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在英国所感受到的英语
赵宝斌
几年前，作为访问学者笔者到英国诺丁汉大学学习了一年。从笔者学习和生活过程中，笔者发现感受到了许多语言现象。
1)
正式英语和非正式英语的区别。在英国我们能比较容易听懂导师和教授所授的课程，因为他们主要运用正式英语，发音和用词比较规范，但是我们几乎听不懂大街上或有些电视节目上的有些语言，因为他们通常所说的是非正式语言，不但他们的用词不规范，而且他们的语音语调和语速完全不同，由于语速快，有时也很难听懂。第一次见面时，英国人常问这两句话，How
long have you been here? (你来这多长时间了)？ How long will you be here?（你将在这呆多长时间）？笔者经常被混淆，因为英国人通常句子中的情态动词和助动词发的很轻、很快。有一天，一位老人看到笔者，他说了几句话，笔者一个字也没有听懂，笔者多次问：“你说什么？”但还是听不懂，于是这个老人指了指天空，笔者明白他说的是关于天气的话题，但对他所说的笔者一点也不懂，这令笔者感到非常吃惊。
2) 英国人作肯定回答时的说法。当我们作肯定回答时我们一般总是 “yes”(是)。 “yes"这个词在中国我们总是教我们的学生发【
jes 】 , 然而英国人通常说【 je 】 或【 ja 】 ，甚至在一些正式场合。另外一词是“exactly”(确实是)。当我们完全同意别人的说法和观点，我们通常说“right”(对)或
“true”（真的），在英国“exactly”这个词的运用场合比我们所想象的要多，例如：A: The boy is quite
clever.(这个男孩很聪明)。 B: Exactly.（一点不错）。在口语当中，当你表达了对方所要想说的，英国人也经常说：“That’s
it”(就是这样)。他们还常说“Have you got it?”（你明白了吗?）。
3) 英国人表达感谢和谦意的方式。英国人非常礼貌，到处你可以听到他们在说：“Thank
you”（谢谢），“Sorry”(对不起)，“Excuse me”（劳驾）和“Pardon me”（请原谅）。这些说法比我们想象的用得多。笔者有时对他们用的方式感到迷惑不解，比如有一天，笔者从邻居这借了一把钳子修自行车，当笔者还钳子时，笔者说：“Thank
you very much.”(非常感谢) 但是邻居也说:“Thank you”(谢谢)， 笔者不知道他为什么他这样说，因为说谢谢的应该是笔者，笔者不知道他感谢的是笔者还他的工具，还是这只是一种礼貌的表示。另外，英国人说“thank
you"(感谢)时，用不同的语调，我们从书本上学到用升调说“Thank you.”(谢谢)时，表明不肯定或不真诚的态度，然而笔者发现英国人经常用升调说“Thank
you.”(谢谢)，笔者不知道哪种方式更合适。另外一种情况是表达谦意的说法，有一天笔者在大街上走，不小心撞到了一个人，还没等笔者开口说话，这个人首先说对不起，我不明白为什么？这是笔者的过错，说对不起的应该是笔者，好象英国人“Thank
you”( 谢谢)和 “Sorry”（对不起）总不离口。
4) 关于打招呼和称呼的形式。我们从书本上学到英国人在见面时常谈论天气，确实是这样，但是笔者发现比我们想象的说的少，一般在上午人们见面时说："Good
morning"(早上好)，有时相互之间并不一定认识。他们打招呼时，笔者听到的一句话使笔者吃惊，当他们见面时有时说：“Have
you found your job?”(你找到工作了吗)？笔者不知道这是否与当前的经济不景气有关，还是通常的情况或者是因为英国人经常变换工作的缘故。在打招呼时有时他们用“lovely”(很好)个词，笔者感到很新奇，有时你会听到“It
is lovely to see you”(见到你真高兴)。如果不是听到这个词这样用，笔者还不敢这样说。还有，当你到商店买东西时，你给售货员钱，正好不用找钱，他们会说：“It
is lovely.”(太好了)。 因为我们学的这个词通常指的是天气和人。我们知道英国人在相互亲密地称呼时用这两个词：“dear”(亲爱的)和
“darling”（亲爱的），我们通常认为它们用在家庭成员，特别是在夫妻之间，然而，有时在大街上你会听到英国人用它们，有时他们用在不熟悉的人之间，同辈年轻人之间或老人之间，甚至不同辈年轻人和老人之间。笔者有时在街上也听到人们说:“duck”(亲爱的)作为称呼，别人告诉笔者这是诺丁汉的方言。英国人通常相互间只称其名，很少用全名，甚至家庭成员之间或学生和导师之间。例如：我们的导师叫Kate
Catherine, 我们叫她Kate。 另外一个词是“cheerio”(再见)，人们分别时通常用它，当笔者在商店卖东西付完钱之后离开时，经常听到售货员用这个词。
5) 那些强烈的赞美词的运用。通常我们用“wonderful”（太好了），“excellent”（好极了），“beautiful”（漂亮）和“great”（真棒）这些词表达我们对一些事情的赞美，但英国人用的赞美词比我们想象的要多，象“gorgeous”(极好)，“terrific”（极妙），“fabulous”（极好）和“fantastic”（极妙），你会听到这样的说法，You
look fabulous at the party yesterday.（昨天你在聚会看起来太漂亮了）。He bought a
gorgeous suit from the shop.(他从这个商店买了一套特别漂亮的衣服)。I saw a terrific
film yesterday.（昨天我看了一个特别棒的电影）。还有另外一个词“bloody”(非常)，我们知道用它时有贬意的意思，但好象英国人现在用它表达一种强调的意思，甚至出现在比较正式的场合，你会听到：Don’t
bloody phone me again.(一定不要再给我打电话了)。”The people don’t use English
properly because it is so bloody taught.(人们英语用的不恰当，因为教师教的很糟糕)。后一个句子是笔者从诺丁汉大学一个很有名的教授的讲座中听到的。我们知道英国人当表达吃惊时，他们通常说:“Dear
me！ My God！ 和Oh, dear！等，但笔者更多地听他们说：“My gosh”！
6)
英国人说话时停顿的用词。在说话中人们有时停顿进行措辞，这时人们用一些语气词，我们知道英国人常用这样的词，象“er”，“mm”和“erm”，然而，笔者发现相当一部分英国人在他们谈话中却常用“you
know”这两个词，有些人甚至每说一句话都重复这两个词。笔者也发现英国人用不定冠词“a” 作为停顿时措辞，而不定冠词的发言变成了【
ei 】 , 例如：I don’t think he treats me in aaa… right way. (我认为他不是很…公正对待我)
。
7) 大写和缩写的运用。在英国人们用大写和缩写形式比我们想象的要多。你会发现他们在一些表格、广告和海报等中常用大写或缩写形式，笔者不知道他们为什么这样，是引起人们的注意或给予强调，还是让人们读起来更容易，对笔者来说，这些都很难看懂，在报纸上，甚至在人们的说话当中，也用缩写形式，有时笔者不知道是什么意思，甚至字典上也查不到。下面是报纸上的一条广告:
C/H（central heating） radiate, complete, ex(excellent) condition
£1650 S/S(stainless steel) sink, all fittings £ 18,50
both V.G.C..(very good condition) (中央循环暖气，全套，质量很好，£1650，不锈钢水槽，全套配件，£1850，两套都质量良好)
语言是交际的工具，为了达到更好的交际目的，人们 根据情景和交际的目的选择不同的文体。正式语言和非正式语言的运用是交际中重要的文体形式。在英语中正式英语用于比较严肃的场合，而非正式的英语用于比较随便的场合。下面是一些正式英语和非正式英语的形式。
1. 状语
1) 时间，原因和条件状语可以用非谓语动词的形式，也可以用状语从句的形式，一般的说，非谓语动词形式比状语从句形式正式。
Being
(As he was) a farmer, he had to get up early.
Weather
permitting (If weather permits), we shall go.
2)方式和程度状语可用介词短语，也可以用副词表示，一般说，介词短语比副词正式。
He
spoke in a confident way/with confidence. (confidently)
3) 英语中用一些副词有两种形式，一种是-ly形式，一种是同形容词的形式相同，一般说，前者比后者正式。
He
read loudly (loud).
I
guessed rightly (right).
4) 让步状语从句
`how (who, when, what) ever' 的形式比 no matter how (who, when, what) 的形式正式。
Whoever
(No matter who) he is, I wont' see him.
2. 代词
I. 关系代词
1) 定语从句中作宾语的关系词`Whom'
比
`who'正式。
Whom
(Who) are you waiting for?
He
is the person whom (who) I met the other day.
2) 在定语从句中作主语和宾语的关系词`Who'
`whom' and `which'比 `that' 正式。
He is the person who
(that) is well-known here.
This
is the book which (that) I bought yesterday.
I
know the person whom (that) you spoke to.
3) 指时间和地点的从句 `Prep + which' 比 `when' and `where'
从句正式。
This
is the place in which (where ) I worked.
That
is the day on which (when) I came.
II. 人称代词
1) 通常在比较级中主格比宾格正式。
He
is taller than I (me).
Who
is there ? It is I.(me)
2) 在动名词前，所属格比主格正式。
Do
you mind my (me) smoking?
3)
单数人称代词比复数正式。
Everyone
should do his (their) duty.
Give
me (us) a kiss, darling.
Everyone
thinks he knows (they know) the answer.
4) 指作者本人用 `We' 比 `I' 正式。
As we (I) showed it is not an easy question.
5) 泛指人时，`One'
比
`you' 正式。
One
(You) never knows what may happen.
6) 在复合句中，主句和从句中的主语出现名词和代词时，主句中用名词比用人称代词正式。
The
plane took off as soon as it had refuelled.
(It
took off as soon as the plane had refuelled.)
III. 指示代词
1) 当`This'
和
`that'都是后指时，'that'
比
`this' 正式。
That
(This) is what I thought.
2) `that/those' 作为先行词比名词正式。
Those flowers are better than those which (the flowers)
we planted last year.
3. 主谓一致
1) 单数比复数正式。
None
/Neither of them has (have) arrived yet.
2) 复数比单数正式。
If
I were (was) you I would do that.
Neither
his wife nor his child have (has) arrived.
There
are (is) hundreds of people outside.
3) 和kind
连用的名词单数比复数正式。
This
kind of dog (These kinds of dogs are) is easy to train.
I
like most kind of cat (cats).
4. 倒装句比不倒装句正式。
Had
I known it (If I had known it) I would have told you.
Hardly
have I seen this. (I have hardly seen this.)
Under
no circumstances must the door be left unlocked.
(The
door must be left unlocked under no circumstances.)
Most
of the problems a computer could solve easily.
(A
computer could solve most of the problems easily.)
5. 不省略的形式比省略的形式正式。
I
know that he is a famous writer.
He
is a person whom I have known for several years.
I
spent all the week in writing my paper.
I
saw her on the day after her birthday.
We
are going to visit China in the following spring.
You
can borrow my pen if you want to borrow.
He
suggested that we should come early.
6. 介词前提比介词结尾的句子正式。
He
is a person on whom we can rely (whom we can rely on).
With
what did he write it? (What did he write it with?)
7. 情态动词
1) 用于请求时，`May'
比
`can' 正式。
May
(Can) I use your bike?
2) 用于请求时，`Would'
和
`Could' 比
`will' 和
`can' 正式。
Would
/Could ( Will/Can) you like to give a speech?
8. 泛指时定冠词比名词复数正式。
The
horse is a very useful animal.
(Horses
are very useful animals.)
9. 从句比不定式的形式正式。
It
is important that we should do it (for us to do it).
It seems that he is a teacher.
(He seems to be a teacher.)
10. 其它的一些句子（下划线是正式的形式）。
1) If you come early, you will
see him. (Come early and
you will see him.)
2) I shall try and do it.
(I shall try to do it.)
3) He is so young that he can
not dress himself.
(He is too young to dress himself.)
4) It is so beautiful a city.
(It is such a beautiful city.)
5) Haven't you heard the news?
(Have you not heard the news?)
6) To my surprise, I hear
the news. ( I'm surprised to hear the news.)
7) We starts for Beijing tonight.
(We are starting for Beijing tonight.)
8) To begin with, (First )
we must consider this thoroughly.
9) I go to see my old friend occasionally
(now and then).
10) I am hence (therefore)
unable to help you.
11) By the way, (Incidentally)
do you know something about this?
12) I was ill therefore (so)
I could not come.
13) He spoke loudly in order that
(so that) every one could hear him.
14) You should work hard even
though (even if) you have made great progress.
15) They asked me whether
(if) they would come.
16) He still works hard although
(though) he is old.
17) He took his umbrella lest
(for fear that ) it should rain.
18) Don't come otherwise (or)
I shall fire.
19) He failed to go there on account
of (because of ) the rain.
20) He works hard despite
(in spite of) his old age.
21) In my opinion (I think)
he is not correct.
22) He got up early in order to
(so as to) have more time to study.
23) He went there once per
(a) day.
24) Many (lots of) people
get much ( a lot of ) pleasure from music.
25) He has little (not much)
money and few (not many) friends.
26) I fear (am afraid) that
he will not come.
27) I have to (have got to
) see my friend.
28) Phone me again within
(in) a weak.
29) What on earth (in the
hell) are you doing?
III.Oxymoron
Oxymoron is a combination of words, which seems
to contradict(矛盾) each other. Here are some examples
Cruel
kindness; Found missing;
Resident alien;
Almost exactly;Alone
together; Silent scream;
Living dead; Small crowd;Soft
rock; New classic; Sweet sorrow;
Peace force;Tight
slacks; Pretty ugly; Exact
estimate; definite maybe; Terribly
pleased; Passive
aggression; Same difference; Advanced BASIC; Genuine
imitation; Clearly
misunderstood.
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Acronyms
Do
you know these acronyms(取首字母缩写词)?
AFAIK As Far As I
Know
BTW By The Way
EPID Every Person Is Different
FAQ Frequently Asked
Question
FYI For Your Information
IME In My Experience
IMHO In My
Humble Opinion
IMOIn My Opinion
IRLIn Real Life
LOLLaughing Out Loud
MSO Most Significant
Other
NRN No Reply Necessary
OTOH On The Other
Hand
RFDRequest For Discussion
SO Significant Other
TIA Thanks In Advance
TTYL Talk To You
Later
WRT With Regard To
Help You to Remember
the Order of Modifier
We
must put the words in a correct order if there are more than two
different kinds of modifiers(修饰语). Here is a sentence to help you
to remember this.
I have a (determiner) useful (opinion)
tiny (size) old (age) soft (texture/tone) round (shape) black (color)
American-made (nationality) rubber (material) squash (use) ball
(noun).
一些和动物有关的英语说法
赵宝斌
动物
animals |
雄性
male |
雌性
female |
幼崽
youngs |
叫声
cries |
肉
meat
|
住所
houses |
象征
symbols |
| cat |
tom |
catta, she-cat |
kitten, pussy |
purr, miaow |
|
|
deceit居心叵测的女子，
|
| cattle |
bull, ox |
cow |
calf |
bellow, moo, |
beef |
shed |
|
| chicken |
cock, rooster |
hen |
chick |
crow, cluck, cheep |
chicken |
roost |
|
| deer |
buck, stag |
doe, hind |
faw |
|
|
|
|
| dog |
dog |
bitch |
puppy |
bark, growl, bow,wow |
|
kennel |
honesty忠诚
|
| donkey, ass |
donkey |
jenny ass |
|
heehaw, bray |
|
|
|
| duck |
drake |
duck |
duckling |
quack |
|
|
|
| fox |
dog |
vixen |
cub |
bark |
|
|
cunning机智，狡猾
|
| goat |
billy |
nanny |
kid |
bleat |
mutton |
fold |
|
| goose |
gander |
goose |
gosling |
hiss, honk |
|
|
conceit傻瓜
|
| horse |
stallion |
mare |
foal, colt, filly |
neigh, whinny |
|
stable |
|
| lion |
lion |
lioness |
cub |
roar |
|
lair |
brave勇猛的男子
|
| pig |
boar |
sow |
piglet |
grunt |
pork |
pigsty |
lazy 肮脏贪吃的人
|
| rabbit |
buck |
doe |
bunny |
squeak |
|
hutch |
|
| sheep |
ram |
ewe |
lamb |
bleat, baa |
mutton |
|
|
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英语中否定形式的表达
赵宝斌
在英语中经常用到否定形式，除了not,
no之外，英语中还有其他的形式也可表达否定形式，下面是笔者对这些形式的总结。
1)用 no 和 not：
No smoking is allowed here. Not
a man was seen.
He has no brothers. He is no fool.
2)用形容词：far from, short of, free
from, different from, last, poor, absent,
It is far from the truth.
I am short of money. This is the
last thing I'd like to do.
3)用副词：hardly, scarcely, rarely,
seldom, never, no longer, not... any longer (more), not ... at all,
nowhere,
I can hardly bear it.
4)动词：fail, neglect, miss, deny,
ignore, refuse, keep from, protect from, dislike, prevent from,
exclude, forbid, wonder, lack, stop,
Parents keep their children from
smoking.
5)用连词：unless， would rather...than,
other than, neither...nor, before, except that, or, otherwise,
I would rather die than give in.
The truth is quite other than what
you think.
I thanked him before he said anything.
6)用不定代词：none, little, few, neither,
nobody, nothing, no one
Seize today, with little trust in
tomorrow.
Money lost little lost, time lost
all lost.
7)用介词：without, instead of, in
place of, out of, but for, beyond, except, but, in the dark, at
a loss， in no respect, in no sense, by no means, under no circumstance,
in no shape, in no way(case), on no condition, above, behind,
This is out of (beyond) my description.
Do you know that? No, I am in the
dark.
8)用句式：too...to, too...for, let
alone, anything but, why not, not so...as
He can't walk let alone run.
This is too much for me to bear.
9)用词缀: a-, ab-, anti-, de-, dis-,
mal-, mis-, non-, in-, ob, under-, -less, -free.
It is duty-free(免税).
It is abnormal(不正常).
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Random
Thought on Food Culture
Between Chinese and Westerners
Zhao Baobin (赵宝斌)
Generally speaking, we Chinese think food is very
important to man. People often associate food with important holidays
and the chance to meet distinguished guests. The Chinese food not
only is very delicious and tasty but also very pleasing to your
senses and many of dishes have very beautiful and fancy names. The
Chinese have the food culture of our own which are quite different
form westerners. In the west, people pay more attention to the nutrition
of food rather than the looks of it. The cuisine and table manners
are quite different from ours in a great extent.
Greeting by Asking Your Meal in China
It is a very common practice we Chinese people say "Have you
had your meal?" when they meet each other around the time before
or after meals. Sometimes they even ask this question everywhere
even in toilets. In fact, it is a kind of greeting to communicate
with each other. But foreigners cannot understand that because they
think why you ask me this. They tend to think you want to invite
me to dinner or I am not rich enough to feed myself regularly but
that is my business not yours. Chinese think food is very important
and essential to people so it shows some care and concern about
you.
Everything is eatable in China
It seems that we eat everything and everything can be eatable in
Chinese food, whether it comes from land or from the sky or from
the sea or whether it is wild or domestic or whether it is inside
or outside. Foreigners cannot imagine we eat the food like snakes,
dogs and even frogs. When we sell the meat from the animal and poultry,
we normally sell it as a whole or cut it from the whole body. I
know a woman American teacher didn't want to buy and eat pork when
she first came to China because she saw the meat cut from a certain
part of the pig. In English, we know the animals and their meat
are used different words because the words of the meat from animals
originally come from French and they are used by upper class while
the words of animals are Anglo Saxon, which are used by the farmer
of lower class. So there are pig and pork, sheep and mutton and
cattle and beef in English but it is not the case in Chinese.
Name of Dishes is Implicit in Chinese Food
Very often it puzzles foreigners a lot that we ask and talk so much
when we order our food in the restaurant. One reason is we ask what
the food or the dish is and try to clarify it because you sometimes
never know what the food is just according the name of the food
until it is put on your table in the restaurant just. Sometimes
the food is very simple but the name is very obscure. For example
one of the dishes is called " Ants Climb the Trees." But
the food is simple potato noodles and bits of meat in it, while
most of western food has a simple and clear name and you know what
it is when you hear the name. For instance, there is a traditional
food call "fish and chips" in the UK. You see it is very
obvious it is fried fish and potato chips. The reason for this in
China is on the one hand to try to tell you the way it cooks such
as cook, fry, grill and broil in the name and on the other it has
beautiful good names so that you have a good imagination and association
to let you have a good appetite.
Too Much Food to Eat at meals
We Chinese think it very disgraceful if we don't cook the food enough
for the guests so we normally cook more food than guests eat. If
you finish your food at meal, the host and hostess usually add more
and more food in your dish or bowl without asking you whether you
want it or not so as to show they are polite to the guests. They
will keep saying, "eat more" and in English we have the
expression "help yourself". Westerners never force you
to eat more. If you stop eating, they tend to think you are full.
So sometime foreigners feel very helpless when the host and hostess
to put more food in their dishes and bowls and they can do nothing
but eat more and more until they are completely full. So some foreigners
learn to know they always leave some food in their bowls or dishes
in order to avoid more food to be added when are invited to dinner
in Chinese family. That is the differences in food culture between
China and the West.
Tableware Is Simple in Chinese Meals
Generally speaking, we don't use much tableware when we have our
meal in China. Mainly we have bowl, dishes, chopsticks and spoons,
which we don't use very often. In serving English meals, they use
so much tableware with different kinds and sizes. The Chinese do
not know how to use them properly when they are invited to dinner
in English family. For example there are different kinds of names
for glasses in English, such as wine glass, cherry glass, brandy
glass, beer glass, snifter glass, champion flute and high bowl.
You can see tableware also show the food culture of different countries.
Food is Most Important in China
As the saying goes " food is the essentials to people"
and "Man is iron and food is steel." You can see Chinese
think food it very important. One reason is China has big population
so food is the first problem that faces us. Most of people are not
well off now. That is why the government is very much concerned
about the food problem, which we call it "vegetable basket
projects." We first make people have enough food and then make
them feed well. One the other food shows a kind of hospitality and
sincerity. The more and better food you offer to your friends and
relatives. The more generous and hospitable you are. In Chinese
mind, we say food is important because we also use food as a way
to solve problems. People often say no matter how poor a company
is, it has the money to treat people guests because they can solve
many problems when they are talking and exchanging ideas with each
other at meals. In the west countries, they don't normally talk
about business at meals and also they think it is a waste of money
and time if more food and very expensive food are ordered for dinner.
But we Chinese think it is an honor to treat quests in this way.
Chinese food is well-known in the world and the
Chinese food culture is not all the same with that in the west countries.
We cannot say it is right or wrong and it reflects the practice,
custom and conventions of the peoples.
References:
Zhu Rongtao. Essentials of British and American Cultures. Beijing:
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1991.
Zhang Jian. A Guide to Practical Spoken English. Beijing: Jindun
Press, 1991.
Richard MacAndrew, Guide to British and American Culture. London:
Oxford University Press, 2000.
Richard Tomas, English Language and Culture Dictionary. London:
Longman, 1992
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