1） at, in ,on, over, under
（a） at 在……
“at +N /（place）” 的基本意义在于表达空间或位置的点的概念。
例：There is a ball at the foot of the desk.
（在书桌的桌腿那里有一个球。）
就我们日常生活的活动来看，如下面各短语所指的场所都属于点的概念。
at home 在家
at work 在工作场所，（外出工作）不在家
at the door/ window 在门/窗口
at the office 在办公室
at school 在学校
at （the ） university 在大学
at the bus stop 在公共汽车站
at the station 在车站
at the crossroads 在十字路口
at the bridge 在桥头处
at the next corner 在下一个街角
at the baker's 在面包店
at No．36, Park Street 公园街36号
at the party 在宴会中
at a meeting 在会场
at the club 在联谊会
at one's desk 在自己的书桌处
at （[美]the）table 在餐桌处；在吃饭
at the bottom of … 在……的底部
at the foot of … 在……的脚处
at the end of … 在……的末端/尽处
at the center of … 在……的中央
注：请注意下面两句的区别：
I met her in the station.
（我在车站里遇见她。—station 指建筑物）
I met her at the station.
（我在车站遇见她。—station 指交通线上的点，遇见她的地方有可能在车站里面，也可能在车站外面。）
（b） in在……里面/之中
“in +N/（place）”的基本意义是表示在面或空间的范围里面。
例：My watch is in the drawer of my desk.
（我的手表在我的书桌抽屉里面。）
可用“in…”来表达的场所、地点、位置、空间等可以如下：
in +洲名、国名、地区名、州/省……区域名、城市、乡村名等。
in Asia 在亚洲
in China/ the United States 在中国/美国
in Siberia / the West 在西伯利亚/西部
in California/ Fu Jian 在加州/福建省
in the southern part of Taiwan 在台湾南部
in London/Beijing 在伦敦/北京
in town/ the country 在镇上/乡下
in+日常生活场所
in the street 在街道中
in the park 在公园里
in the woods/trees 在树林里
in the field 在田野里
in the garden 在花园里
in the campus 在校园里
in the library 在图书馆里
in the office 在办公室里
in the gym 在体育馆里
in +三维空间
in the sky 在天空
in the sun 在太阳光下
in the rain/snow 在雨/雪中
in the dark 在黑暗中
in the ocean/sea 在海洋中
in the river/pool 在河/游泳池里
in the building/house 在建筑物/屋里
in + 容器
in the / a box / bag 在盒/袋里
in the bottle 在瓶子里
in the drawer 在抽屉里
in the basket 在篮子里
in the pocket 在衣袋里
其他
in his book 在他的书中
in the newspaper 在报上
her poems 在她的诗中
in that story 在那故事中
in your report 在你的报告中
in the middle of 在……的中央；在……当中
in the center of 在……的中央
in the corner of 在……的角落里
注：in the corner of （内角）
on the corner of （外角）
at the corner of （交叉角）
例：There is a wastebasket in the left back corner of the classroom.
（教室后面的左角处有纸篓。）
例： There is a phone booth on the corner of next block.
（下一个街区的转角处有一电话亭。）
例：Let's meet at the corner of the 32nd Street and Fifth Avenue at 6：00 p.m. O.K.?
（我们就在下午六点，第五大道与第三十二街的交叉角处见面，可以吗？）
（2） 请比较下面例句的区别：
例：
Keep quiet in the library.
（图书馆内请保持肃静。——表示图书馆的范围内。）
I was at the library when it rained.
（下雨时我正在图书馆借书/或者资料。——图书馆在本句是日间活动的一个点。）
例：
The visitors were still in the school then.
（当时来访者还在学校。——指场所）
At that time my children were still in school.
（当时我的小孩都还在上学。——指事）
例：
I visited her several times when in Pairs.
（我在巴黎居留期间去看过她几次。——人住在巴黎）
We stayed at Paris for only four days when we went on a tour in Europe last summer.
（上次夏天我们到欧洲观光旅游时在巴黎只停留了四天。——巴黎是观光旅行上的一点）
（c） on 在……上面
“on + N/（place）” 的基本意义是表示人、物等在……的表面上面，并指与该表面相接触的意思。
例：
There is a telephone on the desk.
（书桌上有一部电话机。）
“on…”所表示的表面不一定是平面，也可指立体等。
例：
She doesn't like to hang pictures on the wall.
（她不喜欢墙上挂图画。）
例：
There is fly on the ceiling.
（天花板上有一只苍蝇。）
其他常看到的有：
on the floor 在地板上
on the ground 在地面上
on earth 在地球上
on one's face 在……的脸上
on page 65 在第65页
on a farm 在农场上
“on…”也可以表示在……线上的旁边。
例：I have rented a house on 21st Street.
（我在第21街租到一栋房子。）
例：It 's a small town on the Mississippi River.
（那是密西西比河边的一个小镇。）
“on…”也可表示附着或装置在……的上面的意思。
例：He broke the handle on the door.
（他把门的把手破坏了。）
例：The lens on your camera is broken.
（你的相机上的镜头破了。）
（d） over… 在……的上面/上方
“over + N/（place）” 是表示在……的上方或覆于……的上面的意思，是“under”的相反词。
例A： There is a light on the desk.
（书桌的上方有一盏灯。）
例B：She put her hands over her face.
（她用两手遮住了她的脸。）
“over”的本义是“在……平面或物体的上方（例A）”，所以只要是在一个水平的表面，或有面积的平面上方就可用“over…”，不必在……的直接上方。
例：We saw our national flag flying over the roof.
（我们看到了国旗在屋顶上飘扬。）
例：The setting sun over the horizon looks very, very beautiful.
（地平线上的夕阳看起来非常美。）
例：The plane flew low over the town.
（那架飞机低空飞过市镇。）
注：“on”与“over”的区别
“on”是表示support （支撑）的意思，over则表示cover（覆盖）的意思。
I put a cup on the desk.
（我把一个杯放在书桌上。——书桌支撑着杯子。）
Then I put my handkerchief over the cup.
（然后我把我的手帕覆在杯子上。——杯子被手帕所覆盖。）
（e） under… 在……的下面/下方
“under…” 是表示在……的下面或下方，是over的相反词。
例：There is dog under the desk.
（有一只狗在书桌的下面。）
“under”也是指水平的平面或面积的下方/下面，不一定只指直接的下面或下方。
例：We sailed passing under the bridge.
（我们从桥下航行通过。）
例：A group of children are playing under the big tree.
（有一群小孩正在那棵大树下游戏。）
例：Soon the ship sank under the water.
（很快地那艘船就沉到水底去了。）
（2） above, below, beneath, beside, near, inside, outside, into, out of
（a） above… 在……之上；高于
“above…”的基本语义是表示位置高于……（higher than…），是below 的相反词。
例：There is a clock on the wall. It is above the blackboard
（墙上有一个钟。它的位置高于黑板。）
“above”所指“位置高于……”，如图所示通常都不在与它相比物体的直接上方，但是也可以笼统地指“在……之上”，这个时候“above”可和“over”通用。
例：Can you see the helicopter above/ over the palace?
（皇宫上空有一架直升机你看到了吗？）─PEU, Michael Swan
“above”也可用于指河流的上游。
例：There is a dam five miles above the bridge.
（离桥五英里的上游有水坝。）
（b） below… 在……的下面；低于
“below…” 的基本语义是表示位置低于……（lower than…），是above 的相反词。
例：There is a socket on the wall, too. It is below the clock.
（墙上也有插座，它在钟的下方。）
如图所示“below”是指位置低于……，通常都指不在和它相比的物体的直接下方，但是有时也可以和“under”通用只是笼统地指“在……的下面”。
例：We met at the entrance, below/under the clock.
（我们在入口处的钟下面相遇了。） ─OGEG, John Eastwood
“below”也可指河流的下游。
例：The water below the bridge runs very deep.
（桥下游处的水流很深。）
（c） beneath… 在……的下面；在……的底下
“beneath…”本来是指“在……（在底部的面接触的）底下”，但是在现代英语常与under/ below通用。
例：There is a box fixed beneath the chalkrail of the blackboard.
（黑板下方横木条底下设有一个盒子。）
例：From the balloon we could see the town far below/ beneath us.
（从热气球上我们可以看到下方远处的小镇。）
（d） beside… 在……的旁边
例：There is a chair beside the desk.
（在桌旁边有一张椅子。）
“beside…” 也常作“并……”解释。
例：She sat beside Tom.
=She and Tom sat side by side.
（她和汤姆并排坐着。）
（e） near 在……附近/旁边
例：There is a dog near the door.
（靠近门的地方有一只狗。）
注：“near，near to，close [klous] to”都用于表示“在……的附近”的意思。
例：I live near /near to/close to the station.
（我住在靠近车站的地方。）
（f） inside… 在……里面/内部（ outside）
例： There is a dog inside the classroom.
（教室里有一只狗。）
“in”与“inside”都可用于表示“在……里面/内部”，但是“inside”是强调在三维空间内或在密闭的容器里面的意思，有时也用于和其相反词“outside”作对比。
例：What's there inside that box? It weighs rather heavy.
（盒子里面是什么东西？它相当重。）
例：Smoking is not allowed inside the cars.
（车厢内不准吸烟。）
（g） outside… 在……外面/外部（ inside）
例：There is a student outside the classroom.
（教室的外面有一个学生。）
（h） into … 进入……之中；到……里面（ out of）
The student is walking into the classroom.
（那个学生正走进教室。）
“into…” 的基本语义是表示“进入……”的动作。
例：Very carefully he put the vase back into the box.
（他小心地把那花瓶放回那个箱子里。）
（i） out of … 向……外面（ into）
例：The student by the window threw a ball out of the window.
（靠窗的那个学生把一个球投出了窗外。）
注意：“out of the window” 说成 “out the window” 是错误的。
（3） among, between, behind ,in front of , before ,to ,by
This is a picture of my family. The woman who looks old is my grandmother. She is sitting among us . My mother is sitting to the left of my grandmother. The little girl sitting to the right of my grandmother is my younger sister .She is sitting between my grandmother and my father. I am standing behind my mother. My elder sister is standing between my elder brother and me. Our dog Rosa is lying on the floor before us. There is a ball in front of Rosa.
解说
① among：表示位于三个以上的人、物、地之中，含被包围之意。
例：There is a cottage among the trees.
（林中有一间小木屋。）
②between：表示位于两个人、物、地之间的意思。
例：Betty likes to sit between her parents.
（贝蒂喜欢坐在父母之间。）
例：Taichung is a big city between Taipei and Tainan.
（台中是台北与台南之间的一个大城市。）
③ behind：表示位于……的背后的意思。
例：There is a house behind the house.
（屋后有一处花园。）
请比较下面两例句的区别：
例：
Close the door behind you ,Tom.
（汤姆，请把你背后的门关起来。）
Close the door after you, Tom.
（汤姆，请你随后关门。）
④in front of ：表示位于……人、物的直接前面。
例：Don't park your car in front of the gate.
（不要把你的车子停大门口。）
⑤before：表示位于……人、物的前面，也含“in front of …”的意思。
例：There is a stream running before my house.
（我家门前有一条小河流。）
⑥to：表示位于……人、物的左边或右边，或东、西、南、北方位。
例：Who is the young lady sitting to the left of your father?
（坐在你父亲左边的那位年轻女士是谁？）
例：The island lies to the north of the Philippines.
（这个岛位于菲律宾群岛的背面。）
请比较下面两例句：
例：Keelung is a sea -port situated in the northern part of Taiwan.
（基隆是位于台湾北部的海港。—“in”表示在……的范围内）
例：There is a very small island lying to the north of Taiwan.
（台湾北面有一个很小的海岛。—“to”表示在……范围外）
⑦by：表示在……人、物的旁边或靠近……的意思。
例：I like to sit by （=next to ）the window.
（我喜欢坐在窗边。）
例：We bought a house by （= near） the lake.
（我们买了一栋建于湖边的房子。）
（4） along , across ,beyond ,off , through, toward, up, down, from…to…
（a） along… 沿着……
“along…”是表示沿着细长的线（如道路、河流、海岸）……的意思。
（ across）
例：We drove along the highway.
（我们沿着公路行驶。）
（b） across… 横过；在……的对面
“across…”可表示由一边到对面的横越运动或对面的静止状态。
例： In the picture we can see two people swimming across the river.
（在图中我们可以看到有两个人正在游泳渡河。）
例：There is a farm across the river.
（河的对岸有一处农场。）
（c） beyond… 在……的那一边
“beyond…”是表示在（中间要越过某一场地或物体）……的那一边的意思。记得有一首歌的歌词是“我的家在山的那一边”，这就是“beyond”的意思。
例：There is a village beyond the river.
（在河的那一边有一处小村庄。）
（d） off… 离……；离开……
“off…” 表示离开主干线或场所一段距离的意思。
例：There is a farm house off the highway.
（离开公路一段距离处有一间农舍。）
（e） through … 通过……；穿过……
“through…” 是表示从一端贯穿到另一端去的意思。
例：The highway goes through a tunnel at （the foot of ）the mountain.
（这条公路穿过一条隧道直通到山脚下。）
（f） toward（s）… 向/朝……的方向
“toward（s） …” 表示运动的方向，英式英语以“towards” 较普通，美式英语则以“toward”较普通。
例：There is an airplane flying high in the sky. It is flying toward（s） east.
（有一架飞机正在高空中飞行。它正向东飞去。）
（g） up… 向……高处/上面；向……上游（ down）
“up…” 表示运动方向往上面、高处或河流的上游。
例：In the picture we see a boat sailing up the river.
（在图中我们看到有一艘小船正向上游航行。）
（h） down… 向……低处/下面；向……下游（ up）
“down…” 表示运动方向往下面、低处或河流的下游。
例：In the picture we see two boats sailing down the river.
（在图中我们看到有两艘小船向下游航行。）
（i） from…to… 从……到……
“from…to…” 表示两地间的距离或两地间的运动；“from…”是起点，“to…”是终点。
例：What is the distance from the bridge to the tunnel ?
（桥到隧道之间的距离是多少？）
“from…” 也常单独用，指出发点或根源，“to”则指目的地。
例：I came from New York yesterday.
（我昨天从纽约来的。——出发点）
例：I come/am from New York.
（我是纽约人。——根源）
例：A ticket to New York, please.
（[买车票] 到纽约的车票一张。——目的地）
（5） 表示场所或位置的其他介词
about, around/ round, against, opposite, past, onto, on top of
（a） about… 在……附近或周围；向各处
例：The thief must have hidden himself somewhere about here.
（那个贼一定藏身在这附近。）
例：That afternoon we took a walk about the town.
（那天下午我们就在镇上各处走了走。）
例示的“about…” 是英式英语的用法，美式英语则常用“around…”。
（b） around/ round… 在……四周；环绕……
“around”和“round” 作介词用时可通用，但是美式英语似乎用“around”较普通。
例：Mr. Chen has travelled around the world.
（陈先生曾到世界各地旅行过。）
例：There is a Chinese restaurant round the corner of the next block.
（下一个街区的转角处有一家中式餐厅。）
例：She was wearing a scarf round her neck.
（她围了一条围巾在脖子上。）
（c）against… 倚……；靠……
He stood against the door.
（他倚门站着。）
（d）opposite … 在……的对面
Mary lives in the house opposite ours.
（玛丽就住我们家对面的那栋房子。）
（e）past… 经过…
“past…”表示行进运动经过……场所或建筑物。
I jog past her house every morning.
（每天早上我都会慢跑经过她的家门口。）
（f） onto … 到……之上
“onto…” 是表示物体或人落在……之上或把物体放置……之上的意思。英式英语也常用“onto”，在一般的表达上也常可和“on”通用。
I jumped down onto the platform.
（我跃下落在讲台上。）
She stood up, put her book onto/on the bench, and shook hands with me.
（她站了起来，把她的书放在长椅上，和我握了手。）
（g）on top of… 在…的上面
“on top of …” 表示相叠在……的上面的意思。
Don't put the vase on top of the TV set, please.
（请不要把花瓶放在电视机上面。）
请比较：
Put the vase on the table.
（请把花瓶放在桌子上。——不含相叠之意）
早、午、晚要用in，at黎明、午夜、点与分。
年、月、年月、季节、周，阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in。
将来时态in...以后，小处at大处in。
有形with无形by，语言、单位、材料in。
特征、方面与方式，心情成语惯用in。
介词at和to表方向，攻击、位置、恶、善分。
日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早、午、晚，
收音、农场、值日on，关于、基础、靠、著论。
着、罢、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支付、相反，准。
特定时日和"一……就"，on后常接动名词。
年、月、日加早、午、晚，of之前on代in。
步行、驴、马、玩笑on，cab，carriage则用in。
at山脚、门口、在当前，速、温、日落、价、核心。
工具、和、同随with，具有、独立、就、原因。
就……来说宾译主，对、有、方状、表细分。
海、陆、空、车、偶、被by，单数、人类know to man。
this、that、tomorrow，yesterday，next、last、one。
接年、月、季、星期、周，介词省略已习惯。
over、under正上下，above、below则不然，
若与数量词连用，混合使用亦无关。'
beyond超出、无、不能，against靠着，对与反。
besides，except分内外，among之内along沿。
同类比较except，加for异类记心间。
原状because of,、 owing to、 due to表语形容词
under后接修、建中，of、from物、化分。
before、after表一点, ago、later表一段。
before能接完成时，ago过去极有限。
since以来during间，since时态多变换。
与之相比beside，除了last but one。
复不定for、找、价、原，对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。
快到、对、向towards，工、学、军、城、北、上、南。
but for否定用虚拟，复合介词待后言。
ing型由于鉴，除了除外与包合。
之后、关于、在......方面，有关介词须记全。
in内to外表位置，山、水、国界to在前。
1: 表示剥夺,除去
deprive sb. of his right
denude sb. of his possession (hope)
divest the baby of his clothes
rid him of this fear rob sb. of his wallet
defraud sb. of gold ring
cure sb. of cancer heal sb. of cancer
purify the nation clean the jar of crust
clarify the river of flowing rubbish
--get rid of, rid of, dispose of
2: of接直接宾语
-告诉-tell sb. of sth. inform sb. of sth warn sb. of fire
remind sb. of his duties acquaint sb. of sth. notify of..
-其他,劝服-persuade sb. of honesty assure sb. of the best seats convince sb. of sth.
-法律词汇-accuse sb. of burglary ; convict sb. of murder; suspect sb. of a theft
-reassure his wife of his safe arrival
3: of接间接宾语
request sth. of sb. expect sth. of sb. require sth. of sb.
ask a question of sb. be fearful of mistakes be jealous of wealthy persons be reminiscent of his past be patient of
the enormous noise be guilty of robbery be innocent of robbery
4: of表示人物的特性,籍贯,特性或出生等
He is of Irish descend (ascent)
People of obscure origin (humble /noble)
Man of keen perception a man of moral integrity
5: 固定词组
-say of, tale of, hear of, think of, learn of, savor of
The room smells of stale cabbage.
-brag of his achievements. Boast of his children
beware of pickpockets approve of the program
doubt of success complain of poor management
-be sure of be suspicious of be aware of
be confident of be proud of be ashamed of
be afraid of be capable of be lack of
be critical of be shortly of be conscious of
be ignorant of be wary of be cautious og
be appreciative of your advice
-regardless of , irrespective of ,不管….无视
in favor of
decide on three most popular leisure
activities irrespective of age
一：表示相对，针对
be strange (common, new, familiar, peculiar, distinct, sensitive, immune, vulnerable, indispensable) to
Air is indispensable to life.
Aircrafts are vulnerable to interference caused by radiation.
This injection will make you immune to infection.
二：表示对比，比较
1：以-ior结尾的形容词，后接介词to表示比较，如：superior ,inferior,prior,senior,junior
The quarrel happened prior to my arrival.
2: 一些本身就含有比较或比拟意思的形容词，如equal，similar，equivalent，analogous
A is similar to B in many ways.
3：表示一些先后顺序的形容词，如：second,subsequent,next,preliminary,preparatory
Subsequent to the war,they returned to their hometown.
4: to也偶尔出现在个别动词之后,与动词形成固定词组,表示比较,如:prefer to,compare to,in contrast to
compare to sth.表示比喻或比拟,而compare with sth.表示比较,如:
World is usually compared to a stage
Compared with his past,he has changed a lot.
Prefer的正确句型是:prefer A to B或prefer doing A to doing B,但当prefer后接动词不定式时,表示比较的介
词to就要改成rather than ,如:
The undaunted soldier preferred death to surrender.
Many people prefer spending money to earning money.
They prefer to pursue careers rather than remain home as house wives.
5: to与及个别的名词构成比较之意,如:alternative
Going to an under water concert is a great alternative to going to dinner.
三: 表示修饰关系
1: 表示回复,反应意思的词,如:answer to question,
solution to problem,response to inquiry,reaction to proposal,reply to letter
2: 表示建筑构件的词汇,如: entry,entrance,approach,access,passage,exit,vent,path
the approach to a bridge引桥
the approach to science
Half of the population was estimated to have no access to the health service.
The access to education 接受教育的机会
The access to medical care 享受公费医疗的权利
3: 表示人物职位和官衔的词,如:assistant to manager, ambassador to Spain, successor to tradition, heir to
throne,deputy to the National People’s Congress
advisor to the Prime Minister
4: 表示权利和许可的词汇,如:right,admission
The employee finally got the admission to the boardroom.
Everyone has an equal right to ……..
5: 表示栅栏或障碍的词汇,如:bars to development,the barrier to progress
6: 表示与书籍,文本相关的词,如:introduction to passage.
7: 表示恭喜或是祝贺,如:
The director proposed a toast to the health of the guests.
Let’s drink to Dick’s success in business
8: 另外还有一些名词符合这种用法,有的具有两者息息相关,缺一不可的含义.如:key to door,invitation to
party,
guide to action,limitation to life,accessory to school
四: to还具有依据,伴随,和着节奏的含义,如:sing to piano, chance to the tune, stamp to the rhythm of the song, add salt to taste
（一）：表示相关联，相连接，如：be related to,be relative to,in relation to,be relevant to,link to
Investigate all the facts related to the problem.
People often linked walth to happiness.
（二）：表示反对和赞同。
1：to引导的表示反对，抗拒，对抗意义的词组。Be opposed to,be oppsist to,be contrary to,be adverse to,be
resistant to,be contradictory to,object to,oppose to,deny tp,be aline to
These buildings are resistant to earthquake.
They are to tally opposed to any changes being made in the plans.
2: to引导的表示同意，赞同意义的词组：consent to,subseribe to,
The employer consented to give him a salary raise.
表示调整，使符合，使适应的含义，如：adapt to,commodate to, adjust to,conform to,habituate to,fit to,suit
to,correspond to,cater to
She tried to habituate herself to the style of plain living.
Your action should conform to the interests of the people.
They offered various foods to cater to the need of customers.
His words doesn’t fit to his actions.
Suit your writing style to the masses.
3: 表示投降,屈服,服从的含义,如:be subject to,be subordinate to,submit to,subject to,surrender to,give in
to,confess to,admit to.
The minority is subordinate to the majority少数服从多数
Countries nearby oceans are always subject to earthquake.
He confessed to having robbed the woman of her wallet.
We’re not the kind of people to yield to any military threat.
五: 表示趋势或倾向,如:tend to,be prone to,be inclined to,be apt to,be liable to
He’s liable to seasickness.
You are liable to come to wrong conclusion.
六: 表示对事情的坚持与执着,如:sick to,hold o,adhere to,cling to
He still holds on to his original views.
七: 表示约束,局限,如:limit to,confine to,resrict to
He’s confined to the house by illness.
He confined his remarks to scientific mangement.
八: 表示一种习惯或是一种适应性,如:get (be) to,used to,be accustomed to
Finally,the students got used to my teaching method.
九: 表示起因和原由,如:owing to,due to,thanks to,attribute to,come down to
The flight was cancelled due to the thick fog.
The famous artist attributed his success to his wife.
十: 表示目的或结果,如:aim to,lead to,give rise to
I aim to be an excellent college teacher.
His conceit lead to his failure.
These bad condition has given rise to a lot of crises
十一: 表示命运,注定,如:be doomed to,be destined to,
All military adventures by the two super powers are doomed to fail.
十二: 表示数量上的积累或增加,如:in addition to,add to,amount to
In addition to relief supplies,he also presented with some money.
The annual output of steel amounts to 1200 tons.
十三: 表示全身心投入的含义,如:be addicted to,contribute to,devote to,commit to
He is determined to devote all his life to his.
十四: 表示展望或是回顾,如:look forward to反date back to
The church dates back to the 13th century.
十五: 表示方位概念.如:close to,next to
I don’t like wool next to my skin.
十六: 表示依靠或借助,如:resort to,turn to,appeal to,
He usually appeals to arms to settle the territory dispute.
十七: 表示有关注,关于: as to,with regard to
十八: 表示关注或重视,如:pay attention to,attach to,
We should attach primary importance to job training.
十九: 表示依据或是根据,如:according to,in proportion to
According to today’s newspaper,the match will be postponed.
The lending countries subscribe towards capital stock in proportion to heir economic importance.
二十: 表示应该或必须含义的句式, 如:
It’s time to get up.
We are supposed to get here at seven.
It’s up to this country to ban nuclear weapons.
常用词组
respond to（反应）, appeal to（吸引）, catch on to（理解）, listen to （收听）,used to（过去常常）, give birth to,attend to（照料）, see to（负责）, be entitled to（有权）, belong to（属于）, come to（苏醒）, stand up to（勇敢面对）, help oneself to（请自便）, refer to,to the point（切题）,
Train them to stand up to any severe test in hard.
The ticket entitled you to a free meal in the luxury hotel.
See to it that the children get a hot meal after their swim.
You will catch on to the job shortly after wards.
People usually refer to television for up-to-the-minute news.
.与形容词搭配的词组有：
be afraid of(怕)
be angry with(生某人的气)
be away from(不在某地)
be different from(与…不同)
be good at(善于)
be good/ bad for (对…有益/有害)
be interested in(对…感兴趣)
be late for(迟到)
be/get ready for(为作好准备)
be sure of (对…有把握)
be worried about(为…感到担忧)
2.介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing形式
1) You must take good care of her.
2) Thank you for teaching us so well.
3.几组易混淆的介词
A.“在...之后”
in +一段时间(用于一般将来时)
after +一段时间(用于一般过去时)
after +一点时间(常用于一般将来时)
如：
The baby stopped crying after half an hour.
The baby will stop crying in half an hour.
They will visit their teacher after Friday.
B.for +一段时间
since +过去的一点时间
这两者均用于现在完成时，具体在时态部分，我会继续向同学们讲解。
C.be made of "用……制成"
be made in“由某地制造”
be made by somebody“由某人制成”
D.in，on，at表时间
in表示“在某月(季节、年等)”
如：in 1996, in January, in summer
固定词组：in the morning, in a week,in a minute,in time, in the end
on用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等。
如：on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16
at用于具体时刻前和某些固定词组中。
固定词组：at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times, at once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of this month, at the same time。
注意：在表时间里，下列情况下一般不用介词。词组里有：next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all以及the day before yesterday和the day after tomorrow前不用介词。如：不能说in tomorrow ,只能说tomorrow(在明天)
E. except +宾格/doing something "除…之外”(不包括本身)
Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao. (同义句转换)
=Only Lin Tao isn＇t at school today.
F.“用”交通工具by plane
用语言in English
通过媒介on /over the telephone, on /over the radio, on TV
用工具手段with a pen, with one＇s hands
G.between“在~和~(两者)之间”
between...and...,
between the two...
among在...之间(三者或三者以上)
一、概述
介词是一种结构词，不能单独担任句子成分。介词的作用是表示它后面的宾语同句中其他词语之间的关系。介词与它的宾语构成介词短语可以充当多种句子成分。如：
The cost of food is rising. (定语)
She was ill during the meeting. （状语）
I found him in very good shape.（宾语补足语）
通常介词可分为四类：
简单介词：at, in, from, on
复合介词：upon, inside, outside
双重介词：from behind, from among
短语介词：in case of, according to
二、介词的意义
1．表示时间的介词
in表示“在某一时间段”，或“在……某一时候”，如用在月、季、年份、时代、世纪等时间名词的前面，或用来泛指一天的某一段时间。
In July/summer/2000/ancient times/the 1999’s
In the morning/afternoon/evening
In也可以指“在……之后”，表示从说话起的若干时间内，如：
The bus will be here in ten minutes.
On表示“在特定的某一天”，也可用于带有修饰语的一天的某个时间段之前。如：
on Saturday, on Saturday morning, on the morning of August 1st
at表示“在某一时间点”，或用来表示不确定的时间和短期的假日、时节等。如：
at six o’clock, at Easter
介词over, through (out)两者均指“经过的全部时间”。
Stay over the Christmas.
介词for, since for表示动作或状态延续的全部时间长度，为“长达……”之意；since用于指从过去特定的某个时刻到说话时为止的一段时间；两者往往用于完成时。
I have been there for six years.
We have not seen each other since 1993.
During指“在……时期/时间内”，必须以表示一段时间的词或词组作宾语。
She was ill for a week, and during that week she ate little.
2．表示地点的介词
介词above, over, on, on top of. Above和below分别表示高于和低于的意思，不一定指垂直方向上的上下；over和under分别表示垂直方向上的上下和高低；on/on top of和beneath/underneath表示“和表面相接触”意义上的上下。以上三对介词互为反义词。
The temple stands on top of the hill.
The pen is beneath the book.
There is a lamp over the desk.
介词at指小地点或集会场合；on表示线或面上的位置；in表示在立体、区域或环境内，特别是那些教大，能够容纳相应事物的环境。
He works at Peking University.
Your radio is on the desk.
The boat is in the lake.
介词in, on, off, to表示相当于某个区域或某个物体的位置关系：in表示在区域的里面；on表示在区域的边界附近，可以是属于这个区域的一部分或相互接壤；off也表示在区域的边界附近，但一般不是属于这个区域的一部分；to表示在区域的边界更远些的附近，所以不是属于这个区域的一部分或不互相接壤。
Japan is to the east of China and Mongolia is on the north.
Taiwan is in the east of China but is off the mainland.
介词between用来说明“在……两者之间”或“三个以上人物或事物中的两者之间的相互关系”；among用来说明“在……两者以上之间”的相互关系；amid(amidst)和among都可以用来表示没有确定数目的物体之间的相互关系，amid多用于正式文体。
There is a small river between the two villages.
The book is the best among these modern novels.
介词in front of和behind指前、后的相对位置。
She always looks in front of and behind the car before she starts it.
介词round, pass指“绕过”；其中pass指“从……旁边经过”；through指“从……之中穿过”。
The movie theater is round the corner.
He lives in the village past the bus stop through the park.
3．表示原因的介词
for常常表示褒贬、奖惩的原因或心理原因。
They will reward you for your help.
Due to常常用来引导形容词性的短语，作定语或表语。
Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences.
From和out of常常表示动机或原因；through表示消极或间接的原因。
He feels weak from lack of sleep.
He broke down through overwork.
4．表示目的的介词
for表示拟定的接收人或目的；to表示实际的接收人或目的。
I bought the gift for my little sister.
I gave the gift to my little sister.
For和to都可以引导目的地。For跟在含有出发或开始意义的动词后，如：leave, set out, start, depart, sail等；to跟在含有来来往往地行动的意义的动词后，如：go, come, run, walk, move, fly, drive, ride等。
We have left for Hong Kong.
He flew to America via Hong Kong.
At还可引导行为的目标或精力的集中点。
He shot at the bird.
5．表示“关于……”的介词
一般about用于比较随便的谈话或非正式的文体；on用于正式的讲话、著作或报告中；of用于动词talk, read, know, say, hear, boast等的后面。如：
What are you talking about?
A paper on selfdom in Russian.
In terms of natural resources
6．表示原料的介词
of和out of表示制成品的材料仍保持原材料的性质；with表示制成产品的一种成分；from表示制成品已失去了原材料的性质；in表示制成品的材料的色调或特殊性。
His house was built of brick.
He made these toys out of old cigar-boxes.
A fruitcake is made with fruit.
Steel is made from iron.
We have furniture of this design in oak and in walnut.
7．表示价格的介词
at和for都可表示价格，at仅表示价格，for还表示“交换”，如：
Eggs are sold at 95 cents a dozen here.
I bought it for five pounds.
8．表示其他意义的介词
in spite of, despite, for(all…),with(all…)等表示让步意义的介词。其中：despite较为正式，in spit of较为普通，for/with(all…)较为口语化。
In spite of / despite the bad weather 尽管天气不好
For / with all his shortcomings 尽管他有许多缺点
except和but表示不包含的意义，只是单纯地将其后面所接的人或事物排除在外，一般不用于句首，多跟在表示一个集体的名词或代词后作定语。
He gets up early every day except Sunday.
Who would do such a thing but Peter?
Except for和apart from表示不包含的意义，所引导的短语，主要用于状语，以修饰全句，意为“除了有……之外”，“只是……”等，用于引出一个相反的细节或原因，因而部分地修正了全句的主要意思。
Except for Jack, the whole class passed the test.
Apart from its cost, the plan was a good one.
Except for和but for表示不包含的意义，可以引导有否定意义的条件状语从句。
Except for/But for the storm we should have arrived earlier.
Except指从整体中除去一部分，而besides则表示“除……之外还有……”的意义。
Nobody was late except me.
He had few friends besides us.
表示超过或不足的介词有：above, beyond, over, past; below, beneath, under等，如：
beyond description 难以形容
below/under the average 低于平均水平
表示状态的介词有：at,off, in, under, out of等，如：
on fire 着火
off duty 下班
out of fashion 过时
表示支持的with, for和表示反对的against
I’m with you in all you say.
Are you for or against the plan?
三、介词的搭配
1．介词与动词的搭配
同一介词可以与不同的动词搭配，表示不同的意思。以of为例：
Jack reminds her grandma of her husband because he looks just like him.(使……想起)
Have you ever heard of such a thing? (听说)
She often spoke of her life in China. (谈起)
The lady was robbed of 10 dollars on her way home. (抢劫)
Thanks for thinking of me. (思念)
同一动词可以与不同的介词搭配使用，表示不同的意思。以look为例：
Look after the children. (照顾)
He looked at the timetable. (看)
What are you looking for? (寻找)
The police are looking into the case. (调查)
在许多动词+介词的结构只能感，介词实际上是动词的一部分，与动词一起构成短语动词。
2．介词与形容词的搭配
介词短语是形容词补语的一种，下面介绍几个常与形容词搭配的介词。
At: (1)表示对某种因素在情绪上的反应，如：I am angry at their not telling me.这类形容词还有：amazed, pleased, hurt, disappointed, excited, delighted, worried等； （2）表示在某方面的能力，如：He’s good at tennis.这类形容词还有：adept, expert, show, hopeless, useless等。
In表示方面，如：He is successful in everything he does.这类形容词还有：lacking , interested, efficient, lucky等。
About表示对象，如：I am curious about her motives.这类形容词还有：certain, careful, careless, happy, pleased, sure, anxious等。
To表示目标，如：Your arguments are contrary to reason.这类形容词还有：acceptable, answerable, equal, hateful, kind, natural, painful, peculiar, pleasant, polite, rude, similar, strange, used等。
With表示伴随，如：Your arguments are not consistent with your previous remarks.这类形容词还有：complete, content, angry, busy, consistent, horrified, pleased, upset等。
For: (1)表示对象，如：We are eager for news.这类形容词还有： bound, adequate, famous, fit, necessary, sorry, ready等；(2)表示分离，如：She was absent from the meeting.这类形容词还有：free, different, separate, safe等。
3．介词与名词的搭配
介词与名词的搭配常常用在由动词、形容词等转换而来的名词的后面。如：
We can’t ignore their concern for the matter.
His absence from school was caused by illness.
在英语中，介词（preposition）虽然是一种小词，但在作用和运用上的复杂性却不可小看。首先，可以毫不夸张地说，离开了介词的中介或连接作用，就无法表达某些最基本的思想或概念。以时间为例，大到年代，小到日月，要表示某些特定的时间或时刻，离开介词有时就会寸步难行。比如"今年"虽然可以说this year，但要表达"在2000年"，就不能省略介词，而要说in 2000；"这个月"是this month，但"6月里"则需要说in June；"今天"虽然有现成的today一词，而如果是"在6月5日"就要说"on June 5th"，"在星期五"就得用on Friday（但在某些新闻报道里这些介词也可以省略不用）。再以位置为例，我们可以随便举出book和desk两个词，然后用介词表达出各种位置关系：the book on the desk（桌子上的书）、the book under the desk（桌子下面的书）、the book near the desk（桌子附近的书）、the book beside the desk（桌子旁边的书）等等。
介词不仅具有重要的表达意义的功能，而且在使用上也十分复杂。造成这种复杂现象的原因是多方面的。首先，单个介词（即由一个词语构成的介词，与此相对的是复合介词，比如upon，into，within，without等）本身的意义具有相当的复杂性，以in和on为例，in的基本意义是"在里面"，表示一种范围，on的基本意义是"在上面"，表示两种东西相接触，然而在speak in English（用英语说）和on the team（在队里当队员）两种形式中，in和on表达的则是引申意义；the boat on the lake指的是"湖上的船"，但the cottage on the lake则表示"湖边的小屋"。
其次，英语中的单个介词虽然只有60个左右，但这些介词却可以同其他词类灵活搭配，构成为数众多的短语形式：
1．介词加名词构成的短语，由称介词短语，如by accident（偶然地），on purpose（故意地），for example（例如）in conclusion（总之）等。
2．由名词加介词构成的短语，比如concern for（对……的关心），love for（对……的热爱），satisfaction with（对……满意），confidence in（对……的信任），loyalty to（对……的忠诚）等等。
3．由动词加介词构成的短语，例如insist on（坚持要……），differ from（不同于，区别于），distinguish between（区别，区分），benefit from（从……得到益处，受益于……），conform to（符合）等等。
4．由形容词加介词构成的短语，比如be keen on（对……很热衷），be worried about（为……而担心），be fond of（喜欢），be strict with（对……很严格），be loyal to（终于……）等等。
上述这些搭配形式大都具有固定性，运用时常常来不得半点差错。比如比如be interested只能和in搭配构成介词短语，according和instead只能分别与to和of搭配构成两种短语介词。
此外，英语中还有一类短语介词，也即由介词加其他此类构成的短语，但作用相当于一个介词，比如in front意思接近before，in spite of和despite是一个意思，apart from和意义也很相近等等。短语介词还有很多，再如according to（根据），along with（随同……一起），because of（由于），by means of（依靠），instead of（代替），in accordance with（与……一致，依据），on behalf on（代表），owing to（由于），together with（和……一起），with regard to（关于），as for（至于），as to（至于），in view of（鉴于），for the sake of（为了……），on account of（由于）等等。
最后，单个介词还可以用在一起，这种现象称为双重介词，比如from within（从……里边），from behind（从……后边），from inside（从……里边），from outside（从外边）等等。
其三，同一个介词和不同的词语搭配或者同一个词语和不同的介词结合都可以产生不同的意义，前者如be good at（善于），be bad at（不善于），后者如agree with sb.（同意某人），agree on sth.（同意某事）；在有些情况下，同一个介词和不同的词语搭配或者同一个词语和不同的介词结合有时也能产生相同的意义，前者如depend on（依靠），rely on（依靠），count on（依靠），后者如be good at（善于），be skillful in（善于）。
其四，有些结构用不用介词意义完全相同，比如consider后面的as就可以省略而意义不发生变化，而在有些结构中，有无介词意义则不完全相同，比如《红楼梦》中的刘姥姥初进大观园时会说：It is beautiful in here. 而贾府的丫鬟则会应酬说：Yes, it is beautiful here. 刘姥姥的话含有一种对比意义，即大观园和外面相比简直是两个世界，丫鬟已在贾府住习惯了，因此她的话就没有这种对比意义，所以刘姥姥就用了带有比较意义的in here，而贾府的丫鬟则用了没有对比意义的here。
除上面提到的几点外，英汉语不同的表达习惯也增加了介词学习的复杂性，比如英语说in the sun, in the moon，汉语则说"在阳光下"（英语的under the sun是"普天之下"的意思）、"在月光下"；英语说The sun rises in the east and sets in the west，汉语则说"太阳从东方升起，从西方落下"，或者不用介词，干脆说成"太阳东升西落"；英语中的the hole in the wall， the nail in the wall， the map on the wall三个短语中用了不同的介词，而汉语则都用一个"上"字来表达：墙上的洞、墙上的钉子、墙上的地图；汉语可以直接说打某人的某个部位，英语则要先说打某个人，然后再通过介词去打某个部位：beat sb. on the head（打某人的头），同样，英语要说抓着某人某个部位，就得先说抓着那个人，然后再用by来表示被抓着的部位grasp sb. by his hand（抓着某人的手）；英语中有besides和except两个词语，汉语可以用"除了"一种形式来表达，但汉语的"除外"既可以指包括，又可以指排除，在这两种不同的情况下，英语就得分别用两个介词来表示：
We all went there besides John. 除了约翰我们也去了那里。（即约翰去了，我们也去了）
We all went there except John. 除了约翰我们都去了那里。（即我们都去了，但约翰没去）
最后，为了解释英语介词用法上的复杂性和灵活多样性，我们特以from一词为例来作进一步的说明。
1．表示纯粹的分离，作"分开"、"分离"、"隔开"、"离开"解，常构成下列表达形式：
separate the good from the evil（把好的和坏的分开）
remove from the city to the countryside（从城市移居乡村）
part from a friend（断交）
depart from one's hometown（背井离乡）
keep away from dangerous things（远离危险）
flee from prison（逃离监狱）
keep (stand. aloof from the society（离群索居）
rise from table（离席）
fall from a tree（从树上掉下来）
withdraw from a meeting（离会）
move from one place to another（从一处迁至另一处）
retire from one's work（退休）
live apart from other people（离群索居）
2．表示"消失"、"消除"：
The plane soon disappeared from sight. 飞机很快消失不见了。
After hearing this, the smile fled from her face. 听到这里，她的笑容立即消失了。
Let us remove all doubts from our minds. 让我们消除相互间的猜疑吧。
3．表示"禁止"、"戒除"、"免除"、"解除"、"除去"、"使免除"、"使脱离"等，有时具有否定意义，常构成下列表达形式：
remove dirt from a table（除去桌子上的灰尘）
release sb. from his suffering（解除某人的痛苦）
clear the land from trees（伐去地上的树木）
free sb. from debts（免去某人的债务）
dismiss sb. from his service（解除某人的职务）
expel (dismiss) a student from school（开除学生）
be excused from punishment（被免去处罚）
be safe from danger（没有危险）
be secure from danger（没有危险）
be free from anxiety（无忧无虑）
rescue a person from danger（救人于危难）
deliver a person from danger（救人于危难）
4．表示"防止"、"阻止"、"阻碍"等，有时具有否定意义，常构成下列表达形式：
prevent sb. from doing sth.（防止、阻止某人做某事）
keep sb. from doing sth.（阻止某人做某事）
stop sb. from doing sth.（阻止某人做某事）
hinder sb. from doing sth.（妨碍某人做某事）
prohibit sb. from doing sth.（禁止、阻止某人做某事）
discourage sb. from doing sth.（劝阻某人不去做某事）
dissuade s. from doing sth.（劝阻某人不去做某事）
5．表示"不在"、"缺席"等：
be absent from a class（缺课） absent oneself from class（缺课）
be away from home（不在家） stay away from a place（不在某个地方）
6．与protect, guard, shelter, defend等动词搭配表示"保护"：
An umbrella protects us from rains. 伞可以使我们不受雨淋。
The big tree sheltered them from the rain. 大树保护他们没有被雨淋湿。
7．表示"隐藏"、"隐蔽"、"隐瞒"等，常与hide, conceal等动词搭配：
As a student, you should have no secret from you teachers. 作为学生，你不应该有任何隐瞒老师的事。
The house was hidden from view by the trees. 那座房屋被树遮着了。
He always tries to conceal his poverty from others. 他总是设法不让别人知道自己的贫困。
8．与tell, know, distinguish, discriminate, differ, different等词语搭配表示"区别"：
Chinese differs (is different) from Japanese in many ways. 汉语和日语在许多方面存在着差异。
It's not easy to tell a true friend from a false one. 辨别真假朋友不是件容易的事。
How would know an Englishman from an American? 你是怎么分辨英国人和美国人的？
You must learn to distinguish good from evil. 你必须学会辨别事情的好坏。
A little baby usually cannot discriminate one thing from another. 婴儿通常不能分辨两种东西。
上述情况表明，在英语学习过程中，介词的确是一种不可忽视的语言现象，首先，介词的重要性要求我们一定要努力学习与掌握，其次，介词运用上的复杂性和灵活性又要求我们在学习与掌握介词的过程中必须抱着慎之又慎态度认真。
谈 介 词 短 语 的 不 规 则 用 法
赵 国 强
介词多用在名词或名词相应结构之前，表示人、物、事件等之间的关系。具体而言，介词宾语多为名词、宾格代词、动名词或what所引导的从句。略举几例：
He is sitting between Zhang Hua and me.
他坐在我和张华之间。
Lao Li devotes two evenings to learning English each week.
老李每周拿两晚上学英语。
Most people are afraid of being alone.
多数人怕孤独。
Don\'t enter without being asked.
非请莫入。
She is crying because of what he has said.
她因为他所说的事而哭着。
例句表明：介词是名词或相应名词结构的前置词，一般来说，介词与其后形容词、过去分词等之间必须使用动名词being。这个规则如果破了，就会犯残缺等语法或语言错误。但在有些特定的结构中，介词短语也出现不规则结构。用得贴切、准确，就会使语言产生新颖、洗练等效果。现将介词常见的不规则用法作简要归纳。
一、 介词＋形容词
该结构较多表现在固定短语中。如：go from bad to worse(每况愈下),for certain(肯定地),through thick and thin(不论情况好坏),等。还有一些结构中，动名词being可以省去。如：
He is regarded as (being) clever. (=He is regarded as a clever person.) 他在人们看来是聪明的。
It was thought of as (being) impossible.
人们认为这是不可能的。
This article is far from (being) satisfactory.
该文章远非令人满意。
He was anything but pleased at the news.
他听到这个消息可说不上高兴。
二、 介词＋不定式结构
该结构主要用于表示“除开”、“除去”意义的介词如except, but 等，如果其前含有否定意义,其后可跟不定式。而且，前有行为动词 do ，后面常常省去to，即构成except/but do 之类的结构（注：save和saving 表示“除开”、“除去”意义时，也具有这一特征,但该意义用法现在已趋淘汰。） 各举几例：
Then it has no choice but to lie down and sleep.
于是，它别无选择，只好躺下睡觉。
There was clearly nothing left to do but drop herself onto the shabby little couch and weep.
显然没有别的办法，她只好倒在那破旧的长沙发椅上哭泣。
He didn\'t want to do anything except(but/save/saving) help me.
除了帮助我，他不想做任何事。
另外,besides“除……之外（还有）”间或也有以上用法结构。
三、 介词＋副词或介词短语
该结构多用于from，since，until(till)等介词中,具体表现为:from＋方位副词或方位介词短语，since/until/till＋时间副词或表时间的介词短语。如：
New shoots of bamboo will come up from around the roots of the old ones.
从老杆根部周围又会长出新的幼芽来。
I heard them calling me from below.
我听见他们在底下喊我。
They have known each other since before liberation.
自从解放前以来他们就认识。
The novel was not published until after the author\'s death.
直到作者死后小说才出版。
He used to be out till late at night.
他过去常在外呆到深夜。
另外，有些介词（短语）由于结构或意义关系，也出现类似结构。如：
He likes to read in the garden instead of in the room.
他喜欢在花园而不是在房间读书。
以上几种介词搭配表现出介词规则结构之外的不规则用法。类似这样不规则介词短语实际上属一种习惯表达。如同不规则动词一样，不规则介词短语也只占整个介词短语的一个角落。但它毕竟代表介词短语的一部分。因此，在英语学习中，不规则介词短语结构也是不可忽视的。
众所周知，介词又称为前置词，是一种虚词，用来表示句子中词与词之间的关系。介词虽为虚词，但其使用的多变性使英语成为世界上最为灵活、简洁、精练的语言之一，从而值得学习者特别注意。本文就常用的表时间概念的介词用法做一简要介绍和比较。
1．at表示时间概念的某一个点。（在某时刻、时间、阶段等）。
at 1：00（dawn，midnight，noon）在一点钟（黎明、午夜、中午）
These are our chief tasks at the present stage．这些就是我们现阶段的主要任务。
2．on
1）表示具体日期。
They arrived in Shanghai on May
25．他们在五月二十五日到达上海。
注：（1）关于"在周末"的几种表示法：
at（on）the weekend在周末---特指
at（on）weekends在周末---泛指
over the weekend在整个周末
during the weekend在周末期间
（2）在圣诞节，应说"at Christmas而不说"on Christmas
2）在（刚……）的时候。
On reaching the city he called up his parents．一到城里他就给父母打了一个电话。
3．in
1）表示"时段"、"时期"，在多数情况下可以和dur- ing互换，前者强调对比，后者强调持续。 in（during）1988（December，the 20th century）在一九八八年（十二月、二十世纪）
I returned to Beijing in the middle of June．我是六月中回北京的。 但如果表示"在某项活动的期间"，则只能用during。
during my military service（the trip）在我服役期间（在旅行期间）
2）表示以说话时间为基点的"（若干时间）以后"，常用作将来时态谓语的时间状语。如这时要表示"（若干时间）内"，常用within。比较：
The meeting will end in 30minutes．（三十分钟后）会议三十分钟后结束。
Can you finish it within 30minutes？（三十分钟内）你能在三十分钟之内完成这件事吗？
但在过去时态中，in可用于表"在若干时间以内"，这时不要误用during。 The job was done during a week．（wrong）
The job was done in a week．（right）这工作在一星期内就完成了。
4．after表示"在（某具体时间）以后"，注意不要和in的2）意混淆。
after supper（8o’clock，the war）晚饭（八点、战）后 比较：He will be back in two hours．他将在两个小时以后回来。
He returned tohis hometown after the war．战后他回到了故乡。 5．for表示"（动作延续）若干时间"，有时可省略。 I stayed in London（for）two days on my way to New York．在去纽约的途中，我在伦敦呆了两天。
6．since表示"自（某具体时间）以来"，常用作完成时态谓语的时间状语。
since liberation（1980）自从解放（1980年）以来 They have been close friends since childhood．他们从小就是好朋友。 注：
（1）since the war是指"自从战争结束以来"，若指"自从战争开始以来"，须说"since the beginning of the war"。
（2）不要将since与after混淆。 比较：He has worked here since 1965．（指一段时间，强调时间段）自从1965年以来，他一直在这儿工作。 He began to work here after 1965．（指一点时间，强调时间点）从1965年以后，他开始在这儿工作。
7．by表示"到……的时候"，其谓语时态的用法：动作动词常用完成时态；状态动词（be）常用一般时态。
比较：
By noon，everybody had（will have）arrived there． By noon，everybody were（will be）there． 到中午的时候，大家都（将）到那儿了。 以上探讨了介词表示时间概念时的用法和比较，上述介词除表示时间概念外还有其他的用法，英语学习者必须掌握其各种用法，才能灵活运用，提高自己的语言能力。
介词为虚词，不能单独充当句子成分，必须同名词、代词、短语、句子构成介词短语，才能充当句子成分。介词短语在句中常作表语、定语、状语和补足语。介词的用法比较复杂，在英语学习中须多多注意。
一、介词及介词短语
介词像个“游离体”， 名前动后常出现，一旦组成“某结构”， 句中成分有一位。
“介+宾”叫“介短”， 作“形、副”句里边。
“宾补、表、定、状”， 都能用得上①。
“动+介”——动词性②， “及、不及物”谓语用。
成语、习语常固定， 应用起来有弹性。
注 ①介词后面的名词、代词或数词是介词的宾语，介词和介词宾语合成介词短语。介词短语在句中的语法作用相当于形容词或副词，在句中做宾（主）语、补足语、表语、定语或状语。
②“动词+介词（副词）”组成一个动词词组或短语动词，其语法作用相当于一个及物动词或不及物动词，在句中作谓语。
二、介词在句中的位置
介词活跃句关键， 短语合成形简单，独作成分看不见， 介短表定状可担。
before时空在之前， after之后off远。
直上 over，above斜， under，below下相反。
直到till，on表面， 穿过through，for因缘。
by表旁边in里面， with伴随by车船。
时间地点at、in、on， 二者between多among，behind后面beside旁， 附近near沿着along。
from来自like像， 表示目的for，to当。
of所属周围round， 向上up向下down。
三、on,at,in用法巧记
on，at，in这三个常用介词都可以表示时间和地点，但具体用法不同，多数学生对它们混淆不清。现在只要记住了口诀，就可避免at，on，in的种种误用。
1. on，in，at表示时间
on“在具体某一天”①
“当某时”，动名词， arrival，death前；early，late位句先②，用in一般“上”“下”“晚”；on用于天，in用于月、季、年③；限定三时in要变。④at是个时间点，“工作”“时刻”与“圣诞”⑤。at noon（night），in the day，习惯用语记心间。
注：①on表示在具体某一天及具体某一天的上午、下午和晚上。
例 On mother's Day, we should send flowers to our mother. 母亲节，我们应该送花给我们的母亲。
On my arrival home，I found he had gone already．当我到家时，我发现他已经走了。
② 当early，late用于句首修饰介词短语时，尽管表示具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上，都要用in，泛指一般的上、下午，晚上也用in 。
例 Early in the morning of National Day，I got up to catch the first bus to the zoo． 国庆节一清早，我便起床去赶到动物园的第一班公共汽车。
My father begins work at 8：00 in the morning and stops work at 4：00 in the afternoon． 我父亲上午8点上班，下午4点下班。
③于将来时态表示“过一段时间后” 及表示“在……期间” 和“在某个季节，某年、某月” 都用in。
例 I hear he’ll be back in a month．我听说他将于一个月后回来。
In the course of the last lesson in French，little Franz was listening to the master very attentively．在那最后一堂法语课中，小弗朗兹非常用心地听着老师讲。
Xiao Ming was born in December of 2004. 小明生于2004年12月。
④当 morning，afternoon，evening有前位定语或后置定语限定时，就不用in而用on。
例 on a hot (summer) noon 在一个炎热（夏天）的中午
on Monday morning 在星期一上午
on the morning of March 8th在3月8日上午
⑤ 表示某时某刻及在work，Christmas前用at。
例 We get up at eight o’clock． 我们8点起床。
My father are busily at work all day． 我父亲整天忙于工作。
In western countries children get present from their parents at Christmas． 在西方国家，孩子们在圣诞节得到父亲给的礼物。
2. on，in，at表示地点
on“在之上”接触面，“靠近、接壤、左右边”①；in“在里面”和“中间”②；at表示小地点， “入口、车站、电影院”③；home出现定语、冠， 须用in把at换④；“夜间、车辆”若有限， 及“在途中”on在前⑤。
注： ①在表示地点时，指“在……之上（与表面接触）” “靠近、接壤”及“在左右边”都用on。
例 There is an English－Chinese dictionary and two grammar books on the big desk．那张大写字台上有一本英汉词典和两本语法书。
Korea lies on the northeast of China． 朝鲜位于中国东北方。
Tom was sitting on my left when we saw the film yesterday． 我们昨天看电影时，汤姆坐在我左边。
②表示“在……里面”（即物体内部），“在……中间”（即middle前）都用in。
例 Jim turned the key in the lock and opened the door． 吉姆把钥匙插在锁孔里，转动一下，打开了门。
Soon they were in the middle of the river． 很快他们就游到了河中间。
③ at表示一个较小的地点，如在“入口”（entrance）“车站”（bus stop，railway station）和“影剧院”（cinema，theater）等名词前。
例 As she walked along，she noticed an old pine tree ahead at the entrance to a valley． 她往前走时，注意到前边峡谷口有棵老松树。
④home前一般用at，但若有物主代词和冠词等定语修饰时，须用in。
例 In Princeton he lived quietly，working at the institute and enjoying himself by playing his violin in his simple home． 他在普林斯顿过着安静的生活，在研究所工作，在他那简朴的家里拉琴消遣。
⑤“夜间”（night）、“车辆”（bus，bike，train ect．）等名词若有限定词及“在……途中”，介词则用on。
例 He was in on that night． 他那天夜里在家。
My son often goes to school on his bike．我儿子常骑自行车去上学。
On the way home my father told me of an incident that took place on his first day at school in Mr Crossett’s class． 在回家途中，父亲给我讲了他第一天上克罗塞特先生课时发生的一件事。
请看下面的选择题：
After she considered the problem， she got a tall box to stand ____________.
A. by B. on
C. up D. with
析：不定式“ to stand + 介词”作定语，修饰 a tall box ，其中被修饰词在逻辑意义上是不及物动词 stand 发生的平面，故正确的选项为 B .这种出现在一个句子或短语结尾的介词称为“吊尾介词”。吊尾介词的使用易受汉语表达的影响，考生对此不可掉以轻心。
“吊尾介词”的用法如下：
1. 定语从句中，先行词被一个不及物动词修饰，则不及物动词后要带介词。先行词被“动词 + 介词”组成的短语动词所修饰，介词常在句尾。例如：
He is the very man I just speak to. 他就是刚刚对我说话的那个人。
This is the life he is used to. 这是他习惯过的生活。
2. 以 what， whose， who， whatever 等词引导的宾语从句、表语从句中常出现吊尾介词。例如：
I can't imagine what it is like. 我不能想像它是什么样。
I don't know what you do it for. 我不知道你为什么做它。
3. 强调句型和特殊疑问句中，由于被强调部分和疑问词位置变更，常出现吊尾介词。
It is Comrade Lei Feng that （who） we are learning from. 我们正在学习的是雷锋同志。
It was the poor boy that we gave the books to. 我们把书给的是家境不好的男生。
在上下文意义清楚时，特殊疑问句常用简略结构。例如：
What for？ Where to？ Who with？
4. 不及物动词的不定式修饰表“涉及对象、场所、工具、手段、方式、材料”等意义的名词时常带“吊尾介词”。例如：
a room to live in 居住的房间
He is a good comrade to work with. 他是可以共事的好同志。
5. 某些形容词后接“不及物动词 + 介词”型短语动词用不定式表示“反射”，常用吊尾介词。
① fit， easy， hard， good， difficult， comfortable， heavy 等形容词后。
The river is good to swim in. 在这条河里面游泳很好。
The room is comfortable to live in. 这房间住着很舒服。
② be worth doing， be worthy of being done / to be done， want （require， need） doing 等后常用吊尾介词。例如：
The problem is worth dealing with. 这个问题值得处理。
The lost watch is not worth looking for. 那块丢失的表不值得找。
6. 被动语态中“动词 + 介词”型短语动词常用吊尾介词。例如：
He was listened to come here. 听到他来这儿了。
He has never been spoken to in this way. 别人从来没有以这种方式和他说过话。
早、午、晚要用in
例：in the morning 在早上
in the afternoon 在下午
in the evening 在晚上
in the day 在白天
at黎明、午、夜、点与分
例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候
at noon 在中午
at night 在夜间
at midnight 在午夜
以上短语都不用冠词
at six o’clock 在6点钟
at 7：30 (seven thirty) 在7点半
at half past eleven 在11点半
at nine fifteen 在9点15分
at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分
也可以写成
seven to five 5点差7分(半小时以上)
five minutes after two 2点过5分
at a quarter to two 1点45分
at the weekend 在周末
年、月、年月、季节、周
即在"来年"，在"某月"，在"某年某月" (但在某年某月某日则用on)，在四季，在第几周等都要用in。
例；in 1986 在1986年
in 1927 在1927年
in April 在四月
in March 在三月
in December 1986 1986年12月
in July l983 1983年7月
in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季
in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季
in the fist week of this semester 这学期的第一周
in the third week 在第三周
阳光、灯、影、衣、冒 in，
即在阳光下，在灯下，在树阴下，穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。
例：Don’t read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。
They are reviewing their lessons in the bright light. 他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。
They are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他们坐在树阴下乘凉。
a prisoner in irons 带着镣铐的囚犯
He went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。
The poor dressed (clothed) in rags in old society. 旧社会穷人们衣衫褴褛．
以及：in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下
a merchant in disguise 乔装的商人
the woman in white (black, red, yellow) 穿着白(黑、红、黄)色衣服的妇女
in uniform 穿着制服
in mourning 穿着丧服
in brown shoes 穿着棕色鞋
in his shirt sleeves 穿着衬衫
将来时态in...以后
例: They will come back in 10 days. 他们将10天以后回来。
I’ll come round in a day or two. 我一两天就回来。
We’ll be back in no time. 我们一会儿就回来。
Come and see me in two days’ time. 两天后来看我。(从现在开始)
after... (从过去开始)
小处at大处in
例：Li and I arrived at Heishan county safe and sound, all is well. Don’t worry. 李和我平安地到达黑山县，一切很好，勿念。
live in a great city (big city), my sister lives at a small town while my parents live at a village. 我住在大城市，我姐姐住在一个小城镇，而我的父母则住在农村。
I’m in Liaoning, at Anshan. 我住在辽宁省鞍山市．
有形with无形by，语言 、单位、材料in
例：The workers are paving a road with stone. 工人们正用石子铺路。(有形)
The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen. 这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形)
"Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy" is a good opera. 是-出好戏。(无形)
The product is separated by distilation into gasoline and gas oil. 这种产品是用蒸馏分离出气油和粗柴油。 (表示方式、手段、方法--无形)
I really can’t express my idea in English freely in-deed． 我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。 (表示某种语言用in)
I wrote a novel in Russian. 我用俄语写了一本小说。(同上)
The kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system． 公里是米制中最长的长度单位。 (表示度、量、衡单位的用in )
The length is measured in meter, kilometre, and centimetre. 长度是以米、公里、厘米为单位来计算的。(同上)
This board was cast in bronze not in gold. 这个牌匾是铜铸的，不是金铸的。
特征、方面与方式、心情、成语惯用in
特征或状态：
例: The Democratic Party was then in power. 那时民主党执政。
They found the patient in a coma. 他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。
He has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。
Many who came in despair went away in hope. 许多人带着绝望情绪而来，却满怀希望而去。
The house was in ruins. 这房屋成了废墟。
The poor girl was in tears. 这个贫苦女孩泪流满面。
Her clothes were in rags. 她的衣跟穿破了。
His shoes were in holes. 他的鞋穿出窟窿了。
I only said it in fun. 我说这话只是开玩笑的。
She spoke in grief rather than in anger. 与其说她讲得很气愤，不如说她讲得很伤心。
还有一些短语也用in，如：
in jest 诙谐地，in joke 开玩笑地，in spite 恶意地， in fairness 公正地，in revenge 报复, in mercy 宽大，in sorrow 伤心地等。
His mind was in great confusion. 他脑子里很乱。
Today everybody is in high spirits and no one is in low ebb. 今天大家都兴高采烈，没有一个情绪低落的。
She and her classmates are in flower ages. 她和她的同学都正值妙龄。
The compaign was in full swing. 运动正值高潮中。
方面：
例：we accepted the item in principle. 我们在原则上接受了这个条款。
They are never backward in giving their views. 他们从来不怕发表自己的意见。
The backward area has achieved self-sufficient in grain. 这个落后的地区在粮食方面已能自给。
A good teacher must be an example in study. 一个好的教师必须是学习的模范。
方式：
例：All the speeches were taken down in shorthand. 所有报告都用速记记录下来了。
The Party has always educated us in the spirit of patriotism and internationalism. 党一贯以爱国主义和国际主义精神教育我们。
如下成语惯用in
例如： in all 总计
in advance 事前
in the meantime 与此同时
in place 适当地
in hopes of(或in the hope of) 怀着.......希望
in connection with 和……有关
in contact with 和……联系
in addition to 除......以外
in case of 倘若，万一
in conflict with 和......冲突
in force 有效的，大批
in depth 彻底地
in regard to 关于
in the neighborhood of 大约、邻近
in retrospect 回顾，一想起
in behalf of 代表......利益
in the least 一点，丝毫
in alarm 惊慌、担心
in the opinion of 据……见解
in the long run 从长远说来
in one’s opinion 在……看来
in word 口头上
in a word 总之
in vain 无益地, 白白地
in case 如果，万一，以防
in detail 详细地
in haste 急急忙忙地
in conclusion 总之
in spite of 尽管
in other words... 换句话说
in return 作为回报
in the name of 以......名义
be confident in 对......有信心
be interested in 对......感兴趣
in doubt 怀疑
in love 恋爱中
in debt 负债
in fun (jest、joke) 玩笑地
in hesitation 犹豫不决
in wonder 在惊奇中
in public (secret) 公开他(秘密地)
in a good humour 心情(情绪)好
"介词at、to表方向，攻击、位置、善、恶、分"。
介词at和to都可以表示方向; 用at表示方向时，侧重于攻击的目标，往往表示恶意；用to表示方向时，突出运动的位置或动作的对象，侧重表示善意。试比较下列各句：
1. A．She came at me. 她向我扑过来。
B．She came to me. 她向我走过来。
2．A．Jake ran at John. 几 杰克向约翰扑过去。
B．Jake ran to John. 杰克朝约翰跑去。
3．A. He rushed at the woman with a sword. 他拿着剑向那妇女扑过去。
B. He rushed to the woman with a sword. 他带着剑向那妇女跑过去。
4．A．He shouted at the old man. 他大声喝斥那老人。
B. He shouted to the old man. 他大声向那老人说
5．A．I heard her muttering at Xiao Li. 我听见她在抱怨小李。
B．I heard her muttering to Xiao Li. 我听见她在同小李低声说话。
6．A. She talked at you just now. 她刚才还说你坏话呢。
B．She talked to you just now. 她刚才还同你谈话呢.
7．A．She threw a bone at the dog. 她用一块骨头砸狗。
B．She threw a bone to the dog. 她把一块骨头扔给狗吃。
8．A．He presented a pistol at me. 他用手枪对着我。
B．He presented a pistol to me. 他赠送我一支手枪。
介词按结构主要分为简单介词（simple preposition）和复合介词（complex preposition）。前者由一个单词构成，例如about，over等。在当代英语中，简单介词的数量约为100个，较常见的有50个左右。后者由若干个单词构成，例如because of，in spite of等。介词不能独立担任句子成分，它一般与其后的宾语（如名词、代词、数词、动词的ing形式等）构成介词短语。
一、在六级考试中应注意的一些常用介词
1．in 表示某种状态或情况，例如：
He had never been in love before．他以前从未恋爱过。
The roses were in flower．玫瑰在盛开。
His clothes were in rags．他衣衫褴褛。
属于该类搭配的还有：in danger，in（dis）order，in
poverty，in retirement，in tears，in trouble等。
2．at用在某些表示情感的形容词、具有形容词作用的-ed分词以及某些动词后面，表示原因，例如：
We felt glad at what he had said．他说的话使我们感到高兴。
They were shocked at his idea of being an artist．他们对他要当艺术家的想法感到震惊。
类似的形容词还有：alarmed，amazed，angry，delighted，disappointed，disgusted，happy，indignant，overjoyed，pleased，surprised；动词有：blush，brighten，grieve， marvel，tremble，wonder等。
3．by与某些名词连用，表示"按……计算"，"成……地买（或卖）"之意，例如：
We were paid by the day ／week ／month ／year．我们按日／周／月／年领工资。
Sugar is sold by the pound，petrol by the gallon．糖按磅出售，而汽油按加仑卖。
We do nothing by halves．我们干什么都是彻底的。
这样的用法还有：by the dozen，by the hundreds ／ thousands ／millions，by the ounce，by the yard，by twos and threes等。
4．for与某些动词、形容词以及具有形容词作用的 ed分词连用，表示原因，译法较活，例如：
Thank you for your gift．谢谢你的礼物。
I must apologize for coming to school late．我必须就上课迟到道歉。
下面的词亦属于此类：blame，（dis）like，forgive， weep；be grateful，be obliged，be shamed等。
5．to后面加上物主代词和表感情色彩的名词，意为"使某人……的是"，该结构一般为插入语，表结果。例如：
To my surprise，he began to cry．使我惊讶的是，他哭了。
To our delight，our team has won the game．使我们高兴的是，我们的队赢了比赛。
Aman’s success depends chiefly on himself．一个人的成功主要靠自己。
The sample was different from the goods furnished．样品和所提供的货物不一样。
这样的词还有：able ／ability to，capable ／capability of，congratulate ／congratulation on，excited ／excitement about，independent ／independence of，insist ／insistence on，loyal ／loyalty to，patient ／patience with，succeed ／ success ／successfulin，superior ／superiority to等。
其他词还有：amazement，annoyance，astonishment， disappointment，distress，horror，joy，satisfaction，等。
6．from用在某些动词和表人或物的名词之后，这种用法往往具有"保护"、"使不受……之害"或"阻止"的意思，例如：
The shed will protect us from the rain．这个棚子能使我们避雨。
She saved the child from the fire．她从火中救出了孩子。
下列各词的用法类似：bar，discourage，dissuade， hinder，keep，preserve，refrain，restrain，shelter等。
7．out of 后面跟一抽象名词，表示"出于（某种动机等）"，例如：
The boy opened the box out of curiosity．那男孩出于好奇打开了盒子。
He did that not only out of necessity，but also out ofa sense of duty．他做那件事不仅仅因为必要，而且出于责任感。
类似的词还有：desperation，fear，gratitude，interest， kindness，pity，sympathy等。
二、某些派生词后的介词用法
注意部分派生出来的抽象名词或形容词后面的介词，与其同源的动词或形容词后面的介词是一致的，例如：
介词用法精讲（一）
介词是英语用词中的一大项，涉及面较广且用法也较灵活，所以记起来很是麻烦，下面我把一些习惯用的介词作了一个小节，供以参考。
早、午、晚要用in，at黎明、午夜、点与分。
年、月、年月、季节、周，阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in。
将来时态in...以后，小处at大处in。
有形with无形by，语言、单位、材料in。
特征、方面与方式，心情成语惯用in。
介词at和to表方向，攻击、位置、恶、善分。
日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早、午、晚，
收音、农场、值日on，关于、基础、靠、著论。
着、罢、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支付、相反，准。
特定时日和"一……就"，on后常接动名词。
年、月、日加早、午、晚，of之前on代in。
步行、驴、马、玩笑on，cab，carriage则用in。
at山脚、门口、在当前，速、温、日落、价、核心。
如大体掌握上面介词用法口诀，就不易出错。当然，至于介词的详尽用法，同形词又是连词及副词等内容此篇不讲。下面对该口诀分别举例帮助你理解消化。
早、午、晚要用in
in the evening 在晚上
in the day 在白天
例： in the afternoon 在下午
in the morning 在早上
at黎明、午、夜、点与分
例 at dawn at daybreak 在黎明时候
at night 在夜间
at noon 在中午
at midnight 在午夜
以上短语都不用冠词
at nine o’clock 在9点钟
at 8：30 seven thirty在8点半
at half past ten 在10点半
at nine fifteen 在9点15分
at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分
也可以写成
seven to five 5点差7分半小时以上
five minutes after two 2点过5分
at the weekend 在周末
at a quarter to two 1点45分
年、月、年月、季节、周
即在"来年"，在"某月"，在"某年某月" 但在某年某月某日则用on ，在四季，在第几周等都要用in。
例：in 1989 在1989年
in 1927 在1927年
in March 在三月
in April 在四月
in December 1986 在1986年12月
in July l984 在1984年7月
in the first week of this semester这学期的
第一周
in the third week 在第三周
in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季
in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季
阳光、灯、影、衣、冒 in
即在阳光下，在灯下，在树阴下，穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。
例：Don’t write in dim light.切勿在暗淡的灯光
下写字。
They are reviewing their lessons in the The contents from insuns dot com
bright light.他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。
They are playing in the shade of a tree.
他们坐在树阴下玩耍。
a prisoner in irons 带着镣铐的囚犯
He went in the rain to meet me at the
station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。
The poor in rags in old society. 旧社会穷
人们衣衫褴褛.
以及：in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下
a merchant in disguise 乔装的商人
the woman in white black red yellow
穿着白黑、红、黄 色衣服的妇女
in uniform 穿着制服
in mourning 穿着丧服
in red shoes 穿着红色鞋
in his shirt sleeves 穿着衬衫
将来时态in...以后
例 They will come back in 10 days.
他们将10天以后回来。
I’ll come round in a day or two.
我一两天就回来。
We’ll be back in no time.
我们一会儿就回来。
Come and see me in three days’ time.
三天后来看我。从现在开始
after... 从过去开始
小处at大处in
例：Li and I arrived at Heishan county safe and sound all is well. Don’t worry. 李和我平安地到达黑山县，一切很好，勿念。
I live in a great city big city my sister lives at a small town while my parents live at a village. 我住在大城市，我姐姐住在一个小城镇，而我的父母则住在农村。
I’m in Liaoning at Ashcan. 我住在辽宁省鞍山市.
有形with无形by，语言 、单位、材料in
例：The workers are paving a road with stone.
工人们正用石子铺路。有形
The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen. 这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。有形″Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy″ is a good opera. 《智取威虎山》是一出好戏。无形
The product is separated by distillation into gasoline and gas oil. 这种产品是用蒸馏分离出气油和粗柴油。 表示方式、手段、方法，无形
I really can’t express my idea in English freely indeed. 我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。 表示某种语言用in more info visit inSuns Dot com
I wrote a novel in Russian. 我用俄语写了一本小说。同上
The kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system. 公里是米制中最长的长度单位。 表示度、量、衡单位的用in
The length is measured in meter kilometer and centimeter. 长度是以米、公里、厘米为单位来计算的。同上
This board was cast in bronze not in silver . 这个牌匾是铜铸的，不是银制的。
特征、方面与方式、心情、成语惯用in
特征或状态：
例 They found the patient in a coma. 他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。
The Democratic Party was then in power. 那时民主党执政。
He has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。
Many who came in despair went away in hope. 许多人带着绝望情绪而来，却满怀希望而去。
The house was in ruins. 这房屋成了废墟。
The poor girl was in tears. 这个可怜的女孩泪流满面。
Her clothes were in rags. 她的衣跟穿破了。
His shoes were in holes. 他的鞋穿出窟窿了。
I only said it in fun. 我说这话只是开玩笑的。
She spoke in grief rather than in anger. 与其说她讲得很气愤，不如说她讲得很伤心。
还有一些短语也用in，如：
in jest 诙谐地，in joke 开玩笑地，in fairness 公正地，in spite 恶意地， in revenge 报复 in mercy 宽大，in sorrow 伤心地等。
His mind was in great confusion. 他脑子里很乱。
Today everybody is in high spirits and no one is in low ebb. 今天大家都兴高采烈，没有一个情绪低落的。
She and her classmates are in flower ages. 她和她的同学都正值妙龄。
The campaign was in full swing. 运动正值高潮中。
方面：
例：we accepted the item in principle. 我们在原则上接受了这个条款。
The backward area has achieved self-sufficient in grain. 这个落后的地区在粮食方面已能自给。
A good teacher must be an example in study. 一个好的教师必须是学习的模范。
They are never backward in giving their views. 他们从来不怕发表自己的意见。
方式：
例：All the speeches were taken down in shorthand. 所有报告都用速记记录下来了。
The Party has always educated us in the spirit of patriotism and internationalism. 党一贯以爱国主义和国际主义精神教育我们。
如下成语惯用in
例： in all 总计
in advance 事前
in addition to 除......以外
in the meantime 与此同时
in place 适当地
in hopes of或in the hope of 怀着.......希望
in connection with 和......有关
in contact with 和......联系
in case of 倘若，万一
in conflict with 和......冲突
in force 有效的，大批
in depth 彻底地
in regard to 关于
in the neighborhood of 大约、邻近
in retrospect 回顾，一想起
in alarm 惊慌、担心
in behalf of 代表......利益
in the least 一点，丝毫
in the opinion of 据......见解
in the long run 从长远说来
in one’s opinion 在......看来
in a word 总之
in word 口头上
in vain 无益地 白白地
in case 如果，万一，以防
in detail 详细地
in haste 急急忙忙地
in conclusion 总之
in spite of 尽管
in other words... 换句话说
in love 恋爱中
in debt 负债
in fun jest、joke玩笑地
in hesitation 犹豫不决 Learging english visit InSunS dot com
in wonder 在惊奇中
in return 作为回报
in the name of 以......名义
be confident in 对......有信心
be interested in 对......感兴趣
in doubt 怀疑
in public secret公开他秘密地
in a good humor 心情情绪 好
介词at、to表方向，攻击、位置、善、恶、分
介词at和to都可以表示方向。用at表示方向时，侧重于攻击的目标，往往表示恶意；用to表示方向时，突出运动的位置或动作的对象，侧重表示善意。试比较下列各句：
1. A. She came at me. 她向我扑过来。
B. She came to me. 她向我走过来。
2. A. Jake ran at John. 杰克向约翰扑过去。
B. Jake ran to John. 杰克朝约翰跑去。
3. A. He rushed at the woman with a sword.
他拿着剑向那妇女扑过去。
B. He rushed to the woman with a sword.
他带着剑向那妇女跑过去。
4. A. She shouted at the old man.
她大声喝斥那老人。
B. He shouted to the old man.
他大声向那老人说
5. A. I heard her muttering at Xiao Li.
我听见她在抱怨小李。
B. I heard her muttering to Xiao Li.
我听见她在同小李低声说话。
6. A. He talked at you just now.
他刚才还说你坏话呢。
B. She talked to you just now.
她刚才还同你谈话呢.。
7. A. She threw a bone at the dog.
她用一块骨头砸狗。
B. She threw a bone to the dog.
她把一块骨头扔给狗吃。
8. A. He presented a pistol at me.
他用手枪对着我。
B. He presented a pistol to me.
他赠送我一支手枪。
日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早午晚
以下皆用on
例on October the first 1949 1949年10月1日
on February the thirteenth l893 1893年2月
13日
on May the first 5月1日
on the sixteenth 16号
on the first 1号
on the second of January 或
on January the second 1月2日
on a summer evening 在夏天的一个夜晚
on Boxing Day 在节礼日圣诞节次日
on New Year’s Day 在元旦
on my birthday 在我的生日
但 in the Christmas holidays在圣诞节假期 in the eighteenth century 在十八世纪 in ancient times 在古代 in earlier times 在早期 in modern times 在现代，则用in，the present time 现在，at the present day当今则用at。 The contents from insuns dot com
on May Day 在"五?一节
on winter day 在冬天
on December 12th 1950 l950年12月12日
on Monday 在星期一
on Sunday 在星期天
on Tuesday morning 星期二早晨
on Saturday afternoon 星期六下午
on Friday evening 星期五晚上
但last night 昨夜；in the evening 在晚上 on time准时，in time及时，等则不同。
年月日，加早午晚，of之前on代in
例： on the morning of 18th 18日早晨
on the evening of 4th 4日晚上
On the eve of their departure they gave a farewell banquet and their head gave a farewell speech. 他们在临行前夕举行了一次告别宴会，他们的团长发表了告别讲话。
收音、农场，值日on
例：Did your supervisor like the story over or onthe radio last night﹖ 您的导师喜欢昨天从收音机里听到的故事吗﹖
I heard the news over or onthe radio. 我从收音机里听到了这一条消息。
talk over the radio 由无线电播音
on TV 从电视里......
Hear something on the wireless
在无线电里听到
My brother works on an Army reclamation farm. 我哥哥在一个军垦农场工作。
The students are working on a school farm. 学生们正在校办农场劳动。
This is a farmer’s house on a farm.
这是农场的农舍。
Who is on duty today﹖ 今天谁值日﹖
We go on duty at 8 a.m.
我们上午8点钟上班。
关于、基础、靠、著论
例 This afternoon we are going to listen to a report on the international situation. 今天下午我们要听关于国际形势的报告。
Professor Shen will give us a talk on traveling in America. 沈教授将给我们做关于美国之行的报告。
You are wrong on all these issues. 在这些问题上你的看法都错了。
The belief is based on practical experience. 这种信念是以实际经验为基础的。
Theory must be based on practice. 理论必须以实践为基础。
The people in the south live on rice. 南方人主食大米。靠
The citizens live on their salaries. 城市人靠薪金生活。
You can’t afford luxuries on an income of 100 Yuan a month. 靠月薪100元的收入，你是买不起奢侈品的。
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Her pet dogs were fed on the choicest food. 她用精饲料喂养她心爱的狗。
He is just a scrounger who lives on other people. 他正是一个小偷，专靠损害别人过日子。
Keep the kettle on the boil =boiling . 让水壶的水一直开着。
The enemy are on the run =running . 敌人在逃跑。
on后接the加上一个作名词的动词.其意义与现在分词所表达的相近。类似例子很多如：
on the march在行军中，on the mend 在好转中，on the prowl徘徊，on the move活动中，on the scrounge巧取豪夺埋语 ，on the go活跃，忙碌，on the lookout注意，警戒，on the watch监视着。on the hop趁不备抓住某人等等。
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on the People’s Democratic Dictatorship《实践论》和《矛盾论》
on the People’s Democratic Dictatorship《论人民民主专政》
″on Coalition Government″ 《论联合政府》
着、罢、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支付，相反、准
注：口诀中的着指着火，罢指罢工，偷指偷偷地，公指出差、办公事；假指休假，准指准时。
例：The house next to mine was on fire. 我邻居的房子着火了。
The workers of the railway station were on strike. 铁路工人罢工了。 The contents from insuns dot com
Grapes and big water melons from Sin kiang are on sale on a large sale. 新疆葡萄和西瓜大量上市了。
do something on the sly quiet . 秘密地暗地里，偷偷地 做某事。
I’ve come here on business. 我是有公事来的。
They went to Bern on a mission. 他们到伯尔尼去执行一项使命。
They has been away on a long trip. 他们出去做一次长途旅行。
I’ll go home on leave next month. 下月我将休假回家。
I went on business to Shanghai. I did not take leave. 我是公出去上海的，不是不告面别。
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She came to see you on purpose. 她是专程来看你的。
He came here on purpose to discuss it with you. 他到这来是要与你讨论这件事的。
This lunch is on me.
″No. let’s go Dutch.″
"这顿午饭我付钱。"
"不，还是各付各的"
On the contrary it was very easy to understand. 相反，这事儿很容易理解。
P1ease come on time. on schedule . 请准时来。
注：in time是"及时"的意思。
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The train arrived on schedule. 火车准时到达。
特定时间和"一......就"，左右on后动名词
例：Gases expand on heating and contract on cooling. 气体加热时膨胀，冷却时收缩。特定时间
On entering the room he found his friends dancing in high spirits. 一进屋，他就发现他的朋友们在愉快地跳舞。
On reaching the city he called up Lao Yang. 一到城里他就给老杨打了一个电话。
I’ll write to him on hearing from you. 我接到你的来信就给他写信。一......就 u x TT z，@隐A!C h;E3V0R
h $山%石☆
以及on the left right向左向右，on the stair在台阶上等。
步行、驴、马、玩笑on，cab，carriage用in
例：On foot步行 on horse骑马
on donkey 骑驴。
He rode on blood flowing from his side. 他骑着马，鲜血从腰部流下来。
The soldier of the Eighth Route Army rode 100 li on a horse a day in order to catch up with his unit. 为赶上部队，那位八路军战士骑马日行百里。
Go on horse back 骑马去！
You are having me on 你和我开玩笑呢
in cab和in carriage 不能用on或by cab或carriage。
at山脚、门口在当前，速、温、日落价核心
即在山脚下、在门口、在目前，速度、以......速率、温度、在日落时、在......核心要用at。
例：At the foot of the mountain there are
thirty of our comrades. 在山脚下，有我们30个同志。
There is a beautiful lake at the foot of the hill. 山脚下有一个美丽的湖。
At the gate of the house there are many children playing glass ball. 门口有一大群孩子在玩玻璃球。
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Who’s standing there at the door﹖ 谁站在门口﹖
I don’t need the dictionary at present. 我现在还不需要这本词典。
He is at present in Washington. 他目前正在华盛顿。
The train runs at fifty kilometers an hour. 火车每小时行驶50公里。
We built the plant at top speed and minimum cost. 我们以最低的投资，最高的速度修建了该工厂。
at home 在国内，在家里
at ten degrees centigrade 在摄氏10度
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at minus ten degrees centigrade 摄氏零下10度
Water freezes at 0°centigrade.水在摄氏零度结冰。
Water usually boils at 100°. 水通常在摄氏l00度沸腾。
at the rate of 49 miles an hour
at full speed 全速
at zero 在零度
at a good price 高价
at a low cost 低成本
at a great cost 花了很大代价
at that time 在当时
Evaporation takes place at all temperatures. 蒸发在任何温度下都能发生。 №隐1$￠i山♂
~3u6x j 石♀版￥权所☆有§
at 100RPM revolution per minute每分钟100转
at a high speed 高速
The soldiers launched an attack upon the enemy at sunset. 战士们在日落时对敌人发起了攻击。
at daybreak 日出时
The force at the core leading our cause forward is the Chinese Communist Party. 领导我们事业的核心力量是中国共产党。
The atom has a nucleus at its core. 在原子的中心有一个原子核。
At the beginning of this term the teacher in charge of our class was very strict with us. 这学期开始，我们的班主任老师对我们要求非常严格。
虽然只是个介词，但表达的意义却很多，使用率也是很高的。现将其在初中课本中出现的主要意义及用法小结如下：
1.指关系，适应范围，表示“关于，对于，就……来说”。如：
The doctor found that there was something wrong with Jame's eyes.
Things go on well with us.
What do you want with me?
2.指同伴，同道（行为方式），表示“和……一起”“同……一起”。如：
They are with me in China.
Can you come to swim with us?
3.指工具，手段（行为方式），表示“用”。如：
Let's begin with this question.
4.指所有物（行为方式），表示“有，带，在……身边”如：
Run with the nice kite like this.
5.指在……方面（行为方式），表示“做”。如：
I have to help Dad with the cooking.=I have to help Dad do the cooking.
6.与构成固定搭配，指对待、对付、处置，表示“利用，使用”。如：
What do the farmers do with your machines?
当然，该词用法还有不少，望大家多总结！
1. She is such an irritating woman, I don’t know how you can ______ her.
a. put up b. stand up to c. stand with d. put up with
2. To get my traveler’s check I had to ______ a special check to the bank for the total amount.
a. make for b. make out c. make off d. make up
3. Little boys are easily ______.
a. taken in b. taken away c. taken out d. taken over
4. The company is going to hand ______ the free samples tomorrow.
a. up b. out c. on d. down
5. It was purely ______ chance that the mistake was discovered.
a. in b. for c. by d. from
6. The magician picked several persons ______ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance.
a. by accident b. on occasion c. on average d. at random
7. I left for the office earlier than usual this morning ______ traffic jam.
a. in case of b. in line with c. for the sake of d. at the risk of
8. Some areas, _______ their severe weather conditions, are hardly populated.
a. but for b. in spite of c. due to d. with regard to
9. Visitors are asked to comply ______ the regulations.
a. at b. in c. with d. on
10. He ______ so much work that he couldn’t really do it efficiently.
a. put on b. took on c. brought on d. turned on
11. In order to save time, I ______ my shopping to once a week.
a. cut off b. cut out c. cut up d. cut down
12. The idea has ______ that science cannot be wrong.
a. piled up b. picked up c. grown up d. put up
13. he did everything he could to prevent if from ______ into fighting.
a. breaking off b. breaking up c. breaking out d. breaking of
14. The construction of the new building will cost ______ 1,000,000 dollars, and it’s not easy to get so much money.
a. at last b. at most c. at least d. at large
15. The thief ran away as fast as he could ______ the policeman.
a. in sight b. within the sight of c. within sight d. at the sight of
16. For too long, European can makers have fought to ______ old ways and old privileges.
a. hang on to b. have access to c. refer to d. see to
17. Whoever ______ a full night’s sleep will be more than rewarded in heightened productivity, creativity and focus.
a. invests at b. invests in c. invests by d. invests with
18. Prior ______ his departure, he wrote a letter to his mother.
a. of b. from c. to d. in
19. The company is very famous ______ the high quality of its products.
a. in b. for c. by d. with
20. Once he was given a chance to improve his position in the firm, he seized it ______ both hands and is now on his way to the top.
a. on b. at c. in d. with
21. These misfortunes almost deprived him ______ his future career.
a. with b. of c. from d. beyond
22. I don’t ______ the expense; I want the party to be a real success.
a. care for b. care about c. be in care of d. take care of
23. We must get the roof mended before the wet weather sets ______.
a. about b. on c. up d. in
24. The car pulled ______ beside me and the driver asked me to way to the Great Wall.
a. down b. off c. up d. out
25. After the war, many warships were laid ______ as they were not needed any longer.
a. up b. aside c. down d. over
26. When the rebellion died ______ things quickly returned to normal.
a. out b. away c. down d. through
27. I’ll pick you ______ at your college gate and take you straight to the station.
a. on b. off c. out d. up
28. Will you please see ______ our luggage when I am away?
a. to b. in c. with d. for
29. ______ they reached the small village before dusk.
a. Towards the end b. By the end c. In the end d. At the end
30. Mary has left the book on the table ______ purpose so that you can read it.
a. with b. on c. in d. out of
31. That noise is getting louder because the engineers are ______ the engine to see if the plane is ready to fly.
a. doing with b. running up c. turning in d. trying for
32. The government is looking ______ new methods of raising money without increasing taxes.
a. down on b. upon c. out for d. around
33. Man is superior to the animals ______ he sues language to convey his thoughts.
a. and that b. in that c. so that d. in order that
34. Not long ago, a person who I know every well was ______ an accident.
a. related to b. included in c. involved in d. subject to
35. I ______ to him for the error.
a. excused b. pardoned c. forgave d. apologized
36. Though we have no interests ______ common, we are good friends.
a. on b. in c. for d. at
37. The purse has returned to the original owner ______.
a. in a long time b. in a long run c. in no time d. at no time
38. We can’t hope to catch up with that car ______ us.
a. in advance of b. in the front of c. at the frontier of d. ahead of
39. Some animals will modify their behavior to ______ their environment.
a. adapt to b. adopt to c. suit to d. conform to
40. Don't ______ going abroad this summer, we may not have enough money.
a. count on b. come on c. attend upon d. frown upon
41. Don’t suspect your daughter ______ dishonesty.
a. of b. for c. with d. to
42. At the head of the valley we turned right and ______ the summit.
a. set up b. took up c. made for d. went for
43. Her type of women can ______ life much more easily.
a. cope with b. take advantage of c. take care of d. look after
44. The manager accused one of the hotel servants ______ stealing the money.
a. for b. with c. of d. about
45. It is difficult to _____ the implication between the lines.
a. get to b. get into c. get over d. get at
46. While living there, she ______ the local accent.
a. picked on b. picked at c. picked up d. picked out
47. We adopted the new method _____ raising our efficiency.
a. in the event of b. on account of c. with a view of d. with regard to
48. ______ the light of what you have told me, I will say that it is he who came here yesterday.
a. By b. In c. Of d. Under
49. They will place China in the front ranks of countries of the world ______ the output of major industrial products.
a. in support of b. in connection with c. in terms of d. by means of
50. When they had finished playing, the children were made to ______ all the toys they had taken out.
a. put off b. put away c. put up d. put out
51. He failed to supply the facts relevant ______ the case in question.
a. for b. with c. of d. to
52. In Britain, and on the Continent too, the Japanese are viewed _______ a threat to domestic industries.
a. like b. as c. with d. for
53. When Jack was eighteen he ______ going around with a strange set of people and staying out very late.
a. took up b. took for c. took to d. took on
54. While in London, we paid a visit to the hospital founded ______ the nurse Florence Nightingale.
a. in line with b. in favor of c. in place d. in honor of
55. A poor man has to ______ many thing which a rich man regards as almost necessaries in life.
a. go through b. go without c. go over d. go about
56. Digital computers are practical ______ their high speed of operation.
a. instead of b. because of c. regardless of d. in spite of
57. _____ the many hours of study that he devoted to the subject, he still found the subject matter difficult.
a. After b. Due to c. Despite d. As for
58. The early part of the concert ______ comparatively satisfactorily.
a. went after b. went down c. went off d. went up
59. Mary is _______ her face ready for the party.
a. clearing up b. holding up c. keeping up d. making up
60. _______ a prolonged spell of fine weather, they were able to complete the film within the month.
a. As to b. Thanks to c. In relation to d. With respect to
61. One day people will be able to go to the moon _____ holiday.
a. on b. during c. for d. in
62. How did it come _____ that you made a lot of mistakes in your homework?
a. about b. after c. with d. to
63. Whatever the rule is, you may be sure he will keep _____ it.
a. on b. in c. off d. to
64. In one firm alone over three hundred people were laid _____ during the last month.
a. in b. out c. on d. off
65. The safety of shops ______ sea depends much on the warnings given by lighthouses.
a. in b. across c. on d. at
66. The mass of an object is multiplied by the speed of light squared, _____ other words , the speed of light is multiplied by itself.
a. by b. for c. in d. with
67. The new system encourages companies to compete with each other ______ equal terms.
a. on b. in c. with d. for
68. You should stick _____ the point in debate.
a. to b. at c. in d. for
69. Tom has been sad recently, for his plan to go to college _____ at the last moment.
a. fell out b. fell behind c. fell in d. fell through
70. David likes country life and has decided to ______ farming.
a. go in for b. go into c. go through d. go after
71. The police haven’t caught the murder alive yet, but they are convinced that the really important facts of the case will soon ________ .
a. come into force b. come into contact c. come into light d. come down to earth
72. The teacher expects us to do all the exercises, to study the spelling list and to get our paper ______ time.
a. in b. on c. at d. by
73. Having been told bad weather was on the way, the climbers decided to ______ their attempt on Mount Tai until the following week.
a. give up b. deny to c. put off d. refuse to
74. Bill did not hear the telephone because he was completely ______ his reading.
a. absorbed for b. absorbed by c. absorbed on d. absorbed in
75. Unwanted tickets can be given ______ at the theatre office window up to half an hour before the performance.
a. in b. out c. off d. over
76. Science was ______ regarded as a part of philosophy.
a. at time b. at all time c. at a time d. at one time
77. The newly designed machines are high ______ quality.
a. on b. in c. for d. with
78. Some quite artistic, yet inexpensive fabrics are now being _____ from British mills.
a. turned over b. turned out c. turned up d. turned off
79. The mother scolded the boy ______ not cleaning up his room.
a. to b. with c. at d. for
80. ______ my car is being made ready for a long journey.
a. In the moment b. For the moment c. At the moment d. By the moment
81. I’m bad ______ remembering faces.
a. at b. in c. with d. on
82. Oil drilling in that area has now stopped because the company has ______ money.
a. come out of b. come off c. run out of d. run down
83. The doctor was always ______ the poor and the sick, often giving them free medical services.
a. reminded of b. absorbed in c. tended by d. concerned about
84. The company will send a representative to ______ their business in that region.
a. attend to b. attempt at c. associate with d. approve of
85. Milk is ______ memories of home and mother so people away from home drink more milk.
a. bound to b. kept to c. referred to d. tied to
86. Despite the traffic lights ahead, the car continued ______ full speed.
a. with b. in on d. at
87. Something strange seems to be _____ me since I have been taking this drug.
a. running into b. coming across c. happening to d. falling on
88. The shopkeeper was ______ inside his own shop, and all the day’s money was stolen.
a. held over b. held up c. held out d. held off
89. Earth-like planets are extremely common in the Universe, ______ the latest computer simulation of the formation of the Solar System.
a. according to b. in addition to c. in regard to d. thanks to
90. In Brazil, spending on science and technology ______ just 0.6 percent of gross national product.
a. makes for b. makes up for c. accounts for d. stands for
91. ______, wherever he lives, a man belongs to some society.
a. For short b. In short c. Of short d. On short
92. A man who could ______ such treatment was a man of remarkable physical courage and moral strength.
a. bear upon b. insist on c. stand up to d. persist in
93. Is his action consistent ______ his principles?
a. with b. in c. of d. by
94. He is by far the best player ______ the team.
a. for b. on c. in d. to
95. A foreign firm has bought more than half of the shares in his company and ______.
a. got over it b. overtaken it c. taken it over d. overcome it
96. After a heated bargaining they agreed ______ the price for the car.
a. to b. with c. on d. in
97. _______ all the difficulties and discomforts, they went on working at the design.
a. Because of b. In proportion with c. As a result of d. In spite of
98. all questions left ______ by history must be settled one by one.
a. alone b. off c. out d. over
99. It is just three o’clock p.m. The plane just _____ five minutes ago.
a. took off b. took up c. took out d. took in
100. The government warned the people living in the forest to be ______ fire.
a. with regard to b. on guard c. on guard against d. in regard to
101. During sleep blood pressure is normally ______ its lowest.
a. in b. for c. at d. by
102. The parents and the children will have to leave the country ______ good.
a. with c. over c. on d. for
103. Neither their parents nor their friends have approved ______ their marriage yet.
a. for b. of c. to d. with
104. Classroom testing, if well done, most certainly ______ a stimulus to study and real learning.
a. acts for b. acts on c. acts as d. acts to
105. In the experiment we kept a watchful eye ______ the developments and recorded every detail.
a. in b. at c. for d. on
106. The French pianist who had been praised very highly ______ to be a great disappointment.
a. turned up b. turned in c. turned out d. turned down
107. In the advanced course students must take performance tests ______ monthly intervals.
a. in b. over c. at d. between
108. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are ______.
a. out of work b. out of reach c. out of practice d. out of stock
109. In the United States professors have many other duties ______ teaching, such as administrative or research work.
a. besides b. except c. but d. with
110. he attempted ______ to set up a company of his own.
a. with vain b. on vain c. in vain d. of vain
111. On hearing the news that her father died, she ______ tears.
a. burst out b. burst in c. burst into d. burst forth
112. She was annoyed at his comment, thinking that he visitor _____ her.
a. looked down b. looked highly of c. looked low at d. looked down upon
113. ______ comparison to my boyhood, my undergraduate years in Oklahoma were paradise.
a. In b. With c. By d. For
114. The United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any ______ its own.
a. on b. for c. of d. to
115. The accounts have always been handled ______ the banks policies.
a. in accordance with c. in connection with
c. in contrast with d. in line with
116. His inability to learn foreign languages was an obstacle ______ his career.
a. of b. to c. for d. as
117. The purpose of the official inquiry is to ______ the true facts leading to the loss of the ship at sea.
a. come at b. come for c. come into d. come over
118. Business picked up in the stores during December, but ______ again after Christmas.
a. dropped off b. dropped out c. dropped over d. dropped on
119. Many words associated with life in the West are Spanish ______ origin.
a. on b. in c. at d. from
120. The custom of visiting friends, relatives and neighbors on New Year’s Day is one the Old World traditions that has ______ a new form in the United States.
a. taken up b. taken on c. taken over d. taken off
121. Some workers fear the loss of social identity that can ______ not having a job.
a. result in b. result from c. bring up d. bring on
122. Most of the leading food shops have promised to ______ prices until after the new year.
a. keep off b. keep down c. keep out d. keep back
123. ______ classical music, which follows formal European traditions, jazz is a spontaneous and free form.
a. In comparison with b. In connection with c. In contrast to d. In regard to
124. Alice ______ when a crowd from a train rushed through the gate.
a. looked after b. looked in c. looked over d. looked up
125. The news of important events is broadcast often _______ over television.
a. on the average b. on the contrary c. on the spot d. on the whole
