一.Addition　此外

inaddition　，and，similarly，likewise，aswellas，besides，furthermore，also，moreover，too　，notonly...but，even，besidesthis／that

　　二.Sequence　顺序

first，initially，second etc.，to begin with，then，next，earlier／later，following this／that，afterwards

　　三.Consequence　结果

as a result，thus，so，therefore，consequently，it followsthat，thereby，eventually，tnthatcase，admittedly

　　四.Contrast对比　

however，on the other hand，

despite，in spite of，though，although，but，on the contrary

otherwise，yet，insteadof，rather，whereas，nonetheless, compared with，in contrast

　　五.Certainty　确定

obviously　，certainly，plainly，ofcourse，undoubtedly

　六.Condition　条件

f　，unless，whether，providedthat，for，sothat，whether，dependingon

　　七.Time　时间

before　，since，as，until，meanwhile，atthemoment，when，whenever，assoonas，justas

　　八.Summary　总结

inconclusion，insummary，lastly，finally，to sum up，to conclude，torecapitulate，in short

　　九.Example举例

forexample，forinstance，justas，inparticular，suchas，namely

　　十. Reason原因

since，as，so，because(of)，due to，owingto，the reason why，in other words，leads to，cause

十一. Time　

before，since，as，until，meanwhile，at the moment，when，whenever，　

as soon as，just as　

Transitions used for different purposes

1. Transitions that explain

now, in addition, for , in this case, furthermore, in fact, in other words, this is, as a matter of fact, in fact

2. Transitions that emphasize.

certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, truly, of course, anyway, in particular

3. Transitions that qualify

but, however, although, yet, except for

4. Transitions that illustrate.

for example, for instance, thus, such, next, namely,

5.Transitions that add.

In addition, furthermore, also, moreover, first, second, third, etc, then, besides, next, again, besides, what’s more

6.Transitions that compare.

like, in the same way, similarly, equally important, too, likewise, at the same time, meanwhile

7.Transitions that contrast

unlike, in contrast, whereas, on the other hand, instead, but, despite, nevertheless, on the contrary, however, in spite of

8. Transitions that concede.

although, nevertheless, of course, after all, clearly, still, yet

9. Transitions that state a consequence.

therefore, as a result, consequently, accordingly, otherwise, hence, thus, in this way

10.Transitions that sum up.

to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, all in all, altogether, as has been said/stated/mentioned, in brief, on the whole, in a word,

11.Transitions that indicate place

above, below, adjacent to, elsewhere, here, there, farther on, near, nearby, on the other side, opposite to, to the east, wherever, to the left…etc, close to, next to, in front of, at the back of, at the front of

12.Transitions that indicate time

after a while, afterward as long as, at that moment, as soon as, at last, at length, at that time, before, earlier, formerly, immediately, in the meantime, in earlier, formerly, immediately, in the meantime, in the past, lately, later, once upon a time, meanwhile, now, presently, shortly, simultaneously, since, so far, soon, then, subsequently, thereafter, until, when, etc.

13. Transitions that indicate reason and cause

because, because of, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as, for, for this reason,

14. Transitions that indicate order

first, second, in the first place, first of all, at first, to begin with, firstly, in the end, eventually, at last,

常用过渡词和句型

过渡词在文章中发挥着连接上下文的作用，学会恰当地运用过渡词会使文章连贯、流畅。

1.常用于文章开始的过渡词语和句子

(1)To begin with首先

例：To begin with, smoking should be banned in public areas."首先，公共场所禁止吸烟。"

(2)Generally speaking一般地说，总体上说

例：Generally speaking, it is the best policy to spend more money on libraries."总的说来，加大图书馆的投资是良策。"

(3)First of all第一，首先

例：First of all, many people in remote areas still live in poverty."第一，居住在边远地区的许多人仍生活在贫困之中。"

(4)With (the development/progress/growth)

of(economy/society)...随着(经济、社会)的(发展、进步、增长)...

例：With the development of society, women’s role has become more important than ever before in daily life."随着社会的发展，妇女在社会生活中比以往发挥着更加重要的作用。"

(5)Recently近来

例：Recently，the problem (conflict, production) of grain shortage has become the world focus."近来粮食短缺问题已成为全球关注的焦点。"

2.常用于文章结尾的过渡词和句子

(1)In conclusion最后，在结束时

例：In conclusion, the international agreement should be made to prevent the world from war."最后，应达成国际协定使世界避免战争。"

(2)In brief简言之

例：In brief, family planning is of vital importance in China."简言之，计划生育对中国具有重要意义。"

(3)In a word总之

例：In a word, without mutual understanding, true friendship does not exist."总之，没有相互理解，真正的友谊是不存在的。"

(4)It is high time that...到...时候了

例：It is high time that the issue were to be solved so as to promote the economic development."为了促进经济发展到该解决问题的时候了。"

(5)It is only when...that...只有当...才...

例：It is only when people become the masters of the country that science can serve the people."只有当人民成为国家的主人，科学才能为人民服务。"

3.常用于表示先后次序的过渡词语及句子

(1)first, second, third...第一，第二，第三

例：First, she had studied chemistry during her sophomore and junior years. Second, she never missed a class. Third, she performed every required experiment in all her chemistry courses. Fourth, she always worked hard. Her classmates were sure that she would win top award in Chemistry during her senior year at the university."首先，她在一二年级时就选修了化学课程。其次，她从不误课。再有，她认真完成每一次化学试验。还有，她学习非常刻苦。因而同学们确信她在高年级时会获得学校化学大奖。"

(2)To begin with...,moreover...,finally...，首先...，此外...，最后...

例：There are a few reasons for his decision of studying law. To begin with, he is very interested in social affairs and it seems the best way to enable him to engage in these activities. Moreover, his father is a lawyer. He has always encouraged him to do something similar. Finally, he is sure he can get a job after graduation."他决定学法律有几方面的原因：首先，他对社会事物感兴趣，学习法律有助于他参与这些活动。此外，他父亲是个律师，一直鼓励他从事同样的职业。最后，他确信毕业后能找到工作。"

(3)Meanwhile同时

例：Meanwhile, the better skills and knowledge children possess, the more opportunities they will be ensured."

同时，孩子们的技艺与知识掌握得越好，今后的机会就越多。"

(4)since then自此之后

例：Since then, the Olympics turned out to be an instrument of peace and freedom for small nations."自此之后，奥林匹克运动成为小国争取和平和自由的工具。"

(5)Therefore因而

例：Therefore, if this is included in good education that parents are seeking now, their children will be definitely ensured a bright future."因而，如果父母们在其为孩子们寻求的良好教育中加入这一点，他们的子女肯定会有一个光辉灿烂的未来。"

4.常用于表示因果关系及分析原因的过渡词语与句子

(1)As a result由于...结果

例：Her performance in college was excellent. As a result, she has got a satisfactory job."由于她在大学成绩优异，她找到一份令人满意的工作。"

(2)Due to由于

例：My trip to Guang Zhou and Shen Zhen has to be cancelled due to the financial problem."由于财务问题，我去广州和深圳的旅行取消了。"

(3)consequently结果，因此

例：The government was unwilling to risk a conflict with that neighboring country, and consequently, promised to sign the treaty."该国政府不愿冒险与邻国发生冲突，因此答应签署条约。"

(4)One may criticize......for......，but the real cause of...lies deeper人们可以因为...批评...，但是...的真正原因在更深层次

例：One may criticize the school authorities for the fire accident, but the real reason of the accident lies deeper."人们可以就火灾事故批评校领导，但事故还有更深的原因。"

(5)Among...reasons, one should be emphasized that...在众多的原因中，其中一点给予强调...

例：Among the most important reasons, one reason should be emphasized that large pieces of cultivated land have been occupied, which results in the grain shortage."在许多重要的原因中，其中一点应强调的是造成粮食减产是因为大量的可耕地被占用。"

5.常用于比较和对比的过渡词

(1)unlike...与...不同

例：Unlike oral English, written English is comparatively formal."与口头英语不同，笔头英语比较正规。"

(2)In contrast...与之相比

例：In contrast with Tom, Mario seldom studies harder."与汤姆比，玛里奥很少努力学习。"

(3)On the other hand...另一方面

例：The life expectancy in developing countries has increased during the past thirty years. On the other hand, the infant mortality has decreased from twenty percent to ten percent in the same period."发展中国家的期望寿命在过去的30年间都增长了。另一方面婴儿死亡率同期由20%下降到10%。"

(4)Likewise同样

例：Plenty of food must be packed for the journey；likewise, warm clothes will also be needed."要带上旅行中吃的食品，同样也需要带上御寒保暖的衣服。"

(5)similarly同样

例：If only one can make his audience understood, it seems insignificant if one makes some mistakes in his oral English; similarly, as to the audience, they are only interested in grasping the meaning, not actually mind or even hardly notice the speakers mistakes."只要能使听众听明白，在口头英语中出一些错误是无关紧要的，同样作为听众也只对讲话者的意思感兴趣，根本不介意或几乎注意不到讲话者所犯的口语错误。"

大学英语四级考试对作文的要求是表达清楚, 语义连贯。要做到这一点, 考生必须学会过渡词的使用。过渡词(Transitional Words)是一种关系指引词, 它是连接句与句、段与段之间的纽带, 过渡词一般为副词或起副词作用的短语，另外代词、 连词也可以起到过渡的作用。

英文作文写得是否连贯，很大程度上取决于过渡词的应用。这点既是学生写作中的薄弱环节，也是阅卷老师评分的—个重要标准。也许考生已经掌握了各类过渡词，但一到真正写作时就感到茫然，不知该如何使用，所以写出来的作文支离破碎，前言不搭后语。下面是四级作文中常用的几类过渡词及其使用场合，希望考生能熟练掌握，正确使用。

1. 表示时间和顺序关系 这类过渡词常用来表示时间先后顺序和一系列论据的前后次序。

after, before, first, second, then, next, finally, earlier, later, in the past, at the present, while, when, since, meanwhile, soon， soon after, temporarily, to begin with, to end with...

2. 表示空间关系 这类过渡词经常用在说明文和描写文中，表示空间方位和顺序。

before， behind， below， beneath， between， here, there, where, beyond, nearby, under, above, over, below, on the right (left), in the front of, in front of, at the back of, in the middle of, at the bottom of, opposite to, next to...

3. 表示强调 这类过渡词主要是用来强调某一个论点或论据，或事物的某个方面，在各类文体中都可以经常见到。

again, indeed, actually, and, besides, perhaps, really, truly, especially, specially, to be honest, to be frank, in particular, in addition, furthermore, naturally, of course, to repeat, what is more.... 如：

We were tired if living in the noisy crowded city, so we moved to the countryside. We rent a small house. In addition, we bought some old furniture. We felt quiet at home in the country. What is more, we could enjoy fresh air and long walks every day.

4. 表示异同关系 常用比较来指出不同事物间的相似之处, 用对比来指出不同事物的不同之处。这类过渡词经常在议论文和说明文中使用, 表示不同事物或事物不同方面的比较或对比。

unlike, like, likewise, but, despite, conversely, nevertheless, instead, however, in contrast, in the same manner, not only...but also, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, compared with, different from, in spite of, even though, similarly, whereas...如：

To my surprise, my father did not criticize me. He praised me instead. Usually, my father doesn't need an assistant on his business tour. However, he offered to take me with him this time. I guess, my father gave me this opportunity as a treat for my courageous conduct.

5. 表示因果关系 这类过渡词经常用在推理的文章中, 表示逻辑上的因果关系。

accordingly, so, then, thus, hence, since, therefore, consequently, as a result, because of, for the reason, due to, in this way.... 如：

The people of the two countries were once on friendly terms with each other at a period of time. But for some historical reasons, the relations between the two nations were broken off. As a result, the people had been out of touch for a very long time. As time went by, the two countries decided to restore their diplomatic relationship. Accordingly, both parties agreed to negotiations.

6. 表示举例或例证 这类过渡词主要用来举例和例证, 在各种文章中都会经常用到。

for example, for instance, a case in point, that is, incidentally, as an illustration, such as, in fact, in general, in particular, to illustrate, namely, in other words, that is to say, that is...如：

Xiao Wang is a very versatile student. Besides his excellent performance in his studies, he is good at ball games, and basketball in particular. He is a good swimmer, too, and he can do in different styles, such as backstroke style and free style. He can also play two kinds of musical instruments, namely, violin and piano.

7. 表示概要和结论 这类过渡词通常用在议论文或说明文的结尾, 表示对前面所阐述内容的概括或总结。

in a word, in short, in brief, to sum up, on the whole, by and large, all in all, so far, therefore, thus, in summary, in conclusion, to conclude, to summarize...如：

White-haired folks read the paper on their farmhouse porches at sunset. Worn-out wind mills stood alone in pasture... All in all, we did not see much evidence that small-town America was vanishing.

上面我们归纳总结了四级作文中七种过渡词的用法。同时, 值得注意的是, 一篇流畅的文章通常不只涉及到一两类过渡词。我们相信, 只要同学们能很好地掌握过渡词的用法，便不难在四级的作文考试中取得满意的成绩。

1.表示增加的过渡词：and,also,and then,too,in addition,again,furthermore（此外，而且）,moreover（再者，加之）,on top of that,another,first,second,third.

2.表示时间顺序的过渡词：now,then,before,after,afterwards（以后，后来）,earlier,later,immediately,soon,next,in a few days,gradually,suddenly,finally.

3.表示空间顺序的过渡词：near(to),far(from),in front of,below,behind,beside,beyond,above,to the right,to the left,on one side outside.

4.表示比较的过渡词：in the same way,just like,just as,

5.表示对照的过渡词：but,still,yet,however,on the other hand,on the contrary,in spite of,even though.

6.表示结果和原因的过渡词：because,since,so,as a result,then therefore,thus,otherwise.

7.表示目的的过渡词：for this reason,for this purpose,so that.

8.表示强调的过渡词：in fact,indeed,surely,necessary,turly,certainly,without any doubt,to repeat,above all,must important.

9.表示解释说明的过渡词：for example,in fact,for,actually,in yhis case.

10.表示总结的过渡词：finally,at last,in conclusion,as I have shown,in other wise,in brief,as has been stated.

表示列举的连词：first, second, third…;firstly, secondly, thirdly…; first, next, then…; in the first place, in the second place…; for one thing, for another thing…;to begin with, to conclude…

11.表示原因的连词：because, since, as, now that…

12. 表示结果的连词：so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result

13.表示让步和转折的连词：however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever, whatever 　 14.表示对照的连词：on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely

15.表示补充的连词：also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, what’s more, too, either, neither, not…but…, not only…but also…

16表示时间顺序的连词：when, while, as, after, before, since, until, as soon as, once 17.表示目的的连词：that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that

18表示条件的连词：if, suppose (that), supposing (that), unless, in case, so (as) long as, so far as, on condition (that), provided (that), providing