|
|
 英语词汇(On
Vocabulary)(1)
本栏目内容链接:
记忆英语单词方法20种
赵宝斌
人们通常认为掌握一门外语要过三关（语音关、词汇关、语法关），斩六将（听、说、读、写、译），相对来说，掌握英语单词是最难过的一关。英语的词汇量大，总词汇量至少在60万以上，实用词汇量为8千至1万，基本词汇量为4千。
一般的说，掌握英语单词没有什么捷径可走，但我们可以选择一些不同方法来记忆英语单词，下面介绍20种记忆英语单词的方法。
1.逻辑记忆：通过词的本身的内部逻辑关系，词与词之间的外部逻辑关系记忆单词。1)把几个字母看作做一个来记
如："ight" light, right, fight, night, might, sight, tight
2)外旧内新，如：bridge “桥”看成 b+ridge ridge "山脊”sharp 看成 s+harp harp
"竖琴。3)外新内旧，如：cleave “劈开”看成 c+leave, tact "机智：看成 t+act
2 联想记忆：1)音与形的联想，即根据读音规则记忆单词。2)形与义的联想，如：eye
把两个e看成两个眼。banana 把a看成一个个的香蕉。bird 把b和d看成两个翅膀。3)象声词，联想实际的声音，如：gong
锣 coo 咕咕声。
3.构词记忆：利用构词法，通过分析词根、前缀、后缀、派生和合成等记忆单词。
4.分类记忆：把单词进行分门类
如：动物，植物等，进行分类记忆。你可以找一本分类字典作为参考。
5.卡片记忆：自制作单词卡片随时随身进行记单词，卡片写上单词的词形、词性、词义、音标、搭配、例句等。
6.词典记忆：即背字典，这种方法是一种强行记忆的方法。它的缺点是容易忘记，只是孤立记住单词的意义。可以作为一种短时间的强化手段。
7.比较记忆：1)英汉比较
如：mama, cigar, beer, bar,fee等。2)单复数的比较 如：good-goods, spirit-spirits
wood-woods 3)同音词的比较 如：right-write, eye-I 4)词的阴阳性的比较 如：actor-actress
host-hostess
8.理解记忆：通过正确理解单词的本义、引申义和比喻义等如：second
是“秒”，它来源于古代的六分法，分，秒，它是二次划分， 因此second 也是“第二”，进一步引申，还可理解为“辅助”用这种方法特别适合那些一词多义的词。
9.联系记忆：记忆单词最好不要孤立地记，尽可能地和有关的东西联系来记。1)联系所学的文章大概意义，联系上下文，2)联系短语和搭配
10.感官记忆：记单词时，不要只用一种感官，尽可能地用多个感官，耳听、嘴读、手写、眼看、心记等。
11.软件记忆：有电脑的可利用电脑软件进行记单词，如：《开心背单词》、《开天辟地背单词》、《我爱背单词》等。
12.阅读记忆：通过阅读英语文章，小说等记忆单词，注意选择难度要适宜。
13.同义记忆：通过同义词一起进行单词记忆，可确切理解词义，这时不必注意它们的意义的区别。
14.反义记忆：通过反义词一起进行单词记忆，扩大了词义。
15.图表记忆：利用形象的图表进行记忆，它的优点是意、形、物直观的结合到一起。你可以找一本英语图解字典作为参考。
16.游戏记忆：通过自己和集体做游戏’在轻松愉快的气氛中进行记忆单词，你可以参照笔者主页上的“英语游戏”。
17.歌曲记忆：通过唱英语歌曲记忆单词，“听霸”“听力超人”等软件中有许多英文歌曲，并配有歌词和译文。
18.复习记忆：单词记住了，很快会忘掉，每隔一段时间要进行复习，巩固所学单词
19.商标记忆：通过看到的商标和广告随时随地进行记忆单词。
20.综合记忆：记忆单词最好综合利用多种方法，而不只是一种，利用各自的优点。
词汇研究---掌握最基本的词汇
据有关资料表明，现在英语至少有60万个单词，也有人说英语有100多万个单词。莎士比亚年代大约有14万个单词。说本族语的成年人一般掌握2万个到3万个单词。《新英汉词典》实际收词8万余个；《牛津大辞典》初版收录了41万个词；《韦氏大词典》第二版约收了60万个词。对于外国人学英语需掌握多少个单词？这里先看一下单词的分类，再做具体回答。
一三个9
根据有些专家统计，有9个最常用的英语单词覆盖了25％的口语、书面语或电话用语。但专家们研究的结果不太一致，他们的结果是：
1.第一个9
麦克奈特（McKnight，G.H.）认为，有9个单词占口语的25％，它们是：
and，be，have，it，of，the，to，will，you。
2.第二个9
杜威（Dewey，G.）认为，有9个单词占英语书面语的25％，它们是：
a，and，in，is，it，of，that，the，to。
3.第三个9
贝尔（Bell）认为有9个英语单词占电话用语的25％，它们是：a，I，is，it，on，that，the，to，you。
从以上“三个9”我们可以发现：
在以上三种用语中都出现的共4个单词：
it，is（be动词里含有is），the，to。尽管在第一个9中没有is这个单词，但有一个be，be实际上包括is，am，are。
在两种用语中出现的有5个单词：
and，of，you，a，that。
一种用语中出现的有5个单词：
have，will，in，I，on。
从（1）里我们可以看出，实际上能覆盖英语口语25％的不是9个单词，而是11个，因be里包含有三个单词（is，am，are），这样，以上三种用语中实际上共有不重复单词16个，即：
it，is，the，to，and，of，you，a，that，have，will，in，I，on，am，are。
以上几位专家的研究结果还表明，在口语、书面语和电话用语中利用率最高的有4个单词：it，is，the，to。
二三个10
国外三位语言专家经过多年研究，认为在英语里有10个最常用词（the most commonly used 10 words），不分用语的范围。
1.第一个10
艾尔斯（Ayres，L.P.）认为这10个词是：
the，and，of，to，I，a，in，that，you，for。
2.第二个10
杜威（Dewey）认为这10个词是：
the，of，and，to，a，in，that，it，is，I。
3.第三个10
桑代克（Thorndike）认为这10个词是：
in，and，that，the，a，to，with，it，of，at。
这三位专家列举了各自的研究成果，在这三组单词里，有不同的单词，也有相同的单词，排列的顺序也不一样，有的靠前，有的靠后。这里我们不讨论顺序，仅就单词的异同作一比较。
在这三组单词里，共同出现的有7个单词：
the，and，of，to，a，in，that。
两次出现的有it一个单词。
只出现一次的单词有5个：
you，for，is，with，at。
以上三位专家的研究结果表明，英语中最常用的单词有7个----the，and，of，to，a，in，that。
三一个100
美国英语作家肯尼迪（Kennedy）从外国学生学英语的实际出发，经过多年调查、研究，并根据大量文献记载，总结出了100个常用英语单词（吴道存，1993），见下表：
1. I 4. a 7. that
2. you 5. on 8. it
3. the 6. to 9. is
10. and 40. would 70. much
11. get 41. them 71. there
12. will (aux.) 42. was 72. week
13. of 43. now 73. let
14. in 44. from 74. letter
15. he 45. what 75. any
16. we 46. morning 76. did
17. they 47. an 77. more
18. see 48. just 78. didn't
19. have 49. over 79. talk (v.)
20. for 50. be 80. today
21. know 51. or 81. other
22. don't 52. take 82. company,
23. do 53. am 83. fine (adj.)
24. are 54. come 84. could
25. want 55. make (v.) 85. same
26. go 56. give 86. put
27. tell 57. very 87. wait(v.)
28. with 58. send 88. has
29. me 59. as 89. anything
30. him 60. right (adj.) 90. my
31. about 61. order (n.) 91.night
32. at 62. good 92. call (n.)
33. think 63. minute (n.) 93. your
34. this 64. price 94. little
35. day 65. here 95. stuff (n.)
36. thing 66. car 96. won't
37. say 67. had 97. last (adj.)
38. can (aux.) 68. time 98. she
39. call (v.) 69. can't 99. all
100. better
从这100个常用单词中，我们可以看出，动词共36个，名词16个，代词13个，共计65个。冠词3个全有，其余共32个。从上例可以看出：英语动词、名词、代词和冠词占相当大的比例，其中动词的比例最大。英语学习者一定要把记忆的重点放在英语动、名、代词上。英语初学者第一步要精通这些最常用的词，这是学英语基础中的基础。
四三个1000
内申（Nation，I.S.P.）经过多年研究，于1986年总结出了3000个英语基本单词，他把它们叫做三个1000词（The
first，second and third 1，000 word lists）。
1.第一个1000词（The first thousand word list）
第一个1000词又叫做儿童语言（little language），实验证明，说本族语儿童从10个月到两岁用这种儿童语言，但他们并不能全用成人语言的发音，而且用很少的句法结构，运用的范围也不广。5岁儿童仍然用这些儿童语言，这时这些语言的发音接近成人语言的发音。
心理学家认为，两岁儿童语言是一种语言，而不是语言的一部分。他们也许只有少量单词，他们的语法也许只是把单词放在一起，但他们却能让人理解他们的本意。
内申选择这第一个1000词，主要遵照以下原则：语言需要（language needs）原则；（使用）频率（fluency）原则；范围（range）原则（即涉及多个范围）；规律（regularity）原则；教学需要（teaching
needs）原则等。
大家知道英语单词分接受性词汇（receptive vocabulary）和表达性（或输出性）词汇（productive vocabulary），这第一个1000词是表达性词汇。仅仅这1000词已能够满足一个学习者所有重要语言的需要（“…it
must satisfy all the important language needs of a learner.”Nation，1986）。因此，一定要注意一个词表达一个观点的原则。同时，这第一个1000词又是接受性词汇，它可以用来阅读文章，做练习等。
2.第二个1000词（The second thousand word list）
这1000词扩展了儿童语言，并常出现在大学课本、大学课堂、收音机新闻、报纸、职业或文化杂志上，使用率极高（high frequency），其中大部分单词作为高级英语词汇进行教学。这1000词不包括科技词汇（它包括少量在科技材料里的术语）和非常用词（low
frequency）。编辑这1000词的主要原则有：
（1）覆盖面广（coverage）。这1000词覆盖各种概念（concepts）和多个方面（aspects），并在大范围内运用。
（2）相关意义原则（related meaning）。一个单词有很多意思，但在这个词汇表中，介绍的是单词的基本意思。
（3）包括基本科技词汇，如cell，circuit，molecule等。
（4）词组（phrases），像in case，carry out等，都被看作一个项目（item）。
（5）上下文需要原则等。
第二个1000词主要是接受性词汇。这1000个单词也是外语基本词汇，在英语学习中起着不可估量的作用。
3.第三个1000词（The third thousand word list）
这个词汇表扩展了第一和第二个1000词。在这1000词里有较难理解的概念术语和很多词条出现在科技及专业材料里。内申说，这1000词主要是为那些已经有前面2000词的基础并准备攻读学位的学生设计的，但它不包括有些文学词汇和有些专业性特别强及不常用的词汇。如果有些学生想获得文学学位或想获得一些词汇来帮助他们阅读小说和诗歌，在这个词汇表里找不到他们需要的全部词汇。另外，这1000个单词没有超越一个精通英语但又缺乏专业训练和特别知识的英国人所掌握的词汇量。这1000词仍然可以说是常用词，但没有前两个1000词运用得那么广泛。这1000词主要是接受性词汇。
需要说明的是以上3000词，指的是主干词（principal word），而不含和它们相关的词或词组（associated
words and phrases），如果加上它们的相关词和词组，可能要超过7000词了。如：主干词appreciate（v.），它的相关词是appreciation（n.）；appreciative（adj.）；appreciably（adv.）。因此，学习者首先应掌握3000主干词，然后扩展掌握与它们相关的词或词组。
我们在前边讨论了英语的最基本词汇，英语学习者的英语水平会达到什么水平呢？研究表明：英语中有一个单词覆盖了7％的书面语言，这个单词就是the。
有10个常用单词覆盖了25％的书面语言，它们是in，of，the，he，to，have，be，and，a，that。
有100个常用单词覆盖了50％的书面语言（见前面词汇表）。
内申经过研究认为，前面提到的第一个1000单词覆盖了75％的书面语言，即每4个单词遇到1个生词（1 out of 4 words
is unknown）。
第一个和第二个1000词（共2000词）覆盖了82％的书面语言，即每5个单词遇到1个生词（1 out of 5 words
is unknown）。
第一个1000词覆盖94％的口语或非正式语言。
前2000个单词覆盖98％的口语或非正式语言。
大学词汇占8.5％的书面语，覆盖报纸的4％和小说的1％。
如果掌握了前2000个单词和“大学词汇”，在大学学习期间，你就可以知道你所遇到全部单词的大约94％，你就会知道报纸上的单词的92％左右。（“If
you know all the words in the lst2000 words and in the University
List，you will know about94％ of all the words you will meet in university
study. You will also find that you know about 92％ of the words in
the news paper.”ELI’s Handouts）
前3000个常用词覆盖了90％左右的书面语，掌握前3000个单词的学习者在阅读时偶尔还需查字典。
卡罗尔（Carroll）等三位专家1971年对含有500万个英语单词的文章进行了准确的统计，统计结果如下：
10个不同的单词覆盖了文章的23.7％；
100个不同的单词覆盖了文章的49％；
2000个不同的单词覆盖了文章的81.3％；
3000个不同的单词--85.2％；
5000个不同的单词--89.4％；
43831个不同的单词--99％；
86741个不同的单词--100％（内申，1990）。
专家们经过研究发现，理解口语大约需要理解书面语单词的一半。
韦斯特（West）认为，英语学习者要想口头说出绝大部分他需要表达的内容，最低需要1200个主体词（head words）。
斯科内尔（Schonell et al）经研究发现，1000个常用词覆盖口语的94％；2000个常用词覆盖99％的口语材料，这些常用口语词汇只有5％不在书面语常用词汇里。
内申还把英语词汇分为四大类，即：
1.最常用词汇（high frequency words），即前2000个单词。在这2000个单词里，第一个1000词中法语、拉丁语和希腊语占44％；在第二个1000词里，法语、拉丁语和希腊语占60％。
2.学术词汇（academic words）或大学词汇（university words），共约900个左右，其中有三分之二来自法语、拉丁语和希腊语。
3.科技词汇或技术词汇（technical words），每门学科中共有1000到2000个科技单词。这类词汇在语言的常用词汇中约占3--5％，这类词主要是拉丁语和希腊语。
4.非常用词汇（low frequency words），约有12.3万个。这类词不常用，约占课文的2--5％，有三分之二是拉丁语。
这里需说明一点的是由于英国历史上曾经历过几次外族的入侵和统治，尤其是法国诺曼人的入侵和长期统治，加上英语语言不断演变等原因，使英语借用了大量的法语、希腊语、拉丁语等。有人统计，在现代英语词汇中，有将近一半是外来借用词。
经研究还发现，阅读英语时，若平均100个单词里有一个生词（one unknown word in 100 words），说明你知道的词汇占所读材料中单词的99％。
若50个单词里面有1个生词，说明你知道的词汇占98％；
若33个单词里有1个生词，说明你知道的词汇占97％；
25--96％；
20--95％；
10--90％；
5--80％。
另，弗里斯比（Frisby，Q.W.）经研究发现，在需要使用介词的场合中，有9个介词占全部介词的92％，这9个介词是：
at，by，for，from，of，on，to，in，with。
《英语牛津字典》里讲of有63种不同用法。
对于中国中学生来说，首先要掌握前2000个常用单词。上大学以后，应在掌握前3000个常用词的基础上，熟悉掌握大学词汇，继而掌握5000个单词。如掌握了5000个单词，就能理解98％的课文和93.5％的书面语。因此，可以说若掌握了5000个词，就能比较流畅地阅读英语作品。但大学生仅掌握5000词是不行的，还需掌握更多的单词。
100词汇：
come,get,give,go,keep,let,make,put,seem,take,be,do,have,say,see,send,
may,will,about,across,after,against,among,at,before,between,by,down,
from,in,off,on,over,through,to,under,up,with,as,for,of,till,than,a,
the,all,any,every,no,other,some,such,that,this,I,he,you,who,and,because,
but,or,if,though,while,how,when,where,why,again,ever,far,forward,here,
near,now,out,still,then,there,together,well,almost,enough,even,little,
much,not,only,quite,so,very,tomorrow,yesterday,north,south,east,west,please,yes
 To
the top(回页首)
常见的英语同义词50组 (1)
赵宝斌
在学习英语词汇中，有时同义词的辨析是很不容易的，我们一般从三方面进行区分，即：语法、语义和文体。语法主要是词性、搭配、句式等的区分；语义主要是词义的本义、引申义、比喻义和内涵和外延等的区分；文体主要是正式和非正式、褒义和贬义等的区分。下面是笔者整理的50组同义词。
1. 路
2. 时代 3. 战斗 4. 牧师 5. 服装 6. 哭 7. 美丽,漂亮 8. 拉,拖 9. 旋转 10. 生气,气愤 11.
错误 12. 图画 13. 特别的 14. 取消,消灭 15.破碎 16. 环境,形势 17. 著名的 18. 强盗 19. 摇动,颤动
20. 说话,谈话 21. 事情,事件 22. 承认 23. 走路 24. 跳 25. 特点,特征
1.路
way: Wherever there
is room for an object to proceed, there is a way.
road: A road is a prepared
way for traveling with horses or vehicles.
path: A way suitable
to be traveled only by foot passengers or by animals.
route: A route is a line
of travel, and may be over many roads.
street: A street is in
some centre of habitation, as a city town or village, when it passes
between houses of dwellings.
avenue: A avenue is a
long, broad and imposing( 壮严) or principal street.
2.时代(期) (时期)
period: It indicates
any passage of time, great or small. /an extent of time of any length.
(时代)
time(s): It refers to a period
in history. in ancient times/ in Victoria time (新时代)
epoch: It indicates a long
period of time marked by events or development of a particular kind.
The first flight into space
marked a new epoch in the history of mankind.
(纪元)
era: It refers to a very long
period of time marked by a particular feature in a great new era
of world revolution
(时期)
age: It shows a particular
/a fairly definite period in history. the Bronze Age, Iron Age
3.战斗 (打仗)
fight: It is a bodily
struggle (奋斗 斗争)
struggle: An effort of any
kind to overcome difficulty.
(战斗) battle: A fight between
armed forces.
(战役) campaign: A series of
related military operations in a war.
(战争) war: A period of fight
between countries or states when
weapons are used and many people
are killed.
(对抗) combat: A fight, conflict,
controversy.
4.牧师 (教士 牧师)
priest: A person, esp.
a man specially trained for various religious duties and ceremonies,
in the Christian church, esp. in the Roman Catholic church
(牧师) minister: A member of
clergy, esp. Protestant churches.
(牧师) clergy(pl): The officially
appointed leader of the religious activities of a particular
church or temple.
clergyman: clergymen(pl) a
member of clergy.
(牧师) pastor: A Christian religious
leader in charge of a church and its members, esp. in a Protestant
church.
(教区牧师) vicar: A priest in charge
of an area(parish) in the church of England.
father: A little of respect
for a priest, esp. in the Roman Catholic.
5.服装
clothing(collect): (fml)
General term of clothes.
clothes(no single): Coverings
of the body such as coats,
dresses, suits, shoes, hats.
garment(fl): A suit of clothes
used by actors./a single article of clothing.
costume: 1) The fashion of
dress peculiar to a people, nation, class, period, etc.
2) A dress worn by actors in
a play. uniform: worn by all members of the community.
dress: 1) A kind of outer garment
worn by women (连衣裙).
2) worn on special occasions
(礼服) evening dress/ morning dress
suit: A set of outer clothes
to be worn together. evening suit/swimming suit
coat: A garment with sleeves
worn on top of other clothes from rain, heat, etc.
overcoat: A warn coat worn
in the street.
6.哭
cry: The most general one.
(哭泣) weep: To let flow tears.
(抽泣 抽嗒) sob: To weep or sigh
with short quick breaths.
(哭天抹泪 涕泪交流) snivel: To sniffle
and cry in a irritating manner.
(哭嚎 又哭又闹) blubber: To cry loudly
noisily.
(发出低声报怨声) whine: To make a
low complaining cry.
(嚎哭) bawl: To utter loud cries
(always in bad sense).
(痛哭) wail: To cry aloud from
pain or sorrow.
(呻吟) moan: To make a low, miserable
sound in pain or sorrow.
(呻吟) grown: To make a low sound
of pain, unhappiness or disapproval
(哀悼) mourn: To feel or show
sadness or sorrow for someone who has died.
(哀悼) lament: To express great
sorrow or regret.
7.美丽 漂亮
good-looking: Having an attractive
appearance in a strong, healthy way used for men and women not things.
beautiful: ( a woman or a thing)
Suggesting symmetry of features or perfection of proportion, elegance
and mobility. beautiful flowers, a beautiful girl/voice/city/face
beautiful weather.
handsome: Of attractive appearance
applies to men. a handsome fellow/actor/horse/buildings/young man.
pretty: (a girl, or a small
thing) Suggesting liveliness and sweetness, pleasing or nice to
look at. a pretty little woman/garden, a pretty girl/ picture/piece
of music,
lovely: (something) So beautiful
that it makes you feel good to look at it or even to think about
it. The garden looks lovely.
fair: Beautiful( of woman in
poet) light in color esp., skin hair.
gorgeous: (persons or things)
(inf) Extremely beautiful or handsome.
8.拉 拖
pull: The most general one.
draw: It implies a smoother,
steadier motion and generally a lighter force than pull.
drag: It usually refers to
horizontal motion or motion up an incline (slope) and it suggests
laborious efforts over rough ground or against friction, resistance
or gravity.
The escaped prisoner was dragged
out of his hiding place.
haul: It implies continuous
pulling or dragging of heavy or bulky objects.
The fisherman is hauling a
net.
tug: It applies to hard often
sudden violent effort to pull.
He tugged at my sleeve to ask
directions.
jerk: To pull suddenly.
He jerked out the knife that
was stuck in the wound.
tow: To pull by a rope or chain.
We towed the car to the nearest garage.
wrench: To pull hard with a
twisting or turning movement.
9.旋转 turn: The most general
one.
(自转) spin: To turn quickly
around a central point.
It emphasizes the continuity
of the action, and usually the narrow extent of the circular motion.
The wheel is spinning on its
axis.
(急转) whirl: To round very fast.
It implies the lock of conscious
control.
The leaves whirl in the wind
in the yard.
(转动) rotate: To turn round
a fixed point with a circular movement.
The earth rotates once every
24 hours.
(绕转) revolve: To turn or move
in a circle around a central point.
It indicates circular or elliptical
(椭圆) movement.
The planets revolve around
the sun.
10.生气 气愤
anger: The most general one.
(易怒) be cross: Feeling easy
to get angry.
(愤慨) indignation: (fml) Anger.
It stresses righteous anger
at what one considers unfair, mean or shameful.
We expressed our indignation
at the ruthless exploitation.
(愤怒) wrath: Very treat anger.
(literary)
It suggests a desire on intent
to revenge or punish.
(狂怒) rage: Wild, violent anger.
It suggests loss of self- control
from violence of emotion. in a rage /to fall into a rage.
(暴怒) fury: Violent, extreme
and destructive anger.
She flew into a fury.
11.错误
(误会) mistake: A wrong thought,
act. It implies carelessness Anyone can make a mistake.
(过错 弱点) fault: A bad point,
but not of a serious moral kind. It refers to behavior and character.
His only fault is that he lacks ambition.
find fault with sb / at fault
shortcoming: Weakness, failing
It refers to failures or deficiencies
in things as well as people.
In spite of all her shortcomings
I still think she's one of the best teachers in the school.
(疏忽) error: A mistake (formal
sometimes literary)
It implies deviation from a
standard or model
The accident was caused by
human error.
(缺点 毛病) defect: sth lacking
or imperfect.
It refers to quality.
The radio was returned because
of a defect.
(失误 过失) blunder: A very stupid
or unnecessary mistake.
It implies ignorance.
This is the fatal blunder of
his life.
12.图画
picture: The most general one.
(彩图) painting: pictures with
color.
(绘画 图画) drawing: A picture
made with a pen, pencil and crayon. Sketch, diagrams and graphs
are all drawings.
(草图) sketch: A rough not detailed
drawing.
(图解 图表) diagram: A drawing,
figure that shows the arrangement of something.
(曲线图) graph: A diagram in which
a straight line, curved, or zigzag line shows how two sets of numbers
or measurements are related.
(插图) illustration: A picture
to go with words of a book.
(图样 草图) draft: The first rough
written form of anything.
(平面图) plan: A line drawing
of a building as it might been seen from above.
(主视图) elevation: A flat upright
side of a building.
(海图) chart: A map esp. a detailed
map of a sea area.
13.特别
(专门的,与众不同的) special: Different
in some way from what is common, ordinary, or usual.
It stresses having a quality,
character, identity, or use of its own.
The tube contains special gases.
(特别的) especial: (fml) To an
usually great degree, exceptional
It emphasizes the importance
of the things or the persons mentioned
This is a matter of especial
importance.
(各别的) particular: Relating
or belonging to only one thing or person.
It stresses the distinctness
of something as an individual which is worth notice. In that particular
case, the rule doesn't hold.(适用)
(特种的) specific: Detailed and
exact, clear in meaning and explanation, fixed, determined.(used
in scientific articles)
It implies a quality or character
distinguishing a kind or a species.
He gave me a very specific
instruction. There is a specific tool for each job.
(独特的) peculiar: Strange or
perhaps unpleasant.
It implies strangeness. He
has a peculiar way of speaking.
14.取消 消灭
(取消 解除) cancel: To give up,
to declare something is to be effective.
He has cancelled his leave
of absence.(消假)
(废除 废止) abolish: To do away
with. It refers to practices, social institutions. Bad customs should
be abolished.
(消灭 排除) eliminate: To get rid
of.
We should eliminate the false
and retain the true.
(撤消 废除) repeal: To bring to
an end of the effect of a law or an order. Some laws should be repealed.
(根除 消灭) exterminate: To destroy
completely and wholly.
Colonialism must be exterminated.
15.破碎
break: The most general one.
(压碎 压破) crush: To press together
violently as to break, to destroy its shape by squeezing it. It
suggests the effect of great external pressure.
The tree fell on top of the
car and crushed it.
(打碎) smash: To break thoroughly
to pieces with a crushing sound.
She dropped the plate and smashed
it.
(打裂) crack: To break without
separation of parts.
It suggests the breaking out
across a surface.
He cracked the window by leaning
against it.
(破裂) burst: To break
open by pressure from within.
The fireworks burst while they
were in the air.
(砸碎 破碎) shatter: To break into
pieces.
It suggests the breaking up
of a thin surface.
The glass was shattered to
pieces.
(撞坏) crash: To refer to the
vehicle which hits something and is badly damaged.
16.环境 形势
(环境 形势) conditions: The location
and other factors likely to
affect it. It suggests something
that has stayed the same for
some time and which affects
daily life such as food, work, and houses.
We are now studying the economic
conditions in the developing countries.
(形势) situation: A position
or state at a particular time, set of conditions, facts, and events
having an effect on a person, society, etc.
It suggests more general matters
such as government planning and finance.
The political situation in
these countries are always changing.
(环境 周围 外界) environment: The
circumstances, things and conditions that influence you. It refers
to spirit aspect, physical aspect and
material aspect. We must try
to beautify our environment.
(形势 情况) circumstance(s): A
situation or event around us, a certain kind of atmosphere,
the conditions that affect
what happens. in (under) the
circumstances
(环境 周围事物) surrounding(s): The
area and environment around a place or
person. It indicates a very
narrow condition, "physically" sometimes reflects spiritual
aspect.
They lived in hostile surroundings.
17.著名的
well-known: (infl)
famous: The most general one.
widely known or honored.
(杰出的 知名的) distinguished: Great,
outstanding marked by excellent quality or deserved fame, used especially
of people who are famous for serious work in science, the arts etc.
He was a distinguished writer.
(驰名的) celebrated: Famous, (substitute
for renowned)
It refers objectively to sb
or something that has been give acclaim or honoured with awards
or prizes. She was a celebrated actress.
renowned: Highly honored and
famous for something good. often refers to places or things, also
It suggests something that has become legendary or is no longer
available for an objective evaluation.
Edison was renowned for his
inventions.
noted: Well-known and admired
It often describes a more intellectual
kind of effort and accomplishment indicating an authority
or expert or their theories. Maybe it is not widely
known to the general public.
He was a very noted expert.
(臭名昭著) notorious: Famous for
something bad.
He is notorious for his crimes.
18.强盗
thief: The most general one.
(强盗) robber: It suggests a
direct confrontation in which the owner is forced to give up
his valuables.
(行凶强劫) mugger: A person who
attacks and robs people in a street or in a lift.
burglar: A person who breaks
into a house at night to steal something.
(歹徒 暴徒) gangster: A member
of a group of criminals, esp. those who are
armed and use guns to threaten.
(匪徒) bandit: an armed robber.
It suggests an organized group
in a rural setting.
(土匪) brigand: A robber who
lives by robbing travelers in the country.
(海盗) pirate: A person who robs
on the sea.
19.摇动,颤动
shake: The most general one.
to move up and down or back and forth.
It refers to persons or things.
(发抖) quiver: To tremble a little.
It suggests a rapid but invisible
vibration.
His lips quivered with emotion.
(颤抖) tremble: To shake uncontrollably
and slightly as from fear, cold, excitement etc.
It implies uneasiness and nervousness.
Her voice trembled as she began
to sing.
(瞬间发抖) shiver: To tremble from
fear or cold.
It suggests a slight and rapid
movement.
He stood shivering in the snow.
(极度颤动) quake: to shake or tremble
violently.
It suggests a more violent
and sudden change.
He quaked with excitement.
An explosion cam make the ground
quake.
(抽筋般颤动) shudder: To shake uncontrollably
for a movement.
It suggests a more intense
shaking.
She shuddered at the sight
of a snake.
20.说话 谈话
(说话)
speak: To use your voice to
say words.
(说) say: To speak words.
(发出声音) utter: To make sound
and say words.
drawl: To speak in a slow,
prolonged manner.
mutter: To express displeasure
with compressed lips.
rave: To talk in an angry,
uncontrolled way.
gabble: To talk rapidly, making
inarticulate sounds.
(谈论) remark: To mention it
or comment on it.
(陈述) state: To say, express
or put into words, esp. formally.
He stated his view.
(讲述) narrate: To tell formally
in writing or speech or describe
something in order with intonation.
He narrated his adventure in
the forest.
(详述) relate: To tell formally
in details, to give an account of.
He related his experiences.
(讲演) address: To say in speech
or writing to a person or group.
tell: To let people know about
something.
talk: To say things to someone.
converse: To talk formally.
The scholars are conversing
with each other on
linguistics.
chat: To talk in a friendly,
familiar, informal manner.
The two friends sat in a corner
and chatted.
chatter: To talk continuously
rapidly about small things.
The schoolgirls went along
chattering.
whisper: To talk in a low voice.
She whispered me not to talk
so loudly.
murmur: To make a soft sound,
esp. to speak or say in a quiet voice.
He often murmurs to himself.
(闲谈) gossip: To talk about
the details of other people's actions
and private lives which may
not correct or proper.
That woman is very fond of
gossiping about others.
stammer: To speak with pauses
and repeated sounds because of excitement, embarrassment.
stutter: To speak with pauses
and repeated sounds because of
inherent speech defect.
21.事情,事件
(事) thing: An event, a fact,
a subject.
He talked of many interesting
things.
(事情) matter: Seth that you
have to deal with, something to be discussed, thought over.
There are several matters to
be dealt with at the meeting.
(事务 责任) business: A special
duty, something that has to be done.
Public business is every one's
business.
(事务) affair: An event or set
of connected events. (pl) private and personal life.
I have many affairs to look
after.
(事件) event: An important happening.
Events such as birthdays and anniversaries are often celebrated.
Do you know the chief events
of 1986.
incident: Not as important
as an event. Incidents seldom are celebrated. Sometimes an event
becomes an incident after many years have passed.
(偶然事件) happening: An occurrence,
and sometimes an unusual one.
There have been strange happenings
here lately.
(偶发事件) occurrence: An incident
that is usually unexpected and has not been planned ahead of time.
Flood is practically an annual
occurrence in this district.
22.承认
admit: To agree to the truth of, usu, something bad.
It suggests reluctance or possible
objection.
He admitted his crime/stealing.
(自白 供认) confess: To admit guilt
as to a crime or as to a shortcoming, in the sense of making known
to others one's own error or wrong doing.
He confessed his fault/doing
something wrong.
acknowledge: to agree the truth
of, recognize the fact or existence of what have said or done,
good or bad.
It emphasizes openly in a embarrassing
or awkward and usually not voluntary way.
I acknowledged my signature/mistakes/errors/having been
defeated.
grant: To admit or to agree
something is true.
I granted his request/his honesty.
take sth/sb for granted.
concede: To admit as true,
just or proper often unwillingly because of overwhelming evidence.
I conceded you that point,
but I still think you are wrong.
recognize: To accept or acknowledge
it.
It refers to something about
law and diplomacy.
The new regime was recognized
by China.
23.走路
walk: The most general one.
stride: To walk with long steps.
He strode through the station
a few minutes before the train left.
(高视阔步) stalk: To walk stiffly,
slowly, and proudly with long steps.
trot: To jog, move quickly,
usu refers to horses.
(蹒跚而行) waddle: To walk from
side to side with short steps like a duck.
The fat man waddled out of
the room.
(蹒跚) stagger: To walk unsteadily,
slide and drag the feet almost
falling at each step, usually
because of illness, injury or drink.
After drinking too much, he
staggered in the street.
(摇摆蹒跚) totter: To walk unsteadily
showing great weakness often used
of very young children learning
to walk. The child tottered before his parents.
(拖着脚走) shuffle: To move without
lifting the feet clear of the floor as if wearing slippers.
The old man shuffled along
the road.
(趾高气扬地走) strut To walk in a
proud strong way, esp. with the chest out and trying to look
important.
(慢行) amble: To walk at an easy
gentle rate.
It stresses a leisurely but
regular movement.
(闲逛) stroll: To walk, esp.
slowly, for pleasure.
It emphasizes a slower movement,
more wandering and aimless with suggestions of many starts and pauses.
They are strolling through
this park.
saunter: A little more formal
than stroll.
(漫步 徘徊) wander: To move about
without a fixed course, aim, or purpose.
He was wandering about/down/through/up
and down the street.
(漫游) roam: To wander with as
very clear aim.
It suggests a more serious
purpose behind the irregular
of circular movement in complete
forgetfulness of time.
The lovers roamed around/through
the fields.
(跋涉) trudge: To walk heavily
and wearily with effort as when one (plod) is tired.
The hunter was trudging through
the deep snow.
(重步行走) tramp: To walk with
firm heavy steps.
Who has been tramping all over
the carpet in muddy shoes.
(扭扭捏捏地走)
mince: To walk with little
short steps in an affected manner.
It was a funny sight to see
her mince along.
slouch: To walk in a loose,
ungainly (不雅观) way.
hustle: To walk in a busy,
active way.
24.跳
jump: The most general one.
to throw oneself into the air.
(跳起)
leap: (literary) To spring
through the air, often landing in a different place.
The boy leaped over the brook
without difficulty.
(跳跃) spring: To leap suddenly
and quickly.
He sprang to his feet at the
sudden noise.
(跳着跑) bound: To spring lightly
along.
It suggests high spirits and
excitement.
His dog bounded to meet me.
(轻快地跑) skip: To move in a slight
dancing way, as with quick steps and jumps.
The little girl skipped at
her mother's side.
hop: To jump on one leg.
The boy had hurt his leg and
had to hop along.
vault: To leap over something
using the hands or a pole.
You can vault a fence by putting
your hands on it and swinging yourself over.
hurdle: To jump over some thing
while running.
The horse hurdled the fence
and ran into the woods.
25.特点 特征
quality: The most general one.
(特点)
characteristic: Quality typical
of a particular person and thing, a special and easily recognized
quality of sb/sth.
It has may scientific or technical
uses.
It implies neutral description
in referring to any aspect of something without evaluating its relative
importance to the whole.
A useful characteristic of
the cat is its ability to catch and kill mice.
(特征) character: The combination
of qualities which make a particular person, thing, place, etc.
A tendency not to show emotions
is supposed to be part of the British national character.
(性质) nature: The qualities
make someone or something different from others.
It indicates the widest range
of traits, including emotional, mental and physical qualities.
It is only human nature to
like money.
(特征) attribute: A quality belonging
to or forming part of the
mature of a person or thing.
The word is positive rather
than negative.
Darkness is an attribute of
night.
(特性) peculiarity: The quality
of being peculiar, strangeness, unusualness.
It shows an unpleasant attribute
that is quite noticeable.
One of his peculiarities is
that his two eyes are not the same size.
(特色) feature: A typical and
noticeable part or quality.
It suggests something positive
and specifically
It refers to physical appearance.
A lake is an important feature
in this area.
(品质 特性) trait: A particular
quality of sb/sth.
It refers to more abstract
attributes. Honesty and diligence are the chief traits of his character.
(个性) personality: The whole
nature or character of a particular person.
It refers to the whole indefinable
emotional coloration that a specific person gives off. He has a
strong personality.
如果你想访问英语构词，点击这里。
如果你想访问英语语法，点击这里。
如果你想访问谈学英语，点击这里。
如果你想查看本站主要内容索引 ，点击这里。
喜欢英语和音乐的朋友，欢迎访问我们的钢琴网www.pianoweb.cn 和游四方网www.you4fang.cn
 下一页(Next
Page)
|
英语学习专题
VOA
英语
BT
英语资源下载
BBC 英语
爱情格言名言
奥运英语
澳大利亚社会文化背景
城市景点英文介绍
出国留学签证及技巧
出国留学文书写作
初中英语教学论文
春节英文短信祝福语
儿童童谣歌曲
儿童英语教学
儿童英语童话故事
疯狂英语
高考英语复习
高考英语真题及答案
高考真题单词使用解析
高考真题单词使用解析
高中英语教学论文
记忆英语单词方法
加拿大社会文化背景
剑桥少儿英语
考研英语翻译
考研英语听力口语
考研英语真题及答案1980-2011
考研英语心得体会
考研英语阅读理解
考研英语阅读真题解析
考研英语作文
赖世雄英语
留学移民签证指导
每日英语
美国社会文化背景
沛沛英语
汽车英语词汇
千万别学英语
如何/怎样学好英语
如何打英语电话
如何申请国外奖学金
如何提高英语口语
如何提高英语听力
如何同外国人交流
如何写英文电子邮件
如何选购英语学习图书
如何选择英语培训机构
如何学大学英语
如何自学英语
如何做英文陈述报告
商务英语范文/范例
世界著名城市英文介绍
托福考试技巧心得
GRE考试技巧心得
玩游戏学英语
外贸经济合同英文写作
我是如何通过签证的
我学英语经验方法
我在国外的经历
我在外企的工作经历
小学英语教学论文
现代大学英语精读教案
新东方英语
新概念英语
新视野大学英语
新西兰社会文化背景
许国璋英语
学英语口诀窍门
雅思考试技巧心得语
洋话连篇
英美文学论文
英国社会文化背景
英文听力mp3下载
英文地名
英文个人简历
英文合同及范文
英文求职信
英文人名
英文名著
英文申请信
英文推荐信
英文招聘广告范文
英语/英文面试
英语900百句
英语爱情诗歌歌词
英语被动语态
英语标点符号用法
英语标识提示语
英语不定代词
英语不可数名词
英语词汇教学
英语单词记忆法实例
英语倒装句
英语导游
英语定语从句
英语独立主格结构
英语短语和搭配
英语词语来源/故事
英语翻译技巧方法
英语翻译教学
英语翻译论文
英语非谓语动词
英语否定形式
英语关联词/过渡词
英语冠词的用法
英语教案格式和范例
英语教学法
英语介词用法
英语句型教学
英语句型句式
英语和汉语的比较
英语课堂用语
英语口语技巧方法
英语口语教学
英语口语句型
英语连词
英语连系动词
英语六级考试词汇
英语六级考试经验心得
英语六级考试听力口语
英语六级考试作文写作
英语六级阅读理解
英语论文格式及写作
英语论文选题
英语名词复数形式
英语名词性从句
英语强调句
英语情态动词
英语商务谈判
英语时态用法
英语数字的表达
英语四级考试词汇
英语四级考试真题&详解
英语四级考试经验心得
英语四级考试完形填空
英语四级听力口语
英语四级阅读理解
英语四级作文写作
英语听力技巧方法
英语听力教学
英语同义近义词辨析
英语外来词语
英语写作技巧方法
英语写作教学
英语形容词副词比较级
英语虚拟语气
英语语言学文学笔记
英语语法教学
英语语法与教学术语
英语语言文化论文
英语语音/发音
英语语音教学
英语阅读技巧方法
英语阅读教学
英语在线听力资源
英语主谓一致
英语助动词
英语专业考研及试题
英语专有名词
英语状语从句
英语自我介绍及范文
英语作文范文
音乐英语词汇术语
幼儿/儿童学英语
幼儿英语教案
幼儿英语教学
在线英语测试
在线英语词典/字典
在线英语翻译
中国小吃菜名英文说法
中考英语复习
中西文化的差异
中小学英语学习资料
钟道隆逆向英语法
走遍美国
>>更多英语学习专题
|
