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英语非谓语动词
在英语语法中，掌握好动词的用法是最重要的，而非谓语动词又是动词中非常重要的一部分，由于它们内容多，有些用法相似，所以不好掌握，经常被混淆用错，笔者通过列表比较方法，我们会对非谓语动词的用法一目了然，找出异同，更好的掌握它们的用法，下面通过列表比较的方式，分析非谓语动词的主要用法。
非谓语动词和谓语动词的相对时间关系
非谓语动词 |
相对谓语动词的时间意义 |
例句 |
一般式不定式 |
说明行为在谓语动词所表示的行为之后，多数是那些表愿望的词：want; hope; expect; wish等。 |
I want to go home.
I hope to see you. |
说明行为与谓语动词表示的行为同时发生，多数是那些省略不定式符号的词，一般是复合宾语。 |
I saw him come in.
He helped him (to) carry things. |
一般式动名词 |
表示动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发出。 |
We enjoyed seeing the film.
I am thinking of taking over the job. |
在动词insist on; rely on; count on(相信)等后表示动作在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生。 |
He insisted on doing that work |
在有些明确表示时间先后的动词和介词on; upon after代替完成动名词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作先发生。 |
I remember seeing him before.
On arriving Beijing, he went to see his friend. |
一般式分词 |
现在分词 |
持续性动词 |
说明分词表示的动作和句中谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 |
He stood there speaking.
Holding a book under his arm, he entered the room. |
终止性动词 |
说明分词表示的动作发生之后，句中谓语动词表示的动作立刻发生。 |
Entering the room, I found nobody in.
Turning to the right, you will find the post office. |
过去分词 |
持续性动词
|
通常说明分词表示的动作，此句中谓语动词表示的动作先发生。 |
Written in simple English, the book is easy to read.
I can't find my lost pen. |
说明分词表示的动作和句中谓语动词表示的动作并无先后。 |
He is a person well-known in this country. |
代替完成式现在分词的被动语态。 |
Educated by the party, he became a brave fighter. |
完成式不定式 |
说明行为动词在谓语动词表示的行为动词之前发生。 |
I'm sorry to have troubled you.
He is said to have come here.
He is thought to have done it.
He is believed to have done it.
He seemed to have known it. |
在wish, hope, expect, intend, mean, suppose等动词过去时后，说明行为动词没有实现。 |
We wished to have done this.
I expected to have left by then.
(=I had expected to heave by then.) |
|
完成式动名词 |
说明动名词表示的动作，此句中动词表示的动作先发生。 |
We regret having told you the news.
After having finished his work, he went home.
He denied having broke the glasses. |
完成式分词 |
说明分词表示的动作，此句中谓语动词表示的动作先发生。多数表示一些瞬时间动词。如果是hear; see或表示位置转移的动词arrive; leave; turn; open.不用完成时 |
Having finished his work, he went home.
Sitting down with him, we begun to discuss it.
Hearing this, he rose and went to the door. |
二．非谓语动词的被动语态
1. 非谓语动词被动语态的意义
| 非谓语动词 |
意义和用法 |
例句 |
| 不定式 |
表示被动的意义 |
The meeting is to be held next week.
He wanted to be sent to the hard area. |
| 有时主动形式表示被动的意义，同被动没什么区别，具有“应该”．“值的”的意思。不定式是主语的承受者，但有时作某些形容词的宾语， 如：nice, easy, hard, difficult, fit, suitable, good, heavy,comfortable, cheap等。 |
The box is not strong enough to stand this.
It's too small to see.
There is a lot of work to do
The house is to let at low rent.
I am not to blame.
Houses are still to seek.
Much remains to do.
The text is hard to learn.? |
| 动名词 |
表示被动的意义 |
He insisted on being sent to the hard area. |
| 在动词need, require等的主动语态和形容词worth后, 表示被动的意义 |
The building being built is a school.
Not having been told, he didn't know where to start. |
| 分词 |
现在分词 |
表示被动的意义 |
The building being built is a school.
Not having been told, he didn't know where to start. |
| 过去分词 |
表示被动的意义 |
Heated, the metal expands. |
2. 一般现在分词，完成的现在分词和过去分词表示被动意义的区别
非谓语动词 |
意义和用法 |
例句 |
一般式现在分词 |
含有具体的意义，说明和句中谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，一般是持续性动词 |
The person being criticized is our monitor. |
完成式分词 |
表示动作状态比句中谓语动作先发生，一般是瞬间动词 |
Not having been told about it, I don't know how to do it. |
过去分词 |
具有一船的意义，强调事实，说明比句中谓语动词表示的动作先发生，有时同完成式的被动词态可互换。 |
Given more time, (=Having been given) I can do it much better. |
三．非谓语动词的句法作用
1. 非谓语动词的句法作用一览表
??????? 非谓语动词
句子成分 |
不定式 |
动名词 |
分词 |
主语 |
√ |
√ |
|
宾语 |
直接宾语 |
√ |
√ |
|
短语动词宾语 |
√ |
√ |
|
宾语补语 |
√ |
√ |
√ |
介词宾语 |
|
√ |
|
形容词宾语 |
√ |
√ |
|
表语 |
√ |
√ |
√ |
定语 |
√ |
√ |
√ |
状语 |
√ |
|
√ |
同谓语 |
√ |
|
√ |
插入语 |
√ |
|
√ |
2. 非谓语动词作主语
非谓语动词 |
意义和用法 |
例句 |
不定式 |
动词不定式表示比较具体的意义，经常和特定的动作和执行者联系起来，经常带时间或地点状语，有时表示将要发生的动作。 |
To master a foreign language is no easy job.
To do it well is my earnest desire
To see this film is to waste time.
To solve this problem is out of the question |
? ????动词不定式（短语）作主语时，常见的另一种形式是在句首用先行代词it作形式主语，而将动词不定式（短语）移到谓语之后作真正主语。用于这种形式是一些特定形容词，动词和名词 |
1)形容词作表语（常见的形容词有：important, difficult, easy hard possible）
It is foolish to act in this way.
It sounds reasonable to do it this way.
It appears likely for them to arrive.
2) 动词作谓语（常见的动词有：require, cost, amuse, delight, irritate, annoy
It took much time to do this.
It makes us excited to think about that.
It needed hard work to finish the job.
It does no good to say like that.
It didn't occur to me to ask him to help me.
3)名词作表语
It seems a pity to waste them.
It is a great pleasure to do this
It is a good idea to think this way. |
动名词 |
动名词表求比较抽象（一般）和经常性的意义，有时可同不定式互换 |
Collecting stamps is a good hobby.
Swimming is a best sport in summer.
There is no telling what will happen.
There is no denying the fact.
There is no need informing him of it. |
动名词短语作主语时，常见的另一种形式是在句首用先行代词it作形式主语面将动名词短语移至谓语之后作真实主语。用于这种形式是一些特定形容词和名词 |
1)形容词作表语(常见的形容词有：enjoyable, good, hard, worthwhile)
It is nice talking to you.
It's foolish behaving like that.
It is useless doing that
2)名词作表语
It's waste of time doing this.? It's no good (use) doing that.
It's an awful job doing this.?? It's fun doing this
It is not an easy task doing this work. |
3. 非谓语动词作宾语
成分 |
非谓语动词 |
意义和用法 |
例句 |
直接宾语 |
不定式 |
不定式的逻辑主语一般同谓语动词的主语一致 |
I want to read a novel.
用于该形式的常见的动词有：afford, agree, aim, apply, arrange, ask, choose, claim, decide, decline, demand, desire, determine, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, swear, threaten, wish.
有时宾语省略不定式符号(常见的有：let fall, let pass, let go, let slip, 'd better, 'd rather, 'd soon,
He made believe he was correct. |
动词不定式（短语）作宾语时，如其后有补足语，则可以用先行语it作形式宾语，而将动词不定式（短语）后移作直接宾语 |
He found it necessary to work hard at English.
用于该形式的常见的动词有：acknowledge, believe, consider, count, declare, deem, deny, esteem, fancy, feel, find, guess, imagine, judge, know, make, prove, realize, report, see, show, suppose, suspect, take(think), understand, think. |
动名词 |
动名词的逻辑主语有时同谓语动词的主语不一致 |
Do you mind my smoking? |
动名词（短语）作宾语时，如其后有补足语则可以用先行词it作形式宾语，而将动名词短语后移作直接宾语 |
We found it troublesome solving this problem.
We consider it worthwhile spending some time on this. |
有一类动词后面必须跟动名词 |
We enjoyed staying there.
常见的动词有：admit, abhor, acknowledge, advise, advocate, avoid, confess, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, discontinue, excuse, evade, fancy, finish, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep(on), mind, necessitate, pardon, postpone, practise, renounce, resent, facilitate, favor, miss, resist. |
有一类动词后面可跟动名词也可以跟不定式 |
1) 意义区别不大。
He began learning (to learn) English at the age of five.
常见的动词有：start, like, hate, love, continue, prefer, commence, attempt, intend, propose, decline, endure, neglect, omit, recollect, recall, bear.
2)意义有区别
a) remember doing sth 记住做过某事。
remember to do sth? 记住要做某事。
b)forget doing sth? 忘记做过某事。
forget to do sth?? 记住要做某事。
c)regret doing sth? 遗憾做过某事。
regret to do sth?? 遗憾要做某事。
d)try doing sth??? 试着做某事。
try to do sth???? 努力做某事。
e)mean doing sth? 意旨做某事。
mean to do sth?? 打算做某事。
f)stop doing sth?? 停止做某事。
stop to do sth??? 停下来做某事。
g)can't help doing sth 忍不住做某事。
can't help to do sth? 不能帮做某事。
h)go on doing sth? 继续做某事。
go on to do sth?? 接着做另一事。 |
短语动词宾语 |
动名词 |
这一类多是动词和小品词构成的短语 |
He insisted on doing that.
常见的短语有：stand up, leave off, put off, give up, can't help(stand) |
不定式 |
这一类多数是一些特定的用法。 |
He is about to leave. He did nothing but play.
'd rather do sth, 'd better do sth, 'd like/love to do sth, |
宾语宾补 |
不定式 |
强调动作发生的事实、将要和应该做的事 |
We saw him come in. I asked him to help me.
I helped him (to) learn English.
He arranged for me to stay there.
常见的动词有：
1)省略不定式符号的动词：make, let, have,? see, hear, notice, watch, observe, listen to, look at
2)表示“致使”意义的动词：advice, cause, allow, ask, beg, drive, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, permit, persuade, remind, teach, tell, trust, urge, want, warn
3)表示心理状态的动词：consider, declare find, prove, think, know, believe, discover, feel, imagine, judge, suppose, understand.
4)短语动词 arrange for, prepare for, provide for, ask for, care for, long for, wait for, vote for, call on, rely on, depend on, count on |
动名词 |
说明实际的情况，这种形式数量不多。 |
We call this process testing.
We know of the earth behaving as a large magnet. |
分词
|
现在分词
|
强调动作进行的过程 |
I found him coming in.
He kept him waiting outside.
如谓语动词是被动语态的形式，这时分词成了主语补语，分词形式不变。
He was seen coming in |
过去分词 |
表示动作已完成，同宾语是被动关系，说明动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
have (get) 表示的动作往往表示别人完成，有时这个动作可能由主语完成 |
We found him tied to the tree.
I had my hair cut.
I can't get this motor started.
如谓语动词是被动语态的形式，这时分词成了主语补语，分词形式不变。
He was found tied to the tree. |
介词宾语 |
不定式 |
这一类多是一些特定的形式， |
I hardly remember what I did besides read.
He had nothing in mind except to work hard.
It is better to do some work than to spend the time idly.
There is no way out than climb the cliff. |
动名词 |
这一类数量较多。 |
I'm afraid of making mistakes while speaking English.
He enjoys doing nothing but talking with her.
On (as soon as he arrived) arriving, he came to see his friend.
In (while) doing this, he learned a lot.
常见的短语：look forward to, be used to, object to, prefer doing sth to doing sth |
形容词宾 |
不定式 |
这一类有些语法家也认为是这些形容词的原因状语。
|
I am glad to see you.
常见的形容词有：cross, angry, context, furious, happy, impatient, curious, proud, sorry, thankful, free, grateful, keen, anxious, eager, prone, ready, reluctant, willing, humble, jealous, miserable, (un)able, lucky，sad |
|
这一类有些语法家也认为是这些形容词的原因状语。
|
I am surprised to see you.
常见的过去分词有：annoyed, ashamed, astonished, bored, concerned, amazed, confused delighted, determined, disappointed, disgusted, displeased, dissatisfied, distressed, embarrassed, excited, fascinated, inclined, overjoyed, overwhelmed, pleased, prepared, puzzled, qualified, worried, offended, scared, thrilled, vexed |
动名词 |
这一类多是一些特定的用法。 |
The tree seems like trembling.
The book is worth reading.
He is busy working. |
4. 非谓语动词作表语
非谓语动词 |
意义和用法 |
连系动词 |
例句 |
不定式 |
表示具体的动作，表示打算、计划、命令和要求等意义 |
有时可用appear, seem, happen等作连系动词 |
To see is to believe. Seeing is believing.(一般同主语的形式一直)
What I wanted to do is write it down.
The only thing you can do is wait and see.
How am I to pay such a debt?
Such questions are to be avoided.
He was never to see his friend again.
What he said proved to be true.
He seems to be ill.
常作主语的名词有：aim, ambition, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistakes, plan, purpose, suggestion. |
动名词 |
相当于名词，说明主语动作的情况和状态。 |
一般是be |
What like best is swimming in the sea.
My job is teaching English
(My job is to teach them to learn English.)
Seeing is believing.
有时同不定式可以互换
Our duty is serving the people.
Our duty is to serve the people. |
分词 |
现在分词 |
相当于形容词，说明主语动作性质的。一般分词后不再接任何成份 |
有时可用become ; get等 |
It is annoying that the meeting should be put off.
常见作表语的现在分词有：amusing, boring, charming, comforting, confusing, disappointing, discouraging, disturbing, embarrassing, exciting, pleasing, fascinating, interesting, inviting, missing, obliging, promising, puzzling, shocking, striking, surprising. |
过去分词 |
相当于形容词说明主语动作的性质或状态，一般后面带介词短语，有些形容词化的过去分词前可加very. |
有时可用Become ; get ;remain ; appear ; seem; fell; go; look等动词 |
He remained puzzled. He appeared satisfied with that.
My work is finished. My watch is gone.
常见的过去分词有：1)常见带介词about分词： annoyed, concerned, excited, pleased, puzzled, shocked, worried 2) 常见带介词at分词： amazed, amused, annoyed, astonished, delighted, disappointed, disgusted, displeased, dissatisfied, excited, offended, overjoyed, pleased, shocked, surprised, 3) 常见带介词against分词： arranged, prepared, irritated, arranged 4) 常见带介词for分词： celebrated, concerned, destined, disqualified, noted, prepared, pressed, qualified. 5) 常见带介词in分词： absorbed, celebrated, concerned, disappointed, delighted, dressed, embarrassed, engaged, entangled, experienced, interested lost, 6) 常见带介词on分词： founded, based, bent, set 7) 常见带介词to分词： abandoned, accustomed, acquainted, addicted, adapted, committed, dedicated, destined, devoted, doomed, engaged, entitled, exposed, known, lost, opposed, related, inclined, married 8) 常见带介词with分词：annoyed, bored, concerned, delighted, disappointed, discontented, disgusted, displeased, dissatisfied, equipped, excited, occupied, obsessed, pleased, pressed, satisfied, socked, stunned, surrounded loaded, tormented, torture |
5. 非谓语动词作定语
非谓语动词 |
位置 |
意义和用法 |
例句 |
|
不定式 |
动词不定式必须放在所修饰词（名或代）后 |
表示将要发生，应该做的动作，说明动作在谓语动词表示动作之后，具有形容词性质。 |
I have much work to do.
He has no place to live in.
有时根据意思的需要加介词，这时介词不能省略，因被修饰的名词是它的宾语。 |
|
动名词 |
动名词放在在所修饰的词前?? ? |
说明所修饰词的性质，具有名词的性质，它同所修饰的名词间不存在什么主谓关系 |
He looked me with questioning eyes.
a living room.
|
一般形式 |
分词 |
现在分词 |
在所修饰词前，有些放在所修饰词后 |
说明正在进行的动作，同它所修饰的动作存在着逻辑主谓关系 |
a sleeping boy, on the day following, for years running |
过去分词 |
在所修饰词前，有些放在所修饰词后 |
表示被动的意思，多数不及物动词的过去分词不能用作定语，只有少数表示动作改变的动词表示在谓词动词动作之前完成 |
a lost child, a fallen leaf, retired workers, faded flowers
We have no time left.
Fill the blanks with the words given. |
短语 |
不定式 |
放在所修饰词后 |
一般表示要做和应该做的动作。 |
He is the first one to come this morning.
I have a lot of housework to do at home.
There is a lot of work to do in the company.
He didn't have the chance to go to school in the past.
1)一般所修饰词是抽象名词
agreement, attempt, claim, decision, decisive, determination, failure, hope, intention, need, plan, promise, refused, resolution, tendency, threat, wish
2)说明被修饰词内容的名词
campaign, chance, courage, efforts, evidence, fight, news, measures, move, movement, opportunity, position, power, reason, right, skill, strength, struggle, means
3)跟不定式作状语的形容词生成转化来的抽象名
ability, ambition, anxiety, curiosity, eagerness, impatience, reluctance, willingness |
分词 |
放在所修饰词后 |
现在分词短语有动作进行之意。
过去分词短语有被动之意。 |
The bird singing in the tree is very beautiful.
This is the bird shot by the boy.
My brother, working in the south will be coming in a few days. |
6. 非谓语动词作状语
非谓语动词 |
意义和用法 |
例句 |
不定式 |
表示目的，很常用。 |
He went home to see his mother.
He came to ask a question.
He got up early in order to (so as to) have time to study. |
表示结果，很常用。 |
She says so well as to bring down the house.
Will you be so good as to tell him this?
He is not old enough to do this.
He is too excited to speak anything. |
表示原因， |
He laughed to see them fall down.
He wept to hear the news. |
表示选择和比较 |
She opened her lips as through to speak
He would die rather than give in. |
表示条件 |
To hear him talk, you would think he was tiring. |
分词 |
表示时间，相当于表示时间，相当于状语从句when, while。 |
He went through the papers while having breakfast.
Since leaving school, I met him only once.
常用于这些连词后When, before, while, after, since |
表示原因，有时同用作时间状语的分词难以分清，相当于原因状语从句because, since, for 和 as。 |
Being ill, he didn't come.
Not understanding this, he asked the teacher about it. |
表示条件，相当于条件状语从句if。 |
Given more time, I can finish the work.
We'll not attack unless attacked.
Working hard, you'll succeed. |
表示让步，相当于让步状语从句 though, although。 |
Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice. |
表示结果，相当于结果状语从句，这种分词前通常有thus 或thereby。 |
Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. |
表示方式或伴随情况，分词短语没有相当的状语从句，汉译时一般译成并列复合句 |
They shook hands, smiling at each other.
The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.
He lay on his back, his legs drawn up.
He made the boy sit there, promising they would not hurt him. |
表示方式 |
He sat there, as though waiting. |
7. 非谓语动词作同谓语
非谓语动词 |
意义和用法 |
例句 |
不定式 |
不很常用
|
He has written two articles for the journal, one to be published in this issue, the other to come out in the next.
|
动名词 |
不很常用 |
I saw many people in the room, some talking, some listening.
His chief hobby, sailing a boat, cost him most of his salary. |
8. 非谓语动词作插入语
非谓语动词 |
意义和用法 |
例句 |
不定式 |
多是一些特定的短语 |
To tell you the truth, to be fair, to be frank, to be short, to be sure, to be honest, to begin with, to cut a long story short, to be exact, so to speak
To tell you the truth, I don' t know computers very well. |
动名词 |
多是一些特定的短语 |
Generally speaking, frankly speaking, strictly speaking.
Generally speaking, his work is successful |
四. 非谓语动词的特殊形式
形式 |
非谓语动词 |
意义和用法 |
例句 |
复合结构 |
不定式 |
for sb to do sth这种结构可用先行代词it作形式主语面将该结构后移作真正主语。 |
It is impossible for me to do this.
It is for you to decide.
It is time for us to do this.
There is a lot of work for us to do.
I'd like you to do it.
常引导该形式的形容词有：dangerous, easy, useful, hard, difficult, strange, astonishing, pleasant, fortunate lucky, necessary, reasonable, right, wrong, natural, interesting. |
with+名词或代词 to do sth的复合结构表示将要发生的动作 |
I feel quite easy, with her to help me.
|
It (That) is +形容词 of to do sth. 表示性格特征，行为表现。 |
It kind of you to help me.
常引导该形式的形容词有：absurd, bold, brave, careful, careless, cruel, considerate, clever, cunning, clumsy, decent, foolish, good, honest, impudent, naughty, nice, polite, right, rude, silly, splendid, wise, wrong, wonderful, thoughtful. |
send, bring, take 等动词表目的时，可带出自己的逻辑主语。 |
The king sent the official to have a look. |
动名词 |
动名词之前的名词，如果是有生命的，通常用所属格表示，如果是无生命的，则用通格表示，现在有一种趋势用名词和代词代替所有格。 |
His coming won't help much.
I don't mind your (you) smoking.
They insisted on our staying there.
We are happy about his coming to see us.
Do you remember Mary coming to see you?
I objected to you smoking here. |
分词
|
分词短语作状语时，一船没有自己的主语，其逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语，但有时分词短语可以有自己的主语，由名词和代词表示放在分词短语之前，它们存在着逻辑主谓关系 |
He stood there with his hand rising (raised).
We walked in, he leading the way.
Greeting being over, they got down to business.
He cried suddenly, tears rolling down his checks.
His leg being badly hurt, he had to sty in bed.
There being nobody in the room, we didn't go in. |
无主语句子 |
不定式 |
多用于否定形式。 |
Why stay in the room? Why not ask the teacher? |
动名词 |
征求别人意见。 |
What about playing basketball?
How about going to see a film? |
感叹句 |
不定式 |
多表示要发生的事。 |
To think how I started!
To invite him! You are asking for trouble. |
分词 |
表示的意义根据句子而定。 |
Going to Beijing! What for?
Finished my book! I have just started. |
其它形式 |
不定式 |
相当语这些疑问代词和副词引导的从句。 |
What to do next has not been decided.
What worries me most is how to do it
I don't know how to leave.
We are seeking the way in which to make the work easy.
It is not yet decided whether to discuss this.
常见引导该形式的动词有：decide, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, remember, see, settle, think, understand, wonder |
分裂式不定式，被副词分开。 |
He wants to really know this. |
动名词 |
用do和go构成的短语。 |
Go shopping, (hunting, fishing, swimming, walking, dancing, skating, skiing)
Do some reading (shopping, sewing, washing) |
分词 |
悬浮式分词, 可以和主句的主语不一致。 |
1) admitting that…, supposing that…, provided (that)…, regarding, seeing that…, concerning that…, granted…, owing to dangle
2) talking about…, judging from..
Judging from his clothes, he is a doctor. |
五. 非谓语动词的否定形式
形式 |
非谓语动词 |
位置 |
例句 |
一般形式 |
不定式 |
放在不定式符号前，如果是省略不定式形式放在动词前 |
I want not to go home. I let him not go home.
He promises never to go there again.
He got up early so as not to (in order not to) miss the train. |
动名词 |
放在动名词前 |
Excuse me for not coming earlier. |
分词 |
放在分词前 |
Not knowing this, he didn't come.
Not having told when to start, he came late. |
特殊形式 |
不定式 |
主动形式否定意义 |
He was too excited to speak. |
动名词 |
no和without引导的短语 |
No smoking. He left without saying good-bye |
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)
(3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别
(1)不定式作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。
3)如果主语是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明 作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．
(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。
Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。
His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。
(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。
People cannot but feel puzzled， for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．
(3)分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite， interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有：
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。
3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视
afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望
arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算
begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏
appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法
cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装
ask问 dread害怕 need需要
agree同意 desire愿望 love爱
swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望
bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供
beg请求 fail不能 plan计划
bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿
care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备
decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾
choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明
claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许
start开始 undertake承接 want想要
consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝
decide决定 learn学习 vow起
contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议
seek找，寻觅 try试图
2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式
ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使
allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿
announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使
bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求
assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示
advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求
authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐
bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒
beg请求 induce引诱 report报告
compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请， summon传唤
command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示
drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练
cause引起 instruct指示 require要求
deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉
direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱
entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫
enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说
encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要
condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教
entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望
(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语
acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到
admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌
advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕
appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受
avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有，喜爱
bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒
can't help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑，逃避
can't stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口
consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想，爱好
favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟
figure描绘，计算 miss错过 resent怨恨
finish完成，结束不得 pardon原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止
forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复
imagine设想 postpone延迟，延期 risk冒险
involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议
hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救，储蓄
keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持，忍受
loathe非常讨厌，厌恶 recall回想
例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。
(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）
forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）
2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事
3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）
remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾
regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔
5）try to do努力、企图做某事
try doing试验、试一试某种办法
6) mean to do打算，有意要…
mean doing意味着
7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）
go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）
8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）
proposing doing建议（做某事）
9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念
（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。
例如：I should like to see him tomorrow．
10) need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身。
I don't regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)
I regret to have to do this， but I have no choice．我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做)
You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。
Let's try doing the work some other way．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。
I didn't mean to hurt your feeling．我没想要伤害你的感情。
This illness will mean (your) going to hospital．得了这种病(你)就要进医院。
4．不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别
(1）不定式作定语
1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。
The train to arrive was from London．将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。
2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系
Get him something to eat．给他拿点儿东西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。
I need a pen to write with．我需要一支笔写字。
There is nothing to worry about．没有什么值得发愁的。
4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如：
ability能力，本领 drive赶，驾驶 movement运动，活动
ambition抱负，野心 effort努力，尝试 need需要，需求
campaign战役，运动 failure失败，不及格 opportunity机会
chance机会 force力，压力，要点 promise许诺，希望
courage勇气 intention意向，意图 reason理由，原因
decision决定 method方法，方式 light光，光线，亮光
determination决心，决定 motive动机，目的 struggle奋斗，努力，
tendency倾向，趋势 wish希望，愿望，祝愿
5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next， second, last, only和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。
6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。
John will do anything but work on a farm．除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。
7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do
His wish to buy a car came true．他要买辆车的愿望实现了。
Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us．
他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave．
他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。
(2)分词作定语
分词作定语时有下面几个特点：
1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。
2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室。
Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗?
He is an advanced teacher．他是个先进教师。
3）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意：
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系
一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如：
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?
你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?
你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？
5．不定式和分词作状语的区别
（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。
He went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去后将门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。
2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。
(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别
1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)
2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。
Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)
Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)
Reading carefully，you'll learn something new．只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)
His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果)
We are glad to hear the news．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)
（3）下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的：
a：not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义
b：做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。
c：不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语。
6．非谓语动词常考的其它结构
（1)疑问词+不定式结构
疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如：
When to start has not been decided．何时动身尚未决定。(主语)
I don't know what to do．我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)
The difficulty was how to cross the river．困难在于如何过河。(表语)
I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语）
注）A.有时疑问词前可用介词，如：
I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。
B.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how, what）+不定式：
While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
(2)介词except和but作“只有…，只能…”讲时跟不定式结构（but与不带to的不定式连用）。
When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.
(3)不带to的不定式
1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有：
feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear听到
watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉，感知
notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听
On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.
2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。如：
Let him do it.让他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。
(注)：
①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时．其后的不定式一般需带to，如：
He was seen to come．
The boy was made to go to bed early.
②在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，如:
He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season．他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。
3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)结构中。例如：
Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。
但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别有别的办法。
（4）不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构
1)不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如：
I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。
(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如：
It was wise of him to do that．他那样做是明智的。
2)动名词的逻辑主语为；①人称代词的所有格+动名词；②名词's+动名词。例如：
Tom insisted on my going with them．他坚持要我和他们一起去。
He dislikes his wife's working late．他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。
3)某些形容词，如：careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等
It is very kind of you to help me．你帮助我太好了。
间或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。
It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。
7．非谓语动词中的有关句型
（1）动名词作主语的句型
1）Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。
It is a great fun playing football．打篮球很有趣。
It is a waste of time trying to explain．设法解释是浪费时间。
3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth．
It is useless speaking.光说没用。
It is nice seeing you again．真高兴又遇到了你。
It is good Playing chess after supper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。
It is expensive running this car．开这种小车是浪费。
所谓非谓语动词，是指不能作谓语的动词，也不受主语人称和数的限制，但具有动词的某些特征，不仅可以接宾语，而且还有时态和语态的变化。此外它可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语和同位语。非谓语动词不仅是语法学习的重点和难点，也是GCT必考的语法知识。其具体表现形式有三种：1. 动词不定式? to + V ; 2. 动名词 V-ing; 3. 过去分词 V-ed 。 三者的核心含义和区别如下：
动词不定式? to + V 一般用来表示目的或结果，或者某个具体的动作。
动名词????? V-ing? 一般用来表示动作的主动概念和进行意义。
过去分词??? V-ed? 一般用来表示动作的被动概念和完成意义。
（一）关于动词不定式的考点
考点一：直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词
这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、打算、企图等
afford, agree, aak, attempt, beg, begin, bother, care, choose, claim, consent, decide, demand, desire, endeavor, expect, fail, fear, hate, help, hesitate, hinder, intend, learn, manage, neglect, offer, plan, pledge, prefer, prepare, pretend, refuse, resolve, start, threaten, undertake, venture, volunteer, want
He pledged never to come back until he had made great success.
I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes. 我对花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。
考点二：在下列情况下常用不带（或省略）to的动词不定式：
1. 感官动词后面：feel, listen, hear, look at, notice, see, watch, observe, perceive
I saw a man enter the shop.
2. 表示使役意义的动词，如：have, let, make?
The teacher has us write a composition every week.
3. 一些情态动词后面：had better, would rather…than…，would sooner…than…，rather than, may well do，may as well do (还是…好了)，can not but…，can not help but…
Rather than wait anyone, I decided to go home by taxi.
We might as well put up here for tonight.
? 4. 在do (did, does, done) nothing (anything, everything )but (except) do 句型中
I can do nothing but follow your advice.
如果but或except之前没有do，其后的to 不能省略。
There is no choice but to wait and see.
5. 由 all, what 引导的主语从句或者主语被only, first, one, least 或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中含有do时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去to。
What I have to do is take a rest.
The only thing I could do was do it myself.
6. 由并列连词and，except, but, than, or 连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时，第二个动词不定式不带to。
I’d like to stay with you, help you and learn from you.
She told us to stay at home and wait till she came back.
To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 尝试而失败也比不尝试好。
注意：如果两个不定式表示对照或对比，则不能省略to。
He hasn’t decided weather to quit or to stay. 他还没有决定是去还是留。
To be or not to be, that is a question. 是生存还是死亡，这是一个问题。
考点三：有些动词后一般跟带“疑问词 + 动词不定式”作宾语，如：consider, discover, discuss, explain, guess, know, inquire, observe, show, teach, understand, wonder等。
I wonder who to invite. 我不知请谁。
Ask my brother where to put the car. 问一下我哥车停在哪儿。
（二）关于动名词的考点
考点一：直接接动名词做宾语的动词和词组
admit, avoid, advise, allow, anticipate, appreciate, consider, delay, deny, dislike, dread, encourage, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, feel like, finish, forbid, forgive, imagine, involve, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practise, prevent, propose, recall, recollect, resent, resist, risk, stop, give up, can’t help, can’t stand, suggest
Forbid smoking on trains. 火车上禁止吸烟。
We have to postpone sending our answer to the request.
我们不得不暂缓寄出对申请书的答复。
注意：上述动词中 allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend 在有人作宾语时，则后接不定式作宾语补足语。如：allow somebody to do something
I recommended going by subway. 我建议坐地铁去。
The doctor recommended me to take a few days’ rest. 医生劝我休息几天。
考点二：下列短语中to 为介词，后面只能接动名词或名词。
keep to |
apply to |
indifference to |
look forward to |
with an eye to |
amount to |
commit…to |
be familiar to |
stand up to |
with regard to |
take to |
owe…to? |
be faithful to |
put one’s mind to |
with a view to? |
turn to |
resign… to |
be superior to |
get down to |
be opposed to |
succeed to |
attribute …to |
be sensitive to |
live up to |
in relation to |
admit to |
dedicate …to |
be devoted to |
owing to |
aid to |
point to |
limit to |
be committed to |
thanks to |
object to |
No woman could succeed to the throne. 妇女不能继承王位。
I am looking forward to seeing you again. 我盼着再见到你。
考点三：在demand, deserve, need, require, want, worth 等词后面接动名词表示被动的意思，即用主动形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式，必须用不定式的被动形式。
My socks want mending / to be mended.
This grammatical rule deserves mentioning.
That novel is well worth reading.
考点四：在下列it 作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中，用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。
It is no use（no good, no point, no sense, a waste of time等名词）+ doing sth.
It is good (nice, interesting, useless等形容词) + doing sth.;
There is no point (use, sense, good等名词) + doing sth.
It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 后悔没有用。
It’s simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.
There is no point in my going out to date someone. 现在让我出去和别人拍拖没有用。
I find it no good advising him to go with us. 我发现建议他和我们一起去没什么好处。
考点五：在“have difficulty (trouble, problem, pleasure, a difficult time) (in) doing sth.” 结构中， 后接动名词；但注意 take the trouble to do sth. , have no time to do sth. 后接不定式。
The teachers have had some problems deciding when they should return the final papers to the students.
I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.
考点六：下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，但表示的意义不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未发生；而动名词则表示事情已经发生于这些动词之前。例如：
remember to do sth. 记得将要去做某事
remember doing sth. 记得已经做过某事
Please remember to take the medicine. （还没吃）
I remember taking the medicine. （已经吃过）
forget to do sth. 忘记了该做的事情
forget doing sth. 忘记了已经做过了的事情
I forgot to mail the letter. (没有发信)
I forgot mailing the letter. (忘记曾经发过信)
stop to do sth. 停止手中的事去做另一件事
stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事情
We stopped to have a rest.
I really must stop smoking.
go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事情
go on doing sth. 继续作正在做的事
The president welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the college regulations.
Peter went on sleeping despite the noise outside.
try to do sth. 努力，试图去做某事
try doing sth. 尝试，试着做某事
He tried to climb the tree, but he could not. 他试图爬树，可爬不上去。
She tried cooking the meat in wine instead of water.
她曾试验把肉用酒煮而不用水煮。
mean to do sth. 打算做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
I don’t mean to be rude, but could you stop smoking?
Jumping from job to job means losing some benefit.
regret to do sth. 对某事感到遗憾
regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事
I regret to tell you that you failed the test.
I regret lending him so much money. He never paid me back.
考点七：下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，所表达的意义无太大的差别。考试中一般很少涉及到, 这些动词有：
begin, continue, commence, discontinue, attempt, intend, plan, decline, dislike, fear, hate, like, love, neglect, omit, can’t bear (stand, endure), prefer
（三）非谓语动词的其他考点
考点一：独立主格结构
分词的独立结构可放在句首或句尾，常常在句中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件，方式或伴随情况。分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语。如果分词短语有自己的逻辑主语（一般为名词），它便是分词的独立结构。该分词与其逻辑主语有着逻辑上的主谓关系，常常用逗号与主句隔开。如果逻辑主语与分词的关系是主谓关系，就用现在分词；如果是动宾关系就用过去分词。至于分词的时态则要看它与句子的谓语动词的关系，如果分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，则用完成式，即 having done 或 having been done。其他情况下，通常用分词的一般式。
分词的独立结构前也可以有with， without或there。with本身没有词义，there实际上是引导词，being后面的名词才是分词的逻辑主语。
Weather permitting, we’ll be going fishing tomorrow.
The students having finished reading the text, the teacher went on to ask them some questions.
All the money having been spent, we started looking for work.
With her hair beautifully done，the customer left the hair-dresser’s happily.
With night coming on, they went home. 天晚了，他们回家了。
He left home, without a single word said. 没说一句话，他就离开了家。
There being nothing to do, we played games. 没什么可做的，我们于是玩游戏。
考点二：非谓语动词三种表示被动的结构 （语法常考题）
to be done 不定式的被动态表示将来的动作
being done 用来表示动作的正在（被）进行或者表示原因、条件等
done (having been done) 表示动作的被动关系或过去完成状态
Are you going to attend the meeting to be held nest meeting？
The question being discussed is very important.
Did you attend the press conference held in Beijing last week?
All flights having been cancelled, they had to take the train.
考点三：分词短语的固定表达方式，通常作句子状语，一般不受句子主语的限制。如：
according to …(根据), judging from…（从……判断）, talking of …（谈到）,owing to …（由于）, taking everything into consideration …（全盘考虑）, allowing for…(考虑到…), leaving … on one side …(抛开……不谈), generally speaking (总的说来), frankly speaking (坦率地说), roughly speaking (粗略地说), honestly speaking (老实说), strictly speaking (严格地说), theoretically speaking (从理论上说)
浅谈英语非谓语动词的用法.本文力图通过对英语中非谓语动词的归类整理，主要从非谓语动词的构成，及在句子中充当的主要成分，通过横向及纵向的比较，使之更具有条理性，还结合一些特殊动词的惯用法及口诀记忆的方法提高英语学习的科学性，趣味性。并结合历年来的高考题突出其中的重点，难点使整个非谓语动词的用法更加有实践性
一、英语非谓语动词及其构成
（一）、谓语动词与非谓语动词
英语动词有谓语动词与非谓语动词之分，在句子中充当谓语的动词，是动词的谓语形式，也叫谓语动词（finite verb）。如：
He is writing a letter.他正在写信。
而在句子中充当其他成分的（如主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语等）的动词，是动词的非谓语形式，称为非谓语动词（non-finite form of verb）
Smoking is not good for your health.
吸烟对你的身体有害（主语）
He found those novels hard to read.
他发现那些小说很难读。（状语）
（二）、非谓语动词的分类
英语的非谓语动词有三种：
1.不定式（infinitive）;
2.-ing分词（-ing participle）; 其中又分为现在分词与动名词
3.-ed分词（-ed participle）。也就是我们通常所说的过去分词
（三）、非谓语动词的构成
1、不定式
（1）、不定式的构成
不定式就是在动词的原形前加"to "。如：
to serve , to work to, to study
有时也可不加"to ",叫做"不带to的动词不定式"如
Serve , work, study<......
二、非谓语动词在句法中的作用
1．不定式的句法功能：
（1）作主语：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
（2）作表语：
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
（3）作宾语：
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
（4）作宾语补足语：
在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn“'t go to the cinema．
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
（5）作定语：
动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：
①动宾关系：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②说明所修饰名词的内容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
He is the first to get here.
（6）作状语：
①表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right：To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表结果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示强调：
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因：
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度：
It“'s too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
（7）作独立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don“'t like the way he talked.
（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。
If you don“'t want to do it, you don't need to.
（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
2、-ing分词的句法功能
-ing分词又分为动名词及现在分词。
（1）．动名词的句法功能：
①、作主语：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It“'s no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
②、作表语：
In the ant city, the queen“'s job is laying eggs.
在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
③、作宾语：
They haven“'t finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
resist(抵抗)，mind(介意)，suggest(建议)，delay(推迟)，keep(on) (保持)，look forward to (期昐)，enjoy(喜欢)，include(包括)，appreciate(欣赏)，imagine(想象)，practise(实践)，finish(完成)，consider(考虑)，can“'t help(不禁)，miss(错过)
以上动词及短语可以通过口诀进行记忆：
抗议（意）推辞（迟）昐喜报，心（欣）想事（实）成考不错。
④、作定语：
He can“'t walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？
⑤、作同位语：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．
他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
（2）．现在分词的句法功能：
①、作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
②、现在分词作表语：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
③、作宾语补足语：
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：
see,let,make, listen, hear, have, watch, notice, feel,look at等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
以上动词同样也可以通过口诀进行记忆：
三让（make,let,have），三看(see,look at, watch)，两听(listen, hear)，注意感觉(notice,feel)
④、现在分词作状语：
a.作时间状语：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。
b.作原因状语：
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。
c.作方式状语，表示伴随：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
d.作条件状语：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
e.作结果状语：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。
f.作目的状语：
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
g.作让步状语：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
h.与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard．
我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we“'ll do another two exercises.
如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
i.作独立成分：
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
从外表看，他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。
3、-ed分词（过去分词）的句法功能：
（1）．过去分词作定语：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
（2）．过去分词作表语：
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：
boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）
newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）
the changed world（变了的世界）
这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
（3）．过去分词作宾语补足语：
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
（4）．过去分词作状语：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）
Given more time, I“'ll be able to do it better.
如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。
三、非谓语动词用法比较与高考题
(一)、动词不定式和动名词作主语比较
动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性动作，不定式作主语表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。例如：
_______ is a good form of exercise for both young and old．（MET 1992）
A．The walk B．Walking C．To walk D．Walk（Key：B）
（二）、动词不定式、动名词、分词作表语比较
（1）不定式和动名词作表语的区别同作主语一样。
His job is building houses．
Our task now is to increase food production．
（2）动词不定式和动名词作表语说明主语的内容，现在分词作表语表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。
The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers．
The most important thing is to put theory into practice．
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier，_______ it more difficult．（NMET 1999）
A．not make B．not to make
C．not making D．do not make （Key：B）
（三）、动词不定式和动名词作宾语比较
（1）有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如：want，wish，hope，manage，de- mand，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect等。
We agreed _______ here，but so far she hasn“'t turned up yet．（NMET 1995）
A．having met B．meeting
C．to meet D．to have met （Key：C）
（2）有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语，前文中已有提及
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon．（MET 1992）
A．you to call B．you call
C．you calling D．you“'re calling（Key：C）
（3）有些动词后既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词，意义上无多大区别，如：love， like，hate，prefer，intend，start， continue等。
I intend to finish／finish- ing the task this morning．
（4）有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词，但意义上有区别，如：forget，remember， mean，regret，stop，try等。
—The light in the office is still on．
—Oh，I forgot _______ ．（MET 1991）
A．turning it off B．turn it off
C．to turn it off D．having turned it off（Key：C）
forget to do something：忘记去做某事
forget doing something：忘记曾经做过某事
—You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting．
—Well，now I regret _______ that．（NMET 1995）
A．to do B．to be doing
C．to have done D．having done（Key：D）
regret doing something :后悔做过某事
（四）、动词不定式、分词作宾语补足语和主语补足语比较
（1）有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语补足语或主语补足语，如：ask，tell，order，want，wish，warn， allow，advise，permit，forbid等。
The patientwas warned _______ oily food after the operation．（NMET 1996）
A．to eat not B．eating not
C．not to eat D．not eating（Key：C）
（2）有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语，但意义不同，如：see，watch，notice，observe，hear，feel，have， make等，且不定式不带to，但在被动结构中必须带to。不定式指动作的全过程；现在分词指正在进行的动作的一部分，且表主动意义；过去分词指已经完成的动作，且表被动意义。
Paul doesn“'t have to be made_____．He always works hard．（NMET 1995）
A．learn B．to learn
C．learned D．learning（Key：B）
made sb do sth,与 be made to do sth 是固定用法
本句的意思是：没有必要强迫保罗学习，他总是努力学习。
The manager discussed the plan that they would like so see______ the next year．（NMET 2000）
A．carry out B．carrying out
C．carried out D．to carry out（Key：C）
plan 后接定语从句，在从句中，关系代词that指代plan作谓语动词see的宾语，由于表示被动，要用过去分词短语carried out 做宾补。
（五）、不定式、动名词、分词作定语比较
（1）不定式作定语表示"将要"，现在分词表示"正在"或主动，过去分词表示"已经"。
The Olympic Games，______in 776 B．C．，did not include women players until1912．（NMET 1997）
A．first playing B．to be first played
C．first played D．to be first playing（Key：C）
在本题中过去分词作定语，表示被动。
When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door，_____"Sorry to miss you； will call later．"（NMET 1999）
A．read B．reads
C．to read D．reading（Key：D）
现在分词表示主动，补充说明纸条的内容。
（2）动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途，现在分词作定语表示被修饰名词的动作。
a swimming pool动名词作定语（表示用途），
a swimming fish现在分词作定语。（表示状态）
6动词不定式作状语修饰动词、形容词，表示原因、目的和结果，分词作状语修饰动词和句子，表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随和结果。
_______late in the morning，Bob turned off the alarm．（NMET 2001）
A．To sleep B．Sleeping
C．Sleep D．Having slept（Key：A）
根据情境推断，本句的意思是：为了在下午多睡一会儿觉，Bob关了闹钟。
______such heavy pollution already，it may now be too late to clean up the river．（NMET 2000）
A．Having suffered B．Suffering
C．To suffer D．Suffered（Key：A）
从already一词可知，本句中要用现在分词的完成式。
在本文中，我们归纳了英语中的非谓语动词的构成，句法作用及对非谓语动词进行了横向的比较。当然，英语中的非谓语动词的用法决不是在一篇文章中就可以总结归纳完成的，它需要我们不断地研究，补充，总结
详谈非谓语动词s
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法"
和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语
表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1． 不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)
(3)不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别
(1) 不定式作表语
(2)
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
2)如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。
3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose
(1)thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrL
upted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plan．
(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。
Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。
His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。
(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。 People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could h,RagF
ave made such a stupid mistake. His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．
(3)分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说这类词常见的有： interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的 delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的 disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的 surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的 Traveling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。 The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得>
太多，他们会感到胡涂的。
The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。
3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别 英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视 afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望 arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏 appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法 cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装 ask问 dread害怕 need需要 agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 beg请求 fail不能 plan计划 bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿 care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备 decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾 choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明 claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许 start开始 undertake承接 want想要 consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝 decide决定 learn学习 vow起 contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议 seek找，寻觅 try试图 2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式 ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使 allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿 announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使 bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求 assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示 advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求 authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐 bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒 beg请求 induce引诱 report报告 compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请， summon传唤 command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示 drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练 cause引起 instruct指示 require要求 deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉 direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱 entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫 enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说 encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要 condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教 entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望 (2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语 acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到 admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌 advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕 appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受 avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有，喜爱 bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒 can’t help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑，逃避 can’t stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口 consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想，爱好 favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟 figure描绘，计算 miss错过 resent怨恨 finish完成，结束不得 pardon原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止 forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复 imagine设想 postpone延迟，延期 risk冒险 involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议 hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救，储蓄 keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持，忍受 loathe非常讨厌，厌恶 recall回想 例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years aTVJ)
go.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。
(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做） forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）
2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事 3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做） remember doing记得做过某事(已做) 4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾 regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔
5）try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法 6) mean to do打算，有意要… mean doing意味着 7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情） go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情） 8）propose to do 打算（要做某事） proposing doing建议（做某事） 9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念 （注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如： I should like to see him tomorrow． 10) need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意iE+P
思。
Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身。
I don’t regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)
I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做)
You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。
Let’s try doing the work some other way．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这作。
I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling．我没想要伤害你的感情。
This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了这种病(你)就要进医院。
4．不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别
(1）不定式作定语
1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。
The train to arrive was from London．将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。
2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系 Get him something to eat．给他拿点儿东西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。
I need a pen to write with．我需要一支笔写字。 There is nothing to worry about．没有什么值得发愁的。
4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词.如：ability能力，本领 drive赶，驾驶 movement运动，活动 ambition抱负，野心 effort努力，尝试 need需要，需求 campaign战役，运动 failure失败，不及格 opportunity机会 chance机会 force力，压力，要点 promise许诺，希望 courage勇气 intention意向，意图 reason理由，原因 decision决定 method方法，方式 light光，光线，亮光 determination决心，决定 motive动机，目的 struggle奋斗，努力， tendency倾向，趋势 wish希望，愿望，祝愿 5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next， second, last, only和not a，t?2stJ+
he等限定词时候，只能用不定式。
6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。
John will do anything but work on a farm．除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。
7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。
如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do be curious to do = curiosity to do
His wish to buy a car came true．他要买辆车的愿望实现了。
Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us． 他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave． 他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。
(2)分词作定语 分词作定语时有下面几个特点：
1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。
2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室。
Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗?
He is an advanced teacher．他是个先进教师。
3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意： departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set,uc0
vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系 一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如： Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？ Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？ 5．不定式和分词作状语的区别
(1) 现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。 现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。
He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。
2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。
(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别 1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)
2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。
Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)
Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)
Reading carefully，you'll learn something new．只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)
His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果)
We are glad to hear the news．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)
（3）下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的：
a：not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/inclined to 表示肯定意义
b：做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：find, hear， be told, form, give, make, produce 等。
c：不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语。
6．非谓语动词常考的其它结构
（1)疑问词+不定式结构
疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如： When to start has not been decided．何时动身尚未决定。(主语) I don’t know what to do．我不知道该怎么办。(宾语) The difficulty was how to cross the river．困难在于如何过河。(表语) I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语）B*(-f
（注）
A.有时疑问词前可用介词，如：
I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。
B.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how, what）+不定式
While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
(2)介词except和but作“只有…，只能…”讲时跟不定式结构（but与不带to的不定式连用）。
When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your sh=^A&v_
oes wet.
(3)不带to的不定式
1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。
这类词有： feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear听到 watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉，感知 notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听 On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and wen}i_
t on the rescue.
2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。如：
Let him do it.让他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。
(注)：
①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时．其后的不定式一般需带to，如：
He was seen to come．
The boy was made to go to bed early.
②在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，如:
He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season． 他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。
3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)结构中。例如：
Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(exceptD
)所跟的不定式则仍须带。 The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别有别的办法。
（4）不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构 1)不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。
例如：
I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。
(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。
例如： It was wise of him to do that．他那样做是明智的。
2)动名词的逻辑主语为；
①人称代词的所有格+动名词；
②名词’s+动名词。例如：
Tom insisted on my going with them．他坚持要我和他们一起去。
He dislikes his wife’s working late．他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。
3)某些形容词，如：careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful,considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等
It is very kind of you to help me．你帮助我太好了。
间或也可用for +there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。
It’s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。
7．非谓语动词中的有关句型
（1）动名词作主语的句型
1）Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭没有用。
It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。
It is a great fun playing football．打篮球很有趣。 It is a waste of time trying to explain．设法解释是浪费时间。
3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth．
It is useless speaking.光说没用。
It is nice seeing you again．真高兴又遇到了你。
It is good Playing chess after supper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。
It is expensive running this car．开这种小车是浪费。
4)There is no + doing.．.(there is no 表“不可能”)
There is no telling what he is going to do．说出他要干什么是不可能的。
There is no saying what may happen.说出将要发生什么是不可能的。
5)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性)
There is no use crying over spilt milk．牛奶洒了，哭也无用。
6)have difficulty /trouble/problem + (in)+doing have作有解时，后接情感名词(in可省略)，再接动名词。这类词还有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time.例如：
We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan．我们执行计划有困难。
7)feel like + 名词 感觉像动名词 “ 想要” =would like to +原形动词
I feel like a newborn baby．我感觉像一个新生的婴儿。
Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看电影吗?
I don't feel like studying tonight．今晚我不想读书。
spend/waste time doing sth. They spent a lot time (in) making preparations．他们花了许多时间作准备。
8)在require后只能用动名词，不能用不定式，尽管表示被动的意思也要用动名词的主动形
式。 This problem requires studying with great care．这个问题需要仔细研究。
9)cannot help doing sth.忍不住（做什么） I cannot help laughing, once I see john in that big trouser.
(2)有关分词句型
1)在表示感觉和心里状态的动词see，hear，feel，smell，listen(to)，notice，observe，smell，watch这类表示感觉的动词之后常跟“宾语+现在分词”的复合结构，这种动词与分词之间的宾语可以是普通名词或专有名词(人各等)，也可以是代词宾格(him，us等)。
例如：
She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising．她闻到有东西在燃烧并看到有烟升起来了。
I watched them rehearsing the play．我看他们排演戏。
I could feel the wind blowing on my face．我能感觉到风在我脸上吹过。
2)表示“致使”等意义的动词，如：catch，find，leave，give，have，get，set后也可跟上述(1)的结构，有时也可跟过去分词结构。
例如：
I caught them stealing my apples．我抓住他们偷我的苹果。
If she catches me reading her diary，she'll be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。
We found him waiting to receive us．我们发现他正等着接待我们。
3)go +现在分词表示“从事…”之意，这时现在分词做主语补语。go之后所接现在分词均表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动。
例如：jogging慢跑，fishing钓鱼，dancing跳舞，skating溜冰，bowling打保龄球，shopping 购物，sightseeing游览，camping露营。
I’ll go camping tomorrow．我明天去露营。
I’ll go shopping．我去商店。
Would you like to go skating with me?你想和我去溜冰吗?
4)be busy + v-ing(现在分词)忙着做… I am busy writing my thesis．我正忙着写论文。
His assistant is busy(in) correcting papers．他的助教忙于批阅考卷。
或者be busy with + n.忙着做某事。
He is busy with his work．他忙着工作。
5)What do you say to + ing分词?(……怎么样?)
What do you say to joining us for dinner?和我们一起进餐，你看怎么样?
（3）有关动词不定式句型
下面这些词组是不定式的习惯用法，只能用不定式形式。
can not help but do,
can not but do,
cannot choose but do,
can do nothing but do,
have no choice/alternative to do When I consider how talented he is as a painter,
I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
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