadful（侧重于可怕的, 乱七八糟的）
-- The room is dreadful / a frightful day
fearful（表示胆怯的, 恐惧的）
-- she felt fearful particularly when she went out at night.（adv.独特地,
显著地）
pounce v.猛抓，扑住
perfume n.香水（人造的）
fragrance （抽象名词）n.芬芳, 芳香, 香气, 香味
sarcastically adv.讽刺地
exempt adj.被免除的
duty n.税
-- Customs Duty 关税 / duty free 免税的
-- Stamp Duty 印花税 （stamp n.邮票, 印花, 图章, 标志）
同义词：tax n.税, 税款, 税金
-- income tax 所得税
gel n.凝胶
mixture n.混合物
mix（v.使混和, 混淆, 混合） -- mix sth With
-- Oil does not mix with water. 油不能和水融合在一起
unscrew v.拧开
nostril n.鼻孔
chalk n.粉笔
baggage n.行李
同义词：luggage（n.行李, 皮箱）
trouble vt.(使)烦恼, 麻烦, 打扰
hide vt.vi.（hid, hidden, hiding）隐藏
eh int.(表示惊奇、疑问等) 啊，嗯
particular（adj.特殊的, 特别的, 独特的）
particularly（adv.异常地,显著地,特别地,格外,尤其）
import n.进口, 进口货(常用复数), 输入
encouraging（adj.鼓励的） encouragingly（adv.鼓励的）
greet vt.问候, 向...致意, 映入眼帘
convince vt.使确信, 使信服
Text 课文
What was the Customs Officer looking for?
Customs Officers are quite tolerant these days, but they can still
stop you when you are
going through the Green Channel and have nothing to declare.
the Green Channel = the Custom Office
我们在运用形容词、动词时, 往往需要用副词来强调。
Really（表示“真正的”）
-- a really officious person
particularly（强调“特别, 尤其是”）
absolutely（强调“绝对的”）
completely = entirely = fully = thoroughly（强调“完全的, 彻底的”）
extremely（强调“特别, 特别是”）
fairly adv.相当地, 还算（语气一般）
-- a fairly gook book. 一本还算可以的书。
very（语气程度强烈“非常”）
-- a very good book. 一本非常好的书。
rather 语意程度接近fairly, 注意不冠词的位置。
-- a fairly good book.
-- a rather good book = rather a good book (更常用)
quite right / quit wrong / quite mistaken / quite sure
even really honest people...
a particularly officious young Customs officer...
Even really honest people are often made to feel guilty.
are made to feel guilty
make, have, let及感官性动词see, hear, notice, feel 用于主动语态, 符合宾语不定式的符号to
应省略。但这种结构改成被动式时, 不定式符号to必须还原。
-- We heard someone come up the stairs.
-- Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
The hardened professional smuggler, on the other hand, is never
troubled by such feelings,
even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase.
even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase.
= Even if/though he has five hundred golden watches that are hidden
in his suitcase.
hidden in his suitcase（过去分词短语作定语, 修饰watches）
On the one hand..., on the other hand…。
-- On the one hand we could stay and help you, but on the other
hand it might be better if you
went to help him instead.
When I returned form abroad recently, a particularly officious
young Customs Officer
clearly regarded me as a smuggler.
‘Have you anything to declare?‘ he asked, looking me in the eye.
looking me in the eye 两眼直盯盯的注视着我
= look sb in the face = stare sb in the eyes = look directly at
sb
-- Not one of the men dared look him in the eye. 没有人敢正眼看他。
‘No‘, I answered confidently.
‘Would you mind unlocking this suitcase please?‘ ‘Not at all,‘
I answered.
Would you mind unlocking this suitcase, please?
注意：mind后面的动名词形式
The Officer went through the case with great care.
The Officer went through the case with great care.
= The Officer examined the case carefully
with great care 强调相当的仔细
All the thing I had packed so carefully were soon in a dreadful
mess.
in a mess 乱作一团
介词in 和名词搭配，表示一种状态
-- in good order 秩序井然 / -- in good health 身体健康
-- in a good mood 心情好 / -- in a good temper 脾气好
I felt sure I would never be able to close the case again.
Suddenly, I saw the Officer‘s face light up.
light up 喜气洋洋, 容光焕发
-- Marsha’s face lit up when she saw her old friend.
-- His face lighted up at the small triumph.（n.胜利, 成功）
-- Tom really lighted up when he saw the new bicycle.
Light的过去式与过去分词即可以是lit, 也可以是lighted.
-- 但是如果运用过去分词作定语, 表示被点燃的, 要用lighted。
-- a lighted cigar 一支被点燃的雪茄
-- a lighted stick 点燃的火炬
He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced
on it with delight.
with delight 欣喜若狂地 （with和抽象名词搭配, 表示内心充满了一种感情）
-- with confidence 自信地 / -- with care 细心地
-- with pride 骄傲地 / -- with delight 欣喜若狂地
pounce on 向...猛扑过去, 对...大做文章
-- The policeman pounced on the thief. 警察向小偷猛扑过去。
-- Don‘t pounce on my mistake. 不要对我的错误大做文章。
‘Perfume, eh?‘ he asked sarcastically. ‘You should have declared
that. Perfume is not exempt
from import duty.‘
should have和过去分词搭配（表示本应该做某事却没有做, 具有谴责性的味道）
-- You should have arrived here five minutes earlier.
-- You should have told me about it.
shouldn‘t have done 本不应该做某事
exempt v.免除 adj.被免除的（be exempt from）
-- Drinks are not exempt from import duty. Perfume is not exempt
from import duty either.
‘But it isn‘t perfume,‘ I said. ‘It‘s hair gel.‘ Then I added with
a smile, ‘It‘s a strange mixture
I make myself.‘
As I expected, he did not believe me.
As：关系代词（引导非限制性定语从句, 它所指代的内容就是主句的整个句子的含义）
-- As we know, the earth is round. 众所周知, 地球是圆的。
-- As I mentioned 正如我所提及的
-- As I soon learned, he was English himself. 正如我很快得知的,他也是英国人。
关系代词as和which的区别：
as所引导的非限制性定语从句, 可用在主句之前。
which引导的非限制性定语从句, 只能用在主句之后。
‘Try it!‘ I said encouragingly.
Encouragingly 副词形式
The officer unscrewed the cap and put the bottle to his nostrils.
He was greeted by an unpleasant smell which convinced him that
I was telling the truth.
Greet
1> vt.问候, 向...致意
2> vt.觉察到, 呈现在...眼前, 在...耳边
-- I woke up and was greeted by a bird‘s song. 当我醒来时, 耳边是鸟鸣声。
-- Inside the room a dreadful mess greeted us. 当我进入房间，眼前是一堆乱七八糟的东西。
-- When he went into the kitchen, a smell greeted him.
A few minutes later, I was able to hurry away with precious chalk
marks on my baggage.
Precious adj.宝贵的, 贵重的
Special difficulties 难点
Canada n.加拿大
Canadian adj.加拿大的 n.加拿大人
Expectation n.期待, 预料
France n.法国, 法兰西
French n.法国人, 法语 adj.法国的, 法国人的, 法语的
Germany n.德国
German n.德国人, 德语 adj.德国的, 德国人的, 德语的
Danish n.丹麦语 adj.丹麦的
Denmark n.丹麦（北欧国家,首都哥本哈根）
Copenhagen n.哥本哈根
Tivoli n.提沃利（意大利中部一城市）
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1.C potential（adj.潜在的, 可能的）
2.C what提问 à 名词回答 idea（n.想法, 念头）
3.A smuggle（n.走私, 偷带 v.走私）
4.D
5.C look him in the eyes/face = look directly at him
6.B would you kindly do sth please? （一种有礼貌的请求）
7.A should = ought to
8.A Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
9.C easy-going（adj.好相处的, 随和的）
tolerable（adj.可容忍的 能忍耐的）
placid（adj.平静的）
negligent（adj.疏忽的, 粗心大意的）
10 A feel ashamed of… 为…感到羞愧
unashamed（adj.不害羞的, 不知耻的）
guiltless（adj.无罪的, 无辜的）
11.D
incomprehensible（= unable to be understood）adj.不能理解的
technical（adj.专业性的, 技术的, 技术上的）
-- The article is full of incomprehensible technical expressions.
Incredible（= unbelievable）adj.难以置信的, 不可思议的
-- What you said is incredible.
Incredulous（adj.怀疑的, 不轻信的）
-- He is an incredulous person.
Skeptical（unwilling to believe）adj.好怀疑的, 怀疑的
12. baggage（n.行李, <军队的>行装）= luggage（n.行李, 皮箱）
casement（n.门式窗）
equipment（n.装备, 设备, 器材, 装置）
Lesson 12 Life on a desert island
New words and expression 生词和短语
desert island 荒岛
desert n.沙漠 vt.背弃,遗弃
dessert n.甜点
unrealistic adj.不真实
paradise n.天堂，乐士
-- A lot of people imagine the USA as their paradise.
Heaven n.天堂, 天国（也指死亡 -- go to heaven）
wretched adj.可怜的，艰苦的
= miserable adj.痛苦的, 悲惨的, 可怜
-- lead a wretched/miserable/terrible/dog’s life. 过着悲惨的生活。
starve v.挨饿（-- starve to death 饿死）
-- During the war, a large of people starved to death.
-- hungry to death 我饿得要死（即：我非常饿）
element n.成分
opportunity n.机会
golden opportunity 绝好的机会
-- Don’t miss any golden opportunities.
-- opportunity knocks only once 千载难逢的机会
chance 表机会时可以与opportunity互换（后面+of doing, 或to do）
-- I had the chance of visiting Paris. = I had the opportunity
of visiting Paris.
-- He had no opportunity to see her.
chance表可能性时(= possibility), 则不可opportunity互换。
-- There is a chance that I will see him. 我有可能见到她。
-- The chances are that he will be elected the president. 他有可能当选总统。
-- The chances are that he will pass his examination next week.
coral n.珊瑚
Virgin Islands 维尔京群岛
Miami n.迈阿密（美国最南的城市）
Dinghy n.救生筏，小船
Caribbean n.加勒比海
spear gun 捕鱼枪
lobster n.龙虾
tanker n.油轮
genuinely adv.由衷地
-- He is genuinely thankful to me. 他由衷地地感谢我。
Genuine adj.真实的, 真正的, 诚恳的
Genuineness（n.）
Robinson Crusoe 鲁滨孙.克鲁索（小说《鲁滨孙漂流记》主人公）
Exceptional adj.例外的, 异常的
Ripe adj.熟的, 成熟的
Fruit n.水果, 果实, 果类, 成果
Opposite adj.相对的, 相反的, 对等的 n.相反的事物
Sink vi.沉下, (使)下沉
Prove vt.证明, 证实
Spear n.矛, 枪
Text 课文
What was exceptional about the two men‘s stay on the desert island?
Most of us have formed an unrealistic picture of life on a desert
island.
form an unrealistic picture of sth 对…抱有不切实际的幻想
-- A large number of people have formed an unrealistic picture
of the job.
Form（v.形成, 构成）= develop（vt.逐渐形成）
-- develop a habit = form a habit 养成一种习惯
We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of paradise where
the sun always shines.
imagine sth to be = imagine sth as
-- Some people imagine flying to be more dangerous than traveling
by train.
-- A large number people imagine the USA as their paradise.
Life there is simple and good. Ripe fruit falls from the trees
and you never have to work.
You never have to work = you needn’t work = you don’t need to work
The other side of the picture is quite the opposite. Life on a
desert island is wretched.
quite the opposite 恰恰相反 / quite different
You either starve to death or live like Robinson Crusoe, Waiting
for a boat which never
comes.
Either you or I am going to the party. （谓语动词和最接近的主语保持一致）
Either come in or go out, don’t stand on the doorway.（门口, 门道）
Perhaps there is an element of truth in both these pictures, but
few us have had the
opportunity to find out.
an element of truth = a bit of truth
Optimistic（adj.乐观的） Pessimistic（adj.悲观的, 消极的）
Two men who recently spent five days on a coral island wished they
had stayed there longer.
谓语动词wish之后的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气
1>如果表达与现在情况相反, that从句中的动词要用过去时（be 动词要用were）。
-- I wish you could drive a car. = I am sorry you can’t drive a
car.
所表达的意思是：你要是能开车就好了。（表达一种遗憾的心情）
2>如果表达与过去情况相反, that从句中的动词要用过去完成时。
-- I wish I hadn‘t spent so much money. = I am sorry I spend so
much money.
-- I wish that you had written to him. = I am sorry you didn’t
write to him.
3>如果表达与将来事实相反的情况或将来不可能实现的心愿, that从句中要使用would,
could 等情态动词的过去时形式。
-- I wish that I could go abroad tomorrow.
-- I wish that you could come here tomorrow.
4>if only要比wish更富有戏剧性和感情色彩
-- If only the weather would change. = I wish the weather would
change.
要是天气转晴该有多好啊！
-- We wish that we knew where to look for him. = If only we knew
where to look for him.
要是我们知道到哪去找他该有多好啊！
-- If only we could have gone to the party. 要是我们昨天能参加那个聚会该有多好啊！
-- If only you hadn‘t said that. 你要是不说那句话多好啊！
-- If only you would come here tomorrow. 你明天要是能来该有多好啊！
They were taking a badly damaged boat from the Virgin Islands to
Miami to have it repaired
During the journey, their boat began to sink.
have it repaired （have sth done）
They quickly loaded a small rubber dinghy with food, matches, and
cans of beer and rowed
for a few miles across the Caribbean until they arrived at a tiny
coral island.
load…with sth 把某物装载到…上
-- The workers are loading the truck with goods.
Unload（vi.卸货, 退子弹 vt.倾销, 卸）
There were hardly any trees on the island and there was no water,
but this did not prove to
be a problem.
hardly any = very little/few （hardly adv.刚刚, 几乎不）
-- Hardly anybody likes him because he is so rude. 几乎没人喜欢他, 因为他非常粗鲁。
-- You hardly eat anything, what‘s wrong? 你几乎什么都没吃, 怎么了？
prove to be = turn out to be
The men collected rainwater in the rubber dinghy.
As they had brought a spear gun with them, they had plenty to eat.
They caught lobster and fish every day, and, as one of them put
it ‘ate like kings‘.
Put = express
When a passing tanker rescued them five days later, both men were
genuinely sorry that
they had to leave.
Both men were genuinely sorry that they had to leave.
= If only we could have stayed on the desert island a little bit
longer.
Special difficulties 难点
wish, if only
1> had bought it（显然说明的是过去的情况）
-- silly adj.愚蠢的, 无聊的
2> couldn‘t/wouldn‘t make such noise.
3> were here （强调：他在这儿, 该有多好）
说明与现在情况相反的概念, 无论什么人称, be动词应该使用were.
4> could play the piano as well...
5> had studied hard then.
6> hadn‘t mentioned it to him.
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1... C 要么是过度乐观, 要么是过度的悲观
unreal adj.不真实的, 虚幻的
present vt.介绍, 赠送, 呈现
wretchedness n.可怜, 悲惨
idleness n.闲散, 懒惰, 赋闲无事
unduly adv.不适当地, 过度地, 不正当地
optimistic adj.乐观的
pessimistic adj.悲观的, 厌世的
2... D essential（adj.必需的, 基本的）= very necessary
equipment n.装备, 设备
3... A fend for oneself 独立的照料某人
4... B think of sb/sth as… 把某人、某事看作为...
5... D few of us 我们当中没有几个人
6... C after(介词)其后要和名词、动名词搭配
-- after(连词)引导时间状语从句, 表示动作在前。（A答案变为they had rowed就对了）
7... B Refrigerators are useful.= A refrigerator is useful.
Scarce adj.缺乏的, 不足的, 稀有的, 不充足的
8... C 为做过的事情后悔：regret + doing be sorry that是否可以表示后悔去做某事？
9... B
inhabited（adj.有人居住的） uninhabited（adj.无人居住的）
unpopular adj.不流行的, 不受欢迎的
barren adj.不生育的, 不孕的, 贫瘠的 n.荒地
10... D 完全不同的 entirely different
naturally adv.自然地, 天然地
11... D
觉得、发现某人或某事怎么样：find sb/sth to be
-- They found the trip to be very exciting.
某人或某事被发现怎么样, 常用被动语态。
-- The car is found to be beautiful.
Demonstrate v.论证,表明,举行,示威
12... A put it = express
Lesson 13 "It's only me" “是我，别害怕”
New words and expression 生词和短语
Costume n.化装服
-- costume ball 化妆舞会 / costume party
-- fancy (dress) party 化妆舞会
suit（n.西装, 西服） dress（n.裙子）
consist v.由…组成
1> consist of... 由...组成（表示被动概念）
2> be made up of… 由...组成
3> comprise v.包含, 由...组成（整体由部分所构成）
-- Our class consists of 100 students.
= Our class is made up of more than 100 students.
-- The United Kingdom consists of G.B and Northern Ireland.
= The United Kingdom comprises G.B and Northern Ireland.
-- The house consists of six rooms.
4> be composed of… 由...组成（强调有什么成分所组成）
-- Water is composed of oxygen and hydrogen.（compose v.组成, 写作）
-- oxygen（n.氧，氧气） hydrogen（n.氢）
5> constitute vt.组成, 构成（部分构成整体）
-- G.B and Northern Ireland constitute The United Kingdom.（Ireland
n.爱尔兰）
-- The committee consists of 10 members. （committee n.委员会）
= Ten members constitute the committee.
Sheet n.被单
Effective adj.有明显效果的，有作用的
-- The costume is quite effective.
-- His words was effective.
Influential adj.有影响的, 有势力的（有潜移默化影响力的）
-- What our parents do is influential to children.
Efficacious adj.(医药)有效的，灵验的
-- The drug is efficacious
Fruitful adj.有成效的, 产生结果的
-- Their experiment is fruitful.
Comfortable adj.舒适的 （反义词：uncomfortable）
Comfort（n.舒适 v.安慰）
Discomfort（n.不舒适 vt.使不舒适, 使不便）
-- In spite of discomforts he is determined to stay here.
Storeroom n.储藏室
Electricity n.电
Metre n.电表 （ammeter n.电表）
Pace n.液步
Flee v. (fled, fled)逃走
Flee vt.vi.(总称)泛泛强调逃离危险的禁地
Panic（n.惊慌, 恐慌） bull（n.公牛）
-- The people fled in panic when the bull got loose. 当牛挣脱绳子时人们惊慌的四散而逃。
Escape（vi.逃出监狱, 逃出牢笼 vt.逃掉, 逃出）
-- He was able to escape from the house.
-- I am sorry your name escaped me. 很抱歉, 我忘记你的名字了。
-- They tried to escape death.
Slam v.砰地关上（同义词：bang v.发巨响, 重击）
-- slam the door 砰地关上门
-- He left the room slam/bang the door behind him. 他离开了房间在身后砰地把门关上。
Stair n.楼梯, 阶梯
Fancy n.幻想, 爱好, 迷恋, 想象力 adj.奇特的, 异样的
Dine vi.吃饭, 进餐 Dining n.吃饭, 进餐
Baker n.面包师
Hide vt.vi.( hid, hidden, hiding)隐藏
Hall n.走廊, 门厅
Board n.(政府机关或商业)部门
Text 课文
What did the man expect to find under the stairs?
After her husband had gone to work, Mrs. Richards sent her children
to school and went
upstairs to her bedroom.
She was too excited to do any housework that morning, for in the
evening she would be going
to a fancy-dress part with her husband.
fancy-dress party = costume party
1> too ... to… 太...而不能… （不定式to在大部分情况下表示否定概念）
2> not/never too ... to… 并不太...所以能够…
-- One is never too old to learn 活到老, 学到老。
-- The question is not too difficult for me to answer. 这个问题并不太难,
所以我能够答得出。
3>如果在副词too前发现修饰语all, but, only, 不定式to的概念也是肯定的。
-- They are all too satisfied to work with you.
-- I am only too glad to have someone to speak to. 我太高兴了, 想找个人说话。
-- He was but too eager to get home.
She intended to dress up as a ghost and as she had made her costume
the night before, she
was impatient to try it on.
intended to打算做什么 = mean to do意图做什么
dress up as… 化妆成为…
the night before 前一个晚上（以过去的某一个时间为基准点）
last night 昨天晚上（以现在为基准点）
-- She went to New York on business three days ago, the night before
she got everything ready.
be impatient to do sth 急于要做某事, 迫不及待做某事
impatient可以换为eager, anxious, hungry, thirsty, desperate, can‘t
wait(口语)
desperate（adj.不顾一切的, 拚死的）
-- she was impatient to try it on.（try on 试穿）
Though the costume consisted only of a sheet, it was very effective.
After putting it on, Mrs. Richards went downstairs.
After putting it on 穿上以后
She wanted to find out whether it would be comfortable to wear.
= It would be comfortable (for her) to wear
动词不定式to wear, 用来修饰说明comfortable, 作它的状语。
-- It is easy for me to read.
-- The book is difficult to read.
-- The dress is easy to wash.
-- Your handwriting is easy to recognize.
主动形式表达被动概念：
1> The music is sweet to hear.
2> The machine needs repairing. （用need, want和动名词形式直接搭配）
3> The dictionary is worth buying.
-- The book is worth reading.
4>The house is under construction.（介词under表达被动的意味）
-- The puma is under control.
-- The problem is under discussion.（n.讨论）
-- The thief is under arrest.（n.逮捕, 拘留）
5> The airport came into use again.（came into 不及物动词短语）
-- Our time has already gone to waste.（go to waste浪费掉, 付诸东流）
6> able 形容词后缀, 跟在动词后表达＂能够被...的＂
-- She is a respectable person.（respectable adj.可敬的, 值得被尊敬的）
-- This is a returnable bottle. 这是一个能被退回的瓶子。（returnable adj.可被退回的）
7> consist of, comprise本身表达被动概念, 结构形式为主动
Just as Mrs. Richards was entering the dinning room, there was
a knock on the front door.
She knew that it must be the baker.
She had told him to come straight in if ever she failed to open
the door and to leave the
bread on the kitchen table.
straight adv.直接地, 径直地
if even（ever 用于条件句。表示任何时候, 任何场合）= when ever
-- If ever you see George give him my best regards.（n.问候）
-- When ever he is in trouble I‘ll be on the spot.
Not wanting to frighten the poor man, Mrs. Richards quickly hid
in the small storeroom
under the stairs.
Not wanting （分词的否定结构形式, 做原因状语。）
多用于句首, 也可插入句中, 主谓之间。
Not wanting to make her nervous, the doctor didn‘t fully explain
the seriousness of condition.
= The doctor, not wanting to make her nervous, didn‘t fully explain
the seriousness of her
condition.
She heard the front door open and heavy footsteps in the hall.
Suddenly the door of the
storeroom was opened and a man entered.
Mrs. Richards realized that it must be the man from the Electricity
Board who had come to
read the metre.
read the metre 查电表
She tried to explain the situation, saying ‘It‘s only me‘, but
it was too late.
saying（现在分词做伴随状语）
The man let out cry and javaces.
let out a cry 大叫了一声（= utter a cry /give a cry）
utter vt.发出, 做声, 发表, 发射
jump back several paces 后退了好几步
When Mrs. Richards walked towards him, he fled, slamming the door
behind him.
Slamming（现在分词作方式状语或伴随状语, 说明fled的情况）
Special difficulties 难点
形容词+动词不定式：
-- He was delighted to learn that...
-- I was glad to hear that...
-- He was anxious to leave...
1>感情形容词后的不定式通常是表示原因, 在句中做原因状语。
happy, relieved, astonished, amazed, surprised, horrified, disappointed,
sad, embarrassed, shocked
relieved（adj.放心的） horrified（adj.惊骇的）
-- He was frightened when he saw the snake. à He was frightened
to see the snake.
-- I was sorry when I learnt that he had had a accident.
à I was sorry to learn that he had had a accident.
2>不定式也可以放在表语之后, 主语是不定式的实际宾语。
-- The car is hard to park.
-- Some questions are awkward to answer. Awkward（adj.尴尬的, 不方便的）
3>在少数几个动词后, 不定式可用作结果。
learn, find, see, hear, be told
-- He lived to see his inventions come to success. 他活着看见他的发明成功了。
-- He woke up to find everyone gone. 他醒来发现大家都走了。
-- He went to his house only to find him out.
4>在不定式前加only, 表示意想不到的, 出乎意料的结果。
-- He hurried to the post office only to find it was shut(closed)
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1.D She wanted to know whether that costume was comfortable to
wear.
2.C
take sb in 使某人信以为真, 让某人上当
disguise n.伪装 v.假装, 伪装, 掩饰
3.C
4...C and前后连接时态要呼应, 表示并列关系。
5...B how修饰限定形容词
At that moment, she hadn‘t put on the costume.
6...B anxious形容词短语做原因状语
动词不定式的否定形式是在动词不定式符号之前直接加否定词not, never
7...B 强调过去的一个动作
8...C see sb do sth看见某人做某事（做宾语补足语时, 不定式符号to被省略）
9...A
at the very moment 就在此刻
as long as / so long as 用来引导条件句, 表示只要
-- You can go out as long as you promise to be back before 11 o‘clock.
Only when... 只有当…（引导时间状语从句）
10...D
miss+动名词：表示错过做什么事情
-- I don‘t want to miss seeing that film on television tonight.
forgot to do sth 表示忘记去做某事
-- Yesterday, I forgot to lock the door.
succeed in doing sth 表示成功做了某事
if…happen to... 表示某事偶然发生
brown n.褐色 adj.褐色的, 棕色的
loaf n.一条面包
brown loaf 黑面包
-- If you happen to pass the baker‘s, pick me up a brown loaf,
would you?
-- If you happen to finish the work early give me a ring.
11...A
reading 表示仪表或者仪器上的指数、读数
-- What are the temperature readings for the week?
-- take a metre-reading 读电表上的数字
measurement 测量尺寸、大小调节稳定
-- What‘s your waist measurement? 你的腰围是多少？
Regulation n.调节（regulation of body heat体温调节）
Heat n.热, 热度
12...B
let out 发出（= give）
shout vt.高呼, 高喊（有喊叫的 对象）
-- shout to sb 对某人高声喊
-- shout at sb 对某人大喊大叫
n Don‘t shout at the elders.
Lesson 14 A noble gangster 贵族歹徒
New words and expression 生词和短语
Gangster n.歹徒, 强盗
-- a band of gangsters 一伙强盗
robber n.抢劫犯, 抢劫者
bandit n.强盗, 土匪
brigand n.强盗, 土匪, 盗贼, 草寇（书面用语）
hooligan n.流氓, 不良分子
hoodlum n.罪犯, 恶汉（口语）
rascal n.淘气, 捣蛋鬼（口语）
hand n.帮, 团伙
-- a band of robbers 一伙强盗
mob n. 一群（表示贬义色彩的团伙、帮派）
-- a mob of hooligans 一伙流氓
gang n.一伙 （-- a gang of thieves）
nest n.窝 （-- a nest of bandits）
pack n.团伙、帮派（-- a pack of hoodlums）
Chicago n.芝加哥(美国城市)
Protection n.保护 （-- protection money 保护费）
protect vt.保护（protect…from…）
-- We must protect our eyes from the sunshine.
Protector（n.保护者） Protective（adj.保护的）
Protege n.被保护者
Promptly adv.准时地
-- I give him a ring and he call me back promptly.
-- He was so sleepy that he went to sleep promptly.
on time 准时／in time 及时
punctual（adj.严守时刻的, 准时的） punctually adv.守时地
destroy v.毁掉;消灭
destroy n.强调毁灭, 消灭, 完全的摧毁
-- The earthquake destroyed the city. / You destroyed his dream.
Damage n.v.强调受损程度不很严重, 可以被修复
-- The big clock was damaged.
Break v.n.强调弄坏, 弄断
-- Two of the strings were broken.
spoil v.强调把事情搅和了
-- spoil the party / spoil the holiday
remarkable adj.不寻常的（同意词：unusual, uncommon, extraordinary）
-- a remarkable event , an extraordinary event 不同寻常的事件
outstanding（adj.突出的，杰出的，卓越的）
-- Our headmaster is an outstanding youth.（n.年轻人, 青少年）
Distinguished（adj. 杰出的, 卓越的, 不同非凡的）
Eminent（adj. 显赫的, 杰出的, 有名的, 优良的）
Distinguished和eminent是同义词（都是用来修饰严肃领域的人）
-- a distinguished physicist（n.物理学家）, an eminent surgeon（n.外科医生）
-- an eminent judge（n.法官）, a distinguished lawyer（n.律师）
well-known adj.众所周知的（ 强调众所周知的）
-- She is well-known in the musical world. / This is well-known
fact.
famous adj.著名的（因卓越的贡献和成绩而流芳百世的）
-- He is a famous movie star. / Luxun is famous for his articles.
Notorious adj. 臭明昭著的, 臭名远扬的（= be famous for bad things）
-- Hitler is notorious.（Hitler n.希特勒）
infamous adj.身名狼藉的（= Notorious）
renowned adj.某人或某事以其独特的品质、个性而闻名
-- Hangzhou is renowned for its beautiful scenery.（n.风景, 景色）
Florence n.佛罗伦萨(意大利城市)
city-state n.(古代)城邦
hire v.租出, 雇给
hire out 出租
-- Does this firm hire out cars?
Rent v.租, 租借, 出租 n.租金
rent out 租给, 雇给（主要强调出租房屋）
-- He rent out his house to a tourist.
Let 出租（let his house出租房屋）
-- Please let your house to me. 请把房屋租给我吧？
hire from, rent from 租进来
-- He hired a car from us. / I rent a room from Mrs. Johnson.
hire指短期雇佣体力劳动者
-- He hired two helpers
employ指长期雇佣或聘用脑力劳动者
-- We employed her as our advisor.（n.顾问）
-- The factory employed 500 workers.
Prince n.君主, 诸候 n.王子
Florentine n.佛罗伦萨人
Funeral n.葬礼
Dedicate v.奉献, 题献给（dedicate to）
dedicate sth to sb
-- He dedicated his first book to his mother
dedicate 献身, 奉献（比devote更为正式而庄重）
dedicate…to sth
-- I devote my time to helping my students.
-- He dedicates his life to his motherland.
-- He dedicated his life to science.
Memory n.纪念
Memory n.记忆, 记忆力, 存储器, 内存
-- You have a good memory.
-- If my memory serves me well, you‘re Tom. 如果我没有记错的话。
in memory of… = to the memory of… 为了纪念…
-- in memory of him = to the memory of him 为了纪念他
in sb’s honor = in honor of sb 为纪念某人, 为庆祝某人
-- we held a party in his honor. = we held a party in honor of
him.
Valiant adj.英勇的（强调非常勇敢）
-- During war, soldiers are valiant.
Brave adj.勇敢的
-- The boy is brave.
Fearless adj.大无畏的, 无所畏惧的
-- We are fearless in time of danger.
courageous adj.有胆量的, 有勇气的
noble adj.高尚的, 贵族的, 高贵的 n.贵族
obtain vt.获得, 得到
crime n.犯罪, 犯罪行为, 罪行
settle vt.安放, 使定居 vi.安家, 定居
demand v.要求, 需要 n.要求, 需求(量), 需要
march vi.进军, 前进
Italian n.意大利人, 意大利语 adj.意大利的, 意大利语的, 意大利文化的
Offer vt., vi.提供, 提出
Notable adj. 著名的, 显著的,值得注意的
Signor n.阁下, 君
Text 课文
How did Haywood make in times of peace?
There was a tine when the owners of shops and businesses in Chicago
that to pay large sums
of money to gangsters in return for ‘protection.‘
pay large sums of money to sb 向某人付大笔大笔的费用
in return for… 目的是为了换取…, 作为对…的回报
-- He gave me some books in return for my help.
when 引导状语从句修饰time
-- There was a time when mini skirt was in fashion.（Mini n.迷你型,
袖珍型）
If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly
put a man out of business
by destroying his shop.
Promptly = immediately
put a man out of business 使某人失业
put sb/sth out of... 使某人失去…
-- You are putting me out of patience. 你使我失去耐心了。
-- You have already put everything out of order.
-- Put it out of your mind. 忘记这件事情吧。
by destroying his shop 通过…手段
-- You are putting me out of patience by disturbing me.
Obtaining ‘protection money‘ is not a modern crime.
Obtaining = getting
As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John
Hawkwood, made the
remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of
money than have their life
work destroyed by gangsters.
as long ago as 追溯回到（= dating back to = date from）
-- I knew Jane as long ago as the year 1980.
make the remarkable discovery 做出不同寻常的发现
would rather do... than do... 宁愿…而不…
-- He would rather die than surrender.（vi.投降, 自首）
-- I would rather play tennis than swim.
would prefer to do ... than do...
would prefer doing ... to doing...
-- He would prefer to die than surrender.
-- He would prefer dying to surrendering.
would rather(sooner) + that 宾语从句（过去式）-- 虚拟语气
-- I would rather that you were not here. 我宁愿你不在这。（暗含：实际你在这）
-- I would rather that I didn‘t see you.
-- He would rather that he didn‘t hear the news.
life work 毕生的事业 / have sth done
Six hundred years ago, Sir Johan Hawkwood arrived in Italy with
a band of soldiers and
settled near Florence.
settled near Florence 定居在 Florence 附近
He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians
as Giovanni Acuto.
made a name for himself = become famous
-- They soon made quite a name for themselves as pop singers.
come to = get to 渐渐的
come to be known 渐渐被人所熟知
-- I come to be known to my students.
-- I got to know him.
Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood
used to hire his
soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded.
Whenever 无论什么时候
at war 交战 / at war with… 于…交战
hire 表示出租
who指代prince
he demanded = Hawkwood demanded
In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men
would march into a
city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to
go away if protection money
was paid to them.
in time of peace 在和平期间
march into 大踏步行军
burn down 烧毁 / burn up烧光 / burn out 烧空
-- The house was burned out only walls left. 房子被了只剩下墙壁。
would offer to go away = would promise to go away
Hawkwood made large sums of money in this way. In spite of this,
the Italians regarded
him as a sort of hero.
in spite of this 尽管如此
People in different countries have different opinions.
The Italians regarded him as a sort of hero.
When he died at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him a state
funeral and had a
pictured which was dedicated to the memory of ‘the most valiant
soldier and most notable
leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue.‘
give sb a state funeral 给某人举行国葬
have sth done
Signor n.先生（意大利语）
which 指代picture
be dedicated to the memory of sb
the most valiant 比较级的最高级形式
Special difficulties 难点
would rather / would sooner
would rather do… than do…
would rather that… (that宾语从句中要出现动词的过去时)
1...go
2...left（rather省略了that）
3...did not speak
4...not speak（would rather do…的否定形式结构：would rather not do… 宁愿不做...）
5...settled
6...didn‘t tell
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1... B
premise n.房产, 房屋(及其附属建筑, 地基等)
unharmed adj.未受伤害的, 太太平平的
destruction n.破坏, 毁灭
criminal n.罪犯, 犯罪者 adj.犯罪的, 犯法的, 罪恶的
2... B 他获取自己的名字是依据自己的所作所为
practice n.实行, 实践
sharp adj.苛刻的
recognition n.承认, 认可
3... A in that = because "因为",表示一种原因
boldness n.大胆, 冒失, 勇敢
bravery n.勇敢, 大胆, 无畏
can not help 不得不, 情不自禁
4... A 段时间：for a long time（现在完成式）
5... C prefer doing… to doing…
6... B hire sth from sb 从某人租得某物
7... A if not (如果不) = unless
Provided… 条件是...
8... C 介词on和名词death相搭配（表示：去世的状态）
介词on和动名词搭配（表示：一...就...）
-- On seeing him, I ran away.
9... B passed（动词的过去分词）
depart vi.离去, 离开, 出发
-- When does the next train depart? 下一次列车什么时候开？
10... D
prepared adj.心甘情愿的, 准备好的（= willing）
-- be willing to do = be prepared to do
agreeable adj.使人愉快的, 惬意的, 适合的, 宜人的
desirable adj.值得要的, 合意的, 令人想要的（= attractive adj.吸引人的）
Lesson 15 Fifty pence worth of trouble 五十便士的麻烦
New words and expression 生词和短语
Appreciate v.欣赏，感激
-- The poem is too difficult for me to appreciate.
-- I appreciate your help. = be thankful/grateful to sb.
-- thankful = grateful（adj.感激的, 感谢的）
pocket money 零用钱
-- beer money 留给丈夫的零花钱
-- mad money 女子留作应急之用的私房钱
-- green money 美金（美圆是绿色的）
-- soft/folding money 纸币, 钞票（folding adj.可折叠的）
-- hard money 硬币（hard adj.硬的, 坚固的）
thrifty adj.节约的
economical adj.节约的, 经济的
frugal adj.节俭的, 朴素的
nephew n.侄子，外甥
bounce v.弹起，跳起
-- The coin was bounced.
同义词：jump(v.跳跃), leap(v.跃), hop(单足跳),
spring(v.弹跳 n.弹簧), skip(v.跳跃, 略过)
pavement n.人行道
stick (stuck, stuck) v.卡住，夹住，不能再动
-- His arm was stuck. 他的胳膊被卡住了。
Stick v.坚持, 粘贴
-- You must stick to your idea. 你必需要坚持你的看法。
-- Stick the stamp on the envelop.
stick with… 忠实于...（= be faithful to对...忠实）-- faithful adj.守信的,
忠实的
Brigade n.旅,（消防）队
fire brigade（消防队）= fire department = fire station
grease n.润滑油
uncle n.伯父, 叔父, 姨丈
aunt n.姑妈, 伯母, 舅妈, 阿姨
extra adj.额外的
price n.代价, 价格, 价钱
drain n.排水沟
roll vt,vi卷；滚动,转动,打滚
sleeve n.袖子, 衣袖
rub v.擦, 摩擦
free vt. 使自由, 释放
upset adj.心烦意乱的,不适的,不舒服的 vt,vi打翻,弄翻,推翻；使烦乱
reward vt.酬谢,酬劳,报答 n.报酬, 奖金
Text 课文
Did George get anything for his fifty pence? What?
Children always appreciate small gifts of money.
= Children always appreciate pocket money as small gifts.孩子们总是喜欢得到些零花钱
-- Husbands always appreciate small gifts of beer money.
Mum or dad, of course, provide a regular supply of pocket money,
but uncles and aunts
are always a source of extra income.
provide a regular supply of... 定期地提供…
provide sth for sb / provide sb with sth 为某人提供某物
-- The villagers provided a regular supply of food for the soldiers.
= The villagers provided the soldiers with a regular supply of
food
small gifts of money, pocket money, extra income 都表示零花钱。
作者在两段话里三处用了零花钱, 是为了让读者能够抓住主题。
写作时要避免使用相同的词汇。
With some children, small sums go a long way.
此句暗含：with other children, small sums can’t go a long way.
go a long way 维持很久
-- The money we have will go a long way.
go a long way towards 对...大有帮助
-- This will go a long way towards overcoming the difficulty.（overcome
vt.战胜, 克服）
介词with和for的区别：
For(介词)：关于, 对于...来说, 考虑到...的事实
-- The weather is quite warm for November.
-- For him, this will be an entirely new hobby.
With(介词)：在某一方面 (多用于二者的比较)
-- With some people, pleasure is more important than work.
-- Some people may accept that excuse, but it won‘t work with
me.
If fifty pence pieces are not exchanged for sweets, they rattle
for months inside money boxes.
Pence 便士（penny, pennies都是pence的复数：）
a fifty pence 一个五十便士的硬币
fifty pennies 五十一便士的硬币
exchange for 换取, 以...来交换
-- The little boy exchanged his pen for candy.（candy n.糖果, 冰糖）
rattle vt.(拟声词) 叮当作响 = tinkle（vi, vt (使)发玎玲声, (使)发出玎当声）
roar 呼啸（重点突出老虎、狮子等大动物的吼叫声）
-- The car roar by me. / Listen, a lion is roaring.
shout at 大喊大叫 = bark at
grunt vi.(猪等)作呼噜声vt.咕哝着说出
-- He is grunting.（adj.咕咙的, 哼哼唧唧的）
slam v.砰地关上, 砰地放下
Only very thrifty children manage to fill up a money box.
fill up 装满
1>up：表示方向
up to（表示到达目的地） -- She ran up to him. 她跑到他面前。
Towards（表示朝某个方向） -- She ran towards him. 她向他跑去。
2> 表示沿着, 走向更远的地方（侧重强调距离更远了）
-- They walked up the street. 他们沿着街道走远了。
-- They children run up the garden path to greet their father.
3> 系动词+up（表示消费、摧毁、彻底、光、用完）
-- Drink up your whisky. / Eat up your vegetable.
-- Finish it up. 完成它 / burn up烧光 / use up用光
4> 表示积存, 从少到多, 积小成多
-- We must lay up some boiled food for the winter.
Lay up贮存 = store up储藏, hold up, gather up收集起
5> 表示从河的下游到上游, 河流入口处以上到源头的某一点
-- They are sailing up the Thames. 他们正沿着泰晤士河而上。
-- The house is up the river. 这个房子在河的上游。
6> 动词+up（表示包起来、封住、盖住）
-- button up扣上纽扣（-- button your coat up 把外衣的纽扣扣上）
-- wrap up 包裹起来（wrap up the shoes with newspaper 用报纸把鞋子包起来）
-- lock up 锁起来（lock the house up 用锁把房子锁起来）
-- fasten up 拴紧, 钉牢, 锁牢 / save up 储蓄, 贮存
-- wash up 洗涤餐具, 洗手洗脸, 把…冲上岸 / do up 重新整修, 包好
For most of them, fifty pence is a small price to pay for a nice
big bar of chocolate.
fifty pence is small price to pay = fifty pence is not much to
pay
a small price = not much money 并不是很多
-- For him two thousand dollars is small price to pay for it.
-- For me five hundred Yuan is not a small price to pay for a
bicycle.
My nephew, George, has a money box but it is always empty.
Very few of the fifty pence pieces and pound coins I have given
him have found their way
there.
pound coin n.1英镑硬币
find their way there = reach 抵达, 到达, 找到自己的去处
find one’s way into/to…
-- Rivers find their way to the sea.
-- How did such a foolish statement find its way into print? 这样愚蠢的话怎么会被印出来了？
-- All my books have already found their way there.
I gave him fifty pence yesterday and advised him to save it.
advise sb to do sth 说服某人做某事（结果是失败的）
persuade sb to do sth 说服某人做某事（结果是成功的）
Instead he bought himself fifty pence worth of trouble.
instead（adv.代替）相反的是…
fifty pence worth of trouble 五十便士的麻烦
On his way to the sweet shop, he dropped his fifty pence and it
bounced along the pavement
and then disappeared down a drain.
George took off his jacket, rolled up his sleeves and pushed is
right arm through the drain
cover.
系列的动词构成平行结构：take off, rolled up, push
roll vi.滚动 vt.滚动
-- The pencil rolled(vi.) under the table.
-- He rolled(vt.) the ball towards the puppy.（puppy n.(常指未满一岁的)小狗,
小动物）
roll up 卷起, 挽起
-- We will need to roll up the carpet.
He could not find his fifty pence piece anywhere, and what is
more, he could no get his arm
out.
what 引导的插入语
What is more important. 更重要的是 / What is worse. 更糟糕的是
What is more. 更有甚者 / What is rare. 更罕见的是
-- He went to the meeting, and what is worse, insisted on speaking.
-- He is an interesting speaker, and what is more important, he
knows his subject thoroughly.
他是一个有风趣的演说者，更重要的是他对他的话题了如指掌
A crowd of people gathered round him and a lady rubbed his arm
with soap and butter, but
George was firmly stuck.
gather round… 聚在…周围
rubbed his arm with… 用...涂抹在胳膊上
firmly adv.稳固的, 坚定的（加强语气）
The fire brigade was called and two fire fighter freed George using
a special 无效 of grease.
Using… 现在分词做状语（强调一种方式）
fire fighter n.救火队员
George was not too upset by his experience because the lady who
owns the sweet shop heard
about his troubles and rewarded him with large box of chocolates.
Rewarded sb with… 用...来奖赏某人
Special difficulties 难点
1.save / 2.sail（steamboat n.汽船, 轮船）
3.buttoned / 4.Eat / 5.went / 6.wrapped
7.wind （v.上发条, 绕, 缠）
8.do （shoelace n.鞋带）
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1.C
2.D
3.A have sth done / get sth out of
4.B plenty仅用于肯定句中, much用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句。
5.B
advise sb to do sth
advise sb that...
-- that引导的宾语从句必须要出现should+动词原形（虚拟语气）
-- I advise my students that they should read English for more
than an hour.
6.D doing sth…when
如果句中的when表达的概念是：就在这时、恰恰这时、正当此时, 那么其的主句结构往往
采用进行时态
7.A neither/nor：也不（用于句首句子必须倒装）
8.C put sth.+ prep.（-- put the book in the bookcase / put the book
on the desk）
9.A durable（adj.耐用的, 持久的）
-- durable clothing 耐穿的衣服 / durable goods 耐用品
10.C
tour n.旅行, 旅游 v.旅行
in turn 轮流地 （-- I think we should clean our classroom in return.）
cycle n.周期, 循环, 自行车
circle n.圆圈, 环状物
-- draw a circle 画一个圆圈 / the cycle of the seasons 四季的循环
11.B strictly adv.严格地, 确实地
well and truly = completely
-- Tom was well and truly drunk. 汤姆烂醉如泥。
-- drunk adj.喝醉了的（drink 的过去分词）
by no means (无论如何)决不
= in no way（adv.决不）= on no account（adv.决不）= in no sense（adv.决不）
12.B move vt.移动, 感动
embarrass vt.使窘迫；使为难
-- They look at each other embarrassed.
Distress v.使悲痛, 使穷困, 使忧伤
-- Please don‘t distress yourself.
He was most distressed to hear the sad news.
新概念英语第三册学习笔记（2） 热
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Lesson 16 Mary had a little lamb 玛丽有一头羔羊
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语
★prize
adj. 珍贵的，宝贵的
prize Mary has got a prize lamb
The cat is prize to the old lady.
valuable
precious
cherishable
dear
★tie
v. 拴，系
tie sth.to
I tied the dog to a tree.
于……有联系
He is tied to his family
(n.)领带，关系（强调血缘关系）
★theft
n. 偷盗行为，偷盗案
He reports the theft to the police.
★accuse
v. 指控
accuse sb.of doing sth.
accuse 比charge语义弱：accuse强调＂严厉的指责＂，charge强调＂控告＂
★deny
v. 否认
deny doing sth.
He denied stealing the lamb.
He denied the truth.
deny sb. nothing :百依百顺
He denies his wife nothing.
deny oneself: 克制自己
On some occasions we must deny ourselves.
★ashamed
adj. 感到羞耻，惭愧
be ashamed of
He is ashamed of being a dustman.
shameful: 可耻的
The theft is shameful.
shameless: 无耻的
The thief is a shameless person.
★apologize
v. 道歉
apologize to sb.(for sth.)
(n.)apology
★dye
v. 染
Dye the cloth black
Listen to the tape then answer the question below.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Was Dimitri right to apologize to his neighbour? Why not?
Mary and her husband Dimitri lived in the tiny village of Perachora
in southern Greece. One of Mary's prize possessions was a little
white lamb which her husband had given her. She kept it tied to
a tree in a field during the day and went to fetch it every evening.
One evening, however, the lamb was missing. The rope had been cut,
so it was obvious that the lamb had been stolen.
When Dimitri came in from the fields, his wife told him what had
happened. Dimitri at once set out to find the thief. He knew it
would not prove difficult in such a small village. After telling
several of his friends about the theft, Dimitri found out that his
neighbour, Aleko, had suddenly acquired a new lamb. Dimitri immediately
went to Aleko's house and angrily accused him of stealing the lamb.
He told him he had better return it or he would call the police.
Aleko denied taking it and led Dimitri into his backyard. It was
true that he had just bought a lamb, he explained, but his lamb
was black. Ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized
to Aleko for having accused him. While they were talking it began
to rain and Dimitri stayed in Aleko's house until the rain stopped.
When he went outside half an hour later, he was astonished to find
the little black lamb was almost white. Its wool, which had been
dyed black, had been washed clean by the rain!
参考译文
玛丽与丈夫迪米特里住在希腊南部一个叫波拉考拉的小村庄里。玛丽最珍贵的财产之一就是丈夫送给她的一只白色小羔羊。白天，玛丽把羔羊拴在地里的一颗树上，每天晚上把它牵回家。可是，一天晚上，那只小羔羊失踪了。绳子被人割断，很明显小羔羊是被人偷吡恕?BR>
迪米特里从地里回来，妻子把情况跟他一说，他马上出去找偷羔羊的人。他知道在这样一个小村庄里抓住小偷并不困难。把失窃的事告诉几个朋友后，迪米特里发出他的邻居阿列科家突然多了一只小羔羊。迪米特里立刻去了阿列科家，气呼呼地指责他偷了羔羊，告诉他最好把羊交还，否则就去叫警察。阿列科不承认，并把迪米特里领进院子。不错，他的确刚买了一只羔羊，阿列科解释说，但他的羔羊是黑色的。迪米特里为自己的鲁莽而感到不好意思，向阿列科道了歉，说是错怪了他。就在他俩说话的时候，天下起了雨，迪米特里便呆在阿列科家里避雨，一直等到雨停为止。半小时后，当他从屋里出来时，他惊奇地发现小黑羔羊全身几乎都变成白色。原来羊毛上染的黑色被雨水冲掉了！
【课文讲解】
in the tiny village of...
in the big city of Beijing
in the beautiful city of Paris.
possession: 所有物
What I possess is valuable./My possessions are valuable.
belinging: 随身携带物
keep: 使……处于某种状态
keep后的复合宾语（宾语补足语）可以是形容词、介词短语、分词
keep和过去分词搭配做宾语补足语，过去分词和宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系
宾语补足语和宾语是主谓关系，那么宾语补足语是现在分词结构
I keep my windows closed.
I kept the boy standing outside.
It is obvious that...
set out to do sth.: 开始着手做某事
tell sb.about sth.
He can't be ill or he wouldn't have come.
or else
Your room is so dirty,Clear it promptly,or else...
It is true that...,but...
It is true that the work is hard,but we'll finish it ahead.
现在分词结构（形容词结构）做状语，此处相当于原因状语，放主句前后均可
Angry at everybody here,he left suddenly.
Anxious for a quick decision,he called his friends.
Nervous,the man opened the letter.
【Special difficulties】
had better do had better not do
1.We had better have lunch.
2.She had better renew her passport
3.You'd better not ask so many questions.
4.We'd better not stay any longer.
5.The children had better get an early night
6.solicitor: 律师 I had better consult my solicitor.
【Multiple choice questions】
1. C
2. B community :社区 village
3. B
4. a
5. present---absent
When Mr Brown left firm,the director presented a gold watch to
him.
a present from somebody
D正确
The gold watch was present from the director.
6. C
7. D so small a size
8. B
9. A valued advice valued friend worthwhile: 值得的
worthy: 配得上的 be worthy of
His deeds are worthy of our praise
10 tell somebody about something
B正确 report something to somebody
11 C正确
12 A正确 out of doors----outside indoors
in the open air inside out: 里外反穿
He put his socks on inside out.
Lesson 17 The longest suspension bridge in the world
世界上最长的吊桥
New words and expression 生词和短语
Suspension n.悬，吊
suspension bridge 吊桥
suspend vt.吊, 悬挂
-- The light is suspended from the ceiling.
suspend vt.暂停, 暂缓
-- The train was suspended because of the heavy rain.
Suspense n.担心、挂念、悬念（in suspense）
-- The wonderful film gave me a good expression because of its
suspense. (悬念)
-- He didn’t tell me the truth. It kept me in suspense all day.
suspender n.吊袜带,（裤子或裙子的）背带
agreeable adj.宜人的（-- Today is agreeable.）
agreeable situation宜人的地方
-- His house is in a agreeable situation.
situation n.地点，地方（= 本地 = position）
situate vt.使位于, 使处于
locate v.位于
-- Beijing is located in the North of China.
-- Japan is located to the east of China.
immortal adj.永生的，流芳百世的
Brooklyn n.布鲁克林（纽约一区名）
Staten n.斯塔顿（岛）
Span n.跨度
Cable n.缆索
Concrete n.混凝土
Suspend v.悬挂
Length n.根，段
Estimate v.估计
-- Underestimate 低估 / Overestimate 高估
-- At a rough estimate, the car is worth 500 thousand RMB. 粗略的估计以下…
Estimation n.判断（= judgement = judgment n.审判, 判决）
-- in my estimation = in my view = in my opinion 在我看来
capacity n.承受量（容量, 生产量, 接受力）
-- Are you clear about the capacity of the cinema?
Capacity n.做某事的能力
have a capacity for doing something / have a capacity to do ability
-- we have a capacity to study English well.
Ability n.能力, 才干（已经做到了）
-- We have ability to finish the work in two days. = we manage
to finish…
Capability n.潜在的能力
have capability to do / have capability of doing
-- Every child has capability to study a foreign language.
Faculty n.先天的智能或能力
Competence n.胜任工作的能力、资格
-- I have competence for this job.
immensity n.巨大
elegant adj.优美别致的
Elegant 还表示人的举止很得体、大方
-- The lady is elegant. / elegant behavior
Graceful adj.优美的（强调一个人的体型优美）
Delicate adj.精巧的, 精致的
faintly adv.微细地
within prep.在...之内, 不越出n.内部, 里头
adj.里面的, 内部的adv.在内部, 在内心里
midst n.中间 prep.在...中间
flow vi.流动n.流动
shape n.外形, 形状, 形态
account n.计算, 说明, 帐目
designer n. 设计家, 制图师, 阴谋家
tower n.塔, 城堡
underwater adj.在水下的,在水中的 adv.在水下 n.(海洋等)水面下的水
platform n.平台, (车站)月台,讲台, 讲坛
depth n.深, 深度
surface n.表面, 外表, 水面 adj.面的, 肤浅的
wire n.金属丝, 电线
pack vt.塞满, 挤进, 挤满
strength n.强度, 力量
fulfill vt.履行, 实现, 完成(计划等)
fulfil vt.完成, 达到
draw vt.vi.（drew, drawn, drawing）拉, 曳, 牵, 画, 绘制
create vt.创造, 创作, 引起, 造成
Text 课文
How is the bridge supported?
Verrazano, an Italian about whom little is known, sailed into New
York Harbour in 1524 and
named it Angouleme.
sailed into... 是句子的主干
about whom（whom指代Italian）
He described it as ‘a very agreeable situation located within
two small hills in the midst of
which flowed a great river.‘
describe something as… 把某物描述成…
-- I should describe the attempt as a failure. 我把这次尝试描述成失败。
后面可以加as的动词：see, view, look upon, recognize, regard, treat, accept
-- His mother regards him as genius. （genius n.天才, 天赋）
-- I accepted his words as truth. 我对他的话信以为真。
Located过去分词做定语修饰situation
-- I like the village located within two small hills.
= I like the village which is located within two small hills.
in the midst of which...
-- A great river flowed in the middle of the two hills.
In the midst of = in the middle of
In the middle of不仅可以表示方位上的中间, 还可以表示时间上的中间。
-- in the middle of the river / in the middle of the night / in
the middle of the winter
介词短语在which前, which引导的从句要倒装。
-- We arrived at a farmhouse in front of which was a mountain.
Though Verrazano is by no means considered to be a great explorer,
his name will probably
remain immortal, for on November 21st, 1964, the longest suspension
bridge in the world
was named after him.
Though / although / even though 引导让步状语从句
用了though, although 不能使用but
但可以用yet来强调转折关系
-- Though they manage to take photographs, yet they got into trouble
soon.
by no means（= not by any means = not at all）
-- It is by no means pleasant to take a crowded bus.
乘坐一辆拥挤的公共汽车绝对不是一件让人高兴的事。
-- He isn‘t satisfied with a job at all. = He isn‘t satisfied with
a job by any means.
in no way, in no case, in no sense, in no circumstances（circumstance
n.环境,详情,境况）
on no account, at no time 都表示’决不’
be named after…, be named for…, take one‘s name from… 都表示用…来命名
The Verrazano Bridge, which was designed by Othmar Ammann, joins
Brooklyn to Staten
Island. It has a span of 4,260 feet.
a span of 跨度、桥长
The bridge is so long that the shape of the earth had to be taken
into account by its designer.
take into account = take into consideration = take account of 考虑到
-- We have to take the date into account when we have the meeting.
Two great towers support four huge cables.
Support = hold up 举起, 支撑
The towers are built on immense underwater platforms made of steel
and concrete.
The platforms extend to a depth of over 100 feet under the sea.
Extend（延伸, 伸展）= reach, stretch
-- a railway extends to the next city.
These alone took sixteen months to build.
= It took the workers sixteen months to build the platforms.
Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of
nearly 700 feet.
extend to a depth of… 伸展的深度
extend to a length of… 伸展的长度
extend to a width of… 伸展的宽度 （width n.宽度, 宽广 ）
rise to a height of… 伸展的高度
They support the cables from which the bridge has been suspended.
which指代先行词cables
Each of the four cables contains 26,108 lengths of wire.
It has been estimated that if the bridge were packed with cars,
it would still only be carrying
a third of its total capacity.
It has been estimated that...（It is said that… It is reported that…）
It has been estimated, It has been expected
were 虚拟语气（桥上不可能摆满汽车）
carry v.承载
a third of… …的1/3
However, size and strength are not the only important things about
this bridge.
Despite its immensity, it is both simple and elegant, fulfilling
its designer‘s dream to create
‘an enormous object drawn as faintly as possible‘.
Immensity指代size
Despite = in spite of
Fulfill vt.履行, 实现, 完成(计划等)
Fulfilling 分词做状语表示结果
-- The bus was held up by the snowstorm, causing the delay.（hold
up 阻挡, 拦截）
-- Her husband died in 1970, leaving her with her children.
-- At last he passed his examination, fulfilling his dream to go
abroad.
Special difficulties 难点
I find him to be quite unsuitable for the job.（unsuitable adj.不适合的,
不相称的）
= I find that he is quite unsuitable for the job.
类似这种用法的词有： （presume vt.假定, 假设, 认为）
believe, consider, declare, feel, know, suppose, think, presume,
estimate, understand
-- I consider that he is the best candidate.（candidate n.候选人, 投考者）
-- I consider him to be the best candidate.
-- We estimated that this picture is worth at least 500 pounds.
-- We estimated this picture to be worth at least 500 pounds.
Property n.财产, 所有物
Treaty n.条约, 谈判
Invalid adj.无效的 n.病人, 残废者 adj.有病的, 残废的
Integrity n.正直, 诚实
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1. D considerable adj.值得考虑的, 相当可观的
the longest suspension bridge was named after Verrazano.
2. A stretch n.一段路程, 一段时间
a wide stretch of water 连续不断的水域
3. A
The bridge is so long that the shape of the earth had to be taken
into account by its designer.
account for 考虑, 说明, 解决
take account of / take into account 考虑
curvature n.弯曲度
vehicle n.交通工具, 车辆
4. A describe sth As
situated 动词过去分词接受 agreeably的限定
5. A 陈述客观事实
6. B
thus adv.因而, 从而, 这样, 如此
-- He sold his farm and thus he had enough money for his journey.
他卖掉了农场, 这样他就有足够的钱旅行了。
-- There has been no rain - thus, the crops are drying.
天没下雨, 因此庄稼要枯死了。
7. D
immense 描述性形容词用于物质名词的前面
sink vi.vt.（sank, sunk, sinking）下沉, 使沉没
ferro-concrete n.[建]钢筋混凝土, 钢骨水泥
8. D load n.负荷, 装载量, 负载
the load = the total capacity
can不能与be able to 搭配连用
can+动词原形（表示一般的能力）
9. A
either 表示两者中的每一方的
-- He sat in the car with a policeman on either side of him.
-- on either side of the street
either adj.修饰名词的单数形式
both adj.修饰名词的复数形式
every adj.用于三者或三者以上（意思上等于all）
-- in every direction = in all directions
side by side 肩并肩的, 并排
-- The two bottles stood side by side on the table.
-- walk side by side 肩并肩的走
10. C
link…with / join… to
attach… to 把…牢牢的系上 （attach v.系上, 贴上）
-- She attached a check to the order form. 她在定单上附了一张支票。
Relate…to/with 表示在…之间建立联系
-- I can‘t relate what you say happened with what I saw.
我不能把你所说的发生的事件和我所看到的联系起来。
Unify vt.统一, 使成一体
11. C
suspension bridge 吊桥
suspended adj.暂停的, 缓期的, 延期的
-- The java suspended sentence. 法官判了他缓刑。
-- judge n.法官, 审判员
Suspense n.担心, 不安, 悬念
-- The competitors in the beauty contest were kept in suspense
waiting for the result.
-- competitor（n.竞争者） contest（n.论争, 竞赛）
Suspender n.吊索, 吊袜带
12. D
take vt.容纳, 装载
-- The tank will take about twelve gallons.（n.加仑）
Sustain vt.支撑, 承受住
-- I don‘t think this floor will sustain the weight of the grand
piano.
Endure vt.经受, 承受(痛苦、苦难)
Receive vt.收到
Lesson 18 Electric currents in modern art 现代艺术的电流
New words and expression 生词和短语
Current n.电流（趋势, 电流, 水流, 气流）
-- the flow of electricity 电流
-- a continuous movement of water 水流
current adj.目前的, 现在的（-- current affairs 时事）
currently adv.普遍地, 通常地, 现在, 当前
currency n.流通, 货币
sculpture n.雕塑
sculptural adj. 雕塑的, 雕刻般的
sculptor n.雕刻家
sculpt v.雕刻, 造型
mistaken adj.错误的（= incorrect, wrong, misunderstood）
-- The teacher has mistaken opinion of his pupil.
Her doesn‘t use simple plain language and he is often mistaken.
Mistake n.错误, 过失
-- make a mistake 犯错
-- by mistake 弄错了
-- He took my umbrella by mistake. 他错拿了我的伞。
-- and no mistake 确实如此
-- He is honest and no mistake. 他这个人确实很诚实。
Mistake vt.把...误认为, 弄错, 误解
-- mistake sb for 把某人误认为
-- Yesterday I mistook him for my classmate.
Gallery n.美术馆
Exhibit n.展品, 陈列品（= something that show in public）
Exhibition n.展览会
-- We went to an exhibition to visit exhibits.
Oddly adv.古怪的（= strangely）
odd adj.古怪的（因为少见而奇怪）
strange adj.陌生的, 奇怪的（因为陌生而奇怪）
queer adj.奇特的（因为不同于其它的而奇怪）
-- Look, he is wearing a queer hat.
Fantastic adj.奇妙的
Eccentric adj.怪癖的（-- He is an eccentric person.）
Attach v.连，系
attach vt.系、拴、粘上、贴上（-- attach…to…）
-- He attached the lamb to a tree.
Attach…to sb for sth 因为某事而把…加再某人身上
-- We didn‘t attach blame to him for his failure. 我们没有因为他的失败而责备他。
attach importance to sth 对某事非常重视
-- We attach importance to education.
be attached to sth 喜欢, 喜爱
-- I‘m very attached to her.
attachment n.附属物, 固定物, 爱慕, 友情
sphere n.球体
magnetize v.使磁化, 吸引
-- The iron was magnetized.
-- His speech magnetized the listeners.
Repel v.排斥, 使厌恶（= to drive back, cause feelings of dislike）
-- The different ***es attract each other and the same ***es repel
on the contrary.
同性向吸, 异性相斥。
-- Let me go at once, you repel me. 让我走, 你真让我恶心。
Flicker v.闪烁（= shine unsteadily） unsteadily（adv.不稳定地, 摇摆地）
flash vi.闪光, 闪现（= shine for a moment）
emit v.放射（= give off）
emit sound / emit smell / emit light / emit heat / emit smoke
flash v.闪光
prehistoric adj.史前的，老掉牙的（historic adj.历史上著名的, 有历史性的）
electronic adj.电子的
peculiar adj.奇异的（= strange and unusual）
-- The food has peculiar taste. 这食物有一种奇特的味道。
-- I‘m feeling rather peculiar. = I am felling ill.
Shock v.令人震惊，刺激人
-- get shocked 受震动
-- At the news, he got shocked.
Shock n.震惊（-- get a big shock）
emotionally adv.事情上
emotional adj.易激动的, 情绪的, 感情脆弱的（反义词：unemotional）
-- I think you agree with me, women are often said to be more emotional
than men.
emotive adj.使感动的, 感情的, 动感情的
-- The word home is more emotive than house.
emotion n.（抽象的）感情
-- Love, hated, and grief are emotions.（grief n.悲痛, 悲伤）
feeling n.某时的内心感受
-- I can‘t describe my feeling now.
electric adj.电的, 用电的
dangerous adj.危险的
interest n.兴趣, 利息 vt.使发生兴趣
display n.陈列, 展览, 显示, 显示器 vt.陈列, 展览, 显示
form n.状, 形态, 外形
recent adj.新近的, 近来的
shaped adj.有形状的；成某种形状的
response n.回答, 响应, 反应
familiar adj.熟悉的, 常见的
line up v.整队, 排列起
against prep.相反, 反对, 逆着, *着, 倚着
wire n.属丝, 电线
metal n.金属
attract vt.吸引
structure n.结构, 构造, 构造物, 建筑物
colour（vt.把...涂颜色, 粉饰）à coloured（adj.有彩色的, 有色的）
spark n.火花, 火星, 闪光
lamp n.灯 vt.照亮
electric adj.电的, 导电的, 用电的 adj.惊人的, 令人兴奋的
Text 课文
How might some of the exhibits have been dangerous?
Modern sculpture rarely surprises us any more.
Rarely = seldom
本句= We are not surprised at modern sculpture .
The idea that modern art can only be seen in museums is mistaken.
that引导同位语从句, 修饰限定the idea 的内容。
-- The idea that one can learn English well in English-speaking
countries is mistaken.
Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to
notice examples of modern
sculpture on display in public places.
重点句式结构：
who take no interest in art 修饰说明people
take interest in 对…感兴趣 / show interest in 显示对…的兴趣
take delight in 对…感到高兴 / take pride in 对…感到骄傲
cannot, failed to 双重否定意味着肯定（强调肯定的语气）
-- He must have passed his examination last week.
= He cannot have failed to pass his examination last week.
-- You must keep your promise. = You can‘t fail to keep your promise.（n.许诺）
on display / on show 展览, 展出
Strange forms stand in gardens, and outside buildings and shops.
We can see sculptures everywhere
We have got quite used to them. Some so-called ‘modern‘ pieces
have been on display for
nearly eighty years.
get used to… = get accustomed to… 习惯于… （accustomed adj.通常的, 习惯的）
用夸张的口吻表明事实
In spite of this, some people -- including myself -- were surprise
by a recent exhibition of
modern sculpture.
in spite of this 尽管如此（作者表明了自己的观点）
The first thing I saw when I entered the art gallery was a notice
which said: ‘Do not touch
the exhibits.
重点句型：The first thing...was a notice which said...
I saw是定语从句省略了that
Some of them are dangerous!‘ The objects on display were pieces
of moving sculpture.
The sculpture can move.
Oddly shaped forms that are suspended form the ceiling and move
in response to a gust of
wind are quite familiar to everybody.
句子主干：Oddly shaped forms are familiar to everybody
that引导的定语从句用来限定shaped forms
that 定语从句中：in response to = in reaction to 作为对…的反应
be familiar to sb 对某人来讲很熟悉
-- The house is familiar to him.
-- I don‘t really remember where I have seen him before, but he
looks very familiar to me.
be familiar with sth 熟悉, 熟知
-- Are you familiar with the play of Shakespeare?
-- I‘m familiar with that book too.
These objects, however, were different. Lined up against the wall,
there were long thin wires
attached to metal spheres.
lined up（过去分词做状语）与long thin wires为被动关系
attached to metal spheres（过去分词做定语）修饰long thin wires.
there were long thin wires attached to metal spheres.
= there were long thin wires that were attached to metal spheres.
The spheres had been magnetized and attracted or repelled each
other all the time.
In the centre of the hall, there were a number of tall structures
which contained coloured
lights.
the center of the hall 展厅的中央
coloured lights 彩色灯泡
These lights flickered continuously like traffic lights which have
gone mad.
continuously adv.不停止的
go mad 发疯, 发狂（= run mad）
-- He must have gone mad to do such a thing.
Sparks were emitted from small black boxes and red lamps flashed
on and off angrily.
on and off = continually = Intermittently adv.间歇的, 断断续续的
on and on = continuously adv.无间断地, 连续不断地
-- It has been raining on and off since noon.
It was rather like an exhibition of prehistoric electronic equipment.
It was rather like... = It was more like...
These peculiar forms not only seemed designed to shock people
emotionally, but to give them
electric shocks as well!
not only...but ...as well
seem(系动词)＋名词／形容词／分词
Key structures 关键句型
1...take no interest in art...on display...
2...got used to...
3...from the ceiling...in response to...familiar to...
4...attached to...
Special difficulties 难点
以元音+ｙ结尾的名词/动词, 加ｓ时直接加。
Day à days
Way à ways
Enjoy à enjoys
Buy à buys
以辅音+ｙ结尾的名词/动词, 加ｓ时, 去ｙ变I加es。
Lady à ladies
Berry à berries
Reply à replies
Jungle’s opinion：不能有三个辅音在一起, 否则不好读。（例：ladys）
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1. A正确
2. C正确
mobile adj.可移动的, 易变的, 机动的
effect n.结果, 效果, 作用, 影响
electronic adj.电子的
activate vt.刺激, 使活动, 开[起] 动, 触发
3. D正确 one could not pass them unnoticed
can not pass something unnoticed 不可能路过某物而不注意到它
-- The dress is so beautiful that I can‘t pass it unnoticed
unnoticed adj.不引人注意的, 被忽视的
untouched adj.未触及的; 没有动过的
4. C正确 eighty years ago（一般过去时）
5. C正确 entrance + to, arrival + in/at
6. prohibit vt.阻止, 禁止（重点强调法律或条例明文禁止）
prohibit somebody from doing something
-- The law prohibit children from buying alcohol.（n.酒精, 酒）
forbid somebody to do something
-- The law forbid children to buy alcohol.
7. A正确 in order that只能引导目的状语从句
so that可以引导目的和结果状语从句
1>引导目的状语从句时：so that + 情态动词
2>引导结果状语从句时：so that + 一般时态
8. D正确 both...and…（both和and的后面成分应该相同）
9. D正确 at one blow 强调一次重击
all of a sudden = suddenly
with a light touch 轻轻的一碰
10 A正确 gave off
11 B正确 illuminate v.照明, 照亮
-- illuminated by candle / illuminate the streets
enlighten vt.开导, 启发
enlightened adj.开通的, 开明的（-- enlightened policy 开明的政策）
alight vi.(不及物)下车, 落下（alighted, alighted）（alit, alit）
-- Passengers should not alight from the train until it has stopped.
alighted adj.点着的, 发亮的（= burning）
-- the fire is alighted/burning
12 C正确 designed表达一种意图
-- a book designed/intended mainly for English learner. 一本专门为英语学习者编写的书。
Draw vt.画（-- draw a picture）
Draw vt.支取, 提取（-- draw money from a bank）
Lesson 19 A very dear cat 一条贵重的宝贝猫
New words and expression 生词和短语
Dear adj.亲爱的，珍贵的；昂贵的
Dear = Costly（adj.昂贵的, 贵重的）= expensive
-- I can‘t afford the car because it‘s too dear.
Dear adj.珍贵的, 宝贵的
-- The cat is dear to me.（adj.珍贵的）
-- The lamb is prize to Mary = The lamb is dear to Mary
cost somebody dear 花了某人很多钱（dear adv.昂贵地, 价高地）
-- The cat cost the lady dear.
kidnapper n.绑架者，拐骗者
kidnap vt.诱拐(小孩), 绑架, 勒赎
-- They kidnapped five hostages.（n.人质, 抵押品）
considerable adj.相当大的
-- a considerable business. 大型企业。
-- He has got a considerable success.
Considerably adv.相当大地, 相当多地（= much, a lot , a great deal）
-- It‘s considerably colder today than yesterday.
Considerate（adj.考虑周到的）= thoughtful（adj.体贴的, 关切的）
be considerate to somebody 对某人很体贴
-- Are you considerate/thoughful to your wife?
Considered（adj.经慎重考虑的, 经过熟思的）
-- It‘s my considered opinion.
all things considered 就各方面而言
-- All things considered, he finished the work well.
Considering prep.conj.adv.就…而论；照…来看；考虑到…
介词-- Considering his age, the little boy reads very well.
就他的年龄来说, 这小孩读得算挺好的。
连词-- They have done it well considering (that) they have no experience.
副词-- He studies English well, considering. 就各方面而言, 他英语学得很好。
= He studies English well, all things considered.
Wealthy adj.富的，有钱的
Orderly adj.有规律的
Disappearance n.失踪
Anonymous adj.匿名的
Ransom n.赎金
pay ransom to somebody
-- The old lady paid a ransom of one thousand pounds to the kidnapper.
hold somebody to ransom 绑架某人为了赎金
-- They kidnapped the boy and held him to ransom.
Cardboard n.硬纸板
Withdraw (withdrew, withdrawn) v.（从银行）取钱
punctually adv.准时地
punctual adj.严守时刻的, 准时的
Punctuality n.准时
astound v.使吃惊
surprise, astonish, amaze, astound 语气一个比一个强
-- He was astounded to hear of her death.
-- They were amazed to find the lazy girl came very early.
Surprising adj.令人惊讶的
Surprised adj.感到惊讶的
Flat n.平面, 平地, 一层, 公寓 adj.平坦的, 扁平的
Word n.字, 词, 话
Sure adj.对....有把握, 确信某事 adv.的确, 当然
Amount n.数量
Text 课文
Why was Rastus ‘very dear‘ in more ways than one?
Kidnappers are rarely interested in animals, but they recently
took considerable interest in
Mrs.
Rarely = seldom adv.很少地
be interest in = take interest in （一句话中用不同的表达方式, 是为了避免从复）
took great interest in = take enormous/tremendous interest in
Eleanor Ramsay‘s cat. Mrs. Eleanor Ramsay, a very wealthy old lady,
has shared a flat with
her cat, Rastus, for a great many years.
share something with somebody 和某人分享某物
-- I share the room with my friend.
For a great many years = for a long time.
Rastus leads an orderly life. He usually takes a short walk in
the evenings and is always
home by seven o‘clock.
Orderly adj.有秩序的, 有顺序的
Discipline v.训练 n.纪律, 学科
Disciplined n.受过训练的,遵守纪律的
Regular adj.规则的, 有秩序的
takes a short walk = goes for a walk = goes for a stroll
stroll n.漫步, 闲逛
One evening, however, he failed to arrive.
Mrs. Ramsay got very worried. She looked everywhere for him but
could not find him.
However的使用表明：he isn’t home that evening.
look for, find
There days after Rastus‘ disappearance, Mrs. Ramsay received an
anonymous letter.
after可以和名词搭配
-- three days after Johnson’s arrival. 约翰逊到来三天之后。
-- three days after the kidnapper’s appearance.
The writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands and would be returned
immediately if Mrs. Ramsay paid a ransom of $1,000.
State 非常正式的声明
Mrs. Ramsay was 包含ucted to place the money in a cardboard box and
to leave it outside
her door.
Instruct = order（vt.命令） = tell formally（adv.正式地, 形式上）
be 包含ucted to do something
-- The journalist was 包含ucted to obtain the exact statistics.
At first she decided to go to the police, but fearing that she
would never see Rastus again -
the letter had made that quite clear -- she changed her mind.
Fearing 现在分词做原因状语
make it clear to somebody that…（it是形式主语）
-- The teacher has made it clear to us that we must read English
aloud every day.
She withdrew $1000 from her bank and followed the kidnapper‘s 包含uctions.
The next morning, the box had disappeared but Mrs. Ramsay was sure
that the kidnapper
would keep his word.
Keep his word = keep his promise 遵守诺言
word表示诺言时, 要采用单数形式
keep his word 遵守诺言 / break his word 失信用
give somebody one‘s word 向某人保证
-- I give you my word that I will return your bicycle.
as good as one‘s word 表示守信用（侧重点在于强调一个结果）
-- He promised to pay me the money and he was as good as his word.
他许诺把钱给我, 正如他所言他遵守了他的诺言。
go back on one‘s word 食言, 违背诺言
Sure enough, Rastus arrived punctually at seven o‘clock that evening.
sure enough 强调确实如此
-- I said it would happen, and sure enough it did happen.
He looked very well though he was rather thirsty, for he drank
half a bottle of milk.
half a bottle of milk 半瓶牛奶
half the money 一半的钱 / half the distance 一半的距离
The police were astounded when Mrs. Ramsay told them what she had
done.
She explained that Rastus was very dear to her.
Considering the amount she paid, he was dear in more ways than
one!
in more ways than one = in many ways
dear具有双重意义（即是亲爱的, 又是昂贵的）
Special difficulties 难点
逗号的用法：
1>三个或三个以上的词、短语或句子只用一个并列连接词来连接，他们之间就要用逗号，并列连接词前也要用逗号
-- He opened the letter, read it, and made a note of its contents.
2>插入语或同位语前后必须用逗号分开
-- I own over a thousand books and, to make matters wore, the room
is rather small.
3>状语从句位于句首时也要用逗号和主句分隔开来，放在句尾则不需要
-- After we had visited the market, we returned home.
= We returned home after we had visited the market.
4>非限定性定语从句必须用逗号分开
-- Thanks to the English Channel, which separates Britain from
Europe, the country has not been
invaded since 1066.
5>语次转变词也应该用逗号将其和句子其他成分分开
-- A few cars, however, completed the race.
-- He feared the examination. He couldn’t, therefore, continued
his study at school.
= He feared the examination. Therefore, He couldn’t continued his
study at school.
6>介词短语和分词短语位于句首时, 也必须加逗号加以分隔。
-- Taking off his jacket, George pushed his arm through the drain
cover.
-- With some children, small money goes a long way.
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1. A正确 could and would 愿意并有能力
companion n.同伴, 共事者
2. B正确 on what conditions 在什么样的基础之上
reveal vt.展现, 显示, 揭示, 暴露
3. A正确 greatly adv.很, 非常
4. B正确 for a great many years（用完成时）
5. D正确
6. A正确 reaction n.反应, 反作用
根据语法规则：
主语是ambition, duty, goal, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan,
policy, purpose, reaction, suggestion等名词的时, 句子的表语必须是to不定式短语, 该不定式短语是说明其内容的。
-- His purpose in life was to seek truth instead of money.
-- Our plan is to make better use of this material.
7. B正确
for fear + of/that
-- They are working hard for fear that they should fail.
= They are working hard for fear of failure.
afraid for 侧重点表示：为...感到担心, 害怕失去
-- The parents are often are afraid for their children. 父母常为孩子担心。
-- He was afraid for his job. 他害怕丢工作。
-- I am not afraid for my head. 我不怕掉脑袋。
8. D正确 修饰money用large
9. D正确
measured adj.慎重的, 有节奏的, 标准的, 整齐的, 有规则的
regular adj.强调有规则的
disciplined n.受过训练的, 遵守纪律的
10.B正确
go for a walk = go for a stroll
go on/for a trek 进行艰苦的跋涉
-- trek n.牛拉车旅行, 艰苦跋涉
go for a trot 去散步
-- trot n.小跑, 骑马, 疾走, 忙碌 lane n.（乡间）小路, 巷, 里弄
-- I‘m going for a trot down the lane. 我正沿着巷子小跑。
11.C正确 sure enough = as (was) expected
without a doubt adv.无疑地
as a matter of fact adv.事实上（in fact = actually 实际上, 事实上）
12.A正确 healthy adj.健康的, 健壮的
sane（adj.神志清楚的, 头脑清楚的）= sensible（明智的, 有判断力的）
Lesson 20 Pioneer pilots 飞行员的先驱
New words and expression 生词和短语
Pioneer n.先驱 vi.vt.开拓, 为…开路, 作先驱者
Young pioneer 少先队员
A pioneer of operation 手术的开创者
Advocate n.提倡者, 鼓吹者vt.提倡, 鼓吹
-- pioneer adult education 倡导成人教育
lord n.对（英国）贵族的尊称；勋爵
lordless adj.无君主的, 无丈夫的
lordship n.贵族权力, 贵族身份
lordly adj.adv.高傲的, 贵族般地, 有气派地
duke n.公爵
marquis n.(英国等的)侯爵（亦作：marquess）
earl n.<英>伯爵
viscount n.(英国的)子爵
baron n.男爵(英国世袭的最低级的贵族爵位) , 大财主（女性为： baroness）
Calais n.加来（法国港市）
Overland adj.陆上的
Overnight n.头天晚上 adj.通宵的, 晚上的, 前夜的 adv.在前一夜, 整夜, 昨晚一晚上
-- an overnight trip一整夜的旅行 / an overnight guest 过夜的客人
overpopulated adj.人口过密的, 人口过剩的
overseas adv.海外 adj.外国的, 海外的
over+动词（over表示超过）
overeat vt.使吃过量 vi.吃得过多
oversleep vt.(使)睡过头 vi.睡过头, 睡得太久
overwork n.过度工作 v.(使)工作过度
overcharge v.讨价过高, 使过量装填, 过度充电 n.超载, 过重的负担, 过度充电
overestimate vt.评价过高 n.估计的过高
pilot n.飞行员, 领航员, 引水员
engine n.发动机, 机车, 火车头
Calais 加来（法国北部港市）
Latest adj.最后的, 最迟的, 最新的, 最近的 n.最新消息, 最新式样
Last vi.持续, 支持, 维持
Dover n.多佛（英国东南部的港口）
Text 课文
What was the name of the first plane to fly across the English
Channel?
In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of f1,000 to the first
man who would fly across the
English Channel.
the first man who would fly across… = the first man to fly across...
序数词和动词不定式to搭配连用可以代替其后的定语从句
-- the first person to greet him was a local policeman
-- She was the only one to survive the plane 无效. 她是唯一幸存与飞机失事的人。
= She was the only one that survive the plane 无效.
Over a year passed before the first attempt was made.
如果before所引导的时间状语从句之前出现段时间（则最佳翻译方法：才...）
attempt n.努力, 尝试, 企图 vt.尝试, 企图（attempt的语气比try强烈）
in one‘s attempt
-- She failed in her attempt to swim the English Channel. 她横度英吉利海峡的尝试失败了。
make an attempt on
-- He made an attempt on the mountain. 他试图攀登那座山。
make an attempt to do
-- She made every attempt to run away. 她想尽一切办法逃走。
make no attempt
-- She made no attempt to run away. 她没有想逃走。
On July 19th, 1909, in the early morning, Hubert Latham took off
from the French coast in
his plane the ‘Antoinette IV.‘
He had travelled only seven miles across the Channel when his engine
failed and he was
forced to land on sea.
When = at that moment
Failed = break down 失灵, 出故障
Fail 失败、忽视
-- She failed to win the prize.
-- When I saw him, my words failed me. 当我见到他的时候, 我不知道说什么好了。
be forced to do 被迫做某事
The ‘Antoinette‘ floated on the water until Latham was picked up
by a ship.
picked up = save = rescue
Two days alter, Louis Bleriot arrived near Calais with a plane
called ‘No. XI‘. Bleriot had
been making planes since 1905 and this was his lattes model.
with a plane（with 具有、带有）-- a suitcase with a handle
A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight during
which he covered
twenty-six miles.
= A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight
and during the flight he covered
twenty-six miles.
-- during which = during flight
Latham, however, did not give up easily.
He, too, arrived near Calais on the same day with a new ‘Antoinette‘.
It looked as if there would be an exciting race across the Channel.
It looked as if 似乎, 看起来
-- It looked as if there would be a heavy storm.
Both planes were going to take off on July 25th, but Latham failed
to get up early enough.
After making a short test flight at 4,15 a.m., Bleriot set off
half an hour later.
make a short test flight 做段距离试飞之后
His great flight lasted thirty-seven minutes.
When he landed near Dover, the first person to greet him was a
local policeman.
= When he landed near Dover, the first person who greeted him was
a local policeman.
Latham made another attempt a week later and got within half a
mile of Dover, but he was
unlucky again.
make another attempt 做了另一次试飞
His engine failed and he landed on the sea for the second time.
for the first time / for the second time
Key structures 关键句型
介词和关系代词搭配的用法：（决定介词位置的四个因素）
1>在正式的用法和用于书面语中, 当定语从句的关系代词是介词的宾语时, 能够把可移位
的介词提前放在关系代词的前面。
-- This is the person about whom I was telling you.
-- Is this the book for which you asked me?
2>在非正式的用法和口语当中, 介词一般要放在从句的末尾。
3>有些动词＋介词, 合成词组被看作是不可分隔的语言单位。这个时候介词必须紧跟动词,
不可移位
-- take after, account for
4>在很多情况下, 介词和关系代词构成独立的介词短语, 在从句中起着状语作用, 与从句的
谓语动词毫无关系, 不是谓语动词的一部分。这时介词始终位于关系代词之前。
-- He described it was a very agreeable situation located within
two small hills. + In the midst of
two small hills, flowed a great river. à He described it as a very
agreeable situations located
within tow small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river.
-- Mrs. Ramsay received an anonymous letter in which the writer
stated that Rastus was in safe
hands.
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1. C正确 develop（vt.使显出, 出现, 产生） take-off（n.起飞）
2. B正确
3. B正确 forced landing 迫降 properly（adv.适当地, 完全地）
4. C正确 序数词和不定式搭配连用
5. A正确 not till / not until
6. C正确 有just一般用完成时
7. D正确 promised vt.预示（有可能发生好的迹象）
threaten 预示…的恶兆
-- The river of liquid rock threatened to surround him completely,
but Tazieff managed to escape
just in time.
这股岩浆威胁着要将他团团围住,但泰哲夫还是设法及时躲开了。
8. A正确
9. C 正确
no further 修饰距离 （-- I can walk no further. 我再也走不动了。）
no longer 修饰时间或长度 （-- He no longer lives here. 他再也不住这了。）
no more 修饰某物 （-- I can eat no more. 我再也吃不下了。）
10.D正确
-- The ship rode the waves. 这艘船漂浮在水面上。
hold water 论点或观点站得住脚
-- What you said doesn’t hold water. 你的话站不得住脚。
Watertight adj. 无懈可击的, 不漏水的, 不透水的
-- a watertight contract. 严密的合同
11.A正确
12.D正确
immense adj.修饰面积大得难以测量
grand adj.雄伟的, 壮丽的, 盛大的
Lesson 21 Daniel Mendoza 丹尼尔.门多萨
New words and expression 生词和短语
Boxing n.拳击
Boxer n.拳击手
Bare adj.赤裸的（= uncovered adj.无盖的）
Fisted adj.握成拳头的
bare fist = bare fisted adj.赤手空拳的 adv.赤手空拳地
bare foot = barefooted adj.光着脚的 adv.未戴帽地
barehanded（adj.赤手空拳的） barelegged（adj.露腿的 adv.光着腿的）
bare-necked（adj.露出脖子的） bareheaded（adj.不戴帽子的）
naked adj.全裸, 赤裸的, 裸体的
-- He‘s walking in bare feet. 他光着双脚走路。
-- He is naked. = he has nothing no 他什么也没穿。
Nude adj.裸体的, 光秃秃的 n.裸体画, 裸体, 裸体雕像
-- Nudes are art. 裸体画是一种艺术。
prizefighter n.职业拳击手（尤指古时赤手拳击手）
crude adj.粗野的
be crude to somebody
-- He is crude to the girl.
Rude adj.粗鲁的, 无礼的（比crude的语气要弱）
Marquis n.侯爵
Technically adv.严格根据法律意义地
Science n.科学
Popularity n.名望（n.普及, 流行, 声望）
in popularity 受欢迎的
-- Instant adj.立即的, 即时的, (食品)速溶的, 方便的
-- Instant foods are getting in popularity.
-- Popular songs are in popularity.
Popular adj.通俗的, 流行的, 受欢迎的
-- Be popular with sb 受某人喜爱
-- The famous actor is popular with young people.
Fame n.名声, 名望, 传说 famous adj.著名的, 出名的
Reputation n.声誉, 名誉, 名声
adore v.崇拜, 爱戴（= worship vi.敬神, 拜神 vt.崇拜, 尊敬）
-- More and more people adore the famous actress.
alike adv.一样地
= similarly adv.同样地, 类似于
= equally adv.同样地, 相等地, 平等地
= as well 也, 又, 同样
= in the same way adv.同样地
-- He was adored by rich and poor alike.
-- The teacher is adored by boy and girl alike.
Fame n.名声
Eminent adj.著名的，杰出的
= distinguished adj.卓越的；杰出的；超群的；出众的；著名的
-- eminent scientist / eminent physicist（n.物理学家）
bitterly adv.厉害地
-- It is blowing bitterly.
Bitter adj.苦的, 辛酸的, 刺骨的
-- During cold winter, it is really bitter. / bitter fruit 苦果
bet v.打赌
bet on something 以…打赌
-- The public bet on Tom. 公众把赌注押在汤姆的身上。
bet somebody that 和某人打赌
-- I bet her I would win the march.
bet one‘s bottom dollar on… 孤注一掷在…上
-- He bet his bottom dollar on his last attempt.
bet on the wrong horse [口]判断或估计错误
I bet. 我打赌, 我肯定。
You bet. [俗]当然, 真的, 的确（= certainly）
Academy n.专业学校
Extravagant adj.浪费的，奢移的（wasteful adj.浪费的, 不经济的）
-- extravagant habit
反义词：thrifty, frugal, economical
poverty n.贫困（in poverty 在贫困中）
indigence n.贫乏, 穷困
destitution n.赤贫（穷得一无所有）
penury n.拮据, 贫穷, 穷困
unsuccessful adj.不成功的, 失败的
champion n.冠军, 战士
injure vt.损害, 伤害 v.伤害
injured adj.受伤的,受损害的
figure n.人物, 尤其是著名人物
glove n.手套 vt.戴手套
draw vt., vi.(drew, drawn, drawing)拉, 拖, 绘制
swift adj.迅速的, 敏捷的 adv.迅速地, 敏捷地
swiftly adv.很快地, 即刻
settled adj.确立的, 定下的, 决定的
quarrel vi.吵架, 争论, 挑剔
argument n.争论, 辩论
finally adv.最後, 最终
ring n.拳击场
later adj.更迟的,更后的 adv.稍后,随后
lose vi. 失败, 受损失
debt n.债；债务
Text 课文
How many unsuccessful attempts did Mendoza make before becoming
Champion of all England?
Boxing matches were very popular in England two hundred years
ago.
be popular = be in popularity
In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money.
fought with bare fists 赤手空拳的打斗
Because of this, they were known as ‘prizefighters‘.
However, boxing was very crude, for these were no rules and a
prizefighter could be
seriously injured or even killed during a match.
One of the most colourful figures in boxing history was Daniel
Mendoza, who was born in
1764.
One of the most colourful figures = one of the most famous people
The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860, when the Marquis
of Queensberry drew up
the first set of rules.
Introduce（vt.传入, 引进）= bring in（介绍引进）
-- Potatoes were introduced into Europe from South America.
draw up vt.制定、起草（-- draw up a plan）
Though he was technically a prizefighter, Mendoza did much to change
crude prizefighting
into a sport, for he brought science to the game.
In his day, Mendoza enjoyed tremendous popularity. He was adored
by rich and poor alike.
In his day = in his full time = in his good day 在他的全盛时期
He was adored by rich and poor alike.
= He was not only adored by the rich but adored by the poor as
well.
Mendoza rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match when he was
only fourteen years old.
rise to fame = become famous
This attracted the attention of Richard Humphries who was then
the most eminent boxer in
England.
attract somebody‘s attention = attract the attention of somebody
He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn.
In fact, Mendoza soon became so successful that Humphries turned
against him.
turn against… 变成和...敌对
The two men quarrelled bitterly and it was clear that the argument
could only be settled by
a fight.
bitter（adv.非常, 剧烈, 厉害）= Severely（adv.严格地, 激烈地）
A match was held at Stilton, where both men fought for an hour.
The public bet a great deal of money on Mendoza, but he was defeated.
Mendoza met Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost
for a second time.
he lost for a second time = he lost again
It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat
Humphries and became
Champion of England.
It is/was not until
Jungle’s opinion: 在英语中喜欢把not和until连在一起用
例如：He didn’t leave until the rain stopped.
Meanwhile, he founded a highly successful Academy and even Lord
Byron became one of his
pupils.
He earned enormous sums of money and was paid as much as $100
for a single appearance.
as much as 多达
Despite this, he was so extravagant that he was always in debt.
in debt 欠债, 负债
After he was defeated by a boxer called Gentleman Jackson, he was
quickly forgotten.
He was sent to prison for failing to pay his debts and died in
poverty in 1836.
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1...D grasp vt.抓住, 掌握, 领会 n.抓住, 掌握, 领会
establish vt.建立, 设立, 确定, 证实
2...D in favor of adv.赞同, 有利于
3...C apart from 除什么之外还有
supplement vt.补足, 补充
4...A 5...A 6...B
7...B owe people money = owe money to people
8...B
vivid adj.生动的, 鲜明的, 鲜艳的, 活泼的, 逼真的
personality n.个性, 人格, 人物, 名人
character n.特性, 性质, 特征, 人物
image n.图象, 肖像, 偶像
imaginative adj.想象的, 虚构的 adj.富于想象的, 有想象力的
9...C
exceptionally（adj.例外的, 异常的） à unusually（adv.显著地, 不同寻常的）
-- An exceptionally beautiful girl.
marvelously（adj.不可思议的, 非凡的） = wonderfully（adv.奇妙的, 奇异的）
singly adv.单独的
unequally adv.不相等地, 不公平地, 独一无二的
10...A rise vi.n.
11...A
jealous adj.妒忌的, 猜疑的, 警惕的, 嫉妒的
disinterested adj.无私心的, 廉洁的, 公正的 adj.[美口]不关心的, 不感兴趣的
revolt v.反抗, 起义, 反叛
revolted adj.起来反抗的, 起义的, 厌恶的
12...D
beat = defeat
conquer vt.征服, 战胜, 占领, 克服
gain vt.vi.赢得, 获得 win v.赢得（比赛）
Lesson 22 By heart 熟记台词
New words and expression 生词和短语
run (ran, run) v.（戏剧, 电影等）连演，连映
-- The film is so successful that it runs for several weeks.
Lines n.（剧本中的）台词
Part n.剧中的角色, 台词
Falter v.支吾, 结巴说
-- He has practised the poem several times, so he has no cause
to falter.
他练习这首诗好多次了，所以没有理由结巴。
Stammer v.口吃, 结巴着说出, 结结巴巴地说
Falter vi.蹒跚而行蹒跚踉跄, 摇摆
= Stagger v.摇晃, 蹒跚, 交错, 摇摇摆摆
-- He faltered home.
cast (cast, cast) v.选派…扮演角色
-- The actor was cast in the role of hero. 这个演员在剧中扮演英雄的角色。
Role n.角色, 任务
Role n.角色
Aristocrat n.贵族
Imprison v.关押（= put sb in prison 关押某人）
-- He was imprisoned for 10 years.
imprisonment n.关押
-- sentence sb to life imprisonment 判名人终生监禁
prison, jail = gaol n.监狱
-- send sb to prison / put sb in prison / throw sb into prison
in prison 坐牢（不加the）
-- He is in prison/jail/gaol.
= He is behind bars. 他在铁窗之后。
Bastille n.巴士底狱
Gaoler n.监狱长，看守
Colleague n.同事
Curtain n.（舞台上的）幕布
Reveal v.使显露, 揭露, 揭穿
-- The secret hasn‘t been revealed.
Reveal vt.把什么露出来
-- A curtain was up and revealed the beautiful scenery.（n.风景, 景色）
Disclose vt.揭发（-- disclose the truth）
Discover vt.发现
Uncover vt.揭开具体的盖子
-- A very tight dress reveals the beautiful figure.
Revealable adj.可展现的
Revealer n.探测器
cell n.单人监房, 监号
blank adj.空白的
squint v.眯着（眼）看, 瞄
squint one‘s eyes眯着眼睛
-- He squinted his eyes and looked at the letter.
pear at 眯着眼睛看
dim adj.昏暗
-- The room is too dim so I can‘t read the letter.
Gloomy adj.(天气,心情)抑郁的
-- The weather is gloomy today. / He is in gloomy mood.
Dusky adj.(天色)漆黑的, 黑暗的
-- Towards evening it’s getting dusky.
Murky adj.黑暗的, 阴沉的
-- I can‘t go out at murky night.
Misty adj.多雾的, 迷蒙的
-- The building is out of sight on such a misty day.
Sire n.（古用法）陛下
Proceed v.继续进行 （停顿之后的继续）
proceed to/with 进行继续某事
-- Let‘s proceed to business.
-- You must proceed with your work.
Proceed from… 从…着手开始继续
-- They proceed from lesson one.
proceed against sb 起诉某人
-- He decided to proceed against his neighbour.
Expect vt. <口>(料)想, 认为, 指望
Expect vt.要求
Alone adj.单独的, 独一无二的 adv.独自地
Anxious adj.担忧的, 渴望的, 盼望的
Fellow adj.同伴的, 同事的, 同道的
Learnt vt.记住
Line n.台词
Text 课文
Which actor read the letter in the end, the aristocrat or the gaoler?
Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end, In
many ways, this is
unfortunate for the poor actors who are required to go on repeating
the same lines night
after night.
By heart 熟记
on end = continuously adv.连续的（位于具体的时间之后）
-- He sat there for hours on end.
-- We had hardly anything to eat for days on end.
on end = upright adv.竖着
-- The cat‘s fur stood on end.
-- I got a big shock, so my hair stood on end. 我被吓了一跳, 以至于我毛骨悚然。
Who = actor 关系代词做主语, 不能省略
-- The student who was required to recite the poem 100 times is
really poor.
One would expect them to know their parts by heart and never have
cause to falter.
learn/know by heart 把什么牢记在心
-- The sentence is so important that you must learn it by heart.
heart and soul adv.全心全意的, 全身心的
-- We sever the students heart and soul.
take heart 鼓起勇气, 恢复信心
lose one’s heart 失去信心
lose one’s heart to sb = give one’s heart to sb 亲信于某人
-- The boy lost his heart to the girl.
put one‘s heart into sth 致力于某事
-- Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it. 世上无难事, 只怕有心人。
have one‘s heart in one‘s boots 提心吊胆
-- He had his heart in his boots when he went out along at night.
Would v. (will 的过去式)
1> [表示过去将来时, 用于第二、三人称](第一人称英国用 should, 美国用 would) 将, 会
-- He said he would come. 他说他要来。
2> [表示意愿]愿; 偏要, 肯
-- He would eat nothing. 他不肯吃东西; 他什么也不愿吃。
-- I told him not to go, but he would not listen. 我叫他别去, 可他偏不听。
-- He would go in spite of our warnings. 他不听我们的劝告, 执意要去。
3> [表示过去的习惯动作]常常, 总是
-- He would sit for hours doing nothing. 过去他常常 坐几个钟头什么事也不做。
-- He would come to see us on Sundays. 过去星期天他经常来看望我们。
4> [表示推测]大概, 该是
-- I would be about ten when my brother left home. 我哥哥离开家时, 我大概十岁左右。
5> [表示某种假设的意志]想要, 愿意
-- I could do so if I would. 要是我愿意, 我能够这样做(但我不愿意)。
-- If you would do this for me, I should be grateful indeed.
若是你愿意为我做这件事, 我将万分感激 。
6> [表示虚拟, 假设, 虚 构, 用于虚拟条件句的主句第二、第三人称, 美国也用于第一人称]
要, 会, 就会, 将要
-- They would be killed if the car went over the cliff. 如果汽车翻在悬崖下,
他们就会丧命。
-- They would have been killed if the car had gone over the cliff.
如果汽车当时翻到悬崖下, 他们早就丧命了。
8> [表示请求或个人想法、看法, 使语气更婉转]请
-- Would you kindly show me the way to the station? 劳驾, 请问到车站的路怎么走?
-- I would like to speak a few words. 我想讲几句话。
-- It would seem that he was right. 看来他倒是对的。
9> [表示假想的愿望]但愿, 要是...多好
-- Would [I would] that they were safe home again! 愿他们再能平安回家!
-- Would that I were young again. 我若能再年青些该多好啊!
-- We wish that he would come again. 我们但愿他会再来。
-- I would rather you came on Sunday. 希望你星期天来。
10> [表示能力](=could) 能
-- The barrel would hold 100 litres. 这桶能装一百升。
Yet this is not always the case. = This case is not like this.
A famous actor in a highly successful play was once cast in the
role of an aristocrat who had
been imprisoned in the Bastille for twenty years.
In the last act, a gaoler would always come on to the stage with
a letter which he would hand
to the prisoner.
Whichàletter
Even though the noble was expected to read the letter at each
performance, he always
insisted that it should be written out in full.
even though = even if = though/although
at each performance = at every performance
insist（vt.坚决要求）, suggest（vt.建议）
order（vt.命令）, demand（vt.要求）, require（vt.要求）
表示建议／要求／希望的动词加that宾语从句时, that从句必须使用should+动词原形的
虚拟语气（should可以省略）。
in full = fully = completely
One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague
to find out if, after so many
performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter
by heart.
play a joke/cheek on sb 开某人玩笑 （cheek n.脸颊, 面颊）
The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the
aristocrat sitting alone
behind bars in his dark cell.
on the final act = in the last act
behind bars 铁窗之后
Just then, the gaoler appeared with the precious letter in his
bands.
with独立主格结构
precious表明这信对演员很重要
He entered the cell and presented the letter to the aristocrat.
present sth to = hand to = pass to
But the copy he gave him had not been written out in full as usual.
as usual 如往常一样, 照例
It was simply a blank sheet of paper. The gaoler looked on eagerly,
anxious to see if his fellow
actor had at last learnt his lines.
look on 旁观, 观看
anxious 形容词短语做伴随状况状语
The noble stared at the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds.
stare at 凝视, 盯住
Then, squinting his eyes, he said: ‘The light is dim. Read the
letter to me‘.
ing形式做方式状语, 伴随状况状语
And he promptly handed the sheet of paper to the gaoler.
promptly = immediately
Finding that he could not remember a word of the letter either,
the gaoler replied: ‘The light is indeed dim, sire, I must get my
glasses.‘
现在分词做状语
With this, he hurried off the stage.
hurry off 匆忙离开
Much to the aristocrat‘s amusement, the gaoler returned a few moments
later with a pair of
glasses and the usual copy of the letter which he proceeded to
read to the prisoner.
much用来加强语气
whichàletter
He laughs best who laughs last. 笑到最后的, 才是笑的最好的。
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1...A He laughs best, who laughs last.
Proverb n.格言, 谚语
Suit v.合适, 适合
Gist n.要点, 梗概, 要旨
Silver n.银, 银子
Leap v.跳, 跳越, 跳跃
Golden adj.贵重的, 金色的, 金黄色的
Hatch vt.孵, 孵出 vi.孵化
2...C end with... 以...结束
plight n.情况, 状态, 困境
imprisonment n.关押
audience n.听众, 观众
bore vt.令人厌烦
3...C
improvise v.临时准备
pretend vt.假装, 装扮
4.C 独立主格结构
with a letter to deliver to the prisoner. = with a letter for the
prisoner.
Deliver vt.递送, 陈述, 释放, 发表
5.A
insist that + should
insist on + 名词/动名词
6.C
7.C give him a copy （a 表示任意的一份, the表示特指）
8.A neither, nor用于句首, 句子倒装
9.D trick n.恶作剧, 诡计, 骗局,窍门, 诀窍
play a joke on 开玩笑 = play a trick on 捉弄（单方面取乐）
have a joke with sb 和某人开玩笑（强调两人共同取乐）
-- I‘ve just had a joke with my classmate.
10.D
finally adv.最后
lastly adv.顺序上的最后
in the end 强调最终失败的结果（用于句尾或句首）
-- He worked harder and harder, but in the end he failed.
Conclusive adj.结论性的, 决定性的, 最后的
11.B
peer vt.凝视或眯眼看专心地、探求地或较为费劲地看
peer about 眯着眼睛看
-- When you enter a cinema, you often have to peer about...
search vt.搜寻, 寻找（-- search for sth）
blink vt.眨眼睛, 闪亮
stare vt.盯着看（-- stare at）
12.C
inform表示正式的通知
rejoin vt.使再结合, 再加入, 再回答
Lesson 23 One man's meat is another man's poison 各有所爱
New words and expression 生词和短语
poison (title) n.毒药 vt.毒害, 败坏, 使中毒
-- He was poisoned by pesticide.（n.杀虫剂, 农药, 防疫药）
give poison to sb/sth 使某人或某物中毒
hate each other like poison 彼此互相狠透了
name one’s poison
-- Name your poison, please. = What’s your poison. 你们要喝什么酒。
illogical adj.不合逻辑的, 无章法的
octopus n.章鱼
delicacy n.美味, 佳肴
-- He considered chicken to be a great delicacy.
delicate adj.美味的, 可口的, 清淡的
delicious adj.美味的
repulsive adj.令人反感的, 令人生厌的
disgusting adj.令人厌恶的
-- The dish is repulsive.
stomach n.胃
turn v.感到恶心, 翻胃
fry v.油炸（= be cooked in hot oil）
-- fried egg 煎鸡蛋 / fried bread 油炸面包
-- frying pan 煎锅, 长柄平锅
fry up 加热
-- Fry up the food, please.
fry in one’s own fat 自作自受
Have other fish to fry. 另有要事要做。
-- Hello, Lucy, let’s go have dinner.
-- That’s a good idea, but I have other fish to fry. Thank you
very much.
fat n.（动物、植物）油
put on fat 发胖
fat adj.胖的（形容人时不太礼貌）
形容人时一般用：large, heavy, overweight (adj.过重的, 重的)
abuse n.辱骂, 责骂
-- Don’t abuse your authority.
-- He greeted his wife with a stream of abuse.
snail n.蜗牛
luxury n.奢侈品, 珍品
-- The diamond ring is a luxury to me.
Luxurious adj.奢侈的, 豪华的 （-- a luxurious hotel）
associate v.联想到（-- connect in one’s mind）
associate A with B
-- I can’t associate you with your wife.
-- Can you associate snails with delicious food.
Associate…with… = connect…with… = link…with… = be bound up with
despise v.鄙视
-- We despise him for coward.（n.懦弱的人, 胆小的人）
look down upon 蔑视, 瞧不起（口语）
-- Don’t look down upon anyone.
appeal v.引起兴致
appeal to sb
-- Eating snails never appeals to me.
Appeal v.呼吁, 上诉（appeal for sth）
shower n.阵雨, 淋浴
stroll n.溜达, 散步（= slow walking for pleasure in street or in garden）
go for a stroll = go for a walk, take a stroll = take a walk
stroll v.闲逛, 漫步
-- He is strolling along the road.
Stroller n.散步者, 流浪者
Ramble v.海岸、林中的漫步
-- The couple are rambling in the forest.（The couple一对夫妇）
Roam v.不安定的漂泊
-- The tramper roams every day.
Wander vi.漫步, 徘徊, 流浪, 彷徨, 无目的地移动
-- He has nothing to do, so he is wandering along the street.
impulse n.冲动（= a sudden wish to do sth）
on impulse 冲动的
-- He rushed out to catch up with the lady on impulse.
Be driven by impulse to do sth 情不自禁的做某事
-- I was driven by impulse to do it like this.
Impulsive adj.冲动的
Impulsively adv.冲动的, 有推动力地
dozen n.12个, 一打（= a group of twelve）
by the dozen 成打的
-- We usually buy eggs by the dozen.
dozens of… 许多的…
-- Dozens of students went to the cinema.
two dozen eggs, a dozen roses（这里的dozen不加s）
a dozen of the/these roses 这些玫瑰中的一打
speak nineteen to the dozen 一直说个不停
-- The old lady is speaking nineteen to the dozen.
fancy v.喜爱, 喜欢
-- I don’t fancy living in the cold room.
-- Fancy meeting you here. 没想到在这见到你。
-- fancy oneself 自命不凡
in particular 特别地, 详细地
Mediterranean adj.地中海的, 地中海民族的
n.地中海（=Mediterranean sea, 位于欧, 亚, 非三大洲之间）, 地中海沿岸的居民
instance n.实例 vt.举...为例
would [表示推测]大概, 该是
accepted adj.一般承认的, 公认的
northern adj.北方的, 北部的
certain adj.确定的
creature n.生物, 尤指动物
praise n.赞扬, 赞美, 荣耀, 称赞 vt.赞扬, 歌颂, 称赞
various adj.许多的, 各种各样的, 不同的
town n.城镇, 市镇, 城市, 商业中心, 都市（比村庄大但通常比城市小）
plant n.植物 vt.种植, 栽培, 培养, 安置 vi.种植
equally adv.同样地, 平等地, 相等地
couple ［口］（少数）几个, 两三个n.夫妻, 配偶, 两个, 一对
follow vt.跟随, 追随, 理解, 遵循 vi.跟随
escape vi.vt（常与from连用）逃走
Text 课文
What was it about snails that made the writer collect them for
his friend on that day in particular?
People become quite illogical when they try to decide what can
be eaten and what cannot
be eaten.
come to 涉及, 谈及（常和when连用）
When it come to sth
When it come to doing sth
-- When it comes to politics I know nothing. 谈到政治, 我一无所知。
-- He never complains when it comes to helping his wife with the
house work.
当谈及到帮妻子做家务活这件事的时候, 他从来不抱怨。
If you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance, you would consider
octopus a great delicacy.
for instance = for example adv.例如
consider sth (to be) sth
You would not be able to understand why some people find it repulsive.
On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying
potatoes in animal Fat--
--the normally accepted practice in many northern countries.
On the other hand 在另一方面（转折连词）
一些at介词短语表示：当…就… 一…就…
at the idea of = at the thought of 一想到就…
at the sight of一看到就…, at the mention of一提到就…, at the news of一听到什么的消息就
at the touch of一碰到就…, at the sound of一听到什么的声音就…
-- I was glad at thought of getting something to eat.
-- I always love at the mention of ghost story.
Practice n.组织或个人的惯例性的做法、办事方式
-- It is now quite common practice for married women not to take
their husband’s second name.
已婚女子不用跟丈夫姓在现在是常见的做法了。
-- the practice of closing shops on Sunday
-- My practice to studying English is to read every day.
Habit n.个人的习惯、习性
-- Early to bed and early to rise is a good habit. 早睡早起是个好习惯。
Custom n.社会的习惯、风俗
-- the custom of giving present at Christmas
-- Social custom vary greatly form country to country. 不同的国家有不同的社会习俗。
The sad truth is that most of us have been brought up to eat certain
foods and we stick to them all our lives.
That引导表语从句, 说明truth的内容。
bring up v.抚养, 教育, 培养（常用被动语态, 表示自小到大）
-- Joe is born in England, but brought up in France.
-- She was brought up to believe that money is the most/great
important thing in life.
-- I’ve been brought up to eat fish, just because my mother is
fond of fish as well.
-- He has been brought up to eat frying potatoes just because
his parents are fond of that.
-- He gave much attention to bring up his children.
Stick to = keep to = not give up
stick to the decision / stick to the idea / stick to the plan
-- We decided to stick to our previous plan.
-- I made my decision and I am going to stick to it.
Insist on doing sth. = Persist in doing sth. 坚持做某事
No creature has received more praise and abuse than the common
garden snail.
= The common garden snail often receives more praise and abuse
than other creature.
比较级表达最高级：
-- Nobody is more beautiful than you.
-- He is more intelligent than anyone else in my class.
Cooked in wine, snails are a great luxury in various parts of
the world.
cooked过去分词做定语, 与snail构成被动关系。
There are countless people who, ever since their early years, have
learned to associate snails with food.
Countless（adj.无数的, 数不尽的）= numerous（adj.众多的, 许多的, 无数的）
Associate sth with sth 把某物和某物联系在一起
My friend, Robert, lives in a country where snails are despised.
People there don’t consider snails to be a great delicacy
As his flat is in a large town, he has no garden of his own.
Has no garden of his own 没有自己的庭院
For years he has been asking me to collect snails from my garden
and take them to him.
The idea never appealed to me very much, but one day, after a
heavy shower, I happened to
be walking in my garden when I noticed a huge number of snails
taking a stroll on some of
my prize plants.
The idea never appealed to me very much. = The idea never interested
me very much.
happen to do 偶然, 碰巧
-- I happened to out when he called.
-- We both happened to be traveling on the same plane.
happen / chance
-- It happened that I was out when he called. = It happened that
I was out when he called.
When表示正在这时突然（常与过去进行时、过去完成时连用, 位于句中）
-- He was having a bath when the telephone suddenly rang.
-- We were about to start when it rained.
taking a stroll现在分词做定语修饰snail
snails taking a stroll = snails that were taking a stroll
Acting on a sudden impulse, I collected several dozen, put them
in a paper bag, and took
them to Robert.
on a sudden impulse 一时的冲动
-- Acting on a sudden impulse, she went shopping to buy several
dresses.
Robert was delighted to see me and equally pleased with my little
gift.
= Robert was not only delighted to see me but also pleased with
my little gift.
Be delighted to do
Be pleased with sth
I left the bag in the hall and Robert and I went into the living
room where we talked for a
couple of hours.
I had forgotten all about the snails when Robert suddenly said
that I must stay to dinner.
Snails would, of course, be the main dish.
I did not fancy the idea and I reluctantly followed Robert out
of the room.
Fancy（vt.爱好）= like
Reluctant（adj.不愿意的, 勉强的）= unwillingly（adv.不愿意地, 不情愿地）
To our dismay, we saw that there were snails everywhere: they had
escaped from the paper
bag and had taken complete possession of the hall!
Dismay n.灰心, 沮丧; 惊愕
to our dismay 使我们惊愕的是
take possession of v.占有, 占领
-- The solider take possession of enemies’ fort.（fort n.堡垒, 要塞）
-- terrorist（n.恐怖分子） embassy（n.大使馆人员, 大使馆）
-- The terrorists took possession of the embassy.
I have never been able to look at a snail since then.
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1> D
2> A
3> D propose vt.计划, 建议, 向...提议 vi.打算
4> A
5> B kinds和介词of连用 / foods各种各样的食物
-- certain kinds of food = certain foods
6> C and和or的用法：
在肯定句中表示并列的关系用and。
在否定句中, 两个对等的谓语、宾语、状语或从句的连接用or, 把两个成分都否定掉。
-- He doesn’t smoke or drink.
-- She couldn’t remember who she was or where she left. 她不知她自己是谁以及从哪来的。
在否定句中出现了and, 表示语义的转折, 相当于but。
-- The room is not big and comfortable. 这房子不大但很舒服。
-- The room is not big or comfortable. 这房子不大也不舒服。
7>A having left…的逻辑主语是主句的主句
accompany vt.陪伴
-- She accompanied me to the doctor's. 她陪我去看了医生。
8> C saw后面省略了that
9> D
be sick 表示一种状态, feel sick表示突然的一种感觉。
feel sick = sicken（vt.使患病, 使恶心或昏晕 vi.得病, 变厌腻）
-- He began to feel sick as soon as the ship started to move.
10> D
meal n.一餐, 一顿饭
dish（n.一道菜, 盘, 餐盘, 碟）= course（n.一道菜）
11> B
a couple of hours = tow hours or so 一两个小时的时间
round the clock 昼夜不停, 连续一整天, 毫不疲倦地, 不松劲地
12> B
numerous（adj.众多的, 许多的, 无数的）= countless（adj.无数的, 数不尽的）
-- There are numerous people waiting for you.
numerable adj.可数的, 可计算的（= able to be counted）
numerical adj.数字的, 用数表示的（多用作前置形容词）
-- in numerical order 按照数字顺序 / numerical ability 使用数字的能力
numbered adj.有限的, 时日无多的 adj.已编号的（numbered card已编号的卡）
Lesson 24 A skeleton in the cupboard“家丑”
New words and expression 生词和短语
Skeleton n.骷髅 （n.(动物之)骨架, 骨骼, 基干, 纲要, 万能钥匙）
Closet n.壁橱, 衣橱, 碗橱
a skeleton in the cupboard = a skeleton in the closet = a family
skeleton 家丑
-- It is time to bring the family skeleton out of the cupboard.
该是公开家丑的时候。
skeleton key 万能钥匙
reduced to a skeleton 瘦得皮包骨
-- He has had nothing to eat for a couple of days so he has been
reduced to a skeleton.
Seemingly adv.表面上地
Respectable adj.体面的, 雅观的
-- The tie is for respectable people only. 这条领带只适合体面的人戴。
Decent adj.正派的, 端庄的, 有分寸的, (服装)得体的, 大方的
Graceful adj.优美的，优雅的
Deserving respect 可敬的
-- deserve（vt.应受, 值得） respect（n.尊敬, 敬重）
Respectable adj.可敬的, 有名望的, 高尚的, 值得尊敬的
Respectful adj.尊重人的, 有礼貌的
-- A respectable person is respectful to others. 受人尊敬的人也会尊敬别人的。
Respective adj.分别的, 各自的
-- All the students returned to their respective classrooms.
Conceal v.隐藏, 隐瞒 （比hide更加正式, 语气更强）
Conceal sth. from sb.
-- He concealed his disappointment from his friends.（disappointment
n.失望）
-- He concealed his debts from his wife.
Hide vt.vi.（hid, hidden, hiding）隐藏, 把…藏起来
-- When her mother came in the little girl hid behind the curtain.（很口语话）
Vivid adj.生动的（活泼的）
adj.鲜明的, 鲜艳的（光线、色彩等）
-- a vivid color 鲜艳的颜色 / vivid blue 碧蓝色
adj.传神的, 栩栩如生的
She gave the police a vivid de脚本ion of the accident. 她对警察生动地描述了这次事故。
比较级more vivid / 最高级the most vivid
Dramatic adj.令人激动的, 扣人心弦的（戏剧性的, 生动的）
Vivid adj.清晰的
-- The dramatic scene is still vivid in his mind. 那扣人心弦的一幕在他脑海中仍很清晰。
Exciting adj.令人兴奋的, 使人激动的（没有dramatic那么强烈）
Striking adj.引人注意的, 显著的, 惊人的
ruin v.毁坏
heroine n.女主人公
fiction n.小说（虚构, 编造）---- 集合名词, 小说的总称, 不可数
novel n.小说, 长篇故事（某一部具体的小说）
-- I prefer reading fiction to hearing about real events. 我喜欢阅读小说而不喜欢听真实的事件。
varying adj.不同的
vary vi.vt.改变, 变化
-- The weather varies from day to day. 天气一天天变化。
Varying = Various（adj.不同的, 各种各样的）= different kinds of
Different adj.不同的（与…不一样）
-- My idea in different from yours.
medicine n.医学
Guestroom n.（家庭中的）来客住房
Unpack vt.（从箱中）取出
Stack v.（整齐地）堆放, 排放
-- Stack up the books.
-- The housewife is stacking up the clothing.
Stack n.摞, 叠, 大堆, 堆栈
-- a stack of papers 一摞报纸 / a stack of books 一大堆书
Underclothes n.内衣
Underclothing n.内衣, 贴身衣裤
Underwear n.内衣裤
Drawer n.抽屉
petrify v.使惊呆
shock vt.使…震惊 n.打击, 震动
dumbfound vt.使惊愕；使惊呆；使目瞪口呆
Petrified adj.感到震惊的 / Petrifying adj.令人震惊的零
-- At the new I was petrified.
dangle v.悬挂
sway v.摇摆
unsympathetic adj.不表同情的, 无动于衷的
be unsympathetic to sb. 对某人不表示同情
-- I told him about my experience but he was unsympathetic to me.
Sympathetic adj.同情的,表示同情的, 感到同情的
-- The manager was sympathetic (to me), but he could do nothing
(to help me).
这位经理表示同情,但他无能为力。
Unsympathetically adv.无同情心的, 冷淡的
Sympathetically adv.同情地, 怜悯地
Sympathy n.同情, 同情心
In sympathy = sympathetically
medical adj.医学的
stranger n.陌生人 secret n.秘密
close adj.近的, 紧密的, 亲密的 adv.接近, 紧密地（s读z）
closest adj.最*近的
youth n.青春, 青年时期, 初期 n.少年, 青年们
detective n.侦探 adj.侦探的 shirt n.衬衫, 衬衣
slightly adv.轻微地, 有一点, 略, 苗条地
dash vt., vi.突进, 飞跑
once upon a time adv.从前
Text 课文
Who was Sebastian?
We often read in novels how a seemingly respectable person or
family has some terrible
secret which has been concealed from strangers for years.
How引导宾语从句
has some terrible secret = has a skeleton in the cupboard = has
a skeleton in the closet 家丑
which引导的定语从句修饰secret
seemingly adv.表面上地（= from appearance）
-- a seemingly respectable person 表面上受人尊敬的人
The English language possesses a vivid saying to describe this
sort of situation.
Possess = own = have got
to describe this sort of situation 来描述这种场景（做定语用来修饰saying）
-- The English language possesses a vivid word to describe her
beauty.
The terrible secret is called‘a skeleton in the cupboard’.
At some dramatic moment in the story, the terrible secret becomes
known and a reputation
is ruined.
Some 某一个（修饰单数可数名词）= a certain
Ruin vt.毁坏, 毁灭（泛指概念, 表示毁坏的过程不是一下完成的）
= spoil vt.搞糟, 宠坏 v.扰乱
-- The rain ruined my holiday. = The rain spoiled my holiday.
Destroy vt.破坏, 毁坏 v.消灭, 摧毁（完全摧毁, 不可修复）
-- To tell the patient the truth is to risk destroying his hope.
-- The earthquake destroyed almost the entire city.
Damage vt.损害, 损坏, 使受损失（可以被修复）
-- The car is damaged and it is be repairing now.
The reader‘s hair stands on end when he reads in the final pages
of the novel that the heroine, a dear old lady who had always been
so kind to everybody, had, in her youth, poisoned every
one of her five husbands.
one’s hair stands on end 某人感到毛骨悚然 = sb feel horrified （adj.带有恐怖感的,
惊骇的）
-- My hair stands on end. 我感到毛骨悚然
set/make one’s hair stands on end 使某人感到毛骨悚然
-- horrid adj.恐怖的, 令人讨厌的, 可怕的
-- The horrid film really make my hair stands on end.
in her youth 在她年轻的时候
everyone （单独用every和one连在一起）
every one of （与of搭配every和one要分开）
It is all very well for such things to occur in fiction.
It is all very well…but… 好到是好, 但是…
-- It is all very well for you to suggest taking a few days’ rest,
but how can finish our work in time?
-- It is all very well for them to ask me to do it, but I am too
busy.
Occur vi.发生, 出现（某个事件出乎意料的、偶然的发生）-- 比happen更正式
-- When did the accident occur?
It occurred to me to do… / It occurred to me that…
-- It occurred to me to open the window.
Happen vi.发生, 碰巧, 偶然（某个事件出乎意料的、偶然的发生）
-- When did the accident happen?
Take place v.发生, 举行（事件根据安排而发生、举行）
-- When will the wedding take place?
To varying degrees, we all have secrets which we do not want even
our closest friends to
learn, but few of us have skeletons in the cupboard.
To varying degrees 从不同的角度来讲…
Which引导定语从句, 修饰secret。
Learn 得知、了解某个事实 / 学习某种知识、技能
-- She is learning computers. 她正在学习电脑。（动态动词）
Know 知道某个事实 / 具有某种知识、技能 / 了解某个人（状态动词, 不能用进行时）
-- She knows about computers. 她懂电脑。
The only person I know who has a skeleton in the cupboard is George
Carlton, and he is
very proud of the fact. George studied medicine in his youth.
Instead of becoming a doctor, however, he became a successful
writer of detective stories.
Instead of doing… 表示相反、没有、取而代之的是…
-- Instead of sleeping at home, he went shopping.
I once spent an uncomfortable weekend which I shall never forget
at his house.
Which指代uncomfortable weekend
Shall的用法：
1> (过去时should)(shall 可缩写为 ‘ll , shall not 常缩写为 shan‘t [FB:nt],
美国人常用will代替)
2> [用于主语为第一人称单复数, 表示单纯将来] 将要, 会
-- I shall be forty on my next birthday. 到下次生日, 我就满四十岁。
-- We shall be on holiday at this time next week. 我们将于下星期这个时候度假。
-- I shall ring you up as soon as I arrive. 我一到就给你打电话。
3> [用于陈述句第二、三人称, 表示说话者的意图、警告、命令、决心等, 主语的行动受讲话者支配] 必须, 应, 可
-- He shall go. 他可以去。
-- You shall have an answer by tomorrow. 到明天你可以得到答复。
-- He shall have a bicycle for his birthday. 他可以得到一架自行车作为生日礼物。
-- She shall not enter my house again. 她不得再进我家。
4> [在问句中, 征 询对方对于主语行动的意见(提供帮助, 提出建议、要求给予指示和征求意见), 主要用于第一、三人称]...
好吗? 要不要...?
-- Shall I carry your bag ? 我帮你拿手提包, 好吗?
-- Shall he come to see you ? 要不要他来看你?
5> [用于第三人称, 在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定]应, 必须
-- No reader shall remove a book from the library without consent
of the librarian.
非经管理员同意, 读者不准把书带出图书馆。
-- The National Party Congress shall be convened every five years
.
党的全国代表大会每五年举行一次。
6> [在表示意图、要求等的从句中] 应该, 要
-- I wish that you shall stay at home tonight. 我希望今晚你留在家里。
-- You say you will not do it, but I say you shall do it.
你说你不做这事, 但是我说, 你非做不可。
7> [用于将来时态的间接引语, 与直接引语中的shall相应]将
-- He says that he shall [will] be glad to see you. (=He says,
“I shall be glad to see you.”)
他说他将乐意来看你。
George showed me to the guestroom which, he said, was rarely used.
Show/lead sb to… 带领某人进入…
Which指代guestroom
was rarely used = was little used
rarely adv.很少地, 罕有地
little adv.很少 n.少许 adj.很少的
He told me to unpack my things and then come down to dinner.
After I had stacked my shirts and underclothes in two empty drawers,
I decided to hang one
of the two suits I had brought with me in the cupboard.
I opened the cupboard door and then stood in front of it petrified.
stand in front of sth petrified 站在…前, 目瞪口呆
-- We stood petrified as we felt the earthquake began.
Frighten vt.使惊吓（在某个特定的场合受到惊吓）
-- I was frighten by a large dog.
Terrified adj.恐惧的, 受惊吓的（表示惊吓的程度非常强烈）
-- I was terrified when the tiger went towards me.
Afraid adj.害怕, 担心（表示一种状态, 永久性的恐惧）
-- The girl is afraid of mouse.
A skeleton was dangling before my eyes.
The sudden movement of the door made it sway slightly and it gave
me the impression that it
was about to leap out at me.
gave me the impression that… 给某人以…的印象
that引导同位语从句, 进一步说明impression的内涵。
-- He gave me the impression that he will help me every day.
Be about to do sth 表示即将、就要（暗示动作即将发生）
-- I was about to go to bed when there was a knock at the door.
-- We were just about to leave when you telephoned.（多与when连用）
leap out at sb 跳出来扑向某人
Dropping my suit, I dashed downstairs to tell George.
This was worse than‘a terrible secret’; this was a real skeleton!
But George was unsympathetic.
‘Oh, that, ’he said with a smile as if he were talking about an
old friend.
As if引导虚拟语气
‘That‘s Sebastian. You forget that I was a medical student once
upon a time.’
Sebastian n.塞巴斯蒂安（古罗马的殉道者, 一般被刻画为裸体青年）
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1>A in what respect 在什么方面 （rarely adv.很少地, 罕有地）
fact指代柜子中真正有骷髅这件事
concerning prep.关于，有关
-- I spoke to him concerning his behavior. 我和他谈了他的行为。
2>C Underwear n.内衣裤
3>A
4>A having为现在分词做定语
C选项中的whom应该为who
5>C 运用动词不定式修饰名词。（起定语从句的作用）
这样的名词前都有序数词：the first person, the only person, the last person
6>B something 有价值的事, 有意义的事（代词：有价值或重要的人或物）
what = all 全部（范围太广）
7>A no sooner…than…
8>B
9>D owe vt.欠(债等) vi.欠钱
has = own（vt.拥有adj.自己的）
10>A
little 否定语义的副词
uncommonly adv.不平常的, 不平凡的, 罕见地
preciously adv.宝贵的, 贵重的
11>D
item n.项目, 条款, 物品
object n.物体, 目标, 宾语, 对象
trunk n.树干, 躯干, 箱子, 象鼻
belongings n.财产, 所有物 = possession n.（私人）财产（常用复数）
12>A
be about to do… = be on the point of… 即将、即可做某事
be concerned with 对…关心, 与...有关, 牵涉到, 参与
think of v.考虑, 关心, 想起
Lesson 25 The Cutty Sark 卡蒂萨克”号帆船
New words and expression 生词和短语
Impressive adj.给人深刻印象的
scene n.现场, 场面, 情景
-- This is the impressive scene. 这是给人深刻印象的一幕
impression n.印象
-- make a lasting impression to sb. 给人以不可磨灭的印象
-- have a false impression of sb. 对某人有错误的看法
-- gave sb. impression that… 给某人…的印象
impress vt.留下印象
-- What impressed me most is your diligence.（n.勤奋）
impress sb with… 用…给某人留下深刻的印象
-- you impressed me with your beautiful clothes.
Steamship n.蒸汽轮船
Vessel n.轮船, 大木船（非常正式的表达方式, 用于文学体中, 可以代替ship、boat）
-- a fishing vessel / a sailing vessel帆船
Ship n.大船；舰艇
Boat n.小船, 艇（比ship小, 在非正式的场合可以替换）
-- a fishing boat
Era n.时期, 时代（= a period time in history）
-- the beginning of the new era / the end of old era
Era n.时代, 纪元（人类历史上很长的时期, 以特别的事件为标志）
-- The Christian era starts with the birth of Christ. 公元(基督教时代)是从耶稣诞生起算。
-- Christian n.基督徒, 信徒 adj.基督教的, 信基督教的
-- We are now in a great new era of information. 我们现在正处于一个新的伟大的信息时代。
Time n.时代, 时期（比era的时间短）
-- Roman time 罗马时代 / ancient time 古代
Age n.时代（特定的历史阶段, 和其它词构成专有名词）
-- stone age 石器时代 / modern age 当今时代 / middle ages 中世纪
Java n.爪哇（印度尼西亚一岛）
Rudder n.舵
Roll v.颠簸, 摇摆
Steer v.掌握方向（驾驶交通工具）
-- He steer the boat suddenly. 他突然改变了这艘船的方向。
Drive vt.驾驶马车、汽车、火车
Pilot vt.驾驶飞机、轮船
Temporary adj.临时的（= lasting for a short/limited time）
-- temporary jobs / temporary houses
temporarily adv.暂时的, 临时的
temporariness n.暂时
transient adj.短暂的, 瞬时的
-- transient happiness
permanent adj.永久的, 持久的
-- I have a permanent job here. 我在这里有一个永久的工作。
Contemporary adj. 当代的, 同时代的, 同年龄的
-- He is a contemporary writer.
Plank n.大块木板
Fit v.安装
Equator n.赤道
Delay n.耽误
winning
Australia n.澳洲, 澳大利亚
Exactly adv.正好, 恰好, 十分, 确切地, 精确地
Tradition n.传统, 惯例
Indian adj.印度的, 印度人的, 印第安人的 n.印度人, 印第安人, 印第安语
tear vt.vi.（tore, torn, tearing）
storm n.暴风雨, 暴风雪
danger n.危险 port n.港, 港口
win vt.vi.（won, won, winning）
Text 课文
What piece of bad luck prevented the Cutty Sark from winning the
race?
One of the most famous sailing ships of the nineteenth century,
the Cutty Sark, can still be
seen at Greenwich.
One of the most famous… 最著名的…之一
She stands on dry land and is visited by thousands of people each
year.
Dry land 陆地
Each year = every year = per year
-- The aeroplane stands on dry land and is visited by thousands
of people each year.
She serves as an impressive reminder of the great ships of the
past.
Serve as = act as 担任, 充当, 起...作用
impressive reminder of… 给人留下深刻的印象, 并使人回忆起…
Before they were replaced by steamships, sailing vessels like the
Cutty Sark were used to
carry tea from China and wool from Australia.
Replace (vt.) = take place of
Steamship n.汽船, 轮船
sailship = sailing ship = sailing vessel n.帆船
The Cutty Sark was one of the fastest sailing ships that has ever
been built.
The only other ship to match her was the Thermopylae.
Match = be equal to 与…相匹敌, 相比
Match in/for
-- No form of transport can match aeroplane for speed and comfortable.
-- Transport n.交通工具, 运输系统, 运输, 运送
-- The hotel can‘t be matched for service and food. 这家旅馆服务和食物是无与伦比的。
-- No clothing can match your dress for beauty. 没有哪件衣服能和你的这条裙子相比。
To match her做定语修饰ship
Both these ships set out from Shanghai on June 18th, 1872 on an
exciting race to England.
-- The two planes set out form New York on an unforgettable race.
Forgettable adj.容易被忘的, 可忘记的
Unforgettable adj.忘不了的, 令人难忘的
This race, which went on for exactly four months, was the last
of its kind.
Which指代this race, 引导非限定性定语从句。
-- The operation, which lasted two weeks, proved to be very difficult.
It marked the end of the great tradition of ships with sails and
the beginning of a new
era.
Ships with sails = sailing ship = sailing vessel n.帆船
Mark the end of… 标志着…的结束
The first of the two ships to reach Java after the race had begun
was the Thermopylae, but
on the Indian Ocean, the Cutty Sark took the lead.
= After the race had begun, the first of the two ships to reach
Java was the Thermopylae,…
take the lead 处于领先地位 / lose the lead 失去领先地位
in the lead 处于领先地位（表示状态）
take over the lead 取得领先地位
It seemed certain that she would be the first ship home, but during
the race she had a lot of bad luck.
It seem certain that…
She had a lot of bad luck = she was unlucky
In August, she was struck by a very heavy storm during which her
rudder was torn away.
Be struck by a very heavy rain/storm 严重的遇到了雨/雪
Be caught in the rain/snow 遇到了雨/雪
During(介词)用于关系代词which之前
Tear away = destroyed = pull down (摧毁, 推翻)
The Cutty Sark rolled from side to side and it became impossible
to steer her.
It became impossible (for captain) to steer her
A temporary rudder was made on board from spare planks and it was
fitted with great
difficulty.
It = the temporary rudder
Fit = equip（vt.装备）
This greatly reduced the speed of the ship, for there was a danger
that if she travelled too
quickly, this rudder would be torn away as well.
There was a danger that + 同位语从句
Because of this, the Cutty Sark lost her lead.
Lost her lead 失去领先地位
After crossing the Equator, the captain called in at a port to
have a new rudder fitted, but by
now the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead.
Call in at = (船)停*, (人)拜访
-- He calls in at his friend’s home every week.
To… = in order to… = so as to… 目的是…
Have sth done
Be now到如今 = so far到目前为止
Though the new rudder was fitted at tremendous speed, it was impossible
for the Cutty Sark
to win.
At tremendous speed = at fantastic speed = at enormous speed
She arrived in England a week after the Thermopylae.
Even this was remarkable, considering that she had had so many
delays.
Remarkable adj.不平常的, 非凡的, 值得注意的, 显著的
Unusual adj.不平常的, 与众不同的, 不寻常的
Uncommon adj.不平常的, 不平凡的, 罕有的, 难得的
Extraordinary adj.非常的, 特别的, 非凡的
Considering（连接词）用来引导完整的语句
-- We should forgive him considering that he was ill badly
-- forgive vt.原谅, 饶恕
-- Considering his age, the little boy reads very well. 就他的年龄来说,
这小孩读得算挺好的。
There is no doubt that if she had not lost her rudder she would
have won the race easily.
There is no doubt that… = without any doubt
-- There is now doubt that he is guilty. 毫无疑问他是有罪的。
There is some doubt wh-…
-- There is some doubt whether he is guilty. 难以肯定他是否有罪。
与过去事实的相反的虚拟语气
-- If the houses of parliament had not been burned down, the Big
Ben would never have been erected.（vt.使竖立, 使直立, 树立, 建立）
与现在事实的相反的虚拟语气
-- If you talked less and ate more we would both enjoy our dinner.
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1>C fame n.名声, 名望
rest upon = rest on 倚*, 依据, 根据, 把…*在,
likeness n.相象, 相似物
a line of stones 一排石头 / a line of argument 一连串的辩论
victory n.胜利, 战胜,
2>A
landmark n.里程碑, 划时代的事, (航海)陆标, 地界标
celebrate v.庆祝, 祝贺, 表扬, 赞美
en route adv.在途中
3>D
feat n.功绩 n.技艺, 武艺, 壮举, 技艺表演
gap n.差距 n.缺口, 裂口, 间隙, 缝隙, , 隔阂
make up v.弥补
4>C b中still的应该放在形容词able之前
5>B
The 和A的用法：
The与单数名词连用, 表示一类东西：
-- The lion is a wild animal. 狮子是一种野生动物。
-- The cow is a useful animal. 奶牛是有用的动物。
A
1>（一类事物中的）任何一个
-- Let‘s go to a Chinese restaurant. 我们去一家中餐餐馆。
-- We saw a good film on TV last night. 昨天晚上我们在电视中看到了一个好片子。
2> 任何
-- A square has four sides. 正方形有四条边。
-- A dog is an animal. 狗是动物。
6>D would和be going to不能重复使用
7>A
8>D not的位置不变
9>B
attract vt.吸引
-- The beautiful scenery attracts me.
appeal to 引起兴趣
-- The topic of the conversation never appeals to me.
10>A
set out 出发
set out on 出发去做某事
set out on the trip/journey/excursion 出发去旅行
depart vi.离开, 起程
depart for 起程去某地
11>A
take the lead = go into the lead
12>
considering prep.鉴于, 考虑到, 顾及
in respect of 关于, 就…来说 = with regard to 关于
according to prep.依据, 按照
in view of 鉴于, 考虑到（= considering）
account应该和其它介词搭配
Lesson 26 Wanted: a large biscuit tin 购大饼干筒
New words and expression 生词和短语
Influence v.影响 （= have effect on）
-- Literature and art have great influence on people’s ideology.
文学和艺术对人们的思想形态有很大的影响力。
-- ideology n.思想体系, 意识形态, 思想方式
-- Don’t influenced by bad examples. 不要受这些坏事的影响。
Under the influence of… 受…的影响
-- We are under the influence of advertisement.
Have influence over sb. 有左右某人的能力
-- A teacher has influence over his students.
Exercise influence on sb’s behalf
exercise vt.发挥, 实[履]行, 运用, 行使
on sb.‘s behalf 为了某人的利益, 代表某人
behalf n.利益
-- What others think exercises great influence on most of us.
别人的想法对我们多数人产生很大的影响。
-- The boss exercises influence on employee’s behalf.
Influence / affect的区别：
influence 指“通过说服、举例等对行动、思想、性格等产生不易觉察到的,潜移默化的影响”
affect 指“产生的影响之大足以引起反应”,着重“影响”的动作, 有时含有“对...产生不利影响”的意思。
The bad examples will affect a lot number of students.
Influential adj.有影响的, 有势力的
Pride v.骄傲 （proud adj.自豪的, 得意的, 骄傲的）
pride oneself on(upon)… 为…而感到骄傲
-- He prided himself on his driving skill.
take pride in… 以...为傲
be proud of… 以...为荣, 以...自豪
pride n.自豪, 自尊(心), 骄傲, 傲慢
in the pride of 处于最佳状态, 处于全盛时期
-- She is still young and in the pride of her beauty.
put one‘s pride in one‘s pocket 忍辱含垢, 抑制自尊心
Taste n.鉴赏力
-- She has excellent taste in dress.
a taste of 尝一口, 尝一点
-- Oh, let me have a taste of your coffee.
in good taste 得体, 大方
-- The beautiful girl is in good taste.
In bad taste 粗俗, 不礼貌
taste of 有什么的味道
-- The dish taste of fish. 这道菜有鱼腥味。
to one’s taste 合某人的口味, 称某人的心愿
-- He did what he wanted to do to his taste.
There is accounting for taste. 【谚】人各有所好。
He who has never tasted bitter knows not what is sweet. 不知黄连苦,
哪知蜂蜜甜。
-- Bitter adj.有苦味的, 苦的, 痛苦的
testable adj.(= tasteable)可尝的, 滋味好的
tasteful adj.有鉴赏力的
tasteless adj.没味道的, 无鉴赏力的
taste blindness n.味盲
taste marker 时尚的首创者
Exert v.施加
Exert sth on sb
-- His wife exerted a lot pressure on him to change his job.
-- He likes to exert his authority on us.
Exert oneself to do sth. 努力, 尽力, 出力
-- He never exert himself to study hard.
exert every effect 尽一切努力
exertion n.尽力, 努力, 发挥 n.行使, 运用
Subtle adj.微妙的, 难以捉摸的（敏感的, 敏锐的）
-- He is a subtle observer. 他是一个敏锐的观察家。
Subtly adv.敏锐[感]的, 有辨别力的, 微妙的
Subtlety = Subtleness n.微妙, 明敏, 聪明
Advertiser n.做广告的人
Advertise v.做广告, 登广告
Advertisement n.广告
Advertising n.广告业, 广告 adj.广告的
Classify v.分类
-- The books are classified according to the subject. 这些书已经按学科分类了。
-- subject n.题目, 主题, 科目, 学科
classification n.分类, 分级, 分类法
classified adj.分类的 adj.机密的
classifiable adj.可分类的
classifier n.分类者,分类器
Magic adj.有奇妙作用的
Sample n.样品
Devise v.设计, 想出
Capture v.吸引, 赢得
-- His wonderful performance captured my attention.
Capture vt.俘获, 捕获, 夺取
-- The police capture the two thieves.
Manufacturer n.生产厂家, 制造商
Wheelbarrow n.独轮手推车
Boot n.（汽车尾部的）行李箱
Ingredient n.配料
Crane n.起重机
Anticipate v.预期, 预料
Anticipate vt.占先, 抢先, 预料到, 预先做准备
-- Our attack failed because the enemy anticipated.
我们的进攻失败了, 因为敌人预先做了准备。
-- We anticipated the enemy would try to cross the river, so we
decided to destroy the bridge.
我们预料到敌人会通过这条河, 所以我们决定把桥摧毁。
Anticipate（vt.期待, 预期）= expect（vt.期待, 预期）
-- We are expecting/anticipating a crowed of people at tonight’s
meeting.
Anticipate强调以高兴或恐惧期待所想之事。
-- He is a man who is always anticipating trouble. 他是一个总是把结果想得很坏的人。
-- The students are anticipating a wonderful vacation.（n.假期, 休假）
wanted vt.征求, 招聘（报刊广告等用语）
biscuit n.饼干, 小点心 tin n.罐, 听
avoid vt.避免, 消除
Advertisement n.广告（有两种读音）
Advertise, Advertising, Advertiser（都只有一种读音）
Ourselves
Effort n.努力 Product n.产品, 制品
Close adj.谨慎的, 彻底的, 严格的
Weakness n.弱点, 缺点, 虚弱, 软弱
Enable vt.使能够（有两种读音）
Manufacture vt.制造, 加工
Manufacturer n.制造业者, 制造商
Manufactory n.制造厂, 工厂
Manufacturable adj.可制造的
Manufactured adj.人造的
Bake v.烘焙, 烤
bring in v.生产, 挣得, 介绍引进
barrow n.手推车
weigh vi.重(若干)
come along 一起来, 一道走
boot n.[美]长统靴, [英](汽车的)行李箱
send vt.(sent, sent, sending)送, 寄, 发送
were
weigh vt.称...重量, 称
close （s发z）
lorry n.卡车, 载重汽车（美作：truck）
various adj.不同的, 各种各样的
Text 课文
Who won the prize for the biggest biscuit?
No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.
= Advertisements always exerts influence on everybody.
No, avoid双重否定
-- No students can avoid being influenced by their teachers.
Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer
free to choose the things
we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.
Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste,…
= Although we may pride ourselves on our good taste very much,…
引导让步状语从句的词有：though, although, as
用as引导让步状语从句时, 句子要采用倒装形式：（adjavas之前）
1> adj.+ as +主语+谓语
-- Rich as he is, he is not happy. 他虽然有钱, 但是他不幸福。
-- Tired as I was, I tried to help them.
2> adv.+ as +从句
-- Much as I like you, I will not marry you.
-- Much as I hate do it, I must stay home and study English.
3> v.+ as +主语+阻动词
-- Try as they may, they will never success.
-- Object as my parents may, I decide to do it.
采用不同的句子结构、不同的词汇表达同一个语义：
No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.
= Advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.
In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers
have made a close
study of human nature and have classified all our little weaknesses.
Effort n.努力, 成就（需要耗费精神或体力的事情, 不可数名词）
-- It took a lot of effort to lift the box.
-- A great deal of effort has gone into this exhibition.
Effort n.努力（可数名词）
Make every effort
-- We are making every effort to study English.
In one’s effort to do 为了干好某事
-- The company is selling off some of its buildings in their efforts
to save money.
-- sell off 廉价卖清
-- In their effort to study English well, they spend a lot of time
every day.
本句= Advertisers make every effort in order to sell their products.
Close adj.谨慎的, 彻底的, 严格的
Make a close(careful) study of… 对…做了仔细的研究
Advertisers discovered years ago that all of us love to get something
for nothing.
Discover = find out
Get something for nothing = get something free
-- Free adj.adv.免费的
An advertisement which begins with the magic word FREE can rarely
go wrong.
Wrong adv.错误, 不对
-- You‘ve spelt the word wrong. 你把这个单词拼错了。
-- get it wrong 弄错（意思）, 误会
-- go wrong弄错, 变坏了
-- The Big Ben rarely goes wrong.
These days, advertisers not only offer free samples, but free
cars, free houses, and free trips
round the world as well.
these days n.现在, 目前
Not only…but…as well
They devise hundreds of competitions which will enable us to win
huge sums of money.
Devise vt.设计
-- They have devised the best way to have the party.
Enable sb to do sth 使某人能够做某事
-- Hard work will enable us to pass the examination, otherwise,
no way.
Radio and television have made it possible for advertisers to
capture the attention of millions
of people in this way.
Make it possible for sb to do sth
-- His few material possessions make it possible for him to move
form place to place with ease.
-- ease n.容易, 不费力 n.舒适, 悠闲
-- The money he won made it possible for him to make a tour around
the world.
Capture the attention of sb
= catch / receive / arrest / draw the attention of sb
During a radio programme, a company of biscuit manufacturers once
asked listeners to
bake biscuits and send them to their factory.
They offered to pay ＄10 a pound for the biggest biscuit baked
by a listener.
Baked…：过去分词短语做定语
The response to this competition was tremendous.
response = reaction 反应
Before long, biscuits of all shapes and sizes began arriving at
the factory.
Before long（不久以后）= soon（adv.立刻, 不久）= shortly（adv.立刻, 不久）
biscuits of all shapes, biscuits of all sizes
shoes of all sizes
One lady brought in a biscuit on a wheelbarrow. It weighed nearly
500 pounds.
A little later, a man came along with a biscuit which occupied
the whole boot of his car.
Occupy（vt.占有, 拥有, 占领, 占据）= take up 占据
All the biscuits that were sent were carefully weighed.
The largest was 713 pounds. It seemed certain that this would
win the prize.
We (人称代词)后能加sure, 也能加certain（we are sure that…）
It后只能加certain（It is certain that…）
But just before the competition closed, a lorry arrived at the
factory with a truly colossal
biscuit which weighed 2, 400 pounds.
Close = end
Colossal adj.巨大的, 庞大的
It had been baked by a college student who had used over 1, 000
pounds of flour, 800 pounds
20 of sugar, 200 pounds of fat, and 400 pounds of various other
ingredients.
It was so heavy that a crane had to be used to remove it from
the lorry.
Remove（vt.vi.拿走, 撤走, 除去）= unload（vt.卸货, 卸下）
The manufacturers had to pay more money than they had anticipated,
for they bought the
biscuit from the student for ＄24, 000.
than they had anticipated = than they had expected
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1>D
tempt vt.诱惑, 引诱, 吸引, 使感兴趣
disposal n.处理, 处置, 布置, 安排, 配置, 支配
promote vt.宣传，推销（商品）
2>A
3>C
4>C be proud of
5>B love doing / love to do
6>A 本句描述的是事实, 不该用if条件语句。
当修饰主语的定语从句过长而谓语过短, 一般将定语从句置于句位。
7>C in length（adv.长度）, in height
in width（adv.宽度方向上）, in weight, in depth
8>D
9>C
some or other (不确定的)某一个 = this or that
one or other 或者这个, 或者那个
10>D attraction n.吸引, 吸引力
11>B occupy（vt.占有, 拥有, 占领, 占据）= take up 占据
12>A
Lesson 27 Nothing to sell and nothing to buy 不卖也不买
New words and expression 生词和短语
Philosopher n.哲学家
Wisdom n.智慧 （wise adj.英明的, 明智的, 聪明的）
-- He showed great wisdom. 他展示了非凡的智慧。
-- He is a man of wisdom. = He is a wise man.
cut one‘s wisdom teeth 开始懂事
Priest n.牧师
Spiritual adj.精神上的（adj.非物质的, 精神的, 灵魂的）
-- Spiritual life 精神生活, spiritual need 精神上的需要
spirited adj.精神饱满的, 生机勃勃的, 勇敢的
-- a spirited girl 一个勇敢的女孩
-- low-spirited 沮丧的, high-spirited 兴奋的
-- public-spirited 热心公益的, a spirited debate 热烈的辩论
mental adj.心理的, 智力的
physical adj.身体的, 物质的, 自然的, 物理的
spirituous adj.酒精的, 含酒精的（liquor n.酒类）
-- spirituous liquor 烈性酒
Grudge v.不愿给, 舍不得给
surgeon n.外科大夫
passer-by n.过路人（复数 passers-by）
dignity n.尊严（高贵）
lose one‘s dignity 丢面子, 失去尊严
-- If you are afraid of losing your dignity, you can’t expect to
learn to speak a foreign language.
-- Although she is very poor, she has not lost her dignity. 她虽然很穷,
但没有失去她的尊严。
Keep/stand on one‘s dignity 保持自已的尊严
pocket one‘s dignity [口]放下架子
with great dignity 仪态大方
-- Ladies and gentlemen should always act with great dignity.
太太先生们的举止应该总是十分端庄体面的。
Dignify vt.使有尊严, 使高贵
Dignified adj.高贵的，有尊严的
deliberately adv.故意地（深思熟虑的, 考虑周到的）
on purpose adv.故意
-- He coughed on purpose to attract my attention.
consequence n.后果, 结果
in consequence 因此, 结果
in consequence of... 因为...的缘故, 由于
take the consequences of… 承担…责任
-- You have to take the consequences of the accidence.
Result 一种特殊的行动、运行或过程的结果
Effect n.结果, 效果, 作用, 影响
Outcome n.结果, 成果（自然的结果）
-- The outcome of the election was in doubt then. 当时大选的结果还看不准。
afflict v.使苦恼, 折磨
be afflicted with… 受…的折磨
-- He is afflicted with a disease (n.疾病, 病)
affliction n.痛苦, 苦恼
afflictive adj.带给人痛苦的, 苦恼的, 难受的
ease n.容易
with ease 熟练地, 轻而易举地
at ease 安逸, 自由自在
be/feel ill at ease 局促不安, 心神不宁
put sb. at his ease 使某人宽心, 使某人感到无拘无束
-- The manager put his shop assistants at their ease. （shop assistant
n.店员）
take one‘s ease 安心, 放心
-- I take my ease to study English here.
nature n.大自然
contempt n.蔑视
in contempt of… 不顾…
-- In contempt of his father’s objection he went aboard.（objection
n.反对）
hold/have sb. in contempt 鄙视某人 = look down upon sb
-- I hold him in contempt because he has nothing to do every day.
Contemptible adj.可鄙的, 不齿的, 可轻视的
-- He is a contemptible person.
Contemptuous adj.轻蔑的, 傲慢的, 轻视的
Despite n.轻视, 怨[憎]恨, 轻蔑, 侮辱
Scorn（n.轻蔑, 嘲笑）
-- pour scorn on 不屑一顾, 嘲弄
Scornful（adj.轻视的，藐视的）
-- Glancing at her scornfully, he told her that the dress was sold.
他轻蔑地看了她一眼, 告诉她说, 那件衣服卖出去了。
envious adj.嫉妒的（羡慕的）
-- be envious of sb for his success = be envious of sb‘s success
忌妒(羡慕)某人的成功
jealous adj.妒忌的, 羡慕的, 吃醋的
-- She is jealous of our success. 她嫉妒我们的成就。
Tramp vt.vt.徒步走, 徒步旅行
Tramp n.步行, 徒步旅行, 徒步旅行者
Tramp n.流浪者, 乞丐, *女
Comfort n.安慰, 舒适
Material adj.物质的 n.材料, 原料
Goods n.商品, 货物
Willing adj.乐意的, 自愿的
Willingly adv.自动地, 欣然地
Precise adj.恰好的, 精确的, 准确的
Precisely adv.正好, 恰恰, 精确地, 准确地
Society n.社会
Skill n.技巧, 技艺, 技能, (专门)技术
General adj.一般的, 普通的
Rule n.常例, 习惯, 规律 n.规则, 惯例
Arouse vt.唤醒, 唤起, 鼓励, 引起
Independence n.独立, 自主
Sacrifice v.牺牲, 献出 n.牺牲, 献身
Choose vt.vi.（chose, chosen, choosing）挑选, 选择
Aware adj.知道的, 明白的, 意识到的
Anxiety n.忧虑, 焦急
Care n.烦恼, 忧虑
Felt [felt] （feel的过去式和过去分词）
Text 课文
What is the most important thing for a tramp?
It has been said that everyone lives by selling something.
It is said that… 据说…
Live by = to make enough money to feed oneself
Live by… 以某种职业为生
Live on… 依*某种食物维持生命, 或*某人生活。
-- Sheep and cows live on grasses.
-- He lives chiefly on fruit. （Chiefly adv.首要, 主要地）
-- Though he is over thirty, he still lives on his parents.
In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge,
philosophers by selling
wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort.
In the light of… 按照, 根据, 考虑到, 从...的观点
In the light of = according to = taking into account
-- The theory has been abandoned in the light of modern discovery.
-- In the light of the evidence it was decided to take the manufacturers
to court.(n.法院, 庭院)
In accordance with... 依照…(用在法律上, 更加正式)
-- In accordance with the law
-- In accordance with the regulation (n.规则, 规章)
Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods
in terms of money, it is
extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services
which people perform for us.
in terms of 按照, 在...方面, 就…而言, 关于
-- He thinks of every thing in terms of people’s interests.(n.利益)
他依据(按照)人民的利益考虑任何事。
In terms of
= in respect of（关于, 就…来说）, with respect to（关于, 至于, 谈到）
= in/with regard to（关于）, as regards（关于, 至于）
There are times when we would willingly give everything we possess
to save our lives, yet we
might grudge paying a surgeon a high fee for offering us precisely
this service.
There are times when… 有的时候…
Would表达一种心理的愿望, 并不表示过去。
-- There are time when we would willingly give everything we possess
to bring our family
happiness.
Grudge vt.吝啬, 不愿给, 勉强给（后面要和名词和动名词搭配）
-- I grudge wasting time on this. 我不愿在这件事上浪费时间。
-- He grudge paying so much money for such bad food.
The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid
for in the same way that goods
are paid for at a shop. Everyone has something to sell.
The conditions of society are such = Such are the conditions of
society
Tramps seem to be the only exception to this general rule. Beggars
almost sell themselves as human beings to arouse the pity of passers-by.
But real tramps are not beggars.
They have nothing to sell and require nothing from others.
Require sth from…
In seeking independence, they do not sacrifice their human dignity.
In seeking independence = In the course of seeking independence
In和动名词搭配, 表示在…的过程当中。
-- In speaking to him, I found that he stammers.（v.口吃, 结巴着说出）
On和动名词搭配, 表示一…就…
-- In crossing the hall, I noticed my shoes was undone.（adj.脱去的,
解开的, 放松的）
在进入大厅的时候, 我注意到我的鞋带松了。
-- On crossing the hall, I noticed my shoes was undone.
一进入大厅的时候, 我就注意到我的鞋带松了。
A tramp may ask you for money, but he will never ask you to feel
sorry for him.
He has deliberately chosen to lead the life he leads and is fully
aware of the consequences.
Fully = completely
He may never be sure where the next meal is coming from, but he
is free from the thousands
of anxieties which afflict other people.
be free from… 不受…的影响, 免于...（= without）
-- The old lady is never free from pain.
-- free from error 没有错误, free from anxiety 没有忧虑
-- He is leading a life free from care and anxieties.
Care（n.烦恼, 忧虑） anxiety（n.忧虑, 焦急, 渴望, 热望）
His few material possessions make it possible for him to move from
place to place with ease.
Make it possible for sb to do sth
By having to sleep in the open, he gets far closer to the world
of nature than most of us ever
do.
He may hunt, beg, or steal occasionally to keep himself alive;
he may even, in times of real
need, do a little work; but he will never sacrifice his freedom.
keep oneself alive 为了生存
We often speak of tramps with contempt and put them in the same
class as beggars, but
how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little
envious of their simple way of
life and their freedom from care?
With +名词（表示具有、带有）
-- How many of us can honestly say that we wouldn’t like to learn
English well?
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1>A circumstance n.环境, 详情, 境况
2>D criminal n.罪犯, 犯罪者 adj.犯罪的, 犯法的, 罪恶的
compensate v.偿还, 补偿
inconvenience n.麻烦, 不方便之处
3>B in moments of truth = truly
undignified adj.无尊严的
compare v.比较, 相比, 比喻 n.比较
burden v.负担 n.担子, 负担
livelihood n.生计, 谋生
4>B
5>B a中的have to用的不恰当
对两者的否定
Neither…nor…
Nothing…nor…
Nor位于句首, 倒装。
6>B
7>D contemptuously adv.轻蔑地
speak of 谈及, 说到
speak for 代表...讲话, 为…辩护
speak on 就…而发言
speak to 与…谈话, 向...说
8>C
9>C
financial adj.财政的, 金融的
insure vt.给...保险 v.确保
sickness n.患病, 疾病, 不适, 恶心
10>
from place to place 从一个地方到另一个地方; 各地, 到处
= here and there 各处, 到处
one way or another 无论如何, 某种方法
in every sense 在各种意义上
-- He is a cheat in every sense.（cheat n.欺骗, 骗子）
11>B to survive = keep himself alive
12>C
look down upon/on 蔑视, 瞧不起
convict vt.（常与of连用）证明有…罪；宣判有…罪
-- He was convicted of murder. 他被判犯有谋杀罪。
Blame vt.（常与for连用）责备, 谴责 n.过失, 责备
-- She blamed me for the accident.
Condemn vt.判刑, 处刑（常与to连用）判以死刑或无期徒刑
be condemned to death 被判死刑
n The prisoner was condemned to death.
Lesson 28 Five pounds too dear 五镑也太贵
New words and expression 生词和短语
Wares n.货物, 商品
Ware n.器皿, 陶器, 物品（总称, 常用于复合词）
-- silverware 银器 / ironware 铁器 / chinaware 陶器 / glassware 玻璃器皿
-- software 软件 / hardware 五金器具, (电脑的)硬件
-- a popular ware 热门货 / small wares 小百货
goods n.商品, 货物（商店里出售的物品）
-- half-done goods 半成品 / home made goods = native goods 国货
-- leather goods 皮件 / frozen goods 冻结货物 / consumer goods 日用消费品
commodity n.商品, 物品（总称, 正式的经济学术语）
-- commodity price 商品价格, commodity economy 商品经济
-- commodity market 商品市场, agricultural commodity 农产品
Anchor v.停航下锚
Deck n.甲板
Silverware n.银器
Tempt v.吸引, 引诱
Tempt sb to do sth 吸引某人做某事
Temptation n.勾引, 诱惑, 引诱
-- The temptation to steal is greater than ever before - especially
in large shops.
偷窃的诱惑力比以往任何时候更强烈了,在大商店里尤其如此。
Tempting adj.诱惑人的, 吸引人的 = （attractive adj.吸引人的, 有魅力的）
Bargain v.讨价还价
Bargain n.交易, 合同交易, 协议
-- a good bargain 赚钱的生意 / make a bargain 成交, 达成协议
-- drive a hard bargain with sb 极力和某人讨价还价
-- bargain with sb for sth. 和某人就某事讨价还价
-- bargain away 议价出售
Disembark v.下船上岸（= debark）
Embark v.上船, 上飞机
-- He disembarked. 他下船上了岸。
-- He decided to embark. 他决定上船。
Assail v.纠缠
-- He was assailed with worries.
Afflict vt.使痛苦, 折磨
-- Tramps can keep free from the thousands of anxieties which afflict
other people.
Marble n.小玻璃球
Inscribe v.刻写, 雕
Favour n.好处, 优惠
in favor of 赞成, 支持
-- I am in favor of stopping work now. 我赞成现在停止工作。
in sb.‘s favor 得某人欢心, 对某人有利
-- The situation, both at home and aboard, is in our favor.
out of favor 失宠, 不利
by favor of sb 请面交给某人(信封上用语)
do sb a favor 给某人恩惠
favorite adj.心爱的, 受宠的
favorite n.受宠的人或物
favorable adj.赞成的, 赞许的, 讨人喜欢的
Gesticulate v.（讲话时）打手势
Outrageous adj.出人预料的, 令人不悦的
-- He played an outrageous joke.
Outrage n.暴行, 侮辱, 愤怒 vt.凌辱, 强*, 虐待, 伤害, 迫害
Rage n.愤怒, 情绪激动, 狂暴, 精神错乱
-- My father was in a rage last night. 我父亲昨天晚上十分生气。
fly into a rage 勃然大怒
Thrust v.硬塞给
Thrust sth into… 塞进…
-- He thrust the pen into my hand.
Thrust aside 推开
-- He thrust the girl aside.
Thrust oneself forward
-- He thrust himself forward in the crowd.
thrust oneself in 强行闯入, 干涉, 探听（= thrust one‘s nose into）
-- Don’t thrust yourself in private sth.
thrust sth. on/upon sb. 强卖给某人
-- Don’t thrust your idea on me. = Don’t exert your idea on me.
thrust out 推出, 逐出, 解雇
other words:
speed vt.vi.（speeded, speeded, speeding）或（sped, sped, speeding）
liner n.班机, 定期轮船
rug n.(小)地毯, 垫子
Persia n.波斯（西南亚国家，现在的伊朗）
Iran n.伊朗
Iranian adj.伊朗的 n.伊朗人（= Irani）
Silk n.蚕丝, 丝, 丝绸, 绸缎
copper n.铜, 警察
tradesman n.零售商, 工匠, 手艺人
conceal vt.隐藏, 隐蔽, 隐瞒
diamond n.钻石, 菱形
intention n.计划, 目的
firmly adv.强有力的
approach vt.vi.走近, *近
close adj.近的, 近亲的, 紧密的, 严格的
neat adj.整齐的, 整洁的
indicate vt.指出, 显示, 象征, 预示
hold up v.举起, 支撑, 继续下去
wildly adv.狂暴的, 激动的, 愤怒的 adv.野的, 野生的, 野性的
offer n.出价, 提议
eventual adj.最后的, 结果的
-- eventual success [failure] 最后的成功[失败]
eventually adv.最后, 终于, 结果
shrug vt.vi.（表示怀疑或不感兴趣）耸肩
shoulder n.肩, 肩部, 侧翼
readily adv.乐意地, 欣然, 容易地
throw up 猛地举起
especially adv.特别, 尤其
Text 课文
Why was even five pounds‘too dear’?
Dear（adj.昂贵的）= Costly（adj.昂贵的, 贵重的）= Expensive（adj.费钱的, 昂贵的）
Small boats loaded with wares sped to the great liner as she was
entering the harbour.
Small boats sped to the great liner（主干）
Loaded with 装载, 运载 = filled with
-- The boat was loaded with wooden goods.
Loaded with wares为过去分词做定语修饰boats（= that was loaded with wares）
Speed v.迅速驶向
-- Speed down hill 向山下疾驶 / Speed up hill 向山上疾驶
Speed by迅速驶过
-- Our holiday speed by. 我们的假期迅速过去。
Before she had anchored, the men from the boats had climbed on
board and the decks were
soon covered with colourful rugs from Persia, silks from India,
copper coffee pots, and
beautiful handmade silverware.
The men (coming) from the boat 小船上的人们
-- a plane (coming) from New York
on board 在船上, 在公共交通工具内
be covered with 盖着, 覆着
handmade adj.手工的, 手制的
It was difficult not to be tempted.（双重否定）
-- It was difficult/impossible not to be tempted by the beautiful
shoes.
Many of the tourists on board had begun bargaining with the tradesmen,
but I decided not to buy anything until I had disembarked.
Tradesman n.零售商, 工匠
bargain with sb 和某人讨价还价
on board 介词短语修饰tourists
not…until…
-- 我决定回家之前什么都不做 I decided to do nothing until I had got home.
-- They didn’t reach the school until they had already passed
by two village.
I had no sooner got off the ship than I was assailed by a man
who wanted to sell me a
diamond ring.
had no sooner…than… （no sooner位于句首要倒装）
I had no sooner got off the ship than = no sooner had I got off
the ship than
一…就…的表达方式：
-- as soon as / the moment that / on doing
-- had no sooner…than… / had hardly…when…
I had no intention of buying one, but I could not conceal the
fact that I was impressed by the
size of the diamonds.
I have no intention of doing 不打算做某事
-- I have no intention of changing my mind.
-- He said has no intention of looking for another job.
The fact that（that引导的是同位语, 不能换成which）
I could not conceal the fact that… 我不能隐藏…事实
-- He could not conceal the fact that he was taken in.（take in
欺骗）
impress vt.留下印象
be impressed by/at/with… 被…深深打动/感动
-- I was most impressed by his behavior.
What impressed me most was… 给我印象最深的是…
-- What impressed me most was the beauty here.
Impression n.印象
Make/create a bad impression on sb. 给某人留下不良的印象
-- If you don’t work hard, it will make a bad impression on the
boss.
Make/create quite an impression on sb. 给某人留下极深的印象
-- Your speech makes quite an impression on me.
Impression n.印, 印痕
-- The dog left the impression of his paws in the wet cement.（n.水泥）
-- He made a deep impression in the glass.
Some of them were as big as marbles.
As…as… 象…一样
-- As strong as horse / as white as snow
The man went to great lengths to prove that the diamonds were
real.
Length n.长度, 长
go to great(considerable, any) lengths to do… 竭尽全力做…
-- He go to great lengths to pass the examination.
Real adj.真实的（以实际或真实状态存在或发生的）
-- real objects 真的物件 / a real illness 真的疾病
-- real people 真实的人 / a real problem一个真实的问题
-- a film based on real life 一部以真实生活为基础的影片
Real adj.天然的, 非人工或假造的 （= Genuine）
-- This ring is real gold. = This ring is genuine gold. 这枚戒指是真金的。
Genuine（adj.正品的非伪造的, 非假冒的）
反义词：Fake（adj.伪造的, 捏造的 n.捏造者, 冒牌货, 赝品）
-- Is this a genuine vase? No, it is a fake.
True adj.真实的（与事实或现实一致的、相符合的）
-- Only parts of his story are true.
反义词：False adj.虚伪的, 假的（与真理或事实相反的）
-- false tales of bravery. 不真实的英勇故事
As we were walking past a shop, he held a diamond firmly against
the window and made a
deep impression in the glass. It took me over half an hour to
get rid of him.
Pass = by 走过
It take sb sometimes to do sth. 某事花费某人多少时间
-- It took me two months to read the book.
Get rid of 摆脱, 除去
Cure vt.治愈
-- to cure a patient 治愈病人
-- I hope the doctor can cure the pain in my shoulder. 我希望医生能治好我肩上的疼痛。
Get rid of = cure
-- I have tried all sorts of medicine to get rid of this cold.
Get rid of = pay off 还清
-- He can never get rid of his debts.
Get rid of = wash off 洗刷掉 （stain n.污点, 瑕疵）
-- He thought I can never wash off this stains.
The next man to approach me was selling expensive pens and watches.
I examined one of the
pens closely. It certainly looked genuine.
The next man to approach me 第二个走近我的人
At the base of the gold cap, the words‘made in the U. S. A.’had
been neatly inscribed.
At the base of… 在…的低部
The man said that the pen was worth ￡50, but as a special favour,
he would let me have it
for ￡30.
as a special favor 做为一种特殊的优惠
for 出…价钱
tradesman n.零售商, 工匠
As a special favor, the tradesman would let me have the watch for
￡20.
I shook my head and held up five fingers indicating that I was
willing to pay ￡5.
Indicating… 意思是说… （现在分词做状语）
I held up ten fingers indicating that I was willing to pay $10.
Gesticulating wildly, the man acted as if he found my offer outrageous,
but he eventually
reduced the price to ￡10.
Gesticulating现在分词做伴随状语
Act as if… 行为、举止好象…（as if = as though）
-- He acted as if he has never lived in England before.
Outrageous adj.令人不能容忍的, 令人震惊的, 令人愤慨的
Eventually adv.最后, 终于（= at last）
Shrugging my shoulders, I began to walk away when, a moment later,
he ran after me and
thrust the pen into my hands.
Shrugging现在分词做伴随状语
Though he kept throwing up his arms in despair, he readily accepted
the ￡5 I gave him.
Keep doing sth. 不断地做某事
in despair 绝望的
readily（adv.乐意地, 欣然, 容易地） = willingly（adv.心甘情愿的, 欣然的, 自愿的）
I felt especially pleased with my wonderful bargain ---- until
I got back to the ship.
Be pleased with = be satisfied with 对...感到满意
No matter how hard I tried, it was impossible to fill this beautiful
pen with ink and to this
day it has never written a single word!
No matter how = however（conj.不管用何种方法 adv.无论如何）
fill with 使充满
to this day = up to now = until now = till now = so far 到现在为止,
迄今
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1>B merchandise n.商品, 货物（= goods）
-- lay out 摆开, 展示
2>C pester（vt.使烦恼, 纠缠）= assail（vt.攻击, 困扰）
3>B 4>D 5>C 6>A 7>D
8>C
resist vt.抵抗, 反抗
-- resist aggression 抵抗侵略 / resist heat 耐热
-- resist temptation 抵制引诱
-- I was unable to resist laughing. 我忍不住笑了。
9>C
afterwards adv.然后, 后来地（可以单独使用）
-- soon afterwards, shortly afterwards
after adv.在后, 后来（不能单独使用）
-- two days after
later adv.后来, 过后
-- I will see you later. 等会儿再见。
-- But some time later it began to rain. 但过了些时候开始下雨了。
The later 后者
10>B intend to do 打算做某事
11>B
irritating adj.使愤怒的, 使人不愉快的
outrageous adj.无耻的, 可恶的, 令人不可容忍的（= preposterous）
preposterous adj.荒谬的, 可笑的
-- That‘s a preposterous excuse! 那是一个荒谬的藉口!
-- What a preposterous idea! 多么荒谬的想法!
-- a preposterous old woman 一位可笑的老妇人
hilarious adj.热闹的, 高兴的, 狂欢的
unspeakable adj.无法形容的,不能以言语表达的,可怕的,坏透了的
= terrible adj.很糟的, 极坏的
12>A No matter how = however
Lesson 29 Funny or not? 是否可笑？ 本课的flash不全
New words and expression 生词和短语
Largely adv.在很大程度上
-- His success was largely due to luck.
Universal adj.普遍的
universal agent n.全权代理人
universal time n.(= Greenwich Time)世界时间,格林尼治时
universal joint n.[机]万向接头
万向接头：一种接头或连轴节，能使互相不在一条线上的机械零件在传输旋转运动时在任意方向上具有有限的运动自由度。
Universality n.普遍性, 一般性, 多方面性, 广泛性
Universally adv.普遍地, 全体地, 到处
-- Acknowledged adj.公认的
-- It’s universally acknowledged that English is get more and more
important.
Universe n.宇宙, 世界, 万物
Comic adj.喜剧的, 可笑的
Comedian n.滑稽演员, 喜剧演员
Comedy n.喜剧, 喜剧性的事情
-- Tragic adj.悲惨的, 悲剧的
-- Tragedy n.悲剧, 惨案, 悲惨, 灾难
-- Tragedian n.悲剧演员, 悲剧作家
Distasteful adjavastefully）
Unpleasant adj.使人不愉快的, 讨厌的
Displeasing adj.使人不愉快的, 令人发火的
-- The idea is distasteful to me.
Pester v.一再要求, 纠缠 （assail vt.攻击, 困扰）
pester sb. to do sth. 以某事烦扰某人; 缠住某人讨取某物; 麻烦某人做某事
pester sb. with sth. 以某事烦扰某人; 缠住某人讨取某物; 麻烦某人做某事
-- He continually pesters his boss with demands.
pester sb. for sth. 以某事烦扰某人; 缠住某人讨取某物; 麻烦某人做某事
-- Don’t pester me for the trifle.（n.小事, 琐事, 微不足道的东西）
Dread v.惧怕
Dread + 名词, 动名词, 动词不定式
-- We were dreading his arrival. 我们正担心他来呢！
-- He dreaded having to meet his parents.
-- I dread to think what will happen if he finds out.
Dreadful adj.令人恐惧的, 令人不快的
-- a dreadful disaster 可怕的灾难
dreaded adj.感到恐惧的
in dread of…. 害怕某人[某事]
-- We are in dread of insects.（insect n.昆虫）
terrify vt.使恐怖, 恐吓
horrify v.使恐怖, 使极度厌恶, 惊骇
fear v.害怕, 畏惧, 为...担心
Recovery n.康复
Plaster n.熟石膏
console v.安慰, 慰问
-- Grief n.悲痛, 伤心事, 不幸, 忧伤
-- He is consoling his friend in grief for the loss of child.
hobble v.瘸着腿走
-- I hurt my foot while getting off the bus, and had to hobble
home.
我在下公共汽车时脚受了伤, 只好一拐一拐地走回家。
Hobble n.困难, 窘惑
-- be in (get into) a hobble 陷于窘境
compensate v.补偿
to compensate sb. For 为…向某人赔偿
-- Nothing can compensate the young mother for the loss of her
favrourite daughter.
年轻的妈妈丧失了自己心爱的女儿是任何东西也弥补不了的。
Compensate v.酬报（for）
-- The company compensates her for extra work. 公司因她的额外工作而给她报酬。
mumble v.喃喃而语
-- He mumbled sth. to me but I could not hear what he said.
他对我咕哝了几句，可是我没听清他说的什么。
mumbler n.说话含糊的人
basis n.基础, 基本, 根据
basic adj.基本的 n.基本, 要素, 基础 n.[计]BASIC语言, 基本高级语言
bring up 教育, 养育
mysteriously adv.神秘的
bind vt.vi.（bound, bound, binding）缚, 绑
-- be bound up with 与...有密切关系
sense n.意思, 意义 n.感觉, 知觉, 感知
characteristic n.特性, 特征
Russian n.俄国人, 俄语 adj.俄国的, 俄国人的, 俄语的
Situation n.情形, 境遇
-- Comic situation 喜剧情节
appeal n.魅力, 吸引力, 感染力
stem vi.[美]起源, 发生 n.【植】茎, 干, 花梗, 叶柄
tragic adj.悲惨的, 悲剧的
violent adj.猛烈的, 狂暴的, 剧烈的
-- a violent death 横死, 暴死
judge vi.下判断, 作出裁判
celebration n.庆祝, 庆典
eve n.前夕, 前日 n.节日的前夜（-- New Year‘s Eve除夕）
n.（重大事件的）前夕（-- on the eve of the great war 大战前夕）
Text 课文
What is the basis of‘sick’humour?
Whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we
have been brought up.
The sense of humour is mysteriously bound up with national characteristics.
A Frenchman, for instance, might find it hard to laugh at a Russian
joke.
I found it difficult to finish the work in a day.
It was difficult not to be attempted.
In the same way, a Russian might fail to see anything amusing in
a joke which would make
an Englishman laugh to tears.
Most funny stories are based on comic situations.
be based upon… 基于…
-- This news report is based entirely on fact. 这篇新闻报导是完全根据实际情况写成的。
In spite of national differences, certain funny situations have
a universal appeal.
No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh
at, say, Charlie Chaplin‘s
early films.
However, a new 无效 of humour, which stems largely from the U.S.,
has recently come into
fashion.
stem from 源自, 起源于
-- His feeling of hate stem from envy.（n.羡慕, 妒嫉）
-- Her interest in flowers stemmed from her childhood in the country.
stem from 源自, 起源于
= come from 出身于, 由...引起, 是...的结果, 是在...生长大的
= arise from 由...而引起, 由...而产生
= originate from 由某人发起(首创)
Originate vi.发源, 开始, 发生
-- The quarrel originated in a misunderstanding. 争吵是由于误解而引起的。
-- The film originated from a short story. 这部电影取材于一篇短篇小说。
Originate vt.使产生, 创始, 创办, 发明, 发起, 引起
-- They originated the plan. 他们首先提出这一计划。
come into fashion 流行起来, 开始风行
come into power (开始)掌权, 上台
call into being 使产生, 使出现, 建立, 成立
It is called‘sick humour’.
Comedians base their jokes on tragic situations like violent death
or serious accidents.
Many people find this sort of joke distasteful.
The following example of‘sick humour’will enable you to judge for
yourself.
A man who had broken his right leg was taken to hospital a few
weeks before Christmas.
From the moment he arrived there, he kept on pestering his doctor
to tell him when he
would be able to go home.
He dreaded having to spend Christmas in hospital.
Dread to do = dread doing
Though the doctor did his best, the patient‘s recovery was slow.
On Christmas Day, the man still had his right leg in plaster.
He spent a miserable day in bed thinking of all the fun he was
missing.
Miserable adj.痛苦的, 悲惨的, 可怜
A miserable day = a terrible day
think of 考虑, 设想, 想象
-- When I saw you I thought of my sister
think of doing sth
-- He is thinking of setting a school.
Spend time doing sth.
By通过某种方式
-- I arrive here by train.
The following day, however, the doctor consoled him by telling
him that his chances of being
able to leave hospital in time for New Year celebrations were good.
Chance在表达机会这个概念的时候, 经常采用复数形式。
One’s chances of doing sth are good 某人做某事的可能性很大
-- My chances of passing the examination are good.
-- His chances of being dismissed are good.
remote adj.遥远的, 偏僻的
adj.极小的, 细微的, 模糊的（= slight adj.轻微的, 微小的）
One’s chances of doing sth are remote 某人做某事的可能性很小
-- His chances of arriving here by bicycle are remote.
The man took heart and, sure enough, on New Year‘s Eve he was able
to hobble along to a
party.
take heart 鼓起勇气, 打起精神
-- He took heart when he got the good news.
lose heart 灰心, 泄气
-- If they knew how difficult it was to drill through the hard
rock they will lose heart.
To compensate for his unpleasant experiences in hospital, the man
drank a little more than was good for him.
To = in order to
More than… 超出…范围
-- The cake is more than I can eat.
More than后面可以引导省略主语的比较从句, 从句中常见的形容词有：necessary, good,
Possible, anticipate, expect, feel, suggest, report, require, think.
-- The man drank a little more than was good for him. = The man
drank a little more than what was good for him.
-- There were more accidents than (what) was reported.
-- He eats more than (what/it) is good for him.
As后面可以引导省略主语的比较从句
-- He arrived as I expected. = He arrived as (what) was expected.
-- He eats as much as (what/it) is good for him.
-- The man drank as much as (what) was good for him.
比较：
1>-- He eats more than is good for him. 他总是吃的正好。
-- He eats as much as is good for him. 他总是吃的过多。
2>-- The man drank a little more than was good for him.
-- The man drank as much as was good for him.
委婉的表达方式：
The man drank a little more than was good for him.
She is quite fat. = She isn’t right fat.（Right adv.正确的, 合适的, 恰当的）
In the process, he enjoyed himself thoroughly and kept telling
everybody how much he hated
hospitals.
in the process of… 在...的过程中
In the process = during the party（上文中的party） 27-04
-- Yesterday I went swimming. In the process, I have a very good
time.
-- I was looking for your house and got lost in the process.
Keep telling = keep on telling
How much = To what extent
-- How much can I trust him? = To what extend can I trust him?
Extent n.程度, 范围, 广度, 宽度, 长度
He was still mumbling something about hospitals at the end of the
party when he slipped on
a piece of ice and broke his left leg.
When = at that moment
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1>C the funny side of… …可笑方面的
fundamentally adv.基础地, 根本地
be related to… 与…有关系
2>B
3>A
point n.要点
taken 过去分词做后置定语
illustrate vt.阐明
4>A The French 法国人的总称
a French应改为a Frenchman（任意一个法国人）
a man in France 一个在法国的人
5>A
most adj.最多的, 多数的, 大部分的
adv.最, 最多, 很, 十分, 最, 最大的, 其中大多数, 极其
n.大多数, 大部分
-- most student
-- most of the student
majority n.（常与of连用）多数；半数以上
the majority of… 大多数…
-- The majority of children in our class have brown eyes. 我们班大多数孩子是棕色眼睛。
Mostly adv.主要地, 大部分, 通常
6>A
who had the right leg à who had had the right leg（应该用过去完成时）
7>B no sooner…than…
8>C by drinking
By通过某种手段 （是重点, 在损坏的部分）
9>D do one‘s best = try one‘s best 尽全力
10>D console = comfort vt.安慰, 藉慰
11>C how much = to what extend
at length（adv.最后, 详细地）= in detail（adv.详细地）
to one‘s cost 付出了代价才..., 吃亏后才...
-- Wasp’s stings are serious, as I know to my cost.
-- Wasp（n.黄蜂） Sting（n.刺, 刺痛, 针刺）
12>B
in the same way adv.同样地
to the same effect 以相同的意思
Lesson 30 The death of a ghost 幽灵之死
New words and expression 生词和短语
Labourer n.劳动者（劳工）
-- 强调使用体力, 而不是技能, 在户外工作。
Workman n.技工, 工匠
-- 具有某种工艺技能的半熟练工人
worker n.工人（泛指）
-- 具有更高水平的工人
-- white-collar worker 白领职员(指非体力劳动者)
-- blue-collar worker 蓝领工人(指体力劳动者)
-- a factory worker 工厂工人 / farm worker 雇农, 农业工人
farmhand（n.农业工人, 农场工人）= farm labourers = farm worker
Overnight adv.一夜期间
Hay n.干草
Corn n.谷物
-- Corn n.［英］谷物, 五谷, 小麦 ［美、加、澳］玉米 ［苏、爱］燕麦
Moonlight n.月光
Conscientious adj.认真的
Conscientious adj.尽责的, 凭良心的, 谨慎的
-- a conscientious teacher
-- a conscientious worker 勤勤恳恳的工作者
conscious adj.有意识的, 神志清醒的
-- He is hurt but still conscious. 他受了伤, 不过神志还清醒。
conscious adj.了解的, 察觉的
-- She was not conscious of his presence in the room. 她不晓得他在这房间里。
-- I was conscious of her presence. 我知道她在场。
Suspect v.怀疑
Suspect vt.怀疑, 猜疑, 疑心
-- I suspected her motives. 我怀疑她的动机。
Suspect sb to be
-- suspect him to be ill 猜想他病了
-- I suspect him to be a spy.
suspect sb of doing/n
-- I suspect him of stealing the car.
-- suspect sb. of giving false information 怀疑某人提供假情报
-- suspect sb. of a crime 怀疑某人犯罪
Suspect that…
-- I suspect that his girlfriend hide her true feelings.
-- We suspect they‘ll be a little late. 我们揣想他们会晚来一会儿。
Suspicion n.猜疑, 怀疑
Suspicious adj.可疑的, 引起怀疑的
-- Cats are suspicious of human beings.
Suspect表示一种肯定的语义, Doubt 表示一种否定的语义
Doubt vt.怀疑, 不信, 拿不准（用 that, 往往表示非常怀疑）
-- I doubt the truth of it. 我怀疑它的真实性。
-- I doubt that he will come. 我看他不见得会来。
-- I doubt whether [if] he is at home. 我看他不一定在家。
-- I do not doubt (but) that he can recite it. 我相信他能把它背下来。
-- Can you doubt that he will win? 你不相信他会获胜吗?
-- I doubt what he said. 我不相信他说的话。
Doubtful adj.怀疑的；不信任的
-- It is doubtful that he will come.
Doubtable adj.可疑的, 令人怀疑的
Desert v.（军队中）开小差
-- The soldier deserted his army. 这个士兵开小差。
Desert vt.vi.遗弃, 抛弃, 舍弃（= abandon vt.放弃, 遗弃）
违背法律、道义、责任、信仰
-- desert the army, desert school, desert his duty, desert his
family
Abandon vt.抛弃, 舍弃, 离弃（被迫放弃所喜爱的或所负责的东西）
-- He had to abandon his favorite research because of the war.
-- abandon one‘s home 离弃家园
-- He abandoned his wife and went away with all their money.（research
n.研究, 调查）
他抛弃了妻子还带走了两人所有的钱。
Forsake vt.(-sook, -saken )
舍弃, 放弃, 背弃, 和…脱离关系
-- He forsook his family.
-- He has forsaken his wife and children. 他遗弃了他的妻子和孩子。
革除(旧风习等), 抛弃(坏习惯)
-- You must forsake your bad habits. 你必须革除你的坏习惯。
Discard vt.放弃, 丢弃, 抛弃（= give up as useless）
-- Everyday we discard a large amount of rubbish.
Regiment n.（军队）团
Action n.战斗
Recluse n.隐士
give up 放弃, 抛弃, 认输
labour n.劳动, 劳力, 劳工 v.劳动, 苦干
cowshed n.牛棚, 牛舍
oblige vt.迫使, 责成
Text 课文
Why did the two brothers keep the secret?
For years, villagers believed that Endley Farm was haunted.
Haunt vt.闹鬼
-- It is said that the public house was haunted.
Haunt vt.常去, 常到（某地）= visit somewhere every often
-- He haunted this cinema.
The farm was owned by two brothers, Joe and Bob Cox.
Own = possess
They employed a few farmhands, but no one was willing to work
there long.
Be willing to do = be ready to do
Every time a worker gave up his job, he told the same story.
Every time = whenever 引导时间状语从句
-- Every time I listen to his advice, I get into trouble.
= Whenever I listen to his advice, I get into trouble.
Farm labourers said that they always woke up to find that work
had been done overnight.
Wake up to find that… 醒过来时, 结果发现…
-- He woke up to find that he was surrounded by a large crowd
of people.
-- He hurried to the post office only to find that it was shut.（表示遗憾的结果用only）
Hay had been cut and cowsheds had been cleaned. A farm worker,
who stayed up all night,
claimed to have seen a figurecutting corn in the moonlight.
claimed to do…
-- He claimed to have seen the puma.
-- Seamen claimed to have seen monsters.
See sb doing sth 看见某人正在做某事
Who引导非限定定语从句（lesson 08）
-- These young people, who love the peace of the mountains, always
receive a warm welcome at Saint Bernard Monastery.
stay up 不睡觉, 留在原地，原地不动（= not to go to bed）
= sit up 坐起, 端坐, 熬夜
-- The boy sat up to see the film.
Wait up for 等候着不睡
-- Don’t wait up for me; I’ll be home very late.
burn the midnight oil 开夜车
-- I have to burn the midnight oil to tonight to complete work.
In time, it became an accepted fact that the Cox brothers employed
a conscientious ghost
that did most of their work for them.
In time 最后, 终于
It became an accepted fact that… 变成了一个大家都接受的事实
That引导同位语从句, 补充说明fact。
-- It becomes an accepted fact that the puma is still at large.
= Everybody had already accepted the fact that the puma is still
at large.
No one suspected that there might be someone else on the farm
who had never been seen.
Someone else who had never been seen.
This was indeed the case.
A short time ago, villagers were astonished to learn that the
ghost of Endley had died.
Be astonished = be surprised
类似的词：amaze, astound
be astonished to do sth（可代替do的词：see, learn, hear, find, know,
discover）
-- I am not surprised to see he is still as fat as before.
Everyone went to the funeral, for the ‘ghost’was none other than
Eric Cox, a third brother
who was supposed to have died as a young man.
For(= as)引导原因状语从句, 对主句补充说明。
none other than = no other than 不是别的, 正是... （强调人）
-- The man who spoke to her was none other than her husband.
和她说话的不是别人正是她丈夫。
-- It was no other than my old friend.
nothing else than 只不过, 仅仅（强调事物）
-- His failure was due to nothing else than his own careless.
他的失败不因为其它原因, 仅仅因为他的粗心。
A third brother 又一位兄弟
Was supposed = was thought
-- He was supposed to have died twenty years ago.
After the funeral, Joe and Bob revealed a secret which they had
kept for over fifty years.
Keep secret 保密 （= keep sth to oneself）
Reveal secret 揭露秘密（= make known）
-- The press reveal the scandal.（n.丑事, 丑闻）（the press 新闻界）
-- He kept secret for a long time. = He kept it to himself for
a long time.
Eric had been the eldest son of the family, very much older than
his two brothers.
Very much中的Much用来加强语气
He had been obliged to join the army during the Second World War.
Be obliged to do… = be force to do… 被迫做某事
Feel obliged to do… 有义务做某事
As he hated army life, he decided to desert his regiment.
When he learnt that he would be sent abroad, he returned to the
farm and his father hid him
until the end of the war.
He had been in hiding…
Fearing the authorities, Eric remained in hiding after the war
as well.
Fearing the authorities 现在分词做原因状语从句
Concealment n.隐藏, 隐蔽, 隐蔽处
in hiding（躲藏着的）= remain in concealment（隐藏着, 躲着）
-- He remained in hiding at home.
His father told everybody that Eric had been killed in action.
The only other people who knew the secret were Joe and Bob.
The only other people who knew the secret 仅知道这个秘密的人
The only other people who finished the work 仅完成这项工作的人
They did not even tell their wives.
When their father died, they thought it their duty to keep Eric
in hiding.
They thought it their duty to…（it是形式宾语）
-- I thought it very difficult to pass the examination.
-- We all think it our duty to support our parents.
动词 + 宾语（形式宾语it）+ 宾补(名词、形容词) + to do…
All these years, Eric had lived as a recluse. He used to sleep
during the day and work at night, quite unaware of the fact that
he had become the ghost of Endley.
Quite unaware of… 形容词短语做状语
that引导同位语
unaware adj.不知道的, 没有觉察的(of, that)
-- be unaware of the danger 没有觉察到危险
-- He was unaware that I was present. 他不知道我在场。
aware adj.知道的, 明白的
-- I was not aware of the fire. 我没有意识到火。
When he died, however, his brothers found it impossible to keep
the secret any longer.
his brothers found it impossible to… （动词 + 宾语 + 宾补 + to do…）
-- We found it quite impossible to finish the hard work in 2 hours.
= It is quite impossible to finish the hard work in 2 hours.
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1>D
It never occurred to them that… 他们从来没有想到过…
2>A
penalty（n.处罚, 罚款）= punishment（n.惩罚, 处罚, 惩处）
desertion n.丢掉, 遗弃, 逃亡, 开小差
3>D
outbreak n.(战争的)爆发, (疾病的)发作
bury vt.埋葬, 掩埋, 隐藏
4>B 5>C
6>B army life = life in the army 军队生活
school life = life in the school 学校生活
7>A 8>A
9>C with time 随着时间的推移
at the time 当时, 在那个时候
on time adv.准时
at times adv.有时, 不时
10>B
recruit vt. vi.招募（新兵）
-- to recruit new police officers 招募新的警官
吸收（新成员）
-- to recruit some new members 吸收新成员
con脚本 n.被征入伍的士兵 vt.征募, 征兵, 征召（美语用draft）
-- He was con脚本 into the army.
Regiment n.团, 大群 v.把...编组, 把...编成团, 管辖
Regiment n.〈军〉团
-- The regiment was ordered to the front. 这个团被调往前线。
（常与of连用）大群；大量
-- a regiment of ducks 一大群鸭子
Regiment vt.管辖, 严格控制
-- Modern children don‘t like being regimented. 现代的儿童不喜欢受严格的控制。
11>D hermit n.隐士, 隐居者
12>A
realizing = become aware of
never realizing = quite unaware of
新概念英语第四册课文译文词汇
Unit 1
Lesson 1
Finding fossil man 发现化石人
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Why are legends handed down by storytellers useful?
We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near
East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts
of the word where even now people cannot write. The only way that
they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends
handed down from one generation of another. These legends are useful
because they can tell us something about migrations of people who
lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists
wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now
living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people
explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years
ago.
But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that
even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists
have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where
the first 'modern men' came from.
Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially
flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may
also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone
does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when
even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without
trace.
ROBIN PLACE Finding fossil man
New words and expressions 生词和短语
fossil man (title)
adj. 化石人
recount
v. 叙述
saga
n. 英雄故事
legend
n. 传说，传奇
migration
n. 迁移，移居
anthropologist
n. 人类学家
archaeologist
n. 考古学家
ancestor
n. 祖先
Polynesian
adj.波利尼西亚（中太平洋之一群岛）的
Indonesia
n. 印度尼西亚
flint
n. 燧石
rot
n. 烂掉
参考译文
我们从书籍中可读到5,000 年前近东发生的事情，那里的人最早学会了写字。但直到现在,世界上有些地方，人们还不会书写。 他们保存历史的唯一办法是将历史当作传说讲述，由讲述人一代接一代地将史实描述为传奇故事口传下来。人类学家过去不清楚如今生活在太平洋诸岛上的波利尼西亚人的祖先来自何方，当地人的传说却告诉人们：其中一部分是约在2,000年前从印度尼西亚迁来的。
但是，和我们相似的原始人生活的年代太久远了，因此，有关他们的传说既使有如今也失传了。于是，考古学家们既缺乏历史记载，又无口头传说来帮助他们弄清最早的“现代人”是从哪里来的。
然而， 幸运的是，远古人用石头制作了工具，特别是用燧石，因为燧石较之其他石头更容易成形。他们也可能用过木头和兽皮，但这类东西早已腐烂殆尽。石头是不会腐烂的。因此，尽管制造这些工具的人的骨头早已荡然无存，但远古时代的石头工具却保存了下来。
Lesson 2
Spare that spider
不要伤害蜘蛛
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
How much of each year do spiders spend killing insects?
Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends? Because they
destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest
enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible for
us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill
our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from
insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who
eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of
the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other
insect eaters, spiders never do the harm to us or our belongings.
Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related
to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance, for a spider
always has eight legs and insect never more than six.
How many spiders are engaged in this work no our behalf? One authority
on spiders made a census of the spiders in grass field in the south
of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000
in one acre; that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different
kinds on a football pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the
year in killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the
wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures,
not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that
the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in
one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human
beings in the country.
T. H. GILLESPLE Spare that spider from The Listener
New words and expressions
beast
n. 野兽
census
n. 统计数字
acre
n. 英亩
content
adj. 满足的
参考译文
你可能会觉得奇怪， 蜘蛛怎么会是我们的朋友呢？因为它们能消灭那么多的昆虫，其中包括一些人类的大敌，要不是人类受一些食虫动物的保护，昆虫就会使我们无法在地球上生活下去，昆虫会吞食我们的全部庄稼，杀死我们的成群的牛羊。我们要十分感谢那些吃昆虫的鸟和兽，然而把它们所杀死的昆虫全部加在一起也只相当于蜘蛛所消灭的一小部分。此外，蜘蛛不同于其他食虫动物，它们丝毫不危害我们和我们的财物。
许多人认为蜘蛛是昆虫，但它们不是昆虫，甚至与昆虫毫无关系。人们几乎一眼就能看出二者的差异，因为蜘蛛都是8条腿，而昆虫的腿从不超过6条。
有多少蜘蛛在为我们效力呢？一位研究蜘蛛的权威对英国南部一块草坪上的蜘蛛作了一次调查。他估计每英亩草坪里有225万多只蜘蛛。这就是说，在一个足球场上约有600万只不同种类的蜘蛛。蜘蛛至少有半年在忙于吃昆虫。它们一年中消灭了多少昆虫，我们简直无法猜测，它们是吃不饱的动物，不满意一日三餐。据估计，在英国蜘蛛一年里所消灭昆虫的重量超过这个国家人口的总重量。
Lesson 3
Matterhorn man
马特霍恩山区人
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What was the main objective of early mountain climbers?
Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give
them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it
is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case
at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the
top, because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if
it and never been attained before. It is true that during their
explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most
perilous nature, equipped in a manner with would make a modern climber
shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to
court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal --
the top!
It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the
pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix,
which had rapidly become popular, Alpine village tended to be impoverished
settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such
inns as there were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply
local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed
down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and
climbers found shelter wherever they could -- sometimes with the
local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes
with shepherds or cheese-makers. Invariably the background was the
same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed
to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets
at home, the change to the Alps must have very hard indeed.
WALTER UNSWORTH Matterhorn Man
New words and expressions 生词和短语
Matterhorn
n. 马特霍恩峰（阿尔卑斯山之一，在意大利和瑞士边境）
alpinist
n. 登山运动员
pioneer
v. 开辟，倡导；
n. 先锋，开辟者
summit
n. 顶峰
attain
v. 到达
perilous
adj. 危险的
shudder
v. 不寒而栗
court
v. 追求
solitary
adj. 唯一的
impoverish
v. 使贫困
Alpine
adj. 阿尔卑斯山的
flea-ridden
adj. 布满跳蚤的
coarse
adj. 粗劣的
boast
v. 自恃有
parishioner
n. 教区居民
shepherd
n. 牧羊人
linen
n. 亚麻布床单
the Alps
n. 阿尔卑斯山脉
参考译文
现代登山运动员总想找一条能够给他们带来运动乐趣的路线来攀登山峰。他们认为， 道路愈艰险愈带劲儿。然而，在登山运动的初期，全然不是这种情况。早期登山者所寻找的是通往山顶的最方便的途径，因为顶峰特别是前人未曾到过的顶峰
-- 才是他们寻求的目标。确实，在探险中他们经常遇到惊心动魄的困难和危险，而他们装备之简陋足以使现代登山者一想起来就胆战心惊。但是，他们并非故意寻求这种刺激，他们只有一个目标，唯一的目标
-- 顶峰！
我们今天很难想像昔日的登山先驱们是多么艰苦。除了泽曼特和夏蒙尼等一两个很快出了名的地方外，阿尔卑斯山山区的小村几乎全是高山环抱、与世隔绝的穷乡僻壤。那里的小客栈一般都很肮脏，而且跳蚤猖獗。
食物是当地的干酪和通常存放了一年之久的面包，人们就着劣酒吞下这种食物。山谷里常常没有小客栈，登山者只好随遇而安。有时同当地牧师
（他通常和他的教民一样穷）住在一起，有时同牧羊人或制乳酪的人住在一起。无论住在哪儿，情况都一样：肮脏、贫穷，极其不舒适。对于过惯了一顿饭吃7道菜、睡亚麻细布床单的人来说，变换一下生活环境来到阿尔卑斯山山区，那一定是很艰难的。
Lesson 4
Seeing hands
能看见东西的手
First listen and answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
How did Vera discover she had this gift of second sight?
Several cases have been reported in Russia recently of people who
can detect colours with their fingers, and even see through solid
and walls. One case concerns and eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera
Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things
with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls. This
ability was first noticed by her father. One day she came into his
office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe.
Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers
locked away there, and even described the way they were done up
in bundles.
Vera's curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific
research institute in the town of Ulyanovsk, near where she lives,
and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission
of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic. During
these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen
and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child's game of
Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on
it; and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to
make out with her foot the outlines and colours of a picture hidden
under a carpet. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders
had a similar sensitivity. During all these tests Vera was blindfold;
and, indeed, except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive
things with her skin. It was also found that although she could
perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment
her hands were wet.
ERIC DE MAUNY Seeing hands from The Listener
New words and expressions
solid
adj. 坚实的
safe
n. 保险柜
Ulyanovsk
n. 乌里扬诺夫斯克
commission
n. 委员会
opaque
adj. 不透明的
lotto
n. 一种有编号的纸牌
slipper
n. 拖鞋
blindfold
adj.& adv. 被蒙上眼睛的
参考译文
俄罗斯最近报导了几个事例，有人能用手指看书识字和辨认颜色，甚至能透过厚实的门和墙看到东西。 其中有一例谈到有一个名叫维拉.彼托洛娃的11岁学生。她的视力与常人一样，但她还能用皮肤的不同部位辨认东西，甚至看穿坚实的墙壁。是她父亲首先发现她这一功能的。一天，维拉走进父亲的办公室，偶然把手放在一个锁着的保险柜的门上，她突然问父亲为什么把这么多的旧报纸锁在柜子里，还说了报纸捆扎的情况。
维拉的特异功能引起了她家附近乌里扬诺夫斯克城一个科研单位的注意。4月里，俄罗斯卫生部一个特别委员会对她进行了一系列的测试。在这些测试中，她能隔着不透明的屏幕读报纸。更为奇怪的是，她把肘部在儿童玩的“罗托”纸牌上移动一下，便能说出印在纸牌上的数字和颜色。还有一次，她穿着长筒袜子和拖鞋，能用脚步识别出藏在地毯下面的一幅画的轮廓和颜色。其他实验表明，她的膝盖和双肩有类似的感觉能力，在所有这些实验中，维拉的双眼都是蒙着的。如果不蒙上双眼她的皮肤就不再具有识别物体的能力。这是千真万确的。同时还发现，尽管她能用手指识别东西，但她的手一旦弄湿，这种功能便会立即消失。
Lesson 5
Youth
青年
First listen and then answer the following question:
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
How does the writer like to treat young people?
People are always talking about 'the problem of youth'. If there
is one -- which I take leave to doubt -- then it is older people
who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals
and agree that the young are after all human beings -- people just
like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man
and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him
and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that
is where the rub is.
When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain
-- that I was a new boy in a huge school, and I would have been
very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem.
For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and
that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.
I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they
not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort. They
are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material
things. All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins
of things. It's as if they were, in some sense, cosmic beings in
violent and lovely contrast with us suburban creatures. All that
is in my mind when I meet a young person. He may be conceited, ill-mannered,
presumptuous or fatuous, but I do not turn for protection to dreary
cliches about respect of elders -- as if mere age were a reason
for respect. I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with
him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong.
FIELDEN HUGHES from Out of the Air, The Listener
New words and expression 生词和短语
leave
n. 允许
fundamentals
n. 基本原则
glorious
adj. 光辉灿烂的
splendid
adj. 灿烂的
rub
n. 难题
identity
n. 身份
dreary
adj. 沉郁的
commitment
n. 信奉
mean
adj. 吝啬，小气
social climber
追求更高社会地位的，向上爬的人
devotion
n. 热爱
cosmic
adj. 宇宙的
suburban
adj. 见识不广的，偏狭的
conceited
adj. 自高自大的
presumptuous
adj. 自以为是的，放肆的
fatuous
adj. 愚蠢的
cliche
n. 陈词滥调
参考译文
人们总是在谈论“青年问题”。如果这个问题存在的话 -- 请允许我对此持怀疑态度 -- 那么，这个问题是由老年人而不是青年人造成的。让我们来认真研究一些基本事实：承认青年人和他们的长辈一样也是人。老年人和青年人只有一个区别：青年人有光辉灿烂的前景，而老年人的辉煌已成为过去。
问题的症结恐怕就在这里。
我十几岁时，总感到自己年轻，有些事拿不准 -- 我是一所大学里的一名新生，如果我当时真的被看成像一个问题那样有趣，我会感到很得意的。因为这至少使我得到了某种承认，这正是年轻人所热衷追求的。
我觉得年轻人令人振奋，无拘无束。他们既不追逐卑鄙的名利，也不贪图生活的舒适。他们不热衷于向上爬，也不一味追求物质享受。在我看来，所有这些使他们与生命和万物之源联系在了一起。从某种意义上讲，他们似乎是宇宙人，同我们这些凡夫俗子形成了强烈而鲜明的对照。每逢我遇到年轻人，脑子里就想到这些年轻人也许狂妄自负，举止无理，傲慢放肆，愚昧无知，但我不会用应当尊重长者这一套陈词滥调来为我自己辨护，似乎年长就是受人尊敬的理由。我认为我和他们是平等的。如果我认为他们错了，我就以平等的身份和他们争个明白。
Lesson 6
The sporting spirit
体育的精神
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题.
How does the writer describe sport at the international level?
I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates
goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples
of the would could meet one another at football or cricket, they
would have no inclination to meet on the hattlefield. Even if one
didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for
instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of
hatred, one could deduce if from general principles.
Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. You play
to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost
to win. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling
of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for
the fun and exercise: but as soon as a the question of prestige
arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be
disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused.
Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this.
At the international level, sport is frankly mimic warfare. But
the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the
attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations
who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and
seriously believe -- at any rate for short periods -- that running,
jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.
GEORGE ORWELL The sporting spirit
New words and expression
goodwill
n. 友好
cricket
n. 板球
inclination
n. 意愿
contest
n. 比赛
orgy
n. 无节制的，放荡
deduce
v. 推断
competitive
adj. 竞争性的
patriotism
n. 地方观念，爱国主义
disgrace
v. 使丢脸
savage
adj. 野性的
combative
adj. 好斗的
mimic warfare
模拟战争
behaviour
n. 行动，举止
absurd
adj. 荒唐的
参考译文
当我听人们说体育运动可创造国家之间的友谊，还说各国民众若在足球场或板球场上交锋，就不愿在战场上残杀的时候，我总是惊愕不已。一个人即使不能从具体的事例（例如1936年的奥林匹克运动会）了解到国际运动比赛会导致疯狂的仇恨，也可以从常理中推断出结论。
现在开展的体育运动几乎都是竞争性的。参加比赛就是为了取胜。如果不拚命去赢，比赛就没有什么意义了。 在乡间的草坪上，当你随意组成两个队，并且不涉及任何地方情绪时，那才可能是单纯的为了娱乐和锻炼而进行比赛。可是一量涉及到荣誉问题，一旦你想到你和某一团体会因为你输而丢脸时，那么最野蛮的争斗天性便会激发起来。即使是仅仅参加过学校足球赛的人也有种体会。在国际比赛中，体育简直是一场模拟战争。但是，要紧的还不是运动员的行为，而是观众的态度，以及观众身后各个国家的态度。面对着这些荒唐的比赛，参赛的各个国家会如痴如狂，甚至煞有介事地相信
-- 至少在短期内如此 -- 跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是对一个民族品德素质的检验。
Lesson 7
Bats
蝙蝠
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
In what way does echo-location in bats play an utilitarian role?
Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only
to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats
to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.
To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first
to some recent human inventions. Everyone knows that if he shouts
in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back.
The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse
for the return of the echo. A sound made by tapping on the hull
of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring
the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes,
the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated. So was born
the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships. Every
solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size
and nature of the object. A shoal of fish will do this. So it is
a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating
a shoal of fish. With experience, and with improved apparatus, it
is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is
herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo.
It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving
the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles -- or locate
flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in bats is
often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.
MAURICE BURTON Curiosities of animal life
New words and expressions生词和短语
bat
n. 蝙蝠
strictly
adv. 明确地
utilitarian
adj.实用的
appreciation
n. 理解
elapse
v. 障碍物
hull
n. 消逝
interval
n. 船体
receipt
n. 间隔
apparatus
n. 收到
shoal
n. 仪器
herring
n. 鱼群
cod
n. 鳕鱼
squeak
n. 尖叫声
参考译文
动物发出的声音不都是用作语言交际。我们只要看一看蝙蝠回声定位这一极不寻常的发现，就可以探究一下声音在什么情况下有绝对的实用价值。
要透彻理解这句话的意义，我们应先回顾一下人类最近的几项发明。大家都知道，在墙壁或山腰附近发出的喊声，就会听到回声。固体障碍物越远。回声返回所用时间就越长。敲打船体所发了的声音会从海底传回来，测出回声间隔的时间，便可算出该处海洋的深度。这样就产生了目前各种船舶上普遍应用的回声探测仪。任何固体者反射声音，反射的声音因物体的大小和性质的不同而不同。鱼群也反射声音。从测定海深到测定鱼群，这一进展比较容易。根据经验和改进了的仪器，不仅能够确定鱼群的位置，而且可以根据鱼群回声的特点分辨出是鲱鱼、鳕鱼，这是人们所熟悉的其他鱼。
人们发现，某些蝙蝠能发出尖叫声，并能通过回声来确定并躲开障碍物，或找到它们赖以为生的昆虫。蝙蝠这种回声定位常常可与雷达相比较，其原理是相似的。
Lesson 8
Trading standards
贸易标准
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What makes trading between rich countries difficult?
Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels,
are not fit to grace European tables. No, say the American: our
fowl are fine, we simply clean them in a different way. These days,
it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs,
that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries. It
is not just farmers who are complaining. An electric razor that
meets the European Union's safety standards must be approved by
American testers before it can be sold in the United States, and
an American-made dialysis machine needs the EU's okay before is
hits the market in Europe.
As it happens, a razor that is safe in Europe is unlikely to electrocute
Americans. So, ask businesses on both sides of the Atlantic, why
have two lots of tests where one would do? Politicians agree, in
principle, so America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal
which would eliminate the need to double-test many products. They
hope to finish in time for a trade summit between America and the
EU on May 28TH. Although negotiators are optimistic, the details
are complex enough that they may be hard-pressed to get a deal at
all.
Why? One difficulty is to construct the agreements. The Americans
would happily reach one accord on standards for medical devices
and them hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods
and drug manufacturing. The EU -- following fine continental traditions
-- wants agreement on general principles, which could be applied
to many types of products and perhaps extended to other countries.
From: The Economist, May 24th, 1997
New words and expressions 生词和短语
slaughter
v. 屠宰
fit
adj. 适合
grace
v. 给...增光
tariff
n. 关税
standard
n. 标准
dialysis
n. 分离，分解；透析，渗析
electrocute
v. 使触电身亡
eliminate
v. 消灭
accord
n. 协议
device
n. 仪器，器械
hammer out
v. 推敲
pact
n. 合同，条约，公约
参考译文
布鲁塞尔的官员说，在美国屠宰的鸡不适于用来装点欧洲的餐桌。不，美国人说，我们的家禽很好，只是我们使用了另一种清洗方式。当前，是各国管理条例上的差异，而不是关税阻碍了发达国家之间的贸易。并不仅仅是农民在抱怨。一把符合欧洲联盟安全标准的电动剃须刀必须得到美国检测人员的认可，方可在美国市场上销售；而美国制造的透析仪也要得到欧盟的首肯才能进入欧洲市场。
碰巧在欧洲使用安全的剃须刀不大可能使美国人触电身亡，因此，大西洋两岸的企业都在问，当一套测试可以解决问题时，为什么需要两套呢？政治家在原则上同意了，
因此，美国和欧洲一直在寻求达成协议，以便为许多产品取消双重检查。他们希望尽早达成协议，为5月28日举行的美国和欧洲贸易的最高通级会议作准备。然谈判代表持乐观态度，但协议细节如此复杂，他们所面临的困难很可能使他们无法取得一致。
为什么呢？困难之一是起草这些协议。美国人很愿意就医疗器械的标准达成一个协议，然后推敲出不同的合同，用以涵盖 -- 比如说 --
电子产品和药品的生产。欧洲人遵循优良的大陆传统，则希望就普遍的原则取得一致，而这些原则适用于许多不同产品，同时可能延伸到其它国家。
Lesson 9
Royal espionage
王室谍报活动
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What important thing did King Alfred learn when he penetrated the
Danish camp of Guthrum?
Alfred the Great acted his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised
as a minstrel. In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere.
They were not fighting men, and their harp was their passport. Alfred
had learned many of their ballads in his youth, and could vary his
programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conjuring.
While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the
king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the commander
of the Danish invaders. There had settled down for the winter at
Chippenham: thither Alfred went. He noticed at once that discipline
was slack: the Danes had the self-confidence of conquerors, and
their security precautions were casual. They lived well, on the
proceeds of raids on neighbouring regions. There they collected
women as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them
soft.
Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney.
The force there assembled was trivial compared with the Danish horde.
But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit for prolonged
battle: and that their commissariat had no organization, but depended
on irregular raids.
So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle
but harried the enemy. He was constantly on the move, drawing the
Danes after him. His patrols halted the raiding parties: hunger
assailed the Danish army. Now Alfred began a long series of skirmishes
-- and within a month the Danes had surrendered. The episode could
reasonably serve as a unique epic of royal espionage!
BERNARD NEWMAN Spies in Britain
New words and expressions 生词和短语
espionage
n. 间谍活动
Alfred
公元871-899 年间任英国国王
Danish
adj. 丹麦的，丹麦人的，丹麦语的
minstrel
n. 中世纪的吟游歌手
wandering
adj. 漫游的
harp
n. 坚琴
ballad
n. 民歌
acrobatic
adj. 杂技的
conjuring
n. 魔术
Athelney
n. 阿塞尔纳（英国一个小岛）
Chippenham
n. 切本哈姆（英国一个城市）
thither
adv. 向那里
Dane
n. 丹麦人
slack
adj. 涣散的
conqueror
n. 征服者
casual
adj. 马虎的，随便的
precaution
n. 预防，警惕
proceeds
n. 所得
assemble
v. 集合
trivial
adj. 微不足道的
prolonged
adj. 持久的
commissariat
n. 军粮供应
episode
n. 一个事件，片断
epic
n. 史诗
harry
v. 骚扰
assail
v. 袭击
skirmish
n. 小规模战斗
参考译文
阿尔弗雷德大帝曾亲自充当间谍。他扮作吟游歌手到丹麦军队的营地里侦察。当时，浪迹天涯的吟游歌手到处受欢迎，他们不是作战人员，竖琴就是他们的通行证。阿尔弗德年轻时学过许多民歌，并能穿插演一些杂技和小魔术使自己的节目多样化。
阿尔弗雷德人数不多的军队开始在阿塞尔纳慢慢集结时，他亲自潜入丹麦入侵司令官古瑟罗姆的营地。丹麦军已在切本哈姆扎下营准备过冬，阿尔弗雷便来到此地。他马上发现丹麦军纪律松弛，他们以征服者自居，安全措施马马虎虎。他们靠掠夺附近的地区的财物过着舒适的生活。他们不仅搜刮吃的喝的，而且抢掠妇女，安逸的生活已使丹麦军队变得软弱无力。
阿尔弗雷德在敌营呆了一个星期后，回到了阿塞尔纳。他集结在那里的军队和丹麦大军相比是微不足道的，然而，阿尔弗雷德断定，丹麦人已不再适应持久的战争，他们的军需供应处于无组织状态，只是靠临时抢夺来维持。
因此，面对丹麦人的进攻，阿尔弗雷德没有贸然同敌人作战，而是采用骚扰敌人的战术。他的部队不停地移动，牵着敌人的鼻子，让他们跟着跑。他派出巡逻队阻止敌人抢劫，因而饥饿威胁着丹麦军队。这时，阿尔弗雷德发起一连串小规模的进攻，结果不出一个月，丹麦人就投降了。这一幕历史可以说是王室谍报活动中最精彩的篇章。.
Unit 2
Lesson 10
Silicon valley
硅谷
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What does the computer industry thrive on apart from anarchy?
Technology trends may push Silicon Valley back to the future. Carver
Mead, a pioneer in integrated circuits and a professor of computer
science at the California Institute of Technology, notes there are
now work-stations that enable engineers to design, test and produce
chips right on their desks, much the way an editor creates a newsletter
on a Macintosh. As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a
few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to
let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive
failures. Mead predicts that inventors will be able to perfect powerful
customized chips over a weekend at the office -- spawning a new
generation of garage start-ups and giving the U.S. a jump on its
foreign rivals in getting new products to market fast. 'We're got
more garages with smart people,' Mead observes. 'We really thrive
on anarchy.'
And on Asians. Already, orientals and Asian Americans constitute
the majority of the engineering staffs at many Valley firms. And
Chinese, Korean, Filipino and Indian engineers are graduating in
droves from California's colleges. As the heads of next-generation
start-ups, these Asian innovators can draw on customs and languages
to forge righter links with crucial Pacific Rim markets. For instance,
Alex Au, a Stanford Ph. D. from Hong Kong, has set up a Taiwan factory
to challenge Japan's near lock on the memory-chip market. India-born
N.Damodar Reddy's tiny California company reopened an AT & T
chip plant in Kansas City last spring with financing from the state
of Missouri. Before it becomes a retirement village, Silicon Valley
may prove a classroom for building a global business.
US NEWS AND WORLD REPORT, October 2, 1989
New words and expressions 生词和短语
silicon
n. 硅
integrated
adj. 综合的
circuit
n. 线路，电路
California
n. 加利福尼亚（美国州名）
workstation
n. 工作站
chip
n. 芯片，集成电路片，集成块
newsletter
n. 时事通讯
Macintosh
n. 苹果机，一种个人电脑
penalize
v. 处罚，惩罚
customize
v. 按顾客具体需要制造
spawn
v. 引起，酿成
thrive
v. 兴旺，繁荣
anarchy
n. 无政府状态，混乱
oriental
n. 东方人
constitute
v. 构成
drove
n. 群
innovator
n. 发明者
forge
v. 发展
memory-chip
n. 内存条
AT & T
美国电话电报公司 (American Telephone and Telegraph)
Kansas
n. 堪萨斯（美国州名）
Missouri
n. 密苏里（美国州名）
参考译文
技术的发展趋势有可能把硅谷重新推向未来。卡弗.米德 -- 集成电路的一位先驱，加州理工学院的计算机教授 -- 注意到，现在有些计算机工作站使工程技术人员可以在他们的办公桌上设计、试验和生产芯片，就像一位编辑在苹果机上编出一份时事通讯一样。由于制造一块芯片的时间已缩短至几天，费用也只有几百美元，因此，工程技术人员可能很块就可充分发挥他们的想像力，而不会因失败而造成经济上的损失。米德预言发明者可以在办公室用一个周末的时间生产了完美的、功能很强的、按客户需求设计的芯片
-- 造就新一代从汽车间起家的技术人员，在把产品推向市场方面使美国把它的外国对手们打个措手不及。 “我们有更多的汽车间，那里有许多聪明人，”米德说。“我们确实是靠这种无政府状态发展起来的。”
靠的是亚洲人。硅谷许多公司中工程技术人员的大多数是东方人和亚裔美国人。中国、韩国、菲律宾和印度的工程师一批批地从加州的大学毕业。作为新掘起一代的带头人，亚裔发明家可以凭借他们在习惯和语言上的优势，与关键的太平洋沿岸市场建立起更加牢固的联系。比如说，亚历克斯.奥，一位来自香港的斯坦福大学博士，已经在台湾建厂，对日本在内存条市场上近似垄断的局面提出了挑战。印度出生的N.达莫达.雷迪经营的小小的加州公司在堪萨斯城重新启用了美国电话电报公司的一家芯片工厂，并从密苏里州获取了财政上的支持。在硅谷变成一个退休村之前，它很可能成为建立全球商业的一个教学场地。
Lesson 11
How to grow old
如何安度晚年
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What, according to the author, is the best way to overcome the fear
of death as you get older?
Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young
there is a justification for this feeling. Young men who have reason
to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel
bitter in the thought that they have cheated of the best things
that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys
and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do,
the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to
overcome it -- so at least it seems to me -- is to make your interests
gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls
of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in
the universal life. An individual human existence should be like
a river -- small at first, narrowly contained within its banks,
and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually
the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly,
and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in
the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who,
in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the
fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And
if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought
of rest will be not unwelcome. I should wish to die while still
at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer
do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.
BERTRAND RUSSELL How to grow old from Portraits from Memory
New words and expressions 生词和短语
oppress
v. 忧郁，压抑
justification
n. 正当理由
justifiably
adv. 无可非议地
cheat
v. 欺骗
abject
adj. 可怜的
ignoble
adj. 不体面的，可耻的
impersonal
adj. 超脱个人感情影响的
ego
n. 自我
receded
v. 退去
increasing
adv. 日益，不断
passionately
adv. 激昂地
painlessly
adv. 毫无痛苦地
vitality
n. 精力
weariness
n. 疲惫感
参考译文
有些老年人因为怕死而感到烦恼。青年人有这种感觉是情有可原的。有理由害怕自己会死在战场上的年轻人，想到自己被剥夺了生活所能给予的最美好的东西时，感到痛苦，这是可以理解的。可是老年人已经饱尝了人间的甘苦，一切能做的都做了，如果怕死，就有点儿可怜又可鄙。克服怕死的最好办法
-- 至少在我看来是这样 -- 就是逐渐使自己的兴趣更加广泛，逐渐摆脱个人狭小的圈子，直到自我的围墙一点一点地倒塌下来，自己的生活慢慢地和整个宇宙的生活融合在一起。个人的存在应该像一条河流，开始很小，被紧紧地夹在两岸中间，接着热情奔放地冲过巨石，飞下瀑布。然后河面渐渐地变宽，两岸后撤，河水流得平缓起来，最后连绵不断地汇入大海，毫无痛苦地失去了自我的存在。上了年纪的人这样看待生命，就不会有惧怕死亡的心情了，因为自己关心的一切事件都会继续下去。
再者，随着精力的衰退，老年人的疲惫会增长，有长眠的愿望未尝不是一件好事情，我希望工作到死为止，明白了有人会继续我的未竟事业，想到能做的事都做了，也就坦然了。
Unit 2
Lesson 12
Banks and their customers
银行和顾客
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Why is there no risk to the customer when a bank prints the customer's
name on his cheques?
When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the
bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either
in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person. Primarily,
the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor
-- who is which depending on whether the customer's account is in
credit or is overdrawn. But, in addition to that basically simple
concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations
to one another. Many of these obligations can give in to problems
and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods,
cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.
The bank must obey its customer's instructions, and not those of
anyone else. When, for example, a customer first opens an account,
he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques
draw by himself. He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and
there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority
to pay out a customer's money on a cheques on which its customer's
signature has been forged. It makes no difference that the forgery
may have been a very skilful one: the bank must recognize its customer's
signature. For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the
practice, adopted by banks, of printing the customer's name on his
cheques. If this facilitates forgery, it is the bank which will
lose, not the customer.
GORDON BARRIE and AUBREY L. DLAMOND The Consumer Society and the
Law
New words and expressions 生词和短语
current
adj. 通用的，流行的
account
n. 账户
cash
n. 现金
debtor
n. 支票
debtor
n. 借方
creditor
n. 贷方
obligation
n. 义务
complication
n. 纠纷
debit
v. 把...记入借方
specimen
n. 样本
forge
v. 伪造
forgery
n. 伪造（文件，签名等）
adopt
v. 采用
facilitate
v. 使便利
参考译文
任何人在银行开一个活期账户，就等于把钱借给了银行。这笔钱他可以随时提取，提取的方式可以是取现金，也可以是开一张以他人为收款人的支票。银行与储户的关系主要是债务人和债权人的关系。究竟谁是债务人谁是债权人，要看储户是有结余还是透支。除了这一基本的简单的概念外，银行和储户彼此还需承担大量义务。其中许多义务往往引起问题和纠纷。但是储户不能像货物的买主那样来抱怨法律对自己不利。
银行必须遵照储户的嘱托办事，不能听从其他人的指令。比如，储户首次在银行开户时，嘱咐银行他的存款只能凭本世人签字的支票来提取。他把自己签名的样本交给银行，对此有一条非常严格的规定：银行没有任何权利或理由把储户的钱让伪造储户的支票取走。即使伪造得很巧妙，也不能付款，因为银行有责任辨认出其储户的签名。因此，某些银行已采用把储户印在支票上的作法。这种做法对储户毫无风险。如果因这种作法出现了伪造的话，受损失的将不是储户，而是银行。
Lesson 13
The search for oil
探寻石油
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What do oilmen want to achieve as soon as they strike oil?
The deepest holes of all made for oil, and they go down to as much
as 25,0000 feet. But we not need to send men down to get the oil
our, as we must with other mineral deposits. The holes are only
borings, less than a foot in diameter. My particular experience
is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve
deep drilling than any other mining activity. When is has been decided
where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick.
It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and
we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great
lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top
and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom.
The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so
every so often a sample is obtained with a coring bit. It cuts a
clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen the strata the drill
has been cutting. Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows
to the surface because great pressure, either from or water, is
pushing it. This pressure must be under control, and we control
it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe. We
endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes
oil and gas. We want it to stay down the hole until we can lead
it off in a controlled manner.
T.F.GASKELL The Search for the Earth's Minerals from Discovery
New words and expressions 生词和短语
mineral
adj. 矿物的
boring
n. 钻孔
derrick
n. 井架
block and tackle
滑轮组
haul
v. 拖，拉
rotate
v. 使转动
cutting bit
钻头
geologist
n. 地质学家
coring
取芯钻头
cylinder
n. 圆柱体
strata
n. 岩层[复]([单]stratum或strata [误用])
circulate
v. 注入，环流
gusher
n. 喷油井
参考译文
在所有洞穴中，为寻找石油所钻出的洞是最深的，这些洞可深达25,000英尺。但是，我们不必像开采其他矿藏那样，把人送到地下去把石油取出。这些洞只不过是一些钻孔，直径不到1英尺。我是专门搞石油的，寻找石油比其他任何采矿业对改进钻探作的贡献都要大。当确定钻孔地点后，我们就在那里竖起一个井架。井架必须很高，因为它像一个巨型滑轮组。我们必须把很长的钻杆一节节地钻入地下，然后再从地下拉出来。钻杆顶部安装的发动机带动钻杆旋转，它的底部装有钻头。
地质学家需要知道钻头已以到达什么样的岩层，因此时常要用芯钻头取样。这种钻头能切割一段光滑的圆柱形岩石，从中能看出所钻透的地层。一旦到达油层，石油就会由于地下巨大的压力流到地面上来，这种巨大的压力来自地下天然气或水。这种压力必须加以控制，我们让泥桨顺着钻杆向下循环，用这种方法来控制压力。我们尽量避免使用陈旧天真的喷井方法，那样会浪费石油和天然气。我们要让石油留在井下，直到我们能用一种有控制的方法把它引上来为止。
Lesson 14
The Butterfly Effect
蝴蝶效应
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Why do small errors make it impossible to predict the weather system
with a high degree of accuracy?
Beyond two or three days, the world's best weather forecasts are
speculative, and beyond six or seven they are worthless.
The Butterfly Effect is the reason. For small pieces of weather
-- and to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and
blizzards -- any prediction deteriorates rapidly. Errors and uncertainties
multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features,
from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only
satellites can see.
The modern weather models work with a grid of points of the order
of sixty miles apart, and even so, some starting data has to guessed,
since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere. But
suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot
apart, rising at one-foot intervals all the way to the top of the
atmosphere. Suppose every sensor gives perfectly accurate readings
of temperature, pressure, humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist
would want. Precisely at noon an infinitely powerful computer takes
all the data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12.01,
then 1202, then 12.03...
The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton,
New Jersey, will have sun or rain on a day one month away. At noon
the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer
will not know about, tiny deviations from the average. By 12.01,
those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot
away. Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten-foot scale,
and so on up to the size of the globe.
JAMES GLEICK, Chaos
New words and expressions 生词和短语
forecast
n. 预报
speculative
adj. 推测的
blizzard
n. 暴风雪
deteriorate
v. 变坏
multiply
v. 增加
cascade
v. 瀑布似地落下
turbulent
adj. 狂暴的
dust devil
小尘暴，尘旋风
squall
n. 暴风
eddy
n. 旋涡
grid
n. 坐标方格
sensor
n. 传感器
humidity
n. 温度
meteorologist
n. 气象学家
Princeton
n. 普林斯顿（美国城市名）
New Jersey
n. 新泽西（美国州名）
fluctuation
n. 起伏，波动
deviation
n. 偏差
参考译文
世界上最好的两三天以上的天气预报具有很强的猜测性，如果超过六七天，天气预报就没有了任何价值。
原因是蝴蝶效应。对于小片的恶劣天气 -- 对一个全球性的气象预报员来说，“小”可以意味着雷暴雨和暴风雪 -- 任何预测的质量会很快下降。错误和不可靠性上升，接踵而来的是一系列湍流的徵状，从小尘暴和暴风发展到只有卫星上可以看到的席卷整块大陆的旋涡。
现代气象模型以一个坐标图来显示，图中每个点大约是间隔60英里。既使是这样，有些开始时的资料也不得不依靠推测，因为地面工作站和卫星不可能看到地球上的每一个地方。假设地球上可以布满传感器，每个相隔1英尺，并按1英尺的间隔从地面一直排列到大气层的顶端。再假定每个传感器都极极端准确地读出了温度、气压、温度和气象学家需要的任何其他数据。在正午时分，一个功能巨大的计算机搜集了所有的资料，并算出在每一个点上12：01、12：02、12：03时可能出现的情况。
计算机无法推断出1个月以后的某一天，新泽西州的普林斯顿究竟是晴天还是雨天。正午时分，传感器之间的距离会掩盖计算机无法知道的波动、任何偏平均值的变化。到12：01时，那些波动就已经会在1英尺远的地方造成偏差。很快这种偏差会增加到尺10英的范围，如此等等，一直到全球的范围。
Lesson 15
Secrecy in industry
工业中的秘密
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Why is secrecy particularly important in the chemical industries?
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific
research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in
which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual
research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally
limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact
with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities,
or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm. The
degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger
firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental
nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them
secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are
sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents
can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all
but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical
industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than
they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy
goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot
be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in
obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they
are unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and
such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to
trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.
J.D. BERNAL The Social Function of Science
New words and expressions
secrecy
n. 秘密
effectiveness
n. 成效，效力
inquiry
n. 调查研究
positive
adj. 确实的
process
n. 过程
patent
n. 专利；
v. 得到专利权
agent
n. 情报人员
参考译文
有两个因素严重地妨碍工业中科学研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密气氛；二是研究人员缺乏个人自由。任何一项研究都涉及到保密，那些从事科研的人员自然受到了限制。他们不能和其他国家、其他大学、甚至往往不能与本公司的其他部门的同行们进行有效的接触。保密程度自然差别很大。某些大公司进行的研究属于一般和基础的研究，因此不保密对他们才有利。然而，依赖这种研究的很多工艺程序是在完全保密的情况下进行的，直到可以取得专利权的阶段为止。更多的工艺过程根本就不会取得专利权，而是作为秘方保存着。在这化学工业方面尤为突出。同物理和机械工业相比，化学工业中偶然发现的机会要多得多。有时，保密竟达到了这样的程度，即连研究工作的整个性质都不准提及。比如，很多公司向图书馆借阅科技书籍时感到困难，因为它们不愿让人家记下它们公司的名字和借阅的某一本书。他们生怕别的公司的情报人员据此摸到他们可能要从事的某项科研项目。
Lesson 16
The modern city
现代城市
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What is the author's main argument about the modern city?
In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory
upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been
completely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception
of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual
or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. It
has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings
who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the
effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by
the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory. The great
cities have been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensions
of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining
the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to
the tenants offices and apartments that please them. This caused
the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of
human beings are crowded together. Civilized men like such a way
of living. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their
dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities
of life. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark,
narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the
noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly
by great crowds. Obviously, it has not been planned for the good
of its inhabitants.
ALEXIS CARREL Man, the Unknown
New words and expressions 生词和短语
physiological
adj. 生理的
maximum
adj. 最大限度的
consideration
n. 考虑
descendant
n. 子孙，后代
artificial
n. 人工的
impose
v. 强加
dimension
n. 直径
skyscraper
n. 摩天大楼
tenant
n. 租户
civilized
adj. 文明的
banal
adj. 平庸
luxury
n. 豪华
deprive
v. 剥夺
monstrous
adj. 畸形的
edifice
n. 大厦
toxic
adj. 有毒的
ceaselessly
adv. 不停地
throng
v. 挤满，壅塞
参考译文
在工业生活的组织中，工厂对工人的生理和精神状态的影响完全被忽视了。现代工业的基本概念是：以最低成本获取最多产品，为的是让某个个人或某一部分人尽可能多地赚钱。现代工业发展起来了，却根本没想到操作机器的人的本质。工厂把一种人为的生存方式强加给工人，却不顾及这种生存方式给工人及其后代带来的影响。大城市的建设毫不关心我们。摩天大楼完全是按这样的需要修建的：每平方英尺地皮取得最大收入和向租房人提供使他满意的办公室和住房。这样就导致了许多摩天大厦拔地而起，大厦内众多的人挤地一起。文明人喜欢这样一种生活方式。在享受自己住宅的舒适和庸俗的豪华时，却没有意识到被剥夺了生活所必需的东西。大得吓人的高楼和阴暗狭窄的街道组成了今日现代化的城市。街道上充斥着汽油味和有毒气体，出租汽车、卡车、公共汽车的噪音刺耳难忍，络绎不绝的人群挤来挤去。显然，现代化的城市不是这居民的利益而规划的。
Lesson 17
A man-made disease
人为的疾病
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What factor helped to spread the disease of myxomatosis?
In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers
unwisely introduced the European rabbit. This rabbit had no natural
enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promiscuous
abandon characteristic of rabbits. It overran a whole continent.
It caused devastation by burrowing and by devouring the herbage
which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle. Scientists
discovered that this particular variety of rabbit (and apparently
no other animal) was susceptible to a fatal virus disease, myxomatosis.
By infecting animals and letting them loose in the burrows, local
epidemics of this disease could be created. Later it was found that
there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this
disease and passed it on to the rabbits. So while the rest of the
world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was encouraging
this one. It effectively spread the disease all over the continent
and drastically reduced the rabbit population. It later became apparent
that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease,
so that the rabbit population was unlikely to be completely exterminated.
There were hopes, however, that the problem of the rabbit would
become manageable.
Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to
Australia, acquired this man-made disease as a pestilence. A French
physician decided to get rid of the wild rabbits on his own estate
and introduced myxomatosis. It did not, however, remain within the
confines of his estate. It spread through France, Where wild rabbits
are not generally regarded as a pest but as sport and a useful food
supply, and it spread to Britain where wild rabbits are regarded
as a pest but where domesticated rabbits, equally susceptible to
the disease, are the basis of a profitable fur industry. The question
became one of whether Man could control the disease he had invented.
RITCHIE CALDER Science Makes Sense
New words and expressions 生词和短语
settlement
n. 新拓居地
enterprising
adj. 有事业心的
settler
n. 移居者
Antipodes
n. 新西兰和澳大利亚（英）
promiscuous
adj. 杂乱的
abandon
n. 放任，纵情
overrun
v. 蔓延，泛滥
devastation
n. 破坏，劫掠
burrow
v. 挖、掘
susceptible
adj. 易受感染的
virus
n. 病毒
myxomatosis
n. 多发性粘液瘤
infect
v. 传染
epidemic
n. 流行病
mosquito
n. 蚊虫
carrier
n. 带菌者
exterminate
v. 消灭
ironically
adv. 具有讽刺意味地
bequeath
v. 把...传给
pest
n. 害虫，有害动物
pestilence
n. 瘟疫
confine
n. 范围
domesticate
v. 驯养
参考译文
在澳大利亚移民初期，一些有创业精神的移民不明智地把欧洲兔子引进了澳大利亚。这种兔子在澳大利亚及新西兰没有天敌，因此便以兔子所特有的杂乱交配迅猛繁殖起来。整个澳洲兔子成灾。它们在地下打洞，吃掉本可以饲养数百万头牛羊的牧草，给澳洲大陆造成了毁灭性的破坏。科学家们发现，这种特殊品种的兔子（显然不包括别的动物）易患一种叫“多发性粘液瘤”的致命毒性疾病。通过让染上此病的动物在洞内乱跑，就可以使这种疾病在一个地区蔓延起来。后来又发现，有一种蚊子是传播这种疾病的媒介，能把此病传染给兔子。因此，世界上其他地方在设法消灭蚊子的时候，澳大利亚却在促使这种蚊子大量繁殖。蚊子把这种疾病扩散到整个澳洲大陆，效果甚佳，结果兔子的数目在为减少。后来，明显看出，兔子对这种疾病已产生了一定程度的免疫力，所以兔子不可能被完全消灭。但是，已有希望解决兔子所带来的问题。
具有讽刺意味的是，欧洲把这种兔子作为有害动物传给澳洲，而欧洲自己却染上了这种人为的瘟疫般的疾病。一位法国内科医生决定除掉自己庄园内的野兔子，于是引进了这种多发性粘液瘤疾病。然而，这种疾病并未被局限在他的庄园内，结果在整个法国蔓延开来。野兔在法国一般不被当作有害动物，而被视为打猎取乐的玩物和有用的食物来源。这种疾病又蔓延到了英国。在英国，野兔被当作有害的动物，可是家兔是赚钱的毛皮工业的基础，然而家兔同样易感染这种疾病。现在的问题是，人类能否控制住这种人为的疾病。
Lesson 18
Porpoises
海豚
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What would you say is the main characteristic of porpoises?
There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises
will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect
them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation. Marine
Studio biologists have pointed out that, however intelligent they
may be, it is probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any motive
of lifesaving. On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an
unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of
curiosity or for sport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship. In
1928 some porpoises were photographer working like beavers to push
ashore a waterlogged mattress. If, as has been reported, they have
protected humans from sharks, it may have been because curiosity
attracted them and because the scent of a possible meal attracted
the sharks. Porpoises and sharks are natural enemies. It is possible
that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being
driven away or killed.
Whether it be bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is intrigued with
anything that is alive. They are constantly after the turtles, who
peacefully submit to all sorts of indignities. One young calf especially
enjoyed raising a turtle to the surface with his snout and then
shoving him across the tank like an aquaplane. Almost any day a
young porpoise may be seen trying to turn a 300-pound sea turtle
over by sticking his snout under the edge of his shell and pushing
up for dear life. This is not easy, and may require two porpoises
working together. In another game, as the turtle swims across the
oceanarium, the first porpoise swoops down from above and butts
his shell with his belly. This knocks the turtle down several feet.
He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes
along and hits him another crack. Eventually the turtle has been
butted all the way down to the floor of the tank. He is now satisfied
merely to try to stand up, but as soon as he does so a porpoise
knocks him flat. The turtle at last gives up by pulling his feet
under his shell and the game is over.
RALPH NADING HILL Window in the Sea
New words and expressions 生词和短语
porpoise
n. 海豚
mariner
n. 水手
shark
n. 鲨鱼
formation
n. 队形
dolphin
n. 海豚科动物
unconscious
adj. 不省人事
beaver
n. 海狸
ashore
adv. 上岸
waterlogged
adj. 浸满水的
scent
n. 香味
ensue
v. 接着发生
intrigue
v. 引起兴趣
indignity
n. 侮辱
snout
n. 口鼻部
shove
v. 硬推
aquaplane
n. 驾浪滑水板
oceanarium
n. 水族馆
swoop
v. 猛扑
belly
n. 腹部
equilibrium
n. 平衡
butt
v. 碰撞
crack
n. 重击
参考译文
长期以来，海员中流传着一种迷信的说法，认为海豚会把快要淹死的人托到水面，救人性命；或在人们周围列队保护，使他们免遭鲨鱼伤害。海洋摄影室的生物学家指出，无论海豚多么聪明，认为它们有救人的动机可能是错误的。当它们偶尔把一个失去知觉的人推到岸边时，更大的可能是出于好奇或游戏，就像它们追逐被船首犁开的浪花一样。1928年，有人拍摄到了海豚像海狸一样把浸透水的床垫推上岸的情景。正如报道中所说，如果海豚保护人不受鲨鱼侵害，那么它们可能是出于好奇；而鲨鱼可能是闻到了可以美食一顿的香味。海豚和鲨鱼是天然仇敌，双方可能随之发生搏斗，搏斗结果是海豚赶走或咬死鲨鱼。
海豚对凡是活的东西都感兴趣，不管是鸟、是鱼，还是野兽。它们经常追逐海龟，海龟则温顺地忍受着各种侮辱。一只小海豚特别喜欢用鼻子把海龟推到水面，然后像滑水板一样把海龟从水池的这一边推到那一边。几乎每天都可以看到一只小海豚把鼻子顶入一只300磅重的海龟的硬壳下面，拼命地把它翻过来。这并非易事，可能需要两只海豚合伙干才行。在另一场游戏中，当海龟游过水族馆时，第一只海豚从上方猛扑下去，用腹部撞击龟壳。这一下子把海龟撞下去好几英尺。海龟刚恢复平衡，第二只海豚又冲过来猛击一下。这只海龟最终被撞到池底。此时的海龟，只要能站起来就满足了，但它刚站起来，就被一只海豚击倒。海龟终于屈服了，将4条腿缩进壳内。游戏到此结束。
Lesson 19
The stuff of dreams
话说梦的本质
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What is going on when a person experiences rapid eye-movements during
sleep?
It is fairly clear that sleeping period must have some function,
and because there is so much of it the function would seem to e
important. Speculations about is nature have been going on for literally
thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling
is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter
of giving the body a rest. 'Rest', in terms of muscle relaxation
and so on, can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting
down. The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to
a degree, and function best when more or less continuously active.
In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is
specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.
If it is not a question of resting the body, then perhaps it is
the brain that needs resting? This might be a plausible hypothesis
were it not for two factors. First the electroencephalograph (which
is simply a device for recording the electrical activity of the
brain by attaching electrodes to the scalp) shows that while there
is a change in the pattern of activity during sleep, there is no
evidence that the total amount of activity is any less. The second
factor is more interesting and more fundamental. Some years ago
an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments
dealing with the recording of eye-movements during sleep. He showed
that the average individual's sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar
bursts of eye-movements, some drifting and slow, others jerky and
rapid. People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally
reported that they had been dreaming. When woken at other times
they reported no dreams. If one group of people were disturbed from
their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end, and another
group were disturbed for an equal period of time but when they were
no exhibiting eye-movements, the first group began to show some
personality disorders while the others seemed more or less unaffected.
The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance
of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.
CHRISTOPHER EVANS The stuff of dreams from The Listener
New words and expressions 生词和短语
speculation
n. 推测
literally
adv. 确实
odd
adj. 奇特的
tissue
n. 组织
plausible
adj. 似乎有理的
hypothesis
n. 假说
electroencephalograph
n. 脑电图仪
electrode
n. 电极
scalp
n. 头皮
psychiatrist
n. 精神病学家
punctuate
v. 不时介入
jerky
adj. 急动的
disorder
n. 失调
implication
n. 表明
参考译文
很清楚，睡眠必然具有某种作用。睡眠占去那么多时间，所以其作用似乎还是很重要。人们对睡眠作用的种种猜测，确实有数千年之久。一项使人对这个问题感到困惑的奇怪的发现是，睡眠在很大程度似乎并不仅仅是为了使身体得到休息。“休息”，从使肌肉得到放松等方面来看，只要稍微躺一躺，甚至坐一坐就能达到。人体组织在一定程度上有自我修补和自我恢复的能力，有张有弛地连续活动时，其功能最佳。事实上，睡眠状态下仍有着基本的活动量，以防止肌肉活动停止。
如果睡眠的功能不是在于使身体得到休息，那么也许是让大脑得以休息？若不是下面两点，这种假使似乎是有道理的。第一点，脑电图记录仪（不过是一种把电极接到头皮上记录脑电活动的仪器）显示，人在睡眠时大脑活动的方式有变化，但没有迹象表明，其活动总量有任何减少。第二点更有意思，也更重要。前些年，美国一位精神病学者发表了一篇报告，报告中记录了眼球在睡眠时的活动情况。他指出，平常人的睡眠周期中不时伴有一阵阵奇怪的眼球队活动，这些活动有的飘忽而缓慢，有的急剧而快速。在眼球活动期间被叫醒的人都说自己在做梦；在其他期间叫醒他们，则说没有做梦。如果有两组人，一组人连续几夜在眼球队活动时被叫醒；另一组人也是连续几夜被叫醒，但是在眼球队没活动时被叫醒的。结果，第一组人开始出现性格失常，而第二组人似乎没受什么影响。这一切暗示我们：睡眠受到干忧没关系，而做梦受到干忧是有问题的。
Lesson 20
Snake poison
蛇毒
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What are the two different ways in which snake poison acts?
How it came about that snakes manufactured poison is a mystery.
Over the periods their saliva, a mild, digestive juice like our
own, was converted into a poison that defies analysis even today.
It was not forced upon them by the survival competition; they could
have caught and lived on prey without using poison, just as the
thousands of non-poisonous snakes still do. Poison to a snake is
merely a luxury; it enables it to get its food with very little
effort, no more effort than one bite. And why only snakes? Cats,
for instance, would be greatly helped; no running fights with large,
fierce rats or tussles with grown rabbits -- just a bite and no
more effort needed. In fact, it would be an assistance to all carnivores
though it would be a two-edged weapon when they fought each other.
But, of the vertebrates, unpredictable Nature selected only snakes
(and one lizard). One wonders saliva into why Nature, with respect
from that of others, as other on the blood.
In the conversion of saliva into poison, one might suppose that
a fixed process took place. It did not; some snakes manufacture
a poison different in every respect from that of others, as different
as arsenic is from strychnine, and having different effects. One
poison acts on the nerves, the other on the blood.
The makers of the nerve poison include the mambas and the cobras
and their venom is called neurotoxic. Vipers (adders) and rattlesnakes
manufacture the blood poison, which is known as haemolytic. Both
poisons are unpleasant, but by far the more unpleasant is the blood
poison. It is said that the nerve poison is the more primitive of
the two, that the blood poison is, so to speak, a newer product
from an improved formula. Be that as it may, the nerve poison does
its business with man far more quickly than the blood poison. This,
however, means nothing. Snakes did not acquire their poison for
use against man but for use against prey such as rats and mice,
and the effects on these of viperine poison is almost immediate.
JOHN CROMPTON The snake
New words and expressions 生词和短语
saliva
n. 唾液
digestive
adj. 助消化的
defy
v. 使不可能
analysis
n. 分析
prey
n. 被捕食的动物
fierce
adj. 凶猛的
tussle
n. 扭打
carnivore
n. 食肉动物
vertebrate
n. 脊椎动物
lizard
n. 蜥蜴
concoct
v. 调制
potency
n. 效力
conversion
n. 转变
arsenic
n. 砒霜
strychnine
n. 马钱子碱
mamba
n. 树眼镜蛇
cobra
n. 眼镜蛇
venom
n. 毒液
neurotoxic
adj. 毒害神经的
viper
n. 蝰蛇
adder
n. 蝮蛇
rattlesnake
n. 响尾蛇
haemolytic
adj. 溶血性的
viperine
adj. 毒蛇
参考译文
蛇是怎样产生毒液的，这是一个谜。蛇的唾液本来和我们人的消化液一样柔和，但经过漫长的时间，演变成了今天仍无法分析清楚的毒液。毒液不是生存竞争强加给它们的，它们也可以不用毒液捕捉动物而生存，就像今天成千上万的无毒蛇那样。毒液对毒蛇来说只不过是一种舒适生存的优越手段，它使蛇不用费多大力气就能捕获到食物，轻咬一口即可。为什么只有蛇才有毒液呢？譬如说，如果猫有毒液，那对猫会大有帮助，它就不必再和又大又凶的老鼠边跑边博斗了，也不必再和大兔子扭斗了，只要咬一口，就不必再费大力气。因此，任何食肉动物有了毒液，都能从中获益。不过，当它们相互撕打时，毒液就成了利弊参半的武，可以杀死对方，也可以被对方的毒液杀死。然而，在脊椎动物中，大自然神秘模测地只选择了蛇（还有一种蜥蜴），人们弄不清楚大自然为什么在某些蛇的身上调制出如此高效的毒液来。
人们可能认为，唾液转变成毒液，其中有固定的程序。其实没有。有些蛇产生的毒液也在各方面与另外一些毒蛇产生的毒液不同，就像砒霜不同于马钱子碱一样。不同毒蛇产生的毒液产生的效果不同，一种毒液作用于神经，另一种毒液作用于血液。
产生神经毒液的蛇有一种非洲树眼镜蛇和眼镜蛇，它们的毒液称为神经毒素。蝰蛇（蝮蛇）和响尾蛇产生血液毒素，称为溶血性毒液。这两种毒液都很可怕，但溶血性毒液尤其厉害。据说，神经毒液在两种毒液中是较为原始的一种，而溶血性毒液，打个比方说，是根据改良配方生产的一种较新的产品。不过，神经毒辣液比溶血性毒液在人身上起作用快得多。但是，这没有什么关系，因为蛇有毒液不是用来对付人的，而是对付它的猎物，诸如鼠类，毒液对这些猎物会立刻起作用。
Lesson 21
William S. Hart and
the early 'Western' film
威廉.S. 哈特和早期限的‘西部’影片
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
How did William Hart's childhood prepare him for his acting role
in Western films?
William S. hart was, perhaps, the greatest of all Western stars,
fro unlike Gary Cooper and John Wayne he appeared in nothing but
Westerns. From 1914 to 1924 he was supreme and unchallenged. It
was Hart who created the basic formula of the Western film, and
devised the protagonist he played in every film he made, the good-had
man, the accidental-noble outlaw, or the honest-but-framed cowboy,
or the sheriff made suspect by vicious gossip; in short, the individual
in conflict with himself and his frontier environment.
Unlike most of his contemporaries in Hollywood, Hart actually knew
something of the old West. He had lived in it as a child when it
was already disappearing, and his hero was firmly rooted in his
memories and experiences, and in both the history and the mythology
of the vanished frontier. And although no period or place in American
history has been more absurdly romanticized, myth and reality did
join hands in at least one arena, the conflict between the individual
and encroaching civilization.
Men accustomed to struggling for survival against the elements and
Indians were bewildered by politicians, bankers and businessmen,
and unhorsed by fences, laws and alien taboos. Hart's good-bad man
was always an outsider, always one of the disinherited, and if he
found it necessary to shoot a sheriff or rob a bank along the way,
his early audiences found it easy to understand and forgive, especially
when it was Hart who, in the end, overcame the attacking Indians.
Audiences in the second decade of the twentieth century found it
pleasant to escape to a time when life, though hard, was relatively
simple. We still do; living in a world in which undeclared aggression,
war, hypocrisy, chicanery, anarchy and impending immolation are
part of our daily lives, we all want a code to live by.
CARL FOREMAN Virtue and a Fast Gun from The Observer
New words and expressions 生词和短语
Supreme
adj. 首屈一指
protagonist
n. 主角
outlaw
n. 逃犯，亡命之徒
framed
adj. 遭到陷害的
vicious
adj. 恶毒的
mythology
n. 神话
vanished
adj. 消失了的
absurdly
adv. 荒诞地
arena
n. 竞技场在
encroaching
adj. 渐渐渗入的
Indian
n. 印第安人
bewilder
v. 使手足无措
alien
adj. 外来的
taboo
n. 戒律
disinherit
v. 剥夺...继承权
undeclared
adj. 未经宣布的
hypocrisy
n. 伪善
chicanery
n. 诈骗
impending
adj. 迫近的，近在眉睫的
immolation
n. 杀戮
code
n. 准则
参考译文
威廉.S.哈特大概是美国西部电影明星中的佼佼者。他和加里.古柏、约翰.韦恩不同，他只在西部电影中扮演角色。在1914年至1924年期间，他首屈一指，独霸影坛。正是他创造了西部电影的基调，即在他自己的拍摄的影片中他所塑造的主人公形象：被认为是坏人的好人，出人意料的高尚的逃犯，诚实却遭陷害的牛仔或因流言蜚语蒙受嫌疑的司法官。总之，主人公是一个自相矛盾，又与他的拓荒环境相矛盾的人物。
哈特与大部分同时代在好莱坞的演员不同，他确实了解西部早期拓荒生活的一些情况。作为一个孩子他曾在西部生活过，当时西部拓荒生活正在消失。他塑造的英雄人物深深地扎根于他本人的记忆和经历之中，也扎根于有关已经消失的拓荒生活的历史和神话之中。虽然在美国历史上没有任何时期或地区像西部拓荒时期那样被荒谬地浪漫主义化了，但神话和事实至少在某一个舞台上共存，也就是存在于个人与渐渐闯入的文明这两者的冲突之中。
习惯与大自然和印第安人作斗争以求生存的拓荒者被政客、银行家和商人搞得晕头转向，最后被圈地、尖律我外来的清规戒律所击败。哈特扮演的被误为坏人的好人总是一个局外人，总是一个被剥夺继承权的人。如果他认为在进行过程中有必要枪击一个司法官或抢劫一个银行，他的早期观众很容易接受，觉得应该原谅他，特别是当哈特最后战胜了前来进攻的印第安人时，观众更能原谅他。
生活在20世纪20年代的观众认为，逃到一个即使艰苦但比较简朴的时代中去是件愉快的事，我们今天仍有这种感觉。如今，不宣而战的侵略、战争、虚伪、诈骗、无政府状态以及即将临头的毁灭成了我们日常生活的一部分，我们都希望有一个赖以生存的行为准则。
Lesson 22
Knowledge and progress
知识和进步
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
In what two areas have people made no 'progress' at all?
Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world?
Surely progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around
us and is becoming more and more manifest. Although mankind has
undergone no general improvement in intelligence or morality, it
has made extraordinary progress in the accumulation of knowledge.
Knowledge began to increase as soon as the thoughts of one individual
could be communicated to another by means of speech. With the invention
of writing, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then be
not only communicated but also stored. Libraries made education
possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth
of knowledge followed a kind of compound interest law, which was
greatly enhanced by the invention of printing. All this was comparatively
slow until, with the coming of science, the tempo was suddenly raised.
Then knowledge began to be accumulated according to a systematic
plan. The trickle became a stream; the stream has now become a torrent.
Moreover, as soon as new knowledge is acquired, it is now turned
to practical account. What is called 'modern civilization' is not
the result of a balanced development of all man's nature. but of
accumulated knowledge applied to practical life. The problem now
facing humanity is: What is going to be done with all this knowledge?
As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which
can be used equally for good or evil. It is now being used indifferently
for both. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical
than that of gunners ourselves very seriously what will happen if
this twofold use of knowledge, with its ever-increasing power, continues.
G.N.M.TYRRELL The Personality of Man
New words and expressions 生词和短语
loom
v. 赫然耸起
manifest
adj.明显的
morality
n. 道德
communicate
v. 交流，交际
compound
adj. 复合的
enhance
v. 增进
tempo
n. 速率
trickle
n. 涓涓细流
torrent
n. 滔滔洪流
humanity
n. 人类
indifferently
adv. 不在乎地
grimly
adv. 可怖地
whimsical
adj. 怪诞的
shatter
v. 毁坏
twofold
adj. 双重的
参考译文
为什么进步这个概念在现代世界显得如此突出？无疑是因为有一种特殊的进步实际上正在我们周围发生，而且变得越来越明显。虽然人类有智力和道德上没有得到普遍提高，但在知识积累方面却取得了巨大的进步。人一旦能用语言同别人交流思想，知识的积累便开始了。随着书写的发明，又迈进了一大步，因为这样一来，知识不仅能交流，而且能储存了。藏书使教育成为可能，而教育反过来又丰富了藏书，因为知识的增长遵循着一种“滚雪球”的规律。印刷术的发明又大大提高了知识增长的速度。所有这些发展都比较缓慢，而随着科学的到来，增长的速度才突然加快。于是，知识便开始有系统有计划地积累起来。涓涓细流汇成小溪，小溪现已变成了奔腾的江河。而且，新知识一旦获得，便得到实际应用。所谓“现代文明”并不是人的天性平衡发展的结果，而是积累起来的知识应用到实际生活中的结果。现在人类面临的问题是：用这些知识去做什么？正像人们常常指出的，知识是一把双刃刀，可以用于造福，也可以用来为害。人们现在正漫不经心地把知识用于这两个方面，例如：炮兵利用科学毁坏人的身体、而外科医生就在附近用科学抢救被炮兵毁坏的人体，还有什么情景比这更可怕、更怪诞的吗？我们不得不严肃地问问我们自己：随着日益增长的知识的力量，如果我们继续利用知识的这种双重性，将会发生什么样的情况呢？
Lesson 23
Bird flight
鸟的飞行方法
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What are the two main types of bird flight described by the author?
No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight; the
varieties are infinite; but two classes may be roughly seen. Any
shi that crosses the Pacific is accompanied for many days by the
smaller albatross, Which may keep company with the vessel for an
hour without visible or more than occasional movement of wing. The
currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as well
as in the line of its course, are enough to give the great bird
with its immense wings sufficient sustenance and progress. The albatross
is the king of the gliders, the class of fliers which harness the
air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition. In the contrary
school, the duck is supreme. It comes nearer to the engines with
which man has 'conquered' the air, as he boasts. Duck, and like
them the pigeons, are endowed with such-like muscles, that are a
good part of the weight of the bird, and these will ply the short
wings with such irresistible power that they can bore for long distances
through an opposing gale before exhaustion follows. Their humbler
followers, such as partridges, have a like power of strong propulsion,
but soon tire. You may pick them up in utter exhaustion, if wind
over the sea has driven them to a long journey. The swallow shares
the virtues of both schools in highest measure. It tires not, nor
does it boast of its power; but belongs to the air, travelling it
may be six thousand miles to and from its northern nesting home,
feeding its flown young as it flies, and slipping through we no
longer take omens from their flight on this side and that; and even
the most superstitious villagers no longer take off their hats to
the magpie and wish it good-morning.
WILLIAM BEACH THOMAS A Countryman's Creed
New words and expressions 生词和短语
albatross
n. 信天翁
sustenance
n. 支撑力
glider
n. 滑翔者
harness
v. 利用
endow
v. 赋有
ply
v. 不断地供给
gale
n. 大风
partridge
n. 鹧鸪
like
adj. 类似的
propulsion
n. 推进力
utter
adj. 完全的
slip
v. 滑行
adverse
adj. 逆的，相反的
omen
n. 预兆
参考译文
没有任何两种鸟的飞行方式是相同的。鸟的飞行方式千差万别，但大体上可分为两类。任何一艘横度太平洋的轮船都会有一种小信天翁伴随飞行许多天。它们随船飞行一小时也难得见其扇动一下翅膀。沿船体的上升的气流和沿航线向前的气流给这种巨翼大鸟以足够的浮力和推力。信天翁是滑翔飞行的鸟类之王，它能自如地驾驭空气，但必须顺气流飞行。与滑翔鸟相对的另一类鸟中，数野鸭本领最高。它更近乎于人类自夸的“征服”了空气的发动机。野鸭及它们相似的鸽子有天赋的钢铁般的肌肉，占了体重的很大一部分。这些肌肉以巨大的力量扇动短小的翅膀，使这类鸟能顶着大风飞行很远的路才会疲劳。次于野鸭和鸽子的鸟，如鹧鸪，有相似的巨大推动力，但很快会疲劳。如果海风驱使它们飞行很长距离，你可以捡到一些因筋疲力尽而摔下来的鹧鸪。燕子充分兼有这两类鸟的长处，它既不疲劳，也不炫耀自己的飞翔力；在空中十分自如，可以飞行6，000英里，可以飞往北方做窝的老家，再从老家飞回；一边飞一边喂养会飞的雏燕，甚至在顶风时也能在气流中滑翔，似乎气流在帮它前进。这些鸟对我们是有益的，虽然我们不再从它们的飞翔姿态来占卜吉凶，连最迷信的村民也不再对喜鹊脱帽行礼，祝它早安了。
Lesson 24
Beatuy
美
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What do glimpses of beauty, either in nature or art, often suggest
to the human mind?
A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or to express
the emotion that it rouses in him, concludes that it must be the
gateway to world that lies beyond. It is difficult for any of us
in moments of intense aesthetic experience to resist the suggestion
that we are catching a glimpse of a light that shines down to us
from a different realm of existence, different and, because the
experience is intensely moving, in some way higher. And, though
the gleams blind and dazzle, yet do they convey a hint of beauty
and serenity greater than we have known or imagined. Greater too
than we can describe; for language, which was invented to convey
the meanings of this world, cannot readily be fitted to the uses
of another.
That all great has this power of suggesting a world beyond is undeniable.
In some moods, Nature shares it. There is no sky in June so blue
that it does not point forward to a bluer, no sunset so beautiful
that it does not waken the vision of a greater beauty, a vision
which passes before it is fully glimpsed, and in passing leaves
and indefinable longing and regret. But, if this world is not merely
a bad joke, life a vulgar flare amid the cool radiance of the stars,
and existence an empty laugh braying across the mysteries; if these
intimations of a something behind and beyond are not evil humour
born of indigestion, or whimsies sent by the devil to mock and madden
us. if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek
to interpret the meaning. If we glimpse the unutterable, it is unwise
to try to utter it, nor should we seek to invest with significance
that which we cannot grasp. Beauty in terms of our human meanings
is meaningless.
C.E.M.JOAD Pieces of Mind
New words and expressions 生词和短语
intense
adj. 强烈的
aesthetic
adj. 审美的
realm
n. 世界
serenity
n. 静谧
undeniable
adj. 不可否认的
indefinable
adj. 模糊不清的
vulgar
adj. 平庸的
radiance
n. 发光
intimation
n. 暗示
unutterable
adj. 不可言传的
invest
v. 赋予
参考译文
一个年轻人看到日落，由于无法理解和表达日落在他心中唤起的激情，便得出结论：日落处想必是通往遥远世界的大门。无论是谁，在强烈感受到美的时刻，心中都不禁油生一种遐想：我们似乎瞥见从另一个世界射向我们的一线光芒，那个世界不仅不同于我们这个世界，而且由于美感的强烈感染，在某些方面比我们这个世界更美好。虽然这光芒令人眼花缭乱，但它确实给予我们一种不曾经历和无法想象的美感和静谧的启示。这种美感和静谧是我们无法描述的，因为我们发明的语言是用来描述这个世界的含义，不能随便拿来去描述另一个世界。
不可否认，一切伟大的艺术都具有使人遐想到进入天外世界的魅力。在某种状态下，大自然也有这种魅力。六月蔚蓝的天空总使人遥想一个更加蔚蓝的苍穹；美丽的落日总会引起一个更加绚丽的景象未及饱览便一闪即逝，并在消逝中给人留下不可名状的渴望和惆怅。如果这个世界不只是一个拙劣的恶作剧，如果人生不只是群星寒光中平凡的一闪，如果存在不只是对神秘事物的一种空虚的笑声，如果某种玄妙事物的暗示不是消化不良引起的邪恶情绪，也不是魔鬼为了捉弄我们，使我们发狂而送给我们的邪念，一句话，如果美有某种意义的话，我闪千万不要去阐明它的意义。如果我瞥见了只可意会不可言传的事物，企图把它说出来，那上不明智的；对于我们不理解的事物，我们也不应该去赋予它某种意义。用对我们人类有意义的词解释美是没有意义的。
Lesson 25
Non-auditory effects of noise
噪音的非听觉效应
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What conclusion does the author draw about noise and health in this
piece?
May people in industry and the Services, who have practical experience
of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a waste of
time; they are not prepared even to admit the possibility that noise
affects people. On the other hand, those who dislike noise will
sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for
a quieter society. This is a pity, because noise abatement really
is a good cause, and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to
be associated with had science.
One allegation often made is that noise produces mental illness.
A recent article in a weekly newspaper, for instance, was headed
with a striking illustration of a lady in a state of considerable
distress, with the caption 'She was yet another victim, reduced
to a screaming wreck'. On turning eagerly to the text, one learns
that the lady was a typist who found the sound of office typewriters
worried her more and more until eventually she had to go into a
mental hospital. Now the snag in this sort of anecdote is of course
that one merely a symptom? Another patient might equally well complain
that her neighbours were combining to slander her and persecute
her, and yet one might be cautious about believing this statement.
What is needed in case of noise is a study of large numbers of people
living under noisy conditions, to discover whether they are mentally
ill more often than other people are. Some time ago the United States
Navy, for instance, examined a very large number of men working
on aircraft carriers: the study was known as Project Anehin. It
can be unpleasant to live even several miles from an aerodrome;
if you think what it must be like to share the deck of a ship with
several squadrons of jet aircraft, you will realize that a modern
navy is a good place to study noise. But neither psychiatric interviews
nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American
sailors. This result merely confirms earlier American and British
studies: if there is any effect of noise upon mental health, it
must be so small that present methods of psychiatric diagnosis cannot
find it. That does not prove that it does exist: but it does mean
that noise is less dangerous than, say, being brought up in an orphanage
-- which really is mental health hazard.
D.E.BROADBENT Non-auditory effects of noise from Science Survey
New words and expressions 生词和短语
auditory
adj. 听觉的
inadequate
adj. 不适当的
plea
n. 要求
abatement
n. 减少
discredit
v. 怀疑
allegation
n. 断言
caption
n. 插图说明
wreck
n. 残废人
snag
n. 疑难之处，障碍
anecdote
n. 轶闻
slander
v. 诽谤
persecute
v. 迫害
squadron
n. 中队
psychiatric
adj. 精神病学的
diagnosis
n. 诊所
orphanage
n. 孤儿院
参考译文
在工业部门工作和在军队中服役的许多人对噪声音有切身的体会，他们认为对这个问题进行调查中浪费时间，甚至不愿承认噪音可能对人有影响。另一方面，那些讨厌噪音的人有时会用不充分的证据来支持他们希望有一个较为安静的社会环境的要求。要求减少噪音是件好事，但是如果与拙劣的科学掺杂在一起的话，就不会被人们所信任，这是很遗憾的。
常见的一种指责是，噪音能引起精神病。例如，最近一家周报刊登了一篇文章，文章上方有一幅引人注目的插图，是一位表情沮丧的女子。图的文字说明：“她是又一个受害者，成了只会尖叫的可怜虫。”当人们急切地看完正文后，便知道这女子是个打字员，办公室打字机的声音使她越来越烦，最终住进了精神病医院。这类奇闻的疑难之处是无法区别因果关系。是噪音引起了（精神）病呢，还是（精神）病的症状之一是对噪音的抱怨？另有一位病人可能同样有理由抱怨说，她的邻居们正在联合起来对她进行诽谤和迫害，不过，人们不会轻信她的抱怨。
对于噪音问题，需要对大量生活在噪音中的人进行研究，看一看他们是否比其他人更易患精神病。例如，美国海军前些时候调查了许多在航空母航上工作的人，这次调查被称之为：“安内英工程”。即使住在离机场几英里以外的地方，机场的噪音也会使人难受。因此，如果你能想像出和几个中队的喷气机同在一个甲板上是什么滋味儿的话，你就会认识到现代海军是研究噪音的好地方。但是，不管进行精神病学的调查访问，还是进行客观的测试，都不能显示噪音对这些美国水兵有任何影响。这个结果只不过证实了美国和英国早些时候的研究结论：如果噪音对精神健康有影响的话，那也一定是微乎其微，以致现代的精神病诊断方法还发现不了。这并不是证实不存在噪音对健康的影响。但它确实说明，噪音的危险性
-- 比如说 -- 比在孤儿院长大所受的危害要小一些，孤儿院才是真正危害精神健康的地方。
Lesson 26
The past life of the earth
地球上的昔日生命
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What is the main condition for the preservation of the remains of
any living creature?
It is animals and plants which lived in or near water whose remains
are most likely to be preserved, for one of the necessary conditions
of preservation is quick burial, and it is only in the seas and
rivers, and sometimes lakes, where mud and sit have been continuously
deposited, that bodies and the can be rapidly covered over and preserved.
But even in the most favourable circumstances only a small fraction
of the creatures that die are preserved in this way before decay
sets in or, even more likely, before scavengers eat them. After
all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else, whether
it be plant or animal, dead or alive, and it is only by chance that
such a fate is avoided. The remains of plants and animals that lived
on land are much more rarely preserved, for there is seldom anything
to cover them over. When you think of the innumerable birds that
one sees flying bout, not to mention the equally numerous small
animals like field mice and voles which you do not see, it is very
rarely that one comes across a dead body, except, of course, on
the roads. They decompose and are quickly destroyed by the weather
or eaten by some other creature.
It is almost always due to some very special circumstances that
traces of land animals survive, as by falling into inaccessible
caves, or into an ice crevasse, like the Siberian mammoths, when
the whole animal is sometimes preserved, as in a refrigerator. This
is what happened to the famous Beresovka mammoth which was found
preserved and in good condition. In his mouth were the remains of
fir trees -- the last meal that he had before he fell into the crevasse
and broke his back. The mammoth has now just a suburb of Los Angeles.
Apparently what happened was that water collected on these tar pits,
and the bigger animals like the elephants ventured out on to the
apparently firm surface to drink, and were promptly bogged in the
tar. And then, when they were dead, the carnivores, like the sabre-toothed
cats and the giant wolves, came out to feed and suffered exactly
the same fate. There are also endless numbers of birds in the tar
as well.
ERROL WHITE The past life of the earth from Discovery
New words and expressions 生词和短语
preservation
n. 保存
silt
n. 淤泥
scavenger
n. 食腐动物
vole
n. 野鼠，鼹鼠
decompose
v. 腐烂
inaccessible
adj. 不能到达的
crevasse
n. 缝隙
Siberian
adj.西伯利亚的
palaeontological
adj. 古生物学的
St. Petersburg
n. 圣彼得堡
sabre-toothed
adj. 长着锐利的长牙
venture
v. 冒险
bogged
adj. 陷入泥沼的，陷入要困境的
参考译文
只有生活在水中或水边的动植物尸体最有可能被保存下来，因为保存的必要条件之一是迅速掩埋，所以只有在泥沙不停淤积的海洋和江河里，有时在湖泊里，尸体之类的东西才能被迅速地覆盖而保存下来。
即使是在最有利的环境中，死去的生物中也只有一小部分能在开始腐烂前，或更可能在被食腐动物吃掉之前，被这样保存下来。因为一切生物都是靠吃别的东西来活命的，不管这种东西是植物还是动物，死的还是活的，因此，生物偶尔才能避免被吃掉的命运。曾在陆地上生活过的动植物的遗体被保存下来的更为罕见，因为陆地上几乎没有什么东西覆盖它们。你可以想象出天上有看得见的飞来飞去、数不清的鸟，地上有不显眼的无数的老鼠和田鼠之类的小动物，但是，除非在路上，很少有人遇到这些动物的尸体，因为它们腐败之后很快就被风化掉，或被别的动物吃掉了。
几乎总是由于某些特殊的条件，陆地动物的遗体才被存下来，如掉进难以到达的洞穴，或掉进冰河裂缝里，或者像西伯利亚长毛象那样掉进冰窟中，有时整个动物像被放在冰箱里一样被保存下来，著名的那林索夫卡长毛象就是这样被保存下来的，而且保存得很好。它嘴里还留着冷杉
-- 它掉进冰河裂隙折断脊椎柱之前的最后一顿饭。这头长毛象已被修复，现存于圣彼得堡古生物学博物馆。有的动物掉进天然沥清坑里被保存下来，如在兰桥.拉.布里
-- 现在是洛杉矶的郊区发现的大象、剑齿虎和许多其他动物。显然，事情的经过是这样：沥青坑里积存了水，大象那样的大动物冒险到似乎坚固的水面上去饮水，立即掉进了沥青坑。大象死后，一些食肉动物，如剑齿虎和大灰狼就来吃大象，结果遭到了同样的命运。沥青坑里还有无数只鸟的尸体。
Lesson 27
The 'Vasa'
“瓦萨”号
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What happened to the 'Vasa' almost immediately after she was launched?
From the seventeenth-century empire of Sweden, the story of a galleon
that sank at the start of her maiden voyage in 1628 must be one
of the strangest tales of the sea. For nearly three and a half centuries
she lay at the bottom of Stockholm harbour until her discovery in
1956. This was the Vasa, royal flagship of the great imperial fleet.
King Gustavus Adolphus, 'The Northern Hurricane', then at the height
of his military success in the Thirty Years' War, had dictated her
measurements and armament. Triple gun-decks mounted sixty-four bronze
cannon. She was intended to play a leading role in the growing might
of Sweden.
As she was prepared of her maiden voyage on August 10, 1628, Stockholm
was in a ferment. From the Skeppsbron and surrounding islands the
people watched this thing of beauty begin to spread her sails and
catch the wind. They had laboured for three years to produce this
floating work of art; she was more richly carved and ornamented
than any previous ship. The high stern castle was a riot of carved
gods, demons, knights, kings, warriors, mermaids, cherubs; and zoomorphic
animal shapes ablaze with rea and gold and blue, symbols of courage,
power, and cruelty, were portrayed to stir the imaginations of the
superstitious sailors of the day.
Then the cannons of the anchored warships thundered a salute to
which the Vasa fired in reply. As the emerged from her drifting
cloud of gun smoke with the water churned to foam beneath her bow,
her flags colour, she presented a more majestic spectacle than Stockholmers
had ever seen before. All gun-ports were open and the muzzles peeped
wickedly from them.
As the wind freshened there came a sudden squall and the ship made
a strange movement, listing to port. The Ordnance Officer ordered
all the port cannon to be heaved to starboard to counteract the
list, but the steepening angle of the decks increased. Then the
sound of rumbling thunder reached the watchers on the shore, as
cargo, ballast, ammunition and 400 people went sliding and crashing
down to the port side of the steeply listing ship. The lower gun-ports
were now below water and the inrush sealed the ship's fate. In that
first glorious hour, the mighty Vasa, which was intended to rule
the Baltic, sank with all flags flying-in the harbour of her birth.
ROY SAUNGERS The Raising of the 'Vasa' from The Listener
New words and expressions 生词和短语
galleon
n. 大型帆船
Stockholm
n. 斯德哥尔摩
flagship
n. 旗舰
imperial
adj. 帝国的
hurricane
n. 飓风
armament
n. 军械
triple
adj. 三层的
mount
v. 架有
bronze
n. 青铜
cannon
n. 加农炮
参考译文
1628年，一艘大帆船在处女航时就沉没了，这个从容不迫7世纪瑞典帝国流传至今的故事无疑是航海史上最离奇的事件之一。这艘大船在斯德哥尔摩港口的海底躺了将近几年来个世纪之后，直到1956年才被发现。这就是“瓦萨”号，帝国大舰的皇家旗舰。
当时号称“北方飓风”的国王古斯夫斯.阿道尔弗正处在“三十年战争”的军事鼎盛阶段，他亲自规定了这艘船的规模和武器配备。3层的火炮甲板上装着眼点4门青铜加农炮，目的就是要在不断增长的瑞典势力中起主导作用。
1628年8月10日，“瓦萨”号准备首航时，斯德哥尔摩一片欢腾。人们从斯开波斯布朗和周围的岛屿前来观着这艘美丽的战船扬帆起航，乘风前进。瑞典人辛辛苦苦干了3年才建成这件水上艺术品，它比以往任何船只雕刻得都更加精美，装饰得都更加华丽。高耸的船楼上雕刻了令人眼花缭乱的神仙、妖魔、骑士、国王、武士、美人鱼和小天使，还有用红色、金黄色、蓝色绘制的光彩夺目的兽形图案，象征着勇敢、力量和残暴，以激起汉时崇尚迷信的水手们的想像。
这时，停泊在港口的其他战船向“瓦萨”号鸣炮致礼，“瓦萨”号也鸣炮回礼。当“瓦萨”号从弥漫的礼炮烟云中出现时，船头下浪花加溅，舰旗迎风招展，三角旗随风飘动，微风鼓起风帆，金碧辉煌的船楼闪耀着灿烂的色彩。“瓦萨”号展现的壮观景象是斯德哥尔摩人从未见过的。船上的炮眼开着，炮口虎视眈眈地向外窥视着。
当风力增强时，突然刮来一阵大风，“瓦萨”号奇怪地摇晃了一下，便向左舷倾斜。炮长命令把左舷上所有大炮搬到右舷上来以抵消船的倾斜，但甲板的倾斜度仍在增加。当物口、压舱物、弹药和400个人轰地一声滑向陡斜的左舷时，岸上的观众听到了雷鸣般的轰响。下层炮眼已淹没在水里，涌进船舱的水给“瓦萨”号带来了难以逃脱的厄运。就这样，想要统治波罗的海的大型战舰“瓦萨”号，在它壮丽的起航时刻，带着全身飘扬的彩旗，沉没在了它诞生的港口。
Lesson 28
Patients and doctors
病人与医生
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What are patients looking for when they visit the doctor?
This is a sceptical age, but although our faith in many of the things
in which our forefathers fervently believed has weakened, our confidence
in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine remains the
same a theirs. This modern faith in medicines is proved the fact
that the annual drug bill of the Health Services is mounting to
astronomical figures and shows no signs at present of ceasing to
rise. The majority of the patients attending the medical out-patients
departments of our hospitals feel that they have not received adequate
treatment unless they are able to carry home with them some tangible
remedy in the shape of a bottle of medicine, a box of pills, or
a small jar of ointment, and the doctor in charge of the department
is only too ready to provide them with these requirements. There
is no quicker method of disposing of patients then by giving them
what they are asking for, and since most medical men in the Health
Services are overworked and have little time for offering time-consuming
and little-appreciated advice on such subjects as diet, right living,
and the need for abandoning bad habits etc., the bottle, the box,
and the jar are almost always granted them.
Nor is it only the ignorant and ill-educated person who was such
faith in the bottle of medicine. It is recounted of Thomas Carlyle
that when him in his pocket what remained of a bottle of medicine
formerly prescribed for an indisposition of Mrs. Carlyle's. Carlyle
was entirely ignorant of what the bottle in his pocket contained,
of the nature of the illness from which his friend was suffering,
and of what had previously been wrong with his wife, but a medicine
that had worked so well in one form nf illness would surely be of
equal benefit in another, and comforted by the thought of the help
he was bringing to his friend, he hastened to Henry Taylor's house.
History does not relate whether his friend accepted his medical
help, but in all probability he did. The great advantage of taking
medicine is that it makes no demands on the taker beyond that of
putting up for a moment with a disgusting taste, and that is what
all patients demand of their doctors -- to be cured at no inconvenience
to themselves.
New words and expressions 生词和短语
sceptical
adj. 怀疑的
forefathers
n. 祖先
fervently
adv. 热情地
curative
adj. 治病的
astronomical
adj. 天文学的
tangible
adj.实实在在的
remedy
n. 药物
ointment
n. 药膏
prescribe
v. 开药方
indisposition
n. 小病
inconvenience
n. 令人讨厌的
inconvenience
n. 不便
参考译文
这是一个怀疑一切的时代，可是虽然我们对我们祖先笃信的许多事物已不太相信，我们对瓶装药品疗效的信心仍与祖辈一样坚定。卫生部门的处度药费上升到了天文数字，并且目前尚无停止上升的迹象，这个事实证实了现代人对药物的依赖。在医院门诊部看病的大多数人觉得，如果不能带回一些看得见、摸得着的药物，如一瓶药水，一盒药丸、一小瓶药膏回家的话，就没算得到了充分的治疗。负责门诊的医生也非常乐意为前来看病的人提供他们想要得到的药物，病人要什么就给什么，没有比这样处理病人更快的方法了。因为卫生部门的大多数医生超负荷工作，所以没有多少时间提出一些既费时而又不受人欢迎的忠告，如注意饮食、生活有规律，需要克服坏习惯等等，结果就是把瓶药、盒药、罐药开给看病的人而完事大吉。
并不只是那些无知和没受过良好教育的人才迷信药瓶子。据说托马斯.卡莱尔有过这么一件事：他听说朋友亨利.泰勒病了，就立刻跑去看他，衣袋里装上了他妻子不舒服时吃剩下的一瓶药。卡莱尔不知道药瓶子里装的是什么药，不知道他的朋友得的是什么病，也不知道妻子以前得的是什么病，只知道一种药对一种病有好处，肯定对另一种病也会有好处。想到能对朋友有所帮助，他感到很欣慰，于是急急忙忙来到了亨利.泰勒的家里，他的朋友是否接受了他的药物治疗，历史没有记载，但很可能接受了。服药的最大优点是：除了暂时忍受一下令人作呕的味道外，对服药人别无其他要求。这也正是病人对医生的要求
-- 病要治好，但不要太麻烦。
Lesson 29
The hovercraft
气垫船
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What is a hovercraft riding on when it is in motion?
Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century,
the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft. In 1953, a former
electronics engineer in his fifties, Christopher Cockerell, who
had turned to boat-building on the Norfolk Broads, suggested an
idea on which he had been working for many years to the British
Government and industrial circles. It was the idea of supporting
a craft on a 'pad', or cushion, of low-pressure air, ringed with
a curtain of higher pressure air. Ever since, people have had difficulty
in deciding whether the craft should be ranged among ships, planes,
or land vehicles -- for it is something in between a boat and an
aircraft. As a shipbuilder, Cockerell was trying to find a solution
to the problem of the wave resistance which wastes a good deal of
a surface ship's power and limits its speed. His answer was to lift
the vessel out of the water by a great number of ring-shaped air
jets on the bottom of the craft. It 'flies', therefore, but it cannot
fly higher -- its action depends on the surface, water or ground,
over which it rides.
The first tests on the Solent in 1959 caused a sensation. The hovercraft
travelled first over the water, then mounted the beach, climbed
up the dunes, and sat down on a road. Later it crossed the Channel,
riding smoothly over the waves, which presented no problem.
Since that time, various types of hovercraft have appeared and taken
up regular service. The hovercraft is particularly useful in large
areas with poor communications such as Africa or Australia; it can
become a 'flying fruit-bowl', carrying bananas from the plantations
to the ports; giant hovercraft liners could span the Atlantic; and
the railway of the future may well be the 'hovertrain', riding on
its air cushion over a single rail, which it never touches, at speeds
up to 300 m.p.h. -- the possibilities appear unlimited.
EGON LARSEN The Pegasus Book of Inventors
New words and expressions 生词和短语
hovercraft
n. 气垫船
Norfolk Broads
n. 诺福克郡的湖泊地区
cushion
n. 座垫
ring
v. 围
Solent
n. （英国的）苏伦特海峡
sensation
n. 轰动
dune
n. 沙丘
plantation
n. 种植园
hovertrain
n. 气垫火车
参考译文
本世纪已研制出许多新奇的交通工具，其中最新奇的要数气垫船了。1953年，有一位50多岁名叫克里斯托弗.科克雷的原电子工程师，改行在诺福克郡的湖泊地区从事造船业，他向英国政府和工业界提出了他研究多年的一项计划。他的设想是：用一个低压空气或软垫来支撑船体，软垫周围用高压空气环绕。自那以后，人们很难决定是否应该将这种运载工具列为轮船、飞机，或是陆上交通工具，因为它是介于船和飞机之间。作为一个船舶技师，科克雷尔在寻找解决波浪阻力的方法，因为波浪阻力浪费掉了船在水面行驶的大量动力，从而限制了船的速度。他的解决办法是把船体提离水面，让船在一个气垫上行驶，气垫只有一两英尺厚。船底装上大量环状喷气嘴以实现这一目的。这样，船就能飞了，但飞不高。它的飞行限决于它所悬浮的水面或地面。
1959年，在苏伦特海峡进行的首次试航引起了轰动，气垫船先是在水面上行驶，后又登上海岸，爬上沙丘，最后停在路上。后来气垫船跨越英吉利海峡，平衡地在波浪上方行驶，波浪不再产生阻力。
从那以后，各种各样的气垫船出现了，并开始了定期航行服务。气垫船在非洲、澳大利亚等交通不发达地区特别有用。它能成为“飞行水果盘子”，把香蕉从种植园动到港口。大型的气垫班轮或许能跨越大西洋。未来的火车或许能成为“气垫火车”，靠气垫在单轨上行驶而不接触轨道，时速可达每小时300英里。气垫船的前途是不可限量的。
Lesson 30
Exploring the sea-floor
海底勘探
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
How did people probably imagine the sea-floor before it was investigated?
Our knowledge of the oceans a hundred years ago was confined to
the two-dimensional shape of the sea surface and the hazards of
navigation presented by the irregularities in depth of the shallow
water close to the land. The open sea was deep and mysterious, and
anyone who gave more than a passing thought to the bottom confines
of the oceans probably assumed that the sea bad was flat. Sir James
Clark Ross had obtained a sounding of over 2,400 fathoms in 1839,
but it was not until of deep soundings was obtained in the Atlantic
and the first samples were collected by dredging the bottom. Shortly
after this the famous H. M. S. Challenger expedition established
the study of the sea-floor as a subject worthy of the most qualified
physicists and geologists. A burst of activity associated with the
laying of submarine cables soon confirmed the challenger's observation
that many parts of the ocean were two to there miles deep, and the
existence of underwater features of considerable magnitude.
Today, enough soundings are available to enable a relief map of
the Atlantic to be drawn and we know something of the great variety
of the sea bed's topography. Since the sea covers the greater part
of the earth's surface, it is quite reasonable to regard the sea
floor as the basic form of the crust of the earth, with, superimposed
upon, it the continents, together with the islands and other features
of the oceans. The continents form rugged tablelands which stand
nearly three miles above the floor of the open ocean. From the shore
line, out a distance which may be anywhere from a few miles to a
few hundred miles, runs the gentle slope of the continental shelf,
geologically part of the continents. The real dividing line between
continents and oceans occurs at the foot a steeper slope.
This continental slope usually starts at a place somewhere near
the 100-fatheom mark and in the course of a few hundred miles reaches
the true ocean floor at 2,500-3,500 fathoms. The slope averages
about 1 in 30. but contains steep, probably vertical, cliffs, and
gentle sediment-covered terraces, and near its lower reaches there
is a long tailing-off which is almost certainly the result of material
transported out to deep water after being eroded from the continental
masses.
T.F.GASKELL Exploring the Sea-floor from Science Survey
New words and expressions 生词和短语
navigation
n. 航海
sounding
n. 水深度
fathom
n. 寻（1寻等于1.8米）
porcupine
n. 箭猪
dredge
v. 挖掘
expedition
n. 远征
physicist
n. 物理学家
magnitude
n. 很多
topography
n. 地形
crust
n. 地壳
rugged
adj.崎岖不平
tableland
n. 高地
sediment
n. 沉淀物
terrace
n. 阶地
erode
v. 侵蚀
参考译文
100年前，我们只知道海洋是二维平面形的，以及靠近陆地浅水区的深浅不一能给航行带来危险。无边无际的海洋深邃而又神秘，凡是稍稍想过大海海底的人大概都会认为海底是平坦的。1839年，詹姆斯.克拉克.罗斯爵士曾测得海水深度超过2，400英寻；但直到1869年，皇家学会用英国“豪猪”号舰艇进行了几次巡航后，才在大西洋测得一个海水深度，同时能过挖掘海底，取得了研究海底的首批样品。此后不久，英国著名的“挑战者”号舰艇对海底的那次考察，把对海床的研究确立为一个值得一流物理学家和地质学家从事的研究课题，铺设海底电缆的热潮很快证实了“挑战者”号的观察结果：海洋中很多地方可深达两三英里，水下特征差异极大。
现在已有足够的水深测量数据来绘制一张大西洋洋底地形图，而且我对海底地形的千变万化也有了一定的了解。既然海洋覆盖着地球的大部分表面，因此完全有理由把海床看作地壳的基本模壳，上面附加着大陆以及岛屿和海洋的其他形态。大陆是崎岖不平的高地，高出辽阔的海洋海底近三英里。从海岸线向大海延伸几英里到几百英里的区域是大陆架慢坡，从地质学上来说，它是大陆的一部分。大陆和海洋的真正分界线是在陡破脚下。
大陆架慢坡一般是从差不多100英寻水深的地方开始的，一直延伸到几百英里远深达2，500至3，500的地方，那里才是真正的海底。坡度平均约为1/30，但其中包括陡峭的、乃至垂直的峭壁和沉积物覆盖的缓和的阶梯地带，在这个地带的低处是很长的一段尾沙地段，基本上可以断定这个地段是大陆块体上侵蚀下来的物质被水冲到深水处形成的。
Lesson 31
The sculptor speaks
雕塑家的语言
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What do you have to be able to do to appreciate sculpture?
Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to
form in there dimension. That is perhaps why sculpture has been
described as the most difficult of all arts; certainly it is more
difficult than the arts which involve appreciation of flat forms,
shape in only two dimensions. Many more people are 'form-blind'
than colour-blind. The child learning to see, first distinguishes
only two-dimensional shape; it cannot judge distances, depths. Later,
for its personal safety and practical needs, it has to develop (partly
by means of touch) the ability to judge roughly three-dimensonal
distances. But having satisfied the requirements of practical necessity,
most people go no further. Though they may attain considerable accuracy
in the perception of flat from, they do no make the further. Though
they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat
form, they do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort
needed to comprehend form in its full spatial existence.
This is what the sculptor must do. He must strive continually to
think of, and use, form in its full spatial completeness. He gets
the solid shape, as it were, inside his head-he thinks of it, whatever
its size, as if he were holding it completely enclosed in the hollow
of his hand. He mentally visualizes a complex form from all round
itself; he knows while he looks at one side what the other side
is like, he identifies himself with its centre of gravity, its mass,
its weight; he realizes its volume, as the space that the shape
displaces in the air.
And the sensitive observer of sculpture must also learn to feel
shape simply as shape, not as description or reminiscence. He must,
for example, perceive an egg as a simple single solid shape, quite
apart from its significance as food, or from the literary idea that
it will become a bird. And so with solids such as a shell, a nut,
a plum, a pear, a tadpole, a mushroom, a mountain peak, a kidney,
a carrot, a tree-trunk, a bird, a bud, a lark, a ladybird, a bulrush,
a bone. From these he can go on to appreciate more complex forms
of combinations of several forms.
HENRY MOORE The Sculptor Speaks from The Listener
New words and expressions 生词和短语
colour-blind
adj. 色盲的
perception
n. 知觉
comprehend
v. 理解
spatial
adj. 空间
visualize
v. 使具形象，设想
reminiscence
n. 回忆，联想
tadpole
n. 蝌蚪
mushroom
n. 蘑菇
carrot
n. 胡萝卜
bud
n. 花蕾
lark
n. 云雀
ladybird
n. 瓢虫
bulrush
n. 芦苇
参考译文
对雕塑的鉴赏力取决于对立体的反应能力。雕塑被说成是所有艺术中最难的艺术，可能就是这个道理。欣赏雕塑品当然比欣赏平面的艺术品要难。“形盲”的人数比“色盲”的人数要多得多。正在学看东西的儿童起初只会分辨二维形态，不会判断距离和深度。慢慢地，由于自身安全和实际需要，儿童必须发展（部分通过触觉）粗略判断三维空间距离的能力。但是。大部分人在满足了实际需要后，就不再继续发展这种能力了。虽然他们对平面形的感觉能达到相当准确的程度，但他们没有在智力和感情上进一步努力去理解存在于空间的整个形态。
而雕塑家就必须做到这一点。他必须勤于想像并且利用形体在空间中的完整性。可以说，当他想像一个物体时，不管其大小如何，他脑子里得到的是一个立体的概念，就好像完全握在自己手心里一样。他的大脑能从物体周围的各个角度勾画出其复杂的形象，他看物体的一边时，便知道另一边是个什么样子。他把自身和物体重心、质量、重量融为一体。他能意识到物体的体积，那就是它的形状有空气中所占的空间。
因此，敏锐的雕塑观赏者也必须学会把形体作为形体来感觉，不要靠描述和印象去想象。以鸟蛋为例。观赏者必须感觉到它是一个单一的实体形态，而完全不靠它的食用意义或它会变成鸟这样的文字概念来感觉。对于其他实体，如，贝壳、核桃、李子、梨子、蝌蚪、蘑菇、山峰、肾脏、胡萝卜、树干、鸟儿、花蕾、云雀、瓢虫、芦苇以及骨头也应这样来感觉。从这些形体出发，观赏者可进一步观察更为复杂的形体或若干形体的组合。
Lesson 32
Galileo reborn
伽利略的复生
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What has modified out traditional view of Galileo in recent times?
In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy;
but the scientific dust has long since settled, and today we can
see even his famous clash with the Inquisition in something like
its proper perspective. But, in contrast, it is only in modern times
that Galileo has become a problem child for historians of science.
The old view of Galileo was delightfully uncomplicated. He was,
above all, a man who experimented: who despised the prejudices and
book learning of the Aristotelians, who put his questions to nature
instead of to the ancients, and who drew his conclusions fearlessly.
He had been the first to turn a telescope to the sky, and he had
seen there evidence enough to overthrow Aristotle and Ptolemy together.
He was the man who climbed the Leaning Tower of Pisa and dropped
various weights from the top, who rolled balls down inclined planes,
and then generalized the results of his many experiments into the
famous law of free fall.
But a closer study of the evidence, supported by a deeper sense
of the period, and particularly by a new consciousness of the philosophical
undercurrents in the scientific revolution, has profoundly modified
this view of Galileo. Today, although the old Galileo lives on in
many popular writings, among historians of science a new and more
sophisticated picture has emerged. At the same time our sympathy
fro Galileo's opponents ahs grown somewhat. His telescopic observations
are justly immortal; they aroused great interest at the time, they
had important theoretical consequences, and they provided a striking
demonstration of the potentialities hidden in instruments and apparatus.
But can we blame those who looked and failed to see what Galileo
saw, if we remember that to use a telescope at the limit of its
powers calls for long experience and intimate familiarity with one's
instrument? Was the philosopher who refused to look through Galileo's
telescope more culpable than those who alleged that the spiral nebulae
observed with Lord Rosse's great telescope in the eighteen-forties
were scratches left by the grinder? We can perhaps forgive those
who said the moons of Jupiter were produced by Galileo's spyglass
if we recall that in his day, as for centuries before, curved glass
was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion,
untruth; and if a single curved glass would distort nature, how
much more would a pair of them?
MICHAEL HOSKIN Galileo Reborn from The Listener
New words and expressions 生词和短语
controversy
n. 争议，争论
dust
n. 纠纷，骚动
clash
n. 冲突
Inquisition
n. （罗马天主教的）宗教法庭
perspective
n. 观点，看法
despise
v. 蔑视
generalize
v. 归纳
undercurrent
n. 潜流
theoretical
adj. 理论上的
potentiality
n. 潜能
intimate
adj. 详尽的
familiarity
n. 熟悉的
culpable
adj. 应受遣责的
Aristotelian
n. 亚里士多德学派的人
Aristotle
n. 亚里士多德（公元前384-322，古希腊哲学家）
Ptolemy
n. 托勒密（公元90-168，古希腊天文学家）
Leaning Tower of Pisa
比萨斜塔
spiral
adj. 螺旋状的
nebula
n. 星云
scratch
n. 擦痕
contrivance
n. 器械
distort
v. 歪曲
参考译文
伽利略在世时是激烈论战的中心。但是，自他逝世以来，那场科学上的纷争早已平息了下来，甚至他和宗教法庭的著名冲突，我们今天也能正确如实地看待。但是相比之下，对于科学史家来说，伽利略只是在现代才变成了一个新的难题。
令人高兴的是，过去对伽利略的看法并不复杂。他首先是个实验工作者，他蔑视亚里士多德学派的偏见和空洞的书本知识。他向自然界而不是向古人提出问题，并大胆地得出结论。他是第一个把望远镜对准天空的人，观察到的论据足以把亚里士多德和托勒密一起推翻。他就是那个曾经爬上比萨斜塔，从塔顶向下抛掷积各种重物的人；他是那个使地球体沿斜面向下滚动，然后将多次实验结果概括成著名的自由落体定律的人。
但是，对那个时代的深化了解，尤其是以科学家革命中哲学潜流的新意识为依据，进一步仔细研究，就会极大地改变对伽利略的看法。今天，虽然已故的伽利略继续活在许多通俗读物中，但在科学史家中间，一个新的更加复杂的伽利略形象出现了。与此同时，我们对伽利略的反对派的同情也有所增加。伽利略用望远镜所作的观察确实是不朽的，这些观察当时引起人们极大的兴趣，具有重要的理论意义，并充分显示出了仪表和仪器的潜在力量。但是，如果我们想到，便用一架倍数有限的望远镜需要长期的经验和对自己仪器的熟悉程度，那么我们怎么能去责备观察了天空但没有看到伽利略所看到的东西的那些人呢？某位哲学家曾拒绝使用伽利略的望远镜去观察天空；到了19世纪40年代，有人硬把罗斯勋爵高倍望远镜观测到的螺旋状星云说成是磨镜工留下的磨痕。难道反对伽利略的哲学家比诋毁罗斯勋爵造谣者应受到更大的谴责吗？如果我们回想一下伽利略之前几个世纪期间，曲面镜一直是一种用于产生幻影而不是产生真象的把戏装置，那么我们就会原谅那些当时把伽利略观察到的木星卫生说成是伽利略用他的小望远镜变出来的人们，何况一片曲面镜就可歪曲自然，那么伽利略的两片曲面镜对自然的歪曲又该多大呢？
Lesson 33
Education
教育
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Why is education democratic in bookless, tribal societies?
Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an
education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse
circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century
opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern
states 'invest' in institutions of learning to get back 'interest'
in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women
who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction
so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks -- those purchasable
wells of wisdom-what would civilization be like without its benefits?
So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers
and defendants, marriages and births -- but our spiritual outlook
would be different. We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures'
and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity
of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational
system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the
most democratic form of 'college' imaginable. Among tribal people
all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught
to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is
equally equipped for life.
It is the ideal condition of the 'equal start' which only our most
progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive
cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction
is binding to all. There are no 'illiterates' -- if the term can
be applied to peoples without a script -- while our own compulsory
school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806,
and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of
'civilized' nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed
it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the
knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries.
Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All
are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which,
in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing
personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention
of his parent; therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no
'juvenile delinquency'. No necessity of making a living away from
home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted
with his inability to 'buy' an education for his child.
JULIUS E. LIPS The Origin of Things
New words and expressions 生词和短语
adverse
adj.
purchasable
adj.可买到的
preacher
n. 传教士
defendant
n. 被告
outlook
n. 视野
capacity
n. 能力
democratic
adj. 民主的
tribal
n. 部落的
tribe
n. 部落
illiterate
n. 文盲
compulsory
adj. 义务的
deem
v. 认为
means
n. 方法，手段，财产，资力
hamper
v. 妨碍
savannah
n. 大草原
juvenile
adj. 青少年
delinquency
n. 犯罪
参考译文
教育是我们这个时代的关键词之一。我们许多人都相信，一个没有受过教育的人，是逆境的牺牲品，被剥夺了20世纪的最优越的机会之一。现代国家深深懂得教育的重要性，对教育机构投资，收回的‘利息’便是培养出大批有知识的男女青年，这些人可能成为未来的栋梁。教育，以其教学周期如此精心地安排，并以教科书
-- 那些可以买到的智慧源泉 -- 予以强化，如果不受其惠，文明将会是个什么样子呢？
至少，这些是可以肯定的：虽然我们还会有医生和牧师、律师和被告、婚姻和生育，但人们的精神面貌将是另一个样子。人们不会重视‘资料和数据’，而靠好记性、实用心理学与同伴相处的能力。如果我们的教育制度仿效没有书籍的古代教育，我们的学院将具有可以想象得出的最民主的形式了。在部落中，通过传统继承的知识为所有人共享，并传授给部落中的每一个成员。从这个意义上讲，人人受到的有关生活本领的教育是相等的。
这就是我们最进步的现代教育试图恢复的“平等起步”的理想状况。在原始文化中，寻求和接受传统教育的义务对全民都有约束力。因而没有“文盲”（如果这个字眼儿可以用于没有文字的民族的话）。而我们的义务教育成为法律在德国是在1642年，在法国是在1806年，在英国是在1876年。今天，在许多“文明”国家里，义务教育迄今尚未实行。这说明，经过了多么漫长的时间之后，我们才认识到，有必要确保我们的孩子享有多少个世纪以来由‘少数幸运者’所积累起来的知识。
荒凉地区的教育不是钱的问题，所有的人都享有平等起步的权利。那里没有我们今天社会中的匆忙生活，而匆忙的生活常常妨碍个性的全面发展。荒凉地区的孩子无时无刻不在父母关怀下成长。因此，丛林和荒凉地区不知道什么叫“青少年犯罪”。人们没有必要离家谋生，所以不会产生孩子无人管的问题，也不存在父亲无力为孩子支付教育费用而犯难的问题。
Lesson 34
Adolescence
青春期
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What do adolescents respect in parents?
Parents are often upset when their children praise the homes of
their friends and regard it as a slur on their own cooking, or cleaning,
or furniture, and often are foolish enough to let the adolescents
see that they are annoyed. They may even accuse them of disloyalty,
or make some spiteful remark about the friends' parents. Such loss
of dignity and descent into childish behaviour on the part to their
parents about the place or people they visit. Before very long the
parents will be complaining that the child is so secretive and never
tells them anything, but they seldom realize that they have brought
this on themselves.
Disillusionment with the parents, however good and adequate they
may be both as parents and as individuals, is to some degree inevitable.
Most children have such a high ideal of their parents, unless the
parents themselves have been unsatisfactory, that it can hardly
hope to stand up to a realistic evaluation. Parents would be greatly
surprised and deeply touched if they hope to stand up to a realistic
evaluation. Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched
if they realized how much belief their children usually have in
their character and infallibility, and how much this faith means
to a child. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction,
and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and
developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment,
they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child
into opposition by resenting and resisting it.
The adolescent, with his passion for sincerity, always respects
a parent who admits that he is wrong, or ignorant, or even that
he has been unfair or unjust. What the child cannot forgive is the
parent's refusal to admit these charges if the child knows them
to be true.
Victorian parents believed that they kept their dignity by retreating
behind an unreasoning authoritarian attitude; in fact they did nothing
of the kind, but children were then too cowed to let them know how
they really felt. Today we tend to go to the other extreme, but
on the whole this is a healthier attitude both for the child and
the parent. It is always wiser and safer to face up to reality,
however painful it may be at the moment.
DOTID OFLUM Journey Through Adolescence
New words and expressions 生词和短语
adolescence
n.
slur
n. 青春期
adolescent
n. 底毁
disloyalty
n. 青少年（12-18岁）
spiteful
adj. 恶意的，怀恨的
disillusionment
n. 幻灭感
evaluation
n. 评价
infallibility
n. 一贯正确
resent
v. 怨恨
sincerity
n. 诚挚
victorian
adj. 维多利亚式的
retreat
v. 后退
unreasoning
adj. 不凭理智的
authoritarian
adj. 专制的
cow
v. 吓唬
参考译文
当家长听到孩子赞扬自己朋友的家时，总感到不安，认为孩子在嫌弃自家的饭菜、卫生、或家具，而且愚蠢地让孩子看出自己的烦恼。他们甚至责备孩子不忠，或者讲些小朋友家长的坏话。家长这种有失身份和孩子气的作法使青春期的孩子大为震惊，决心以后不再向父母讲述去过的地方和见过的人。不要很久,家长就会抱怨孩子守口如瓶，什么事也不告诉他们，殊不知这是他们自找的。
不管家长的人品有多么好，作为父母有多么合格，孩子们对家长幻想的破灭在某种程度上是不可避免的。除非父母自身不能令人满意，大多数孩子对父母估价过高，以致这种估价很难指望经受住现实的考验。如果家长意识到孩子们通常是多么相信家长的品行和绝对正确，意识到孩子们的这种信念会对孩子产生多么大的影响，那么家长会大为吃惊和深受感动的。如果家长对青少年的这种反应有思想准备，并且意识到这象征着孩子们正在成熟和正在发展宝贵的观察力、独立判断力，那么他们就不会那样伤心，也就不会由于怨恨和抵触这种反应，而把孩子推到自己的对立面去。
青少年酷爱真诚，对于能够承认错误或无知、甚至承认自己做得不分平或不公正的父母，他们总是尊敬的，孩子们所不能原谅的是：父母错了，孩子们也看出来了，可是做父母的还不肯承认。
维多利亚时代的父母认为，他们可靠无理的权威气派来维护自己的尊严，实际上那是根本不行的。孩子们只不过被吓得不敢让父母知道自己的想法罢了。虽然现在我们倾向于走向另一个极端，但总地来看，孩子和家长双方态度都比较端正。遇事采取面对现实的态度总是比较明智和稳妥的，尽管会有暂时的痛苦。
Lesson 34
Adolescence
青春期
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What do adolescents respect in parents?
Parents are often upset when their children praise the homes of
their friends and regard it as a slur on their own cooking, or cleaning,
or furniture, and often are foolish enough to let the adolescents
see that they are annoyed. They may even accuse them of disloyalty,
or make some spiteful remark about the friends' parents. Such loss
of dignity and descent into childish behaviour on the part to their
parents about the place or people they visit. Before very long the
parents will be complaining that the child is so secretive and never
tells them anything, but they seldom realize that they have brought
this on themselves.
Disillusionment with the parents, however good and adequate they
may be both as parents and as individuals, is to some degree inevitable.
Most children have such a high ideal of their parents, unless the
parents themselves have been unsatisfactory, that it can hardly
hope to stand up to a realistic evaluation. Parents would be greatly
surprised and deeply touched if they hope to stand up to a realistic
evaluation. Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched
if they realized how much belief their children usually have in
their character and infallibility, and how much this faith means
to a child. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction,
and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and
developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment,
they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child
into opposition by resenting and resisting it.
The adolescent, with his passion for sincerity, always respects
a parent who admits that he is wrong, or ignorant, or even that
he has been unfair or unjust. What the child cannot forgive is the
parent's refusal to admit these charges if the child knows them
to be true.
Victorian parents believed that they kept their dignity by retreating
behind an unreasoning authoritarian attitude; in fact they did nothing
of the kind, but children were then too cowed to let them know how
they really felt. Today we tend to go to the other extreme, but
on the whole this is a healthier attitude both for the child and
the parent. It is always wiser and safer to face up to reality,
however painful it may be at the moment.
DOTID OFLUM Journey Through Adolescence
New words and expressions 生词和短语
adolescence
n.
slur
n. 青春期
adolescent
n. 底毁
disloyalty
n. 青少年（12-18岁）
spiteful
adj. 恶意的，怀恨的
disillusionment
n. 幻灭感
evaluation
n. 评价
infallibility
n. 一贯正确
resent
v. 怨恨
sincerity
n. 诚挚
victorian
adj. 维多利亚式的
retreat
v. 后退
unreasoning
adj. 不凭理智的
authoritarian
adj. 专制的
cow
v. 吓唬
参考译文
当家长听到孩子赞扬自己朋友的家时，总感到不安，认为孩子在嫌弃自家的饭菜、卫生、或家具，而且愚蠢地让孩子看出自己的烦恼。他们甚至责备孩子不忠，或者讲些小朋友家长的坏话。家长这种有失身份和孩子气的作法使青春期的孩子大为震惊，决心以后不再向父母讲述去过的地方和见过的人。不要很久,家长就会抱怨孩子守口如瓶，什么事也不告诉他们，殊不知这是他们自找的。
不管家长的人品有多么好，作为父母有多么合格，孩子们对家长幻想的破灭在某种程度上是不可避免的。除非父母自身不能令人满意，大多数孩子对父母估价过高，以致这种估价很难指望经受住现实的考验。如果家长意识到孩子们通常是多么相信家长的品行和绝对正确，意识到孩子们的这种信念会对孩子产生多么大的影响，那么家长会大为吃惊和深受感动的。如果家长对青少年的这种反应有思想准备，并且意识到这象征着孩子们正在成熟和正在发展宝贵的观察力、独立判断力，那么他们就不会那样伤心，也就不会由于怨恨和抵触这种反应，而把孩子推到自己的对立面去。
青少年酷爱真诚，对于能够承认错误或无知、甚至承认自己做得不分平或不公正的父母，他们总是尊敬的，孩子们所不能原谅的是：父母错了，孩子们也看出来了，可是做父母的还不肯承认。
维多利亚时代的父母认为，他们可靠无理的权威气派来维护自己的尊严，实际上那是根本不行的。孩子们只不过被吓得不敢让父母知道自己的想法罢了。虽然现在我们倾向于走向另一个极端，但总地来看，孩子和家长双方态度都比较端正。遇事采取面对现实的态度总是比较明智和稳妥的，尽管会有暂时的痛苦。
Lesson 35
Space odyssey
太空探索
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
When will it be possible for us to think seriously about colonising
Mars?
The Moon is likely to become the industrial hub of the Solar System,
supplying the rocket fuels fro its ships, easily obtainable from
the lunar rocks in the from of liquid oxygen. The reason lies in
its gravity. Because the Moon has only an eightieth of the Earth's
mass, it requires 97 per cent less energy to travel the quarter
of a million miles from the Moon to Earth-orbit than the 200 mile-journey
from Earth's surface into orbit!
This may sound fantastic, but it is easily calculated. To escape
from the Earth in a rocket, one must travel at seven miles per second.
The comparable speed from the Moon is only 1.5 miles per second.
Because the gravity on the Moon's surface is only a sixth of Earth's
(remember how easily the Apollo astronauts bounded along), it takes
much less energy to accelerate to that 1.5 miles per second than
it does on Earth. Moon-dwellers will be able to fly in space at
only three per cent of the cost of similar journeys by their terrestrial
dwellers will be able to fly in space at only three per cent of
the cost of similar journeys by their terrestrial cousins.
Arthur C. Clark once suggested a revolutionary idea passes through
three phases:
1 'It's impossible -- don't waste my time.'
2 'It's possible, but not worth doing.'
3 'I said it was a good idea all along.'
The idea of colonising Mars -- a world 160 times more distant time
the Moon -- will move decisively from the second phase to the third,
when a significant number of people are living permanently in space.
Mars has an extraordinary fascination for would-be voyagers. America,
Russia and Europe are filled with enthusiasts -- many of them serious
and senior scientists -- who dream of sending people to it. Their
aim is understandable. It is the one world in the Solar System that
is most like the Earth. It is a world of red sandy deserts (hence
its name -- the Red Planet), cloudless skies, savage sandstorms,
chasms wider than the Grand Canyon and at least one mountain more
than twice as tall as Everest. It seems ideal for settlement.
7 DAYS, February 19, 1989
New words and expressions 生词和短语
hub
n. （活动的）中心
lunar
adj. 月球的
oxygen
n. 氧气
Apollo
n. 阿波罗
accelerate
v. 加速
terrestrial
adj. 地球的
permanently
adv. 永远地
fascination
n. 魅力
senior
adj. 资历深的，年长的
chasm
n. 断层，裂口
canyon
n. 峡谷
参考译文
月球很可能成为太阳系的工业中心。从月球上的岩石中很容易提炼出液态氧，作为航天飞船的燃料。其原因在于月球的重力。因为月球的重只有地球的1/8，因此，从月球到地球的25万英里所消耗的能量要比从地球表面进入地球轨道的200英里所耗能量少97%。
这点听起来令人难以置信，但却很容易计算出来。要乘坐一枚火箭飞离地球，火箭的速度要达到每秒7英里，而从月球出发的相应速度史是每秒1.5英里。由于月球表面的重力仅是地球表面的1/6
-- 还记得阿波罗飞船中的宇航员累松地跳跃 -- 在月球上加速到每秒1.5英里比在地球上所用能源要少得多。月球居民在太空遨游的费用仅是地球上朋友飞越同样路所需费用的3%。
亚瑟.C.克拉克曾提议，一种创新的想法要经过以下3个阶段：
1 “根本不可能，不要浪费我的时间。”
2 “可能，但不值得做。”
3 “我一直说这是个好想法。”
如果有相当数量的人永久性地住在太空，征服火星的计划 -- 一个比月球远160倍的星球 -- 就可以明确地从第2阶段进入第3阶段。火星对未来的星际旅客说有着特殊的魅力。美国、俄罗斯和欧洲都有许多热心此项事业的人
-- 其中的不少是认真和资深的科学家，他们一直梦想着把人送上火星。他们的目标是可以理解的。火星是太阳系里与地球最接近的一颗行星。这是一个红色沙漠的世界（因而得名：红色行星），无云的天空，凶猛的沙暴，比大峡谷还宽的裂缝，起码有一座山有珠穆朗玛峰的近两倍高。看起来，它很合适居住。
Lesson 36
The cost of government
政府的开支
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What is the most important factor, both in government or business,
for keeping running costs low?
If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government
to hold it together. This increases the expense of government, and
reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could
be used for developing the country. And it should not be forgotten
how small those resources are in a poor and backward country. Where
the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly
low.
This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with
that of a private business enterprise. An enterprise has to incur
certain costs and expenses in order to stay in business. For our
purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost -- the cost
of managing and administering the business. Such administrative
overheads in a business are analogous to the cost of government
in a nation. The administrative overheads of a business are low
to the extent that everyone working in the business can be trusted
to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm.
If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities. and to
exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative
overheads will be low. It will be low because it will be necessary
to have only one man looking after each job, then the business will
require armies of administrators, checkers, and foremen and administrative
overheads will rise correspondingly. As administrative overheads
rise, so the earnings of the business after meeting he expense of
administration, will fall; and the business will have less money
to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future progress
and development.
It is precisely the same with a nation. To the extent that the people
can be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner,
the government does not require armies of police and civil servants
to keep them in order. But if a nation is disunited, the government
cannot be sure that the actions of the people will be in the interests
of the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the
people accordingly. A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly
high costs of government.
RAYMOND FROST The Backward Society
New words and expressions 生词和短语
disunited
adj. 分裂的
correspondingly
adv. 相应地
backward
adj. 落后的
incur
v. 承担
administer
v. 管理
adminstrative
adj. 行政管理的
analogous
adj. 类似的
overheads
n. 一般费用
initiative
n. 主动，积极性
checker
n. 检查人员
foreman
n. 监工
dividend
n. 红利
unduly
adv. 过度地
参考译文
如果一个国家实际上处于分裂状态，使之联合起来就是政府的事了。这样的一来就增加了政府的开支，从而相应地减少了可以用来了展国家的那部分经济资源。不应忘记，在一个贫穷落后的国家里，那部分财力是很有限的。凡是政府管理费用高的地方，用于发展国家经济的资金就会相应地减少。
把国家的状况同私人企业的状况加以比较，就可以看清这个问题。一个企业为了继续经营，不得不支出一定的费用和开销。就我们的目的而言，我们只关心一种费用
-- 企业行政管理费。一家企业的行政管理开支类似于一个国家的政府管理所用的开支。如果企业中的每个人都在真诚地为提高企业利润而工作，那么企业的管理费用就会降低到相应的程度。如果企业的每个人都信得过，人人都认真负责，在各自的工作范围内发挥主动性，行政管理费用就会降低。行政管理费用的降低的原因是：每项工作只需要一个人去完成，用不着另外再有一个人检查工作。督促他遵守章程，或向有关人士汇报他的工作。但是，如果企业中谁也不可信赖会对工作尽忠守职，那公企业就会需大批的管理人员、检查人员和带班人员，管理费用就会相应在增加。管理费用增加了，那么在扣除管理费用后，企业的收入就降低了。因此用于分红的金额就用于将来开拓和发展的投资就相应地减少了。
一个国家的情况也完全相同。如果人民忠于职守，举止规矩，能受到政府的信赖，那么政府就不需要大批的警察和文职人员运去促使人民遵纪守法。但是，如果一个国家处于分裂状态，政府不能相信人民的行动有利于国家，那么政府就不得不对人民进行监督、检查和控制。因此，一个处于分裂的国家必须要支付过高的行政管理费用。
Lesson 37
The process of ageing
衰老过程
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What is one of the most unpleasant discoveries we make about ourselves
as we get older?
At the age of twelve years, the human body is at its most vigorous.
It has yet to reach its full size and strength, and its owner his
or her full intelligence; but at this age the likelihood of death
is least. Earlier, we were infants and young children, and consequently
more vulnerable; later, we shall undergo a progressive loss of our
vigour and resistance which, though imperceptible at first, will
finally become so steep that we can live no longer, however well
we look after ourselves, and however well society, and our doctors,
look after us. This decline in vigour with the passing of time is
called ageing. It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries which
we all make that we must decline in this way, that if we escape
wars, accidents and disease we shall eventually 'die of old age',
and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person
to person, so that there are heavy odds in favour of our dying between
the ages of sixty-five and eighty. Some of us will die sooner, a
few will live longer -- on into a ninth or tenth decade. But the
chances are against it, and there is a virtual limit on how long
we can hope to remain alive, however lucky and robust we are.
Normal people tend to forget this process unless and until they
are reminded of it. We are so familiar with the fact that man ages,
that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigour
with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was
something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the
wearing-out of a pair of shoes. They have also assumed that all
animals, and probably other organisms such as trees, or even the
universe itself, must in the nature of things 'wear out'. Most animals
we commonly observe do in fact age as we do, if given the chance
to live long enough; and mechanical systems like a wound watch,
or the sun, do in fact run out of energy in accordance with the
second law of thermodynamics (whether the whole universe does so
is a moot point at present). But these are not analogous to what
happens when man ages. A run-down watch is still a watch and can
be rewound. An old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable
that it eventually is not worth mending. But a watch could never
repair itself -- it does not consist of living parts, only of metal,
which wears away by friction. We could, at one time, repair ourselves
--well enough, at least, to overcome all but the most instantly
fatal illnesses and accidents. Between twelve and eighty years we
gradually lose this power; an illness which at twelve would knock
us over, at eighty can knock us out, and another 700 for the survivors
to be reduced by half again.
ALEX COMFORT The process of ageing
New words and expressions 生词和短语
likelihood
n. 可能性
infant
n. 婴儿
vulnerable
adj. 脆弱
imperceptible
adj. 感觉不到的
steep
adj. 急转直下
ageing
n. 老化
odds
n. 可能性
virtual
adj. 实际上的
robust
adj. 强健的
organism
n. 有机体
thermodynamics
n. 热力学
moot
adj. 争论未决的
run-down
adj. 破旧的
friction
n. 摩擦
参考译文
人体在12岁时是生命力最旺盛的时期。虽然这个时期人的身材、体力和智力还有待发展和完善，但在这个年龄死亡的可能性最小。再早一些，我们是幼儿和小孩子，身体较脆弱；再迟一些，我们就要经历生命力和抵抗力逐步衰退的过程。虽然这个过程起初难以觉察，但最终会急转直下，不管我们怎样精心照料我们自己，不管社会和医生怎样对我们进行精心照顾，我们也无法再活下去了。生命力随着时间的流失而衰退叫做衰老。人类发现的最不愉快的一个事实是：人必然会衰老。既使我们能避开战争、意外的事故和各种疾病，我们最终也会“老死”；衰老的速度在人与人之间相差甚微，我们最可能死亡的年龄在65至80岁之间，有些人会死得早一些，少数人寿命会长一些
-- 活到八十几岁或九十几岁，但这种可能性很小。不管我们多么幸运，多么健壮，我们所希望的长寿实际上是有限度的。
衰老的过程，不经提起，正常人容易忘记；一经提醒，才会记起。我们对人总是要衰老的现象并不陌生，多年来就已认识到。生命随着时间流失而丧失活力，人随着年龄的增长而接近死亡，这是不言而喻的，就像一壶热水迟早会凉不来，一双鞋渐渐会磨破一样。人们不但认识到所有的动物，大概也认识到所有的有机物。如树木，甚至宇宙本身，从事物的本质上来说都会“磨损掉”。我们通常看到的大多数动物，即使能让它们活得足够长久的话，也会像我们一样衰老的。像上紧发条的手表那样的机械装置，或太阳，也都会消耗完其能量（整个宇宙否如此，目前沿有争论）。不过，这些衰老的情况同人并不相似。手表停了依然是只手表，还可以重上好发条。然而一只老掉牙的手表，磨损太厉害，老得一点儿不准了，最终不值得修理了。但是，手表决不会自行修理，它不是由有生命的部件组成，而是由金属组成，而金属可以随着磨擦而磨损殆尽。而我们人，在一定时间内是可以自行修复的，除了暴病死或意外事故外，至少足以克服一切疾病和事故。在12岁至80岁之间，我们逐渐丧失这种能力。能使我们在12岁时病倒的疾病，到了80岁可能会使我们一厥不振而进入坟墓。假如我们能保持12岁时的旺盛生命力，那么我们当中的一半人过700年才会死去，剩下的一半人再过700年，才会又减少一半。
Lesson 38
Water and the traveller
水和旅行者
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What does this text describe?
Contamination of water supplies is usually due to poor sanitation
close to water sources, sewage disposal into the sources themselves,
leakage of sewage into distribution systems or contamination with
industrial or farm waste. Even if a piped water supply is safe at
its source, it is not always safe by the time it reaches the tap.
Intermittent tap-water supplies should be regarded as particularly
suspect.
Travellers on short trips to areas with water supplies of uncertain
quality should avoid drinking tap-water, or untreated water from
any other source. It is best to hot drinks, bottled or canned drinks
of well-known brand names -- international standards of water treatment
are usually followed at bottling plants. Carbonated drinks are acidic,
and slightly safer. Make sure that all bottles are opened in your
presence, and that their rims are clean and dry.
Boiling is always a good way of treating water. Some hotels supply
boiled water on request and this can be used for drinking, or for
brushing teeth. Portable boiling elements that can boil small quantities
of water are useful when the right voltage of electricity is available.
Refuse politely any cold drink from an unknown source.
Ice is only as safe as the water from which it is made, and should
not be put in drinks unless it is known to be safe. Drink can be
cooled by placing them on ice tather than adding ice to them.
Alcohol may be a medical disinfectant, but should not be relied
upon to sterilize water. Ethanol is more effective at a concentration
of 50-70 per cent; below 20 per cent, its bactericidal action is
negligible. Spirits labelled 95 proof contain only about 47 per
cent alcohol. Beware of methylated alcohol, which is very poisonous,
and should never be added to drinking water.
If no other safe supply can be obtained, tap water that is too hot
to touch can be left to cool and is generally safe to drink. Those
planning a trip to remote areas, or intending to live in countries
where drinking water is not readily available, should know about
the various possible methods for making water safe.
RICHARD DAWOOD Travellers' Health
New words and expressions 生词和短语
contamination
n. 污染
sanitation
n. 卫生，卫生设备
sewage
n. 污水
leakage
n. 泄漏
intermittent
adj. 间歇的，断断续续的
carbonated
adj. 碳化的，碳酸的
acidic
adj. 酸的，酸性的
alcohol
n. 酒精
disinfectant
n. 消毒剂
sterilize
v. 消毒
ethanol
n. 乙醇
bactericidal
adj. 杀菌的
negligible
adj. 可以忽略的，微不足道的
methylated
adj. 加入甲醇的
参考译文
水源的污染通常是由于接近水源的地方卫条件太差而造成的：污水排入水源，污水渗入给水系统或工农业污水造成污染。即使管道供水系统在水源处安全的，等水到达龙头时就不一定总是安全的了。断断续续的水管应该被视为是非常可疑的。
短途旅行到水质不保险的地区时，应避免饮用水龙头的水或未经处理任何其他来源的水。最好仅饮用开水，名牌瓶装或罐装水 -- 装瓶厂通常遵循国际水处理的标准。碳酸饮料是酸性的，就更安全一些。确保瓶子是当你面开启的，瓶口清洁干燥。
烧开一直是水处理的一种好办法。有的酒店根据要求可提供开水，这些开水可用于饮用和刷牙。如果有相配的电压，可以煮少量水的便携式热水装置是有用的。应谢绝任何不明来源的冷饮。
冰块只有当制造冰块的水安全时才是保险的，只有知道冰块安全时才能加入饮料。可以把饮料置于冰块之上来冷却，而不是把冰块加进饮料之中。
酒精可能是医学上的消毒剂，但决不可用来消毒饮用水。乙醇的浓度为50%至70%时比较有效，浓度低于20%时，杀菌能力基本上就不存在了。强度标为95的酒中含有47%的酒精。要提防甲基化酒精，那是剧毒的，永远不能掺入饮用水。
如果没有其他安全的饮用水，水管中流出的烫手的水可以留下来冷却。这种水一般是安全的。那些计划去偏远地区旅行，或在饮用水不现成的国家居住的人，应该知道如何使水适于饮用的各种办法。
Lesson 39
What every writer wants
作家之所需
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
How do professional writers ignore what they were taught at school
about writing?
I have known very few writers, but those I have known, and whom
I respect, confess at once that they have little idea where they
the are going when they first set pen to paper. They have a character,
perhaps two; they are in that condition of eager discomfort which
passes for inspiration; all admit radical changes of destination
once the journey has begun; one, to my certain knowledge, spent
nine months on a novel about Kashmir, then reset the whole thing
in the Scottish Highlands. I never heard of anyone making a 'skeleton',
as we were taught at school. In the breaking and remaking, in the
timing, interweaving, beginning afresh, the writer comes to discern
things in his material which were not consciously in his mind when
he began. This organic process, often leading to moments of extraordinary
self-discovery, is of an indescribable fascination. A blurred image
appears; he adds a brushstroke and another, and it is gone; but
something was there, and he will not rest till he has captured it.
Sometimes the yeast within a writer outlives a book he has written.
I have heard of writers who read nothing but their own books; like
adolescents they stand before the mirror, and still cannot fathom
the exact outline of the vision before them. For the same reason,
writers talk interminably about their own books, winkling out hidden
meanings, super-imposing new ones, begging response from those around
them. Of course a writer doing this is misunderstood: he might as
well try to explain a crime or a love affair. He is also, incidentally,
an unforgivable bore.
This temptation to cover the distance between himself and the reader,
to study his image in the sight of those who do not know him, can
be his undoing: he has begun to write to please.
A young English writer made the pertinent observation a year or
two back that the talent goes into the first draft, and the art
into the drafts that follow. For this reason also the writer, like
any other artist, has no resting place, no crowd or movement in
which he may take comfort, no judgment from outside which can replace
the judgment from within. A writer makes order out of the anarchy
of his heart; he submits himself to a more ruthless discipline than
any critic dreamed of, and when he flirts with fame, he is taking
time off from living with himself, from the search for what his
world contains at its inmost point.
JOHN LE CARRE What every writer wants from Harper's
New words and expressions 生词和短语
confess
v. 承认
inspiration
n. 灵感
Kashmir
n. 克什米尔
interweave
v. 交织
afresh
adv. 重新
discern
v. 辨明，领悟
indescribable
adj. 无法描述的
blur
v. 使...模糊不清
yeast
n. 激动
fathom
v. 领悟，彻底了解
interminably
adv. 没完没了地
winkle
v. 挖掘
incidentally
adv. 顺便说一下
pertinent
adj. 中肯的
flirt
v. 调情
inmost
adj. 内心深处
参考译文
我的认识的作家寥寥无几，然而凡是我所认识和尊敬的作家，都立即承认在他们动笔时，不清楚要写什么，怎么写。他们心中只在一个或两个角色。他们处于急切不安的状态，而被当作是灵感。他们无不承认，一旦“旅程”开始，“目的地”常有急剧的变化。据我所知，有位作家花了9个月的时间写了一部关克什米尔的小说，后来却把整个故事背景换成了苏格兰高地。我从未听说过任何一位作家像我们在学校那样，动笔前先列什么提纲。作家在剪裁修改、构思时间、穿插情节、以至从头重写的过程中，会领悟到素材中很多东西是他刚动笔时所未意识到的。这种有机的加工过程往往达到不寻常自我发现的境界，具有难以言表的构思魅力。一个朦胧的形象出现在作家的脑海里，他左添一笔，右添一笔，形象反而消逝了；可是，好像还有什么东西存在着，不把它捕捉到，作家是不会罢休的。有时，一个作家一本书写完了，但兴奋仍不消散。我听说一些作家，除了自己的书外，别的书一概不读，犹如希腊神话中那位漂亮的少年，站在镜前，不能辨认自身的真面目。由于这个原因，作家喋喋不休地谈论自己的书，挖掘其隐晦的含义，询问周围人的反应。作家如此行事当然被人误解。他还不如给人讲一个犯罪案件或一个恋爱故事。顺便说一句，他也是个不可饶恕的令人厌烦的人。
这种企图消除自己和读者之间距离的作法，企图用不了解自己的人的观点来研究自己塑造的形象的作法，会导致作家的毁灭，因为他已经开始为取悦他人而写作了。
一两年前，一位年轻的英国作家发表了中肯的看法。他说，初稿是才华，以后各稿是艺术。也是由于这个原因，作家同任何艺术家一样，找不到可休息的场所，找不到伙伴和活动使自己得到安逸。任何局外人的判断也比不上他内心的正确判断。一旦作家从内心的紊乱中理出头绪，就应该按任何评论家想像不到的无情规范约束自己写作；当他沽名钓誉时，他就脱离了自我生活，脱离了对自己灵魂最深处世界的探索。
Lesson 39
Waves
海浪
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What false impression does an ocean were convey to the observer?
Waves are the children of the struggle between ocean and atmosphere,
the ongoing signatures of infinity. Rays from the sun excite and
energize the atmosphere of the earth, awakening it to flow, to movement,
to rhythm, to life. The wind then speaks the message of the sun
to the sea and the sea transmits it on through waves -- an ancient,
exquisite, powerful message.
These ocean waves are among the earth's most complicated natural
phenomena. The basic features include a crest (the highest point
of the wave), a trough (the lowest point), a height (the vertical
distance from the trough to the crest), a wave length (the horizontal
distance between two wave crests), and a period (which is the time
it takes a wave crest to travel one wave length).
Although an ocean wave gives the impression of a wall of water moving
in your direction, in actuality waves move through the water leaving
the water about where it was. If the water was moving with the wave,
the ocean and everything on it would be racing in to the shore with
obviously catastrophic results.
An ocean wave passing through deep water causes a particle on the
surface to move in a roughly circular orbit, drawing the particle
first towards the advancing wave, then up into the wave, then forward
with it and then -- as the wave leaves the particles behind -- back
to its starting point again.
From both maturity to death, a wave is subject to the same laws
as any other 'living' thing. For a time it assumes a miraculous
individuality that, in the end, is reabsorbed into the great ocean
of life.
The undulating waves of the open sea are generated by three natural
causes: wind, earth movements or tremors, and the gravitational
pull of the moon and the sun. Once waves have been generated, gravity
is the force that drives them in a continual attempt to restore
the ocean surface to a flat plain.
from World Magazine (BBC Enterprises)
New words and expressions 生词和短语
signature
n. 签名，标记
infinity
n. 无穷
ray
n. 光线
energize
v. 给与...能量
rhythm
n. 节奏
transmit
v. 传送
exquisite
adj. 高雅的
phenomena
n. 现象
crest
n. 浪峰
trough
n. 波谷
vertical
adj. 垂直的
horizontal
adj. 水平的
actuality
n. 现实
catastrophic
adj. 大灾难的
particle
n. 微粒
maturity
n. 成熟
undulate
v. 波动，形成波浪
tremor
n. 震颤
gravitational
adj. 地心吸力的
参考译文
海浪是大海和空气相斗的产物，无限的一种不间断的标志。太阳光刺激了地球的大气层，并给予它能量；阳光使空气开始流动，产生节奏，获得生命。然后，风把太阳的住处带给了大海，海洋用波浪的形式传递这个信息
-- 一个源过流长、高雅而有力的信息。
这些海浪属于地球上最复杂的自然现象。它们的基本特征包括浪峰（波浪的最高点）、波谷（最低点）、浪高（从波谷到浪峰的垂直距离）、波长（两个浪峰间的水平距离）和周期（海峰走过一个波长所需的时间）。虽然，海浪给人的印象是一堵由水组成的墙向你压过来，而实际上，浪从水中移过，而水则留在原处。如果水和浪一起移动的话，那么大海和海里所有的东西就会向岸边疾涌过来，带来明显的灾难性后果。
穿过深水的海浪使水面上的一个微粒按照一种近乎圆形的轨道移动，先把微粒拉向前移动的海浪，然后推上波浪，随着波浪移动，然后 -- 当波浪把微粒留在身后时
-- 又回到出发点。
从成熟到消亡，波浪和其他任何“活动中”的东西一样，都受制于共同的法则。一度它获得非凡的个性，但最终又被重新融进生命的大洋。
公海上起伏的波浪是由3个自然因素构成的：风、地球的运动或震颤和月亮、太阳的引力。一旦波浪形成，地球引力是持续不断企图使海面复原为平面的力量。
Lesson 41
Training elephants
训练大象
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
At what point does the training of a captive wild elephant begin?
Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which
we may respectively the tough and the gentle. The former method
simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until
he does what is expected of him. Apart from moral considerations
this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful
animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer. The gentle
method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces
a cheerful, good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal
service.
The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal
a single mahout who will be entirely responsible for the job. Elephants
like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable
degree of personal affection. There are even stories of half-trained
elephant calves who have refused to feed and pined to death when
by some unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their
own trainer. Such extreme cases must probably be taken with a grain
of salt, but they do underline the general principle that the relationship
between elephant and mahout is the key to successful training.
The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between
fifteen and twenty years, for it is then almost ready to undertake
heavy work and can begin to earn its keep straight away. But animals
of this age do not easily become subservient to man, and a very
time man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages.
The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, plunges and screams
every time a man approaches, and for several days will probably
refuse all food through anger and fear. Sometimes a tame elephant
is tethered nearby to give the wild one confidence, and in most
cases the captive gradually quietens down and begins to accept its
food. The next stage is to get the elephant to the training establishment,
a ticklish business which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants
roped to the captive on either side.
When several elephants are being trained at one time, it is customary
for the new arrival to be placed between the stalls of two captives
whose training is already well advanced. It is then left completely
undisturbed with plenty of food and water so that it can absorb
the atmosphere of its new home and see that nothing particularly
alarming is happening to its companions. When it is eating normally,
its own training begins. The trainer stands in front of the elephant
holding a long stick with a sharp metal point. Two assistants, mounted
on tame elephants, control the captive from either side, while others
rub their hands over his skin to the accompaniment of a monotonous
and soothing chant. This is supposed to induce pleasurable sensations
in the elephant, and its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing
epithets. The elephant is not son', or 'ho! my father', or 'my mother',
according to the age and sex of the captive. The elephant is not
immediately susceptible to such blandishments, however, and usually
lashes fiercely with its trunk in all directions. These movements
are controlled by the trainer with the metal-pointed stick, and
the trunk eventually becomes so sore that the elephant curls it
up and seldom afterwards uses it for offensive purposes.
RICHARD CARRINGTON Elephants
New words and expressions 生词和短语
technique
n. 技术
tough
adj. 强硬的
resentful
adj. 忿恨不满的
assign
v. 分配，指派
mahout
n. 驯象人
calf
n. 幼仔
pine
v. 消瘦
underline
v. 着重说明，强调
keep
n. 生计
subservient
adj. 屈从的
plunge
v. 向前冲
tame
adj. 养驯服了的
tether
v. （用绳）拴
ticklish
adj. 难对付的，棘手的
alarming
adj. 引起惊恐的
accompaniment
n. 伴奏
soothe
v. 镇定
chant
n. 单调的歌
reinforce
v. 加强
endearing
adj.惹人喜爱的
epithet
n. 称呼
susceptible
adj. 易受感动的
blandishment
n. 奉承
lash
v. 猛烈地甩
curl
v. 使卷曲
参考译文
驯象有两种主要的方法，我们分别称之为强硬法和温柔法。强硬法就是驱象去干活，把它打顺从为止。且不说道义问题，这本身就是一种愚蠢的训练方法，因为这种方法训练会使动物反感，在以后某个时期可能会变成伤人的动物。温柔法要求在最初阶段保持较大的耐心，但这种方法可以训练出性情愉快、脾气温顺，能忠实为人服务多年的大象。
驯象中至关生要的是指派一名专门的驯象员，全面负责这项工作。大象和狗一样，喜欢有一个专一的主人，而且会对主人产生相当深厚的私人感情。甚至有这样的故事：训练了一半的小象，由于不可避免的情况与他们的主人分离后，竟拒绝吃食，消瘦至死。这种极端的事例虽不可全信，但强调了一项基本原则，象和驯象员之间的关系是驯象成功与否的关健。
捕捉15至20岁之间年龄的大象进行驯象最为经济。 这个年龄的象差不多已能干重活，可以很快挣回饲养它的开支。但这个年龄的象不易驯服，因此开始阶段需要有一位强有力的老手。捕来拴在树上的大象，每当有人走近它时，就会向前猛冲并发出尖叫，甚至一连几于都由于愤怒和恐惧而拒绝进食。有时，把一头已驯服的象拴在旁边能给野象以信心。在大多数情况下，刚博来的象会慢慢静下来，接着开始吃食。下一步就是把象带到训练场所，这是一件棘手的事，需要在它两侧拴上两头驯服的大象才能完成。
几只象同时训练时，通常是把新到的安置在两头训练得很好的大象的象厩中间，然后给它以充足的食物和水，一定不要惊扰它，以便让他能适应新居的气氛，并且看到自己的同伴身上没有发生让自己担惊受怕的事。当它进食正常了，训练就开始。驯练员手持一根有锋利金属尖头的长棒，站在象前。两位助手骑在驯服的象的背上，从两侧控制新捕的象，其他人唱着单调的歌声用手抚摸象的皮肤。据说这是为了使象产生愉快的感觉，为了加强这种效果，人闪还按象的年龄性别，给以亲切的外号，如“嗬！我的孩子”、“嗬！我的爸爸”、“嗬！我的妈妈”。然而大象不会立刻被这些讨好的括感动，而往往是用鼻子朝各个方向猛烈地甩动。训练员要用有锋利金属尖的长棒控制它的这种举动，象鼻子最后疼得卷了起来，以后它就很少用鼻子去进攻了。
Lesson 42
Recording an earthquake
记录地震
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What does a pen have to do to record on paper the vibrations generated
by an earthquake?
An earthquake comes like a thief in the night, without warning.
It was necessary, therefore, to invent instruments that neither
slumbered nor slept. Some devices were quite simple. One, for instance,
consisted of rods of various lengths and thicknesses with would
stand up end like ninepins. When a shock came, it shook the rigid
table upon which these stood. If it were gentle, only the more unstable
rods fell. If it were severe, they all fell. Thus the rods, by falling,
and by the direction in which they fell, recorded for the severe,
they all fell. Thus the rods, by falling, and by the direction in
which they fell, recorded for the slumbering scientist the strength
of a shock that was too weak to waken him, and the direction from
which it came.
But instruments far more deliecate than that were needed if any
really serious advance was to be made. The ideal to be aimed at
was to devise an instrument that could record with a pen on paper,
the movements of the ground or of the table as the quake passed
by. While I write my pen moves, but the paper keeps still. With
practice, no doubt, I could in time learn to write by holding the
pen still while the paper moved. That sounds a silly suggestion,
but that was precisely the idea adopted in some of the early instruments
(seismometers) for recording earthquake waves. But when table, penholder
and paper are all moving, how is it possible to write legibly? The
key to a solution of that problem lay in an everyday observation.
Why does a person standing in a bus or train tend to fall when a
sudden start is made? It is because his feet move on , but his head
stays still. A simple experiment will help us a little further.
Tie a heavy weight at the end of a long piece of string. With the
hand to and fro and around but not up and string so that the weight
nearly touches the ground. Now move the hand to and fro and around
but not up and down. It will be found that the weight a piece of
string. With the hand held high in the air, hold the string so that
the weight nearly touches the ground. Now move the hand to and fro
and around but not up and down. It will be found that ten weight
moves but slightly or not at all. Imagine an earthquake shock shaking
the floor, the paper, you and your hand. In the midst of all this
movement, the weight and the pen would be still. But as the paper
moved from side to side under the pen point, its movement would
be recorded in ink upon its surface. It was upon this principle
that the first instruments were made, but while the drum was being
shaken, the line that the pen was drawing wriggled from side to
side. The apparatus thus described, however, records only the horizontal
component of the wave movement, which is, in fact, much more complicated.
If we could actually see the path described by a particle, such
as a sand grain in the rock, it would be more like that of a bluebottle
path described by a particle, such as a sand grain in the rock,
it would be more like that of a bluebottle buzzing round the room;
it would be up and down, to and fro and from side to side. Instruments
have been devised and can be so placed that all three elements can
be recorded in different graphs.
When the instrument is situated at more than 700 miles from the
earthquake centre, the graphic record shows three waves arriving
one after at short intervals. The first records the arrival of longitudinal
vibrations. The second marks the arrival of transverse vibrations
which travel more slowly and arrive several minutes after the first.
These two have travelled through the earth. It was from the study
of these that so much was learnt about the interior of the earth.
The third, or main. The third, or main wave, is the slowest and
has travelled round the earth through the surface rocks.
H.H,SWINNERTON The Earth beneath Us
New words and expressions 生词和短语
earthquake
n. 地震
slumber
v. 睡眠
ninepin
n. 九柱戏中的木柱
rigid
adj. 坚硬的
delicate
adj. 灵感的
seismometer
n. 地震仪
penholder
n. 笔杆
legibly
adv. 字迹清楚地
drum
n. 鼓状物
wriggle
v. 扭动
bluebottle
n. 绿头苍蝇
graph
n. 图表
graphic
adj. 图示的
longitudinal
adj. 纵向的
transverse
adj. 横向的
参考译文
地震就像夜间的小偷，不打招呼就来了。因此，有必要发明一种仪器，既不打盹儿，也不睡觉。有些装置非常简单。例如，有一种装置是由一些长短、粗细不同的木棒组成，就像九柱戏的木棒一样坚立着，一旦有地震，就会震动竖立在坚硬的桌上的木棒。如果地震轻微，只有不稳定的木棒倒下；如果地震剧烈，所有的木棒都会例下。由于地震太弱而未惊醒科学家时，木棒倒下的多少和倒下的方向就为科学家记录下了地震的强度和地震方向。
但是，如果要取得真正重大的进展，需要有比这种装置精细得多的仪器。理想的目标是设计出这样一种仪器：当地震发生时，它能用笔在纸上记录下大地和桌子运动情况。我写字时，笔是移动的，纸是静止的。毫无疑问，经过练习，我最终能够学会笔不动而纸动来写字。这听起来似乎是一种愚蠢的想法，但是早期记录地震波的仪器（地震仪）正是采用了这中思路。可是，当桌子、夹笔装置、纸都在移动时，怎么能书写得清楚呢？可以从我们的日常生活观察中找到这个问题的答案。一个站在公共汽车或火车上，当车突然开动时，他为什么会倾倒呢？这是因为他的脚动了，而他的头保持着静止。再做一个简单的实验可以帮助我们进一步理解这个问题。把一个生物拴在一根长绳子的一端，把手高高举在空中握住绳子，让重物几乎接触地面。然后把手前后左右以及旋转摆动，但不要上下摆动。结果会发现，重物是动了，但动得很小，甚至没动。假定把一支笔拴在重物上，笔尖落在地板上的一张纸上，假定地震发生了，地板、纸、你和你的手都会动，重物和笔却不动。由于纸在笔下来回运动，纸的表面就会用墨水记录下地板运动的情况。根据这一原理，制造出了最初的地震仪器，但是纸是卷在慢慢放置的圆筒上的。只要一切都是静止的，笔就会划出一条直线；但是，圆筒受到震动，笔所画出的线就会就会左右摆动。然而，这里所说的仪器记录下来的只是地震波运动中的水平部份，地震波的运动实际比这要复杂得多。假如我们真能看到诸如岩石中一个沙粒子的运动轨迹，那就像一只嗡嗡叫的绿头苍蝇在屋内飞行的轨迹，呈现出上上下下、来来回回、左左右右3种性质的运动。已经设计出了一些仪器，它按照一定的安放方式就可测绘出这三种运动的曲线图。
如果把这种仪器安装在距震源700多英里远的地方，曲线记录就能显示出前后相同的这3种地震波。首先记录下的是纵向波的到达；然后记录下的是横向波的到达，横向波比纵向波传播得慢，在纵向波到过几分钟后能到达。这珍两种波都是穿过地球而来的。正是从这两种波中的研究中，我们可以了解到地球内部的许多情况。第三种波，即主波，是最慢的，是围绕地球通过表面岩石传来的。
Lesson 43
Are there strangers in space?
宇宙中有外星人吗？
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What does the 'uniquely rational way' for us to communicate with
other intelligent beings in space depend on?
We must conclude from the work of those who have studied the origin
of life, that given a planet only approximately like our own, life
is almost certain to start. Of all the planets in our solar system,
we ware now pretty certain the Earth is the only one on which life
can survive. Mars is too dry and poor in oxygen, Venus far too hot,
and so is Mercury, and the outer planets have temperatures near
absolute zero and hydrogen-dominated atmospheres. But other suns,
start as the astronomers call them, are bound to have planets like
our own, and as is the number of stars in the universe is so vast,
this possibility becomes virtual certainty. There are one hundred
thousand million starts in our own Milky Way alone, and then there
are exist is now estimated at about 300 million million.
Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere
will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast
is the number of planets, that intelligent life is bound to be a
natural part of the universe.
If then we are so certain that other intelligent life exists in
the universe, why have we had no visitors from outer space yet?
First of all, they may have come to this planet of ours thousands
or millions of years ago, and found our then prevailing primitive
state completely uninteresting to their own advanced knowledge.
Professor Ronald Bracewell, a leading American radio astronomer,
argued in Nature that such a superior civilization, on a visit to
our own solar system, may have left an automatic messenger behind
to await the possible awakening of an advanced civilization. Such
a messenger, receiving our radio and television signals, might well
re-transmit them back to its home-planet, although what impression
any other civilization would thus get from us is best left unsaid.
But here we come up against the most difficult of all obstacles
to contact with people on other planets -- the astronomical distances
which separate us. As a reasonable guess, they might, on an average,
be 100 light years away. (A light year is the distance which light
travels at 186,000 miles per second in one year, namely 6 million
million miles.) Radio waves also travel at the speed of light, and
assuming such an automatic messenger picked up our first broadcasts
of the 1920's, the message to its home planet is barely halfway
there. Similarly, our own present primitive chemical rockets, though
good enough to orbit men, have no chance of transporting us to the
nearest other star, four light years away, let alone distances of
tens or hundreds of light years.
Fortunately, there is a 'uniquely rational way' for us to communicate
with other intelligent beings, as Walter Sullivan has put it in
his excellent book, We Are not Alone. This depends on the precise
radio frequency of the 21-cm wavelength, or 1420 megacycles per
second. It is the natural frequency of emission of the hydrogen
atoms in space and was discovered by us in 1951; it must be known
to any kind of radio astronomer in the universe.
Once the existence of this wave-length had been discovered, it was
not long before its use as the uniquely recognizable broadcasting
frequency for interstellar communication was suggested. Without
something of this kind, searching for intelligences on other planets
would be like trying to meet a friend in London without a pre-arranged
rendezvous and absurdly wandering the streets in the hope of a chance
encounter.
ANTHONY MICHAELIS Are There Strangers in Space? from The Weekend
Telegraph
New words and expressions 生词和短语
Mercury
n. 水星
hydrogen
n. 氢气
prevailing
adj. 普遍的
radio astronomer
射电天方学家
uniquely
adv. 唯一地
rational
adj. 合理的
radio frequency
无线电频率
cm
n. 厘米
megacycle
n. 兆周
emission
n. 散发
intersteller
adj.星际的
rendezvous
n. 约会地点
参考译文
根据研究生命起源的人们所作的工作，我们必然会得出这样的结论：如果设想有一颗行星和我们地球的情况基本相似，那几乎肯定会产生生命。我们目前可以肯定的是，在我们太阳系的所有行星中，地球是生命能存在的唯一行星。火星太干燥又缺氧，金星太热，水星也一样。除此之外，太阳系的其他行星的温度都接近绝对零度，并围绕着以氢气为主的大气层。但是，其他的太阳，既天文学家所说的恒星，肯定会有像我们地球一样的行星。因为宇宙中恒星的数目极其庞大，所以存在着产生生命星球的这种可能性是肯定无疑的。仅我们的银河系就有1000亿颗星，况且在宇宙中还有30亿个天河，即银河系。因此，我们所知道的现有恒星数目估计约有30亿X1000亿颗。
虽然在已经产生生命的某个地方，可能只有1%会发展成高度复杂有智力的生命形态，但是行星的数目是那么庞大，有智力的生命必然是宇宙的自然组成道听部分。
既然我们如此坚信宇宙中存在着其他有智力的生命，那么我们为什么还未见到外层空间来访的客人呢？首先，他们可能在几千年前或几百年前已来过我们地球，并且发现我们地球汉时普遍存在着的原始状态同他们的先进的知识相比是索然无味的。美国一位重要的射电天文学家罗纳德.布雷斯韦尔教授在《自然》杂志上提出了这样的观点：假如有如此高级文明生命访问了我们的太阳系，很可能会在离开太阳系时留下自动化信号装置，等待先进文明的觉醒。这种自动化信息装置，在接收到我们的无线电和电视信号后，完全有可能把这些信号发回到原来的行星。至于其他文明行星对我们地球会有什么印象，还是不说为好。
然而，在和外星人联系中我们遇到的最大困难是分隔我们的天文距离。据合理推算，外星人离我们平均距离也有100光年之远（1光年是光以每秒186，000英里的速度在一年内走的距离即6万亿英里）。无线电波也是以光速传播的。假定外星人的这种自动化信息装置接收了我们二十世纪二十年代的第一次广播信号，那么这个信号在发回到原来的行星途中刚刚走了一半路程。同样，我们目前使用的原始化学火箭，虽然把人送入轨道，但尚不能把我们送到离我们最近、相距4光年的其他星球上去，更不用说几十光年或几百光年远的地方了。
幸运的是，有一种我们可以和其他智力生命通迅联系的“唯一合理的方法”，正如活尔特.沙利方在其杰作《我们并不孤独》中阐述的。这种通迅联系要靠21厘料波段，即每秒1420兆周的精确无线电频率。这个频率是空间氢原子释放的自然频率，是在1951年被人类发现的。这个频率是宇宙中任何射电天文学家都应该熟悉的。
一旦这种波长的实际存在被发现，提出把它作为星际间唯一可辨认的广播频率就为期不远了。没有这手段，要想寻觅其他星球上的智力生命，就如同去伦敦见一位朋友，事先未约定地点，而荒唐地在街上游逛，以期待碰巧遇上一样。
Lesson 44
Patterns of culture
文化的模式
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What influences us from the moment of birth?
Custom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of great moment.
The inner workings of our won brains we feel to be uniquely worthy
of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behaviour
at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way
around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed
behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve
in individual actions, no matter how aberrant. Yet that is a rather
trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance
is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief,
and the very great varieties it may manifest.
No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited
by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking.
Even in his philosophical probing he cannot go behind these stereotypes;
his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference
to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all
seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behaviour
of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional
custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother
tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up
into the vernacular of his family. When one seriously studies the
social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously,
the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation.
The life history handed down in his community. From the moment of
his birth, the customs into which he is born shape his experience
and behaviour. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature
of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part
in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs,
its impossibilities his impossibilities. Every child that is born
into his group will share them with him, and no child born into
one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth
part. There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us to
understand than this of the role of custom. Until we are intelligent
as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human
life must remain unintelligible.
The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary
propositions have been accepted, and some of these propositions
have been violently opposed. In the first place, any scientific
study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or
another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration.
In all the less controversial fields, like the study of cacti or
termites or the mature of nebulae, the necessary method of study
is to group the relevant material and to take note of all possible
variant forms and conditions. In this way, we have learned all that
we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the social
insects, let us say. It is only in the relevant material and to
take note of all possible variant forms and conditions. In this
way, we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy,
or of the habits of the social insects, let us say. It is only in
the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted
the study of one local variation, that of Western civilization.
Anthropology was by definition impossible, as long as these distinctions
between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian,
ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people's minds. It was necessary
first to arrive at that degree of sophistication where we no longer
set our own belief against our neighbour's superstition. It was
necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on
the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered
together, our own among the rest.
RUTH BENEDICT Patterns of Culture
New words and expressions 生词和短语
commonplace
adj. 平凡的
aberrant
adj. 脱离常轨的，异常的
trivial
adj. 微不足道的，琐细的
predominant
adj. 占优势的，起支配作用的
manifest
v. 表明
pristine
adj. 纯洁的，质朴的
stereotype
n. 陈规
vernacular
n. 方言
accommodation
n. 适应
incumbent
adj. 义不容辞的，有责任的
preliminary
adj. 初步的
proposition
n. 主张
preferrential
adj. 优先的
controversial
adj. 引起争论的
cactus
n. 仙人掌
termite
n. 白蚁
nebula
adj. 星云
variant
n. 不同的
barbarian
n. 野蛮人
pagan
n. 异教徒
sophistication
n. 老练
premise
n. 前提
supernatural
adj. 超自然的
参考译文
风俗一般未被认为是什么重要的课题。我们觉得，只有我们大脑内部的活动情况才值得研究，至于风俗呢，只是些司空见惯的行为而已。事实小，情况正好相反。从世界范围来看，传统风俗是由许多细节性的习惯行为组成，它比任何一个养成的行为都更加引人注目，不管个人行为多么异常。这只是问题的一个次要的侧面。最重要的是，风俗在实践中和信仰上所起的举足轻重的作用，以及它所表现出来的极其丰富多采的形式。
没有一个人是用纯洁而无偏见的眼光看待世界。人们所看到的是一个受特定风俗习惯、制度和思想方式剪辑过的世界。甚至在哲学领域的探索中，人们也无法超越这此定型的框框。人们关于真与伪的概念依然和特定的传统风俗有关。约翰.杜威曾经非常严肃地指出：风俗在形成个人行为方面所起的作用和一个对风俗的任何影响相比，就好像他本国语言的总词汇量和自己咿呀学语时他家庭所接纳的他的词汇量之比。当一个人认真地研究自发形成的社会秩序时，杜威的比喻就是他实事求是观察得来的形象化的说法。个人的生活史首先是适应他的社团世代相传形成的生活方式和准则。从他呱呱坠地的时刻起，他所生于其中的风俗就开始塑造他的经历和行为规范。到会说话时，他就是传统文化塑造的一个小孩子；等他长大了，能做各种事了，他的社团的习惯就是他的习惯，他的社团的信仰就是他的信仰，他的社团不能做的事就是他不能做的事。每一个和他诞生在同一个社团中的孩子和他一样具有相同的风俗；而在地球的另一边。诞生在另一个社团的孩子与他就是少有相同的风俗。没有任何一个社会问题比得上风俗的作用问题更要求我们对它理解。直到我们理解了风俗的规律性和多样性，我们才能明白人为生活中主要的复杂现象。
只有在某些基本的主张被接受下来、同时有些主张被激烈反对时，对风俗的研究才是全面的，才会有收获。首先，任何科学研究都要求人们对可供考虑的诸多因素不能厚此薄彼，偏向某一方面。在一切争议较小的领域里，如对仙人掌、白议或星云性质的研究，应采取的研究方法是。把有关各方面的材料汇集起来，同时注意任何可能出现的异常情况和条件。例如，用这种方法，我们完全掌握了天文学的规律和昆虫群居的习性。只是在对人类自身的研究。只要我们同原始人，我们同野蛮人，我们同异教徒之间存有的区别在人的思想中占主工导地位，那么人类学按其定义来说就无法存在。我们首先需要达到这样一种成熟的程度：不用自己的信仰去反对我们邻居的迷信。必须认识到，这些建立在相同前提基础上的风俗，暂且可以说是超自然的东西，必须放在一起加以考虑，我们自己的风俗和其他民族的风俗都在其中。
Lesson 45
Of men and galaxies
人和星系
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What is the most influential factor in any human society?
In man's early days. competition with other creatures must have
been critical. But this phase of our development is now finished.
Indeed, we lack practice and experience nowadays in dealing with
primitive conditions. I am sure that, without modern weapons, I
would make a very poor show of disputing the ownership of a cave
with a bear, and in this I do not think that I stand alone. The
last creature to compete with man was the mosquito. But even the
mosquito has been subdued by attention to drainage and by chemical
sprays.
Competition between our selves, person against person, community
against community, still persists, however; and it is as fierce
as it ever was.
But the competition of man against man is not the simple process
envisioned in biology. It is not a simple competition for a fixed
amount of food determined by the physical environment, because the
environment that determines our evolution is no longer essentially
physical. Our environment is chiefly conditoned by the things we
believe. Morocco and California are bits of the Earth in very similar
latitudes, both on the west coasts of continents with similar climates,
and probably with rather similar natural resources. Yet their present
development is wholly different, not so much because of different
people wish to emphasize. The most important factor in our environment
is the state of our own minds.
It is well known that where the white man has invaded a primitive
culture, the most destructive effects have come not from physical
weapons but from ideas. Ideas are dangerous. The Holy Office knew
this full well when it caused heretics to be burned in days gone
by. Indeed, the concept of free speech only exists in our modern
society because when you are inside a community, you are conditioned
by the conventions of the community to such a degree that it is
very difficult to conceive of anything really destructive. It is
only someone looking on from outside that can inject the dangerous
thoughts. I do not doubt that it would be possible to inject ideas
into the modern world that would utterly destroy us. I would like
to give you an example, but fortunately I cannot do so. Perhaps
it will suffice to mention the unclear bomb. Of making the effect
on a reasonably advanced technological society, one that still does
not possess the bomb, of making it aware of the possibility, of
supplying sufficient details to enable the thing to be constructed.
Twenty or thirty pages of information handed to any of the major
world powers around the year 1925 would have been sufficient to
change the course of world history. It is a strange thought, but
I believe a correct one, that twenty or thirty pages of ideas and
information would be capable of turning the present-day world upside
down, or even destroying it. I have often tried to conceive of what
those pages might contain, but of course outside the particular
patterns that our brains are conditioned to, or, to be more accurate,
we can think only a very little way outside, and then only if we
are very original.
FRED HOYLE Of Men and Galaxies
New words and expressions 生词和短语
dispute
v. 争夺
mosquito
n. 蚊子
subdue
v. 征服
drainage
n. 下水系统
envision
n. 预想
Morocco
n. 摩洛哥
latitude
n. 纬度
heretic
n. 异教徒，异端邪说
conceive
v. 想像
suffice
v. 足够
nuclear
adj. 原子弹的
original
adj.有独到见解的
参考译文
在人类早期，人类与其他生物的竞争一定是必不可少的。但这个发展阶段已经结束。确实，我们今天缺乏对付原始环境的实践和经验。我断定，如果没有现代化的武器，要我和一只熊去争洞穴，我会出洋相的；我也相信，出洋相者并非我一人。能与竞争的生物最后只有蚊子，然而即使蚊子，也由于我们注意清理污水和喷洒化学药品就被制服了。
然而人类之间的战争，人与人，团体与团体，依然在进行着，而且和以前一样激烈。
但是，人与人的竞争并不像生物生物学中想像的那样是一个简单过程。它已不是为争得物质环境所决定的东西所决定。摩洛哥和加利福尼亚是地球上纬度极其相似的两个地方，都在各自大陆的西海岸，气候相似，自然资源也可能相似。但是，这两个地方目前的发展程度完全不一样。这倒不是因为人民不同，而是由于居民头脑中的思想不同。
这是我要强调的论点。我们环境中最重要的因素就是我们的思想状况。
众所周知，凡是白人侵入原始文化的地方，破坏作用最大的不是杀人的武器，而是思想。思想是危险的。宗教法庭对此是非常清楚的，因此从前它总是把异教徒烧死。的确，言论自由的概念只存在于我们现代社会中，因为当你生活在一个社团中时，社团的风俗习惯会严格地制约你，使你很难有破坏性的想法。只有外部的旁观者才能灌输危险的思想。向现代世界灌输一种思想以便摧毁我们人类是可能的事，对此我并不怀疑。我愿为你举个例子，但幸亏我举不出。也许提一下核弹就足以证明了。对一个沿未拥有核弹、但科技相当发达的社会，如果告诉它制造核弹的可能性，而且向它提供制造核弹的细节，那么可以设想，这将对这个社会产生何等的影响。如果把二三十页的情报交给1952年前后的任何一个世界强国，就足以改变世界历史的进程。二三十页材料中的思想和情报会便当今的世界翻天覆地，甚至毁灭这个世界。这是个离奇的想法。不过我认为这个想法是正确的。我常常试图想像这些纸上所写的东西，不过我是做不到的，因为我和你们大家一样，是当今世界上的凡人。我闪不能脱离我们大脑所限定的模式去问题，我们只能稍微离开一点儿，就这也需要我们独创的思想。
Lesson 46
Hobbies
业余爱好
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Who, according to the author, are 'Fortune's favoured children'?
a gifted American psychologist has said, 'Worry is a spasm of the
emotion; the mind catches hold of something and will not let it
go.' It is useless to argue with the mind in this condition. The
stronger the will, the more futile the task. One can only gently
insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp. And if this
something else is rightly chosen, if it really attended by the illumination
of another field of interest, gradually, and often quite swiftly,
the old undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair
begins.
The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore
a policy of the first importance to a public man. But this is not
a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised
by a mere command of the will. The growth of alternative mental
interests is a long process. The seeds must by carefully chosen;
they must fall on good ground; they must be sedulously tended, if
the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed.
To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two
or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting
late in life to say: 'I will take an interest in this or that.'
Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man
may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily
work, and yet get hardly any benefit or relief. It is no use doing
what you like; you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking,
human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled
to death, those who are worried to hard week's sweat and effort,
the chance of playing a game of football or baseball or Saturday
afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional
or business man, who has beer working or worrying about serious
things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the
weekend.
As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want,
who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every
object of desire -- for them a new pleasure, a new excitement if
only an additional satiation. In vain they rush frantically round
from place to place, trying to escape from avenging boredom by mere
clatter and motion. For them discipline in one form or another is
the most hopeful path.
It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human being
are divided into two classes: first, one. Of these the former are
the majority. They have their compensations. The long hours in the
office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only
the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in
its simplest and most modest forms. But Fortune's of sustenance,
but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and modest
forms. But Fortune's favoured children belong to the second class.
Their life is a natural harmony. For them the working hours are
never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays,
when they come, are grudged as enforced as enforced interruptions
in an absorbing vocation. Yet to both classes, the need of an alternative
outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is
essential. Indeed, it may well be that those work is their pleasure
are those who and most need the means of banishing it at intervals
from their minds.
WINSTON CHURCHLL Painting as a Pastime
New words and expressions 生词和短语
gifted
adj. 有天才的
psychologist
n. 心理学家
spasm
n. 一阵（感情）发作
futile
adj. 无用的
insinuate
v. 便潜入，暗示
convulsive
adj. 起痉挛的
illumination
n. 启发，照明
undue
adj. 不造当的
grip
n. 紧张
recuperation
n. 休息
improvise
v. 临时作成
sedulously
adv. 孜孜不倦地
vivify
v. 使生气勃勃
aggravate
v. 加剧
trifling
adj. 微小的
gratify
v. 便满意
caprice
n. 任性
satiation
n. 满足
frantically
adv. 狂乱地
avenge
v. 替…报复
boredom
n. 厌烦
clatter
n. 喧闹的谈话
sustenance
n. 生计
appetite
n. 欲望
grudge
v. 怨恨
absorbing
adj. 引人入胜的
banish
v. 排除，放弃
参考译文
一位天才的美国心理学家曾经说过：“烦恼是感情的发作，此时脑子纠缠住了某种东西又不肯松手。”在这种情况下，你又和头脑争吵让它松手是无济于事的。这种意志越是强烈，这种尝试越是徒劳。你只能缓和而巧纱地让另一种东西进入痉挛僵持的头脑中。如果选得合适，而且的确受到别的领域的情趣的启迪，那么渐渐地，往往也是很顺利地，原先不适当的紧张就会松弛下来，恢复和修整的过程就会开始。
因此，对一个从事社会活动的人来说，培养一种业余爱好和各种新的兴趣是关等重要的作法。但这并非一日之功，也不是单凭一蹴而就的事。精神上多种情趣的培养是一个长期的过程。要想在需要的时候可随手摘取充满生机的果实，那就必然从选良种做起，然后将其植入肥沃的土地，还需要勤勉地护理。
一个人要想真正感到幸福和平安，至少应有两三种爱好，而且都比较实际。到了晚年才开始说：“我会对这些人或那个人发生兴趣”，已没有用了。这种愿望只能加剧精神紧张。一个人可能会获得与其日常工作无关的某些课题的渊博知识，而没有从中得到什么实益或宽慰。干你所喜欢的事是没有用的，你喜欢你所干的事。泛泛地说，人可以分为3类：劳累至死的人、忧虑至死的人、无聊至死的人。对于流汗出力干了一周苦活的体力劳动者来说，让他们在星期六下午再踢足球或打垒球是不合适的；同样，对于为严肃的公务操劳或烦恼了6天的政界人士、专业人员、商人来说，在周未再让他们为琐事而动脑子和忧虑也是无益的。
至于那些能任意支配一切的“可怜的人”，他们能够恣意妄为，能染指一切追求的目标。对这种人来说，多一种新的乐趣、多一种新的刺激只是增加一分厌腻而已。他们到处奔乱跑，企图以闲聊和乱窜来摆脱无聊对他们的报复，但这是徒劳的。对他们来说，用某种形式的纪律约束他们一下才能有希望使他们走上正道。
也可以这样说，理智的，勤劳的、有用的人可以分为两类：第一类是他分清工作是工作，娱乐是娱乐的人；第二类人的工作和娱乐是一回事。这两类人当中，第一类人是大多数，他们能够得到补偿。在办公室或工厂里长时间工作给他们带来了酬劳，这不仅是谋生的手段，而且还带来了寻找乐趣的强烈欲望，那怕是最简单的、最低等的乐趣。但是，命运之神的宠儿是第二类人，他们的生活是一种自然的和谐，对他们来说，工作时间总不会太长，每天都是假日，而通常的假期来到，他们却惋惜这假期强制打断了他们埋头从事的工作。然而对这两种人来说，都需要换一换脑子，改变一下气氛，转移一下注意力，这是不可缺少的。说实在的，把工作当作享受的那些人最需要每隔一段时间把工作从头脑中撇开。
Lesson 47
The great escape
大逃亡
First listen and then answer the following quesion.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What is one of the features of modern camping where nationality
is concerned?
Economy is one powerful motive for camping, since after the initial
outlay upon equipment, or through hiring it, the total expense can
be far less than the cost of hotels. But, contrary to a popular
assumption, it is far from being the only one, or even the greatest.
The man who manoeuvres carelessly into his twenty pounds' worth
of space at one of Europe's myriad permanent sites may find himself
bumping a Bentley. More likely, Ford Escort will be hub to hub with
Renault or Mercedes, but rarely with bicycles made for two.
That the equipment of modern camping becomes yearly more sophisticated
is an entertaining paradox for the cynic, a brighter promise for
the hopeful traveler who has sworn to get away from it all. It also
provides-and some student sociologist might care to base his thesis
upon the phenomenon -- an escape of another kind. The modern traveller
is often a man who dislikes the Splendide and the Bellavista, not
because he cannot afford, or shuns their material comforts. but
because he is afford of them. Affluent he may be, but he is by no
means sure what to tip the doorman or the chambermaid. Master in
his own house, he has little idea of when to say boo to a maitre
d'hotel.
From all such fears camping releases him. Granted, a snobbery of
camping itself, based upon equipment and techniques, already exists;
but it is of a kind that, if he meets it, he can readily understand
and deal with. There is no superior 'they' in the shape of managements
and hotel hierarchies to darken his holiday days.
To such motives, yet another must be added. The contemporary phenomenon
of car worship is to be explained not least by the sense of independence
and freedom that ownership entails. To this pleasure camping gives
an exquisite refinement.
From one's own front door to home or foreign hills or sands and
back again, everything is to hand. Not only are the means of arriving
at the holiday paradise entirely within one's own command and keeping,
but the means of escape from holiday hel (if the beach proves too
crowded, the local weather too inclement) are there, outside --
or, as likely, part of -- the tent.
Idealists have objected to the package tour, that the traveller
abroad thereby denies himself the opportunity of getting to know
the people of the country visited. Insularity and self-containment,
it is argued, go hand in hand. The opinion does not survive experience
of a popular Continental camping place. Holiday hotels tend to cater
for one nationality of visitors especially, sometimes exclusively.
Camping sites, by contrast, are highly cosmopolitan. Granted, a
preponderance of Germans is a characteristic that seems common to
most Mediterranean sites; but as yet there is no overwhelmingly
specialized patronage. Notices forbidding the open-air drying of
clothes, or the use of water points for car washing, or those inviting
'our camping friends' to a dance or a boat trip are printed not
only in French or Italian or Spanish, but also in English, German
and Dutch. At meal times the odour of sauerkraut vies with that
of garlic. The Frenchman's breakfast coffee competes with the Englishman's
bacon and eggs.
Whether the remarkable growth of organized camping means the eventual
death of the more independent kind is hard to say. Municipalities
naturally want to secure the campers' site fees and other custom.
Police are wary of itinerants who cannot be traced to a recognized
camp boundary or to four walls. But most probably it will all depend
upon campers themselves: how many heath fires they cause; how much
litter they leave; in short, whether or not they wholly alienate
landowners and those who live in the countryside. Only good scouting
is likely to preserve the freedoms so dear to the heart of the eternal
Boy Scout.
NIGEL BUXTON The Great Escape from The Weekend Telegraph
New words and expressions 生词和短语
assumption
n. 假定
manoeuvre
v. （驱车）移动
myriad
adj. 无数的
paradox
n. 自相矛盾的呈
cynic
n. 愤世嫉俗者
sociologist
n. 社会学家
shun
v. 避开
affluent
adj. 富有的
chambermaid
n. 女招待员
boo
b. 呸的一声
maitre d'hotel
n. [法语]总管
snobbery
n. 势利
hierarchy
n. 等级制度
entail
v. 便成为必要
inclement
adj. 险恶的
package tour
由旅行社安排一切的一揽子诱游
insularity
n. 偏狭
cater
v. 迎合
exclusively
adv. 排他地
cosmopolitan
adj. 世界的
preponderance
n. 优势
overwhelmingly
adv. 以压倒优势地，清一色地
patronage
n. 恩惠，惠顾
sauerkraut
n. 泡菜
vie
v. 竞争
municipality
n. 市政当局
itinerant
n. 巡回者
heath
v. 荒地
alienate
v. 便疏远
eternal
adj. 永久的
参考译文
图省钱是露营的一个主要动机，因为除了开始时购置或是租借一套露营装备外，总费用算起来要比住旅馆开支少得多。但是，和一般的看法相反，这决非是仅有的，甚至不是最主要的动机。如果一位游客漫不经心地驾车驶入欧洲无数常年营地之一，花20镑租用一个空位，那么他可能会碰见一辆本特利汽车，更可能会望见一辆福特.康索尔或一辆雷诺或一辆梅塞迪斯并排停放着，不过双人自行车则不容易看到。
现代露营装备一年比一年讲究，这对那些厌世嫉俗者来说是一件有趣的自相矛盾的事情。而对于发誓用露营来摆脱烦恼的人来说，却带来了更光明的前景。学社会学的大学生来露营是另一种形式的摆脱现实，他们的目的很可能是根据观察到的露营现象去写论文。现代露营旅游的人往往讨厌在“斯普兰迪德”和“贝拉维斯塔”这样的大酒店，这并不是因为他们付不起钱，也不是为了躲避物质享受，而是因为他们害怕酒店。他们可能很富有，但给看门人和房间女服务叫多少小费，心中却根本没有数；他们在家可能是主人，但不知道什么时候才能对酒店的经理表示不满。
露营便人们免除了这些忧虑。诚然，露营地本身也存在以露营装备和方式取人的势利现象，但如果有这种情况，露营者也容易理解，知道如何对付，但在露营地里根本不会有管人的“人上人”和酒店里的等级制度来种露营者的假日过得阴郁低沉。
除上以动机外，还应加上一个。当前崇拜汽车现象可以用与所有权相伴的独立和自由意识来解释。因此开车去露营会给这种快乐意识增加一种优雅意境。
从自己的家门出发到国内国外的山区或沙滩上露营然后返回，一切都很便利。完全在自己掌握之中的私人汽车不仅是到达假日天堂的工具，而且也是逃离假日地狱（如海滩太挤，当地天气恶劣）方便工具，因为汽车就停在帐篷外面，或者汽车本身可能就是露营帐篷的一个组成部分。
理想主义者像反对旅行社安排一切的一揽子旅游一样反对露营的作法，说这种封闭的作法使到国外旅游者失去了了解所去国家人民的机会。他们争论说，心胸狭窄和自我封闭是并存的。但这种说法在受人欢迎的欧洲露营地是站不住脚的。假日旅馆有只接待来自一个国家的旅游者的倾向，有时会达到排他的程度。而露营驻地则相反，是高度世界性的。在大多数地中海露营地里，德国人占优势似乎是个普遍现象，确实如此，但并没有特别的优待。禁止露天晒衣服、禁止用水龙头冲洗汽车的布告和邀请露营朋友参加舞会、乘船观光的招贴不仅印志法语、意大利语、西班牙语，而且也印成英语、德语、荷兰语。用饭的时候，德国泡菜味和大蒜味争相散发，法国人的早点咖啡和英国人的咸肉煎蛋竞相比美。
有组织的露营活动的明显发展是否意味着较独立的自我封闭式露营的最终消失，还很难说。市政当局当然希望获得露营者的场地费和其他光临的好处，警察则对那些查不出有固定营地或住处的游荡者保持警惕。但最重要的或许是露营者自己，即他们引起了多少场野火，留下了多少垃圾。总之，他们是否弄得土地的主人和乡间的居民同他们反目。只有优良的童子军活动才能保持不朽的童子军所衷心热爱的各项自由。
Lesson 48
Planning a share portfolio
规划股份投资
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
How does the older investor differ in his approach to investment
from the younger investor?
There is no shortage of tipsters around offering 'get-rich-quick'
opportunities. But if you are a serious private investor, leave
the Las Vegas mentality to those with money to fritter. The serious
investor needs a proper 'portfolio' -- a well-planned selection
of investments, with a definite structure and a clear aim. But exactly
how does a newcomer to the stock market go about achieving that?
Well, if you go to five reputable stock brokers and ask them what
you should do with your money, you're likely to get five different
answers, -- even if you give all the relevant information about
your age age, family, finances and what you want from your investments.
Moral? There is no one 'right' way to structure a portfolio. However,
there are undoubtedly some wrong ways, and you can be sure that
none of our five advisers would have suggested sinking all (or perhaps
any) of your money into Periwigs*.
So what should you do? We'll assume that you have sorted out the
basics -- like mortgages, pensions, insurance and access to sufficient
cash reserves. You should then establish your own individual aims.
These are partly a matter of personal circumstances, partly a matter
of psychology.
For instance, if you are older you have less time to recover from
any major losses, and you may well wish to boost your pension income.
So preserving your capital and generating extra income are your
main priorities. In this case, you'd probably construct a portfolio
with some shares (but not high risk ones), along with gilts, cash
deposits, and perhaps convertibles or the income shares of split
capital investment trusts.
If you are younger, and in a solid financial position, you may decide
to take an aggressive approach -- but only if you're blessed with
a sanguine disposition and won't suffer sleepless nights over share
prices. If portfolio, alongside your more pedestrian in vestments.
Once you have decided on your investment aims, you can then decide
where to put your money. The golden rule here is spread your risk
-- if you put all of your money into Periwigs International, you're
setting yourself up as a hostage to fortune.
*'Periwigs' is the name of a fictitious company.
INVESTOR'S CHRONICLE, March 23 1990
New words and expressions 生词和短语
portfolio
n. 投资组合
tipster
n. （以提供证券投机等内部消息为主的）情报贩子
Las Vegas
n. 拉斯韦加斯
fritter
v. 挥霍，浪费
reputable
n. 享有声望的
broker
n. 经纪人
finance
n. 资金，财源
mortgage
n. 抵押贷款
pension
n. 养老金
priority
n. 优先权
gilt
n. 金边证券（高度可靠的证券）
convertible
n. 可换证券
sanguine
adj. 乐观的
heady
adj. 令人陶醉的
alongside
prep. 在……旁边，和……一起
pedestrian
adj. 平淡无奇的，乏味的
参考译文
我们周围不乏情报贩子，向人们提供迅速发财致富的机遇。但是，如果你是一个认真的私人投资者，就把拉斯韦加斯的心态留给那些有钱可供挥霍的人。认真的投资者需要一份正规的投资组合表
-- 一种计划很周密的投资选择，包括你的投资结构和明确的目标。但是, 一个股票市场的新手又如何能做到这一点呢？
如果你去向5位有威望的股票经纪人咨询，询问你应该如何使用你的资金，你可能得到5种不同的答复，即便你提供了有关于你的年龄、家庭、财源和你想从投资中获得好处的信息。这是个道德问题吗？没有一种完全“正确”的方法来排列这种投资组合，然而，却毫无疑问地有几种错误的方法。可以相信5位经纪人中不会有人建议你把全部（或一部份）资金投入佩里威格斯公司。
那么你该怎么做呢？我们假定你已把基本情况弄清楚了，如抵押贷款、养老金、保险金和动用现金储备的机会。然后，你一定要建立起自己的目标。这里一方面是个所处的环境，另一方面是个心理学的问题。
比如说，如果你年纪较大，你从重大投资损失中恢复过来的时间就较少，你就很希望能够提高你的养老金收入。因此，你的首要任务就是保护你的资金和引发额外的收入。在这种情况下，你大概想制定一份包括某些股份（但不是风险很大的股份）的投资组合，同时还有高度可靠的证券、现金储蓄，可能还有可换证券，或分割资本投资信托公司的所得股。
如果你年轻一些，并且经济状况可靠，你可能会采取一种积极进取的方式 -- 你必须性格开朗，不会因股票价格的浮动而夜不能眠。如果你觉得你的情况是这样的话，你可在投资组合中包括几项有令人陶醉的增值前景的增长股，和其他比较平淡的投资项目放在一起。一旦你的投资组合中包括几项有令人陶醉的增值前景的增长股，和其他比较平淡的投资项目放在一起。一旦你的投资目标确立以后，你就可以决定你的钱投向何处。这里的指导原则是：分散你的投资风险。如果你把所有资金投入佩里威格斯国际公司，你就把自己当成了命运的人质。
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