英语否定形式有哪些
英语中否定含义的表达形式多种多样,可以用not,no,never,none,nobody,nothing,nowhere等否定词来表达否定之意;可以用hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,few等半否定词来表达否定之意;可以用含否定意义的前缀a-,ab-,an-,de-,dis-,il-,im-,in-,ir-,non-,un-,under-等构成的词表达否定之意;也可以用后缀
-less,-free,-proof等构成的词表达否定之意。
除此以外,还可以用含否定意义的词、词组或句子表达否定意义,现将其作如下归纳:
一、运用含否定意义的词及词组表示否定意义
1.动词:absent(缺席,不到),fail(没有),defy(公然反抗),deny(否认),miss(未击中,未赶上),lack(缺乏),escape(被……忘掉),ex-clude(排除),ignore(不顾),refuse(不肯,拒不),negate(否定),decline(拒绝),neglect(忽略),forbid(不许,不准),resist(抗拒)等。例如:
He absented himself from a meeting on some pretext.
他借故不去开会。
Her name escaped me for a moment.
我一时记不起她的名字了。
2.动词短语: differ from(与……不同), prefer… to(宁愿……而不),keep off(不接近,不让……接近),keep…
from/prevent… from/stop…from/protect… from(阻止,使……不), deprive…
of(使丧失), fall short(of)(不足,达不到),lose sight of(看不见), make light
of(轻视,视……不足道)等。例如:
Why should you prevent them from moving into the new house?
你们为什么不让他们搬进新居呢?
Sickness deprived her of the pleasure of meeting her son.
疾病使她不能同儿子欢聚。
His income falls short of his expenditure.
他入不敷出。
He made light of our advice and went away alone.
他无视我们的忠告,独自走了。
3.名词:absence(不在), failure(没有,不及格), lack(缺乏), reluc-tance(不愿),denial(否认),refusal(不肯),ignorance(无知),negation(否定),shortage(缺乏,不足),want(缺少),zero(乌有)等。例如:
His reluctance to think of a nonsports career caught up with him.
他不愿考虑运动员以外的职业给他带来的不幸。
Bass was also in ignorance of his whereabouts.
贝斯也不知他的下落。
Shortage of manpower is the chief cause of the delay at the factory.
人力不足是该工厂生产停滞的主要原因。
Their hopes were reduced to zero.他们的希望化为乌有。
4.形容词及形容词短语: reluctant(不愿), absent from(不在,没到场), ignorant of(不知,不懂),different
from(与……不同),short of(缺少,不足), devoid of(没有),far from(远非,决不),foreign
to(无关的),safe from(免于), free from(不受……影响的,没有……的),free of(无……的)等。例如:
He is completely devoid of humour.
他毫无幽默感。
What you say is foreign to the main issue of our discussion.
你讲的跟我们讨论的中心问题无关。
We should be free from arrogance and rashness.我们应该不骄不躁。
5.介词:above(超出……之外),against(反对), beneath(不值得),beyond(超出,无法……),
off(离开), past(超过), but/except(除……之外)等。例如:
He is a man above vulgar interests.他是个脱离了低级趣味的人。
This problem is beneath notice.这个问题不值得注意。
The young men of the present day are beyond my comprehension.
当代青年我无法理解。
His stupidity is past all belief.他的愚蠢简直不可思议。
6.介词短语:at a loss(不知所措,不知……), in the dark(不知道), invain(徒劳,无用),
out of the question(不可能), off one's guard(毫无防备,没有警惕),out of the
swim(不合时髦,不合潮流), at one's wits'end(智穷计尽,不知所措), at the end of one's
rope/at the end of one's row(山穷水尽,智穷力竭)等。例如:
The police are at a loss for an explanation of the affair.
警察不知如何解释这件事情。
I am completely in the dark concerning his plans.
关于他的计划,我全然不知。
I have so much work to do that a holiday for me this year is out
of thequestion.我有这么多工作要做,因此,今年我不可能休假了。
7.其他词组及固定搭配:anything but/by no means/in no case/on no ac-count/under
no circumstances(决不), instead of(而不), rather than(而不是), other
than(不同于,除……以外), aside from(除了……以外), least ofall(最不),the last(极不可能的,最不适合的),
let alone/to say nothing/…stil less,…(更不用说)等。例如:
The little bridge is anything but safe.
那座小桥决不安全。
The truth is quite other than what you think.
事实真相同你想的完全不同。
He can't run a hundred yards,still less a mile.
他一百码都跑不了,更不用说一英里了。
二、运用某些结构表达否定意义
1.too…to(太……不能)
He's too much of a coward to do that.他太怯懦了,干不了那件事。
2.more A than B(与其 B不如 A)或 more than+含有 can的从句(不能)
He is more brave than wise.他有勇无谋。
My gratitude for your help is more than I can express.
对于你给我帮助的感激之情我无法表达。
3.比较级+than+不定式(不至于做)
You should know better than to play football in the classroom.
你应憧得不该在教室里踢足球。
He was wiser than to have done such a thing.
他不至于愚蠢得竟然做出这样的事情。
三、运用以连词before,unless等引出的状语从句表达否定意义
He slipped out before the meeting started.
会议还没开始,他就悄悄地溜出去了。
Unless you put on your overcoat,you'll catch a cold.
如果你不穿大衣,就会着凉。
四、用虚拟语气表达否定意义
But for your coming,I should have been very lonely.
要不是你来了,我会感到很寂寞的。
If only you had worked with greater care.
你要是工作更仔细一些就好了。
英语中有些词、短语或句子形式是肯定的,而表达的意思却是否定的,这种形式被称为concealed negation(暗否定)。本文将对运用句子手段或词汇、短语手段表示的各种类型不含否定词,然而却表达否定意思的暗否定进行探讨。
一、两种特殊句型
1. 虚拟条件句(non-real conditional clause)
例如:If I were in your place.如果我处于你的位置就好了。
I wish I could go with you.但愿我能和你一起去。
2. 修辞性问句(rhetorical question)
例如:What is the use of taking that medicine? I'm going to die.
(=It's no use of taking that medicine.) 吃药有什么用?我就要死了。
Do you think it will do any good? (It won't do any good.)你认为这会有用吗?
二、某些习惯用法
例如:You may throw it away for all I can.你把它扔掉,我可不在乎。
He little cares whether we live or die.他根本不关心我们的死活。
三、用委婉的肯定式表达含蓄的“暗否定”
例如:All music is alike to Jake.杰克毫无音乐欣赏能力。
I could as soon forget you as my existence.只要我活着,我就不会忘记你。
四、比较级
例如:He is more experienced to do such a thing.他较有经验,决不会干出这样的蠢事。
Better die standing than live kneeling.宁愿站着死,不愿跪着生。
五、“before+从句”和“before+名词”
例如:Before I could protest, he got to his feet.我还没来得及表示异议,他就站起来了。
I could do anything before that.除了那件事,我什么都愿意做。
六、“the last+不定式”和“the last+定语从句”。在这两个句型中,last可以理解为“least willing
/ likely”,即“最不愿意的”或“最不可能的”
例如:She is the last person I want to speak to.她是我最不愿与之讲话的人。
That's the last thing I should expect him to do.那是他最不可能做的事。
七、“too...for”或“too...to”
例如:His feet are too big for the shoes. 他的脚太大了,穿不了这双鞋。
The book is too hard to understand. 这本书太难理解了。
以上都是以句子形式表示的暗否定,下面我们再从词汇和短语的角度来探讨一下这个问题。
八、词汇或短语手段
1. 名词
常见的有:absence(不在),stranger(不熟悉), a fool to(不能与……相比),want(缺乏), failure(不成功),等等。例如:
In the absence of the manager, Mr. Smith is in charge of the business. 经理不在期间,史密斯先生主管业务。
I'm a stranger to this city.我对这个城市不熟悉。
2. 动词或动词短语
常见的动词有:escape(未被……注意),ignore(不理会),miss(错过)等;常见的短语动词有:fail to do
something(没能做某事), know better than(知道不应该……), keep off(不提及)等。 另外还有些动词习语,如:wash
one's hands of the matter(洗手不干),turn a blind eye to(视而不见),turn
a deaf ear to(听而不闻)等。例如:
The town's name escapes me for the moment.我一时想不起这个小镇的名字。
He failed to come to the meeting last night.他昨晚没能参加会议。
3. 形容词或形容词短语
这类形容词有:free(没有), deaf to(不听),blind to(看不见)等。例如:
That village is said to be free of thieves. 据说那个村里没有贼。
Teachers are sometimes blind to the faults of their students.老师有时不能觉察学生的错误。
4. 副词
某些副词如little, few, hardly, scarcely, seldom等,后面接表心理或情感的动词如care, guess, know, suspect等时,往往带有强烈的否定意味。例如:
They little suspect that their plan has been discovered. 他们丝毫也没怀疑他们的计划已被发现了。
I scarcely know him. 我根本不认识他。
5. 介词或介词短语
常见的介词有:above, beyond, beside, against, except等,还有一些复合介词短语,如far
from(远非), out of the question(不可能),anything but(决不是), but for(要不是)等经常显示出否定含义。例如:
Your work is far from satisfactory.你的工作一点也不令人满意。
This question is quite beyond/above me.这个问题我不懂。
在英语中,以肯定形式表示否定含义的方式并不限于以上几种,本文仅是简单概括,希望对同学们有所帮助。
在作文中总见到这样的句子:I'm not able to speak English fluently.I am not accustomed
to campus life.舒服呢?为什么不直接用unable,unaccustomed呢?下面就介绍一下单词否定形式加前缀的几种方法:
1.un-,常接动词、形容词、副词。
如:uncover,uncork,undeniable无可否认的,确实的),
uncommon,unexpectedly
2.in-,常接名词、形容词、副词。
如:inability,incoherent思想不连贯的),independent,inactively
*以un-开头的单词否定形式,若是形容词,则其名词通常为in-开头。
如:unable→inablity uncivil(不礼貌的)→incivility
3.im-,常接以b、m、p开头的单词。
如:imbalance,impartial公正的,不偏袒的),impatient,impolite,immobile不能动的)
4.il-,常接以l开头的单词。
如:illegible(难读的,不清楚的),illiterate(不识字的)
*但不绝对,如disloyal,loyal以l开头,加的是dis-前缀。
5.dis-
如:disadvantage,disagree,disconten(不满意的),discover,dissimilar
6. a-,数量较少。
如:aseptic(无菌的),atheism(无神论)
7.ab-,数量更少。
如:abnormal(不正常的)
练习:你知道下列单词的否定形式吗? rational perfect logical fold certain convenient
effective harmony honest regular sexual sincere responsible modest
comfortable mature satisfy appear pure avoidable accurate legal
答案:irrational imperfect illogical unfold uncertain inconvenient
ineffective disharmony dishonest irregular asexual insincere irresponsible
immodest uncomfortable immature dissatisfy disappear impure unavoidable
inaccurate illegal
大家在学习英语的过程中,想必会发现一种特殊现象:一些形式上看似否定句的句型,实际上却表示肯定意义。为便于大家学习,现归纳如下:
1. nothing (或 no + 名词) but …只有;仅仅
Nothing (或 no + 名词) but …等于 only ,表示肯定意义,后接名词、代词、不定式等。例如:
No one but him in our class can swim across the river. 在我们班上,只有他能游过这条河。
She could do nothing but wait here. 她只好在这时等,别无他法。
2. not … without … 没有……就没有
在这个句型中,使用两个否定,用来加强语气,表示肯定意义。例如:
One cannot live even a few minutes without air. 没有空气,人们甚至连几分钟也不能生存。
They couldn't have completed their task on time without your
help. 有你们的帮助,他们才按时完成了任务。
注意: too … not to …和 never (not) too … to …这类双重否定的句型,也表示肯定意义。例如:
The boy is too clever not to work out this maths problem. 这个男孩很聪明,不会解不出这道数学题。
3. not … until … 直到……才……
在这个句型中, until 可作介词,也可作连词。作介词时,后接名词、代词或短语;作连词时,后接句子。 not 后面接非延续性动词。例如:
The bus didn't leave until all the seats were taken. 直到车上坐满了乘客,汽车才开走。
not … until … 也可用于强调句型和倒装句式中。例如:
It was not until this morning that he finished the work. 直到今天上午,他才完成那项工作。
4. hardly / scarcely … when … 一(刚)……就……
在这个句型中, when 是并列连词,其前面的句子要用过去完成时,其后的句子用一般过去时。例如:
He had hardly/scarcely arrived when it began to rain. 他一到天就开始下雨了。
5. no sooner … than … 一(刚)……就……
在这个结构中, no sooner 位于主句中,主句用过去完成时, than 引导状语从句,从句用一般过去时。例如:
No sooner had they got to the theatre than the concert began.
他们刚跨进剧院,音乐会就开始了。
6. can + not + be + 形容词 + enough/can not + 动词原形 + too much
( highly ) 越……越好;无论怎样也不过分
在这个句型中, not 可用 never 来替代。例如:
He is a hero. We can not praise him too much (highly)。 他是英雄,我们无论怎样赞扬他也不过分。
7. have never + 过去分词 + 比较级 最……;再没有比……更……
该句型从反面表示“最……”的概念。例如:
We have never seen a more interesting film than this one =
This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen. 这部电影是我们看过的最有趣的影片。
8. can't (help) but … 只好;不得不;必然
在这个结构中, help 可省略, but 后面接不带 to 的不定式。例如:
He can't (help) but admit that he was wrong. 他只好承认自己是错了。
9. can't help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事
Hearing the joke, we couldn't help laughing. 听了这个笑话,我情不自禁地笑了起来。
10. not + 含否定意义的词缀的词(不时不)。例如:
It is not uncommon for a great scholar to be ignorant in everyday
affairs. 一个伟大的学者,对日常事务无知,这种情况并不罕见。
11. 用表示赞叹的否定疑问句来表示肯定意义。例如:
Isn't the film wonderful? 多么好的一部影片啊!
奇妙的英语否定形式的肯定含义
段文生
有些英语句子不可“貌相”(望文生义),它们明明看起来是否定形式,有时却可以表示肯定的意义,甚至表示非常强烈的肯定意义。由此,语言的神奇妙用被体现得淋漓尽致。本文对这一有趣的语言现象进行了归纳总结,以期能给同学们带来一点新意扑面、趣在其中的感觉。
1. can / could not...too表示“无论怎样也不过分”。例如:
You cannot be too careful when crossing the street. 穿越马路时,再怎么小心也不为过。
You can never be too careful in performing an experiment. 做实验越仔细越好。
2. can / could not...enough意为“无论怎么都不够”,表示强烈的肯定。例如:
I cannot thank you enough. 我对你感激不尽。
You can’t be careful enough. 你越小心越好。
3. too...not to表示“太……不会不……”,具有肯定意义。例如:
He is too careful not to have noticed it. 他那么小心,一定会注意到这一点的。
4. never too...to是对too...to的再否定,表示肯定。例如:
It’s never too old to learn. 活到老,学到老。
5. not...for nothing中,not用来否定for nothing,从而加强了谓语的肯定意义。例如:
He didn’t study law for nothing. 他学法律并没有白费。
Believe me, he did not fly into such a rage for nothing. 请相信我,他勃然大怒是有原因的。
6. nothing if not表示“极其”,含强烈的肯定意义。例如:
He was nothing if not clever. 他很聪明。
The story was nothing if not interesting. 故事极其有趣。
7. nothing less than表示“完全是”,有肯定的含义。例如:
What he said was nothing less than a lie. 他说的纯属谎言。
His negligence was nothing less than criminal. 他的粗心大意无异于犯罪。
8. nothing but表示“只有,只不过”,含肯定意义。例如:
We could see nothing but water. 我们只看见一大片水。
She does nothing but listen to records. 她除了听唱片什么也不做。
9. no的否定意义很强,和具有否定意义的名词连用,来表示强烈的肯定。例如:
She is no fool. (She is very clever.) 她绝不是傻瓜。
There is no question that Mr. Smith is the boss. 毫无疑问,史密斯先生就是老板。
10. 双重否定表示强烈的肯定。例如:
Nobody had nothing to eat. =Everyone has something to eat. 每个人都有吃的。
11. not...until / till表示“直到……才”,具有肯定的意义。例如:
She didn‘t stop working until 12 o‘clock last night. 昨晚12点以前,她一直在不停地工作。
12. “否定词 + so + adj. / adv. + as”结构,从反面表示“最”,是一种强烈的肯定。例如:
It wasn’t so bad as last time! 这次不像上次那么糟!
None is so blind as those who won’t see. 没有比视而不见的人更瞎眼的了。
13.有些带否定词的短语,在使用时并不构成否定意义,即表示肯定意义。例如:
He would go as soon as not. 他非常乐意去。
As often as not the buses are late on foggy days. 遇多雾天气时,公共汽车经常晚点。
14.否定的感叹句、疑问句常表示肯定意义。例如:
Isn’t this film interesting? 这部电影难道没趣吗?
Who doesn’t enjoy reading The Dream of the Red Mansion? 谁不喜欢看《红楼梦》呢?(人人都喜欢看《红楼梦》。)
15. 以Why don’t you...和Why not ... 开头的疑问句往往表示邀请、建议、指导等,具有肯定意义。例如:
Why don’t you introduce her to your parents? 你为什么不把她介绍给你父母呢?
Why not come and see me tomorrow? 明天来看我怎么样
否定结构
英语中的否定结构是翻译中的一个常见而以比较复杂质问题。由于英汉两种语言在表达方法上存在很大差异,尤其在表达否定概念上,英语在用词、语法和逻辑等方面与汉语都有很大不同。有些英语否定句译成汉语后却变成了肯定形式,而另一些肯定句型译成汉语后又往往变成否定形式。在翻译过程中,这些否定句就象陷阱一样,稍有不慎,就会掉入其中。因此翻译否定结构时,切不可望文生义,而必须细心揣摩,真正透彻理解其意义,然后根据汉语的表达习惯进行翻译。只有正确地理解英语中的各种否定句型,才能使译文准确、恰当地表达出原文的含义。
一、部分否定
(一)英语中的所谓部分否定,是指代词或者副词如all, both, every, everybody, everyday, everyone, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, completely, everywhere, always, often等与否定词not搭配使用。部分否定的翻译比较简单,常常翻译为“并非所有,并不是都。如:all…not(不全是,不都是),both…not(并非两个都,不是两者都),every…not(不是每个都),not always(不总是,不一定),not often(不经常),not altogether(不全是),not necessarily(未必)等。
All that glitters is not gold.
并非所有发光的都是金子。
Both the windows are not open.
两扇窗户并不都是开着的。
Everybody does not believe the rumor.
并不是每个人都听信这个谣言的。
They are not always in the office on Sundays.
他们不一定每个星期天都在办公室。
The responsibility is not altogether mine.
责任并不全在于我身上。
The situation is not necessarily so.
情况并非如此。
(二)需要注意的是,“all…not”和“every…not”等结构属于传统用法。现代英语中,也会把否定词放在整个句子的最前面,而采用“Not all…”和“Not every…”这种表达形式。这种用法在语法和逻辑上也能讲得通。
Not all metals are good conductors.
并非所有的金属都是良导体。
Not everyone accepts his proposal.
并不是所有的人都接受他的建议。
二、全部否定
在英语中,构成全部否定的单词和词组主要有以下这些:never(决不,从来不),no(没有,不),not(不,不是),none(没人,谁都不,没有任何东西),nobody(没人),nothing(什么也没有,没有任何事情),nowhere(没有什么地方),neither(两者都不),nor(也没有,也不),not at all (一点也不)。
He is no professor.
他根本不是教授。
None of my friends smoke.
我的朋友都不抽烟。
Our great motherland has never before been so prosperous as it is today.
我们伟大的祖国从来没有像今天这样繁荣昌盛。
Nothing in the world is difficult for the one who sets his mind to it.
世上无难事,只怕有心人。
Never have we been daunted by difficulties.
我们任何时候都没有被困难吓倒过。
三、双重否定
双重否定是指同一个句子中出现两个否定词,即否定之否定。双重否定句表示的意思是肯定的,通常比肯定句的语气要重。翻译成汉语的时候,可以直接用汉语对应的双重否定来翻译,也可以直接翻译为汉语的肯定句。常见的双重否定形式主要有:no…not(没有……不),without…not(没有……就不),never(no)…without(每逢……总是,没有……不),never(no)…but(没有……不),not(none)…the less(并不……就不),not(never)…unless(不少于,不亚于,和……一样),not…any the less(没有……而少做)。
Now no spaceship cannot be loaded with man.
现在没有任何宇宙飞船不能载人。(用汉语的双重否定翻译)
现在所有的宇宙飞船都可以载人。(用汉语的肯定结构翻译)
You will never succeed unless you work hard.
如果你不努力,就决不能成功。(用汉语的双重否定翻译)
只要你努力,你就会成功。(用汉语的肯定结构翻译)
There is nothing unusual there.
那里的一切都很正常。
The machine is working none the worse for its long service.
这台机器并没有因为长期使用而运转不良。
She did not work any the less for her illness.
她没有因为生病而少做一些工作。
That’s nothing less than a miracle.
那完全是一个奇迹。
No task is so difficult but we can accomplish it.
再困难的任务,我们也能完成。
四、形式肯定但意义否定
英语中有些句子虽然以肯定形式出现,但表达的却是否定的意义。翻译时要按其隐含的否定意义译成汉语中的否定句。
(一)more than can…结构
more than can…这个结构本身是英语的肯定结构,因为英语中没有任何否定词出现。但是这个结构具有肯定意义,所以需要翻译为汉语的否定句。more than can…在意义上相当于英语的can not…,可以翻译为“简直不,无法,难以”;而more than one can help相当于as little as possible,可以翻译为“尽量不,绝对不”。
The beauty of the park is more than words can describe.
这个公园美得无法形容。
The boy has become very insolent and it is more than his parents can bear.
这男孩变得非常无礼,到了他父母都不能忍受的地步。
Don’t tell him more than you can help.
能不跟他讲就尽量不要跟他讲。
She never does more work than she can help.
能不做的事情,她是绝对不做的。
(二)anything but…结构
anything but…结构表示否定意义,常常翻译为“绝对不,根本不,一点也不”。
He is anything but a scholar.
他绝对不是一个学者。
The wood bridge is anything but safe.
那座木桥一点也不安全。
(三)have yet to do…结构
have yet to do…结构表示否定意义,相当于have not yet done…,常常翻译为“还没有”。
I have yet to hear the story.
我还没有听过那个故事。
I have yet to learn the new skill.
我没有学那项新技术。
(四)may (might) as well…结构
may (might) as well…结构表示否定意义,常常翻译为“还不如”。
It is still raining hard outside; we may as well stay here over the night.
外面依然在下大雨,我们还不如呆在这里过夜呢。
You might as well burn the book than give them to her.
你把这些书给他还不如烧毁了好。
(五)借助具有否定意义的动词或动词短语
英语句子中,由于有些动词或者动词短语具有否定意义,所以可以翻译为汉语的否定句。这样的动词或者动词短语常常有:miss(错过,即没有碰到),deny(拒绝,即没有答应),lack(缺乏,即不足),refuse(拒绝,即否认,没有答应),escape(逃避,即没有被发现),resist(抵抗,即没有放弃),reject(拒绝,即没有答应),decline(拒绝,即没有答应),doubt(怀疑,即不太确信),wonder(想知道,即不明白),fail(失败,即没有完成),exclude(排除,即没有接受,不包括),overlook(没有注意到),cease(终止,即没有坚持),neglect(没有注意到),defy(不服从),forbid(不许),give up(放弃,即没有坚持),refrain from(不允许),lose sight of(不管),keep up with(不落后于),save…from(使…不),shut one’s eyes to(不看),to say nothing of(更不用说),not to mention(更不用说),protect(keep, prevent)…from(不让),keep off(不接近),keep out(不让进入),turn a deaf ear to(不听,不顾),fall short of(不足),live up to(不辜负),dissuade…from(劝…不要),keep…dark(不把…说出去)等。
The specification lacks detail.
这份说明书不够详尽。
My husband missed the last bus, so he had to go back home on foot.
丈夫没赶上末班公共汽车,所以只好步行回家。
The error in calculation escaped the accountant.
会计没有注意到这个计算上的错误。
Please keep the news dark.
请不要把这个消息说出去。
(六)借助具有否定意义的名词
英语中有些名词具有否定意义,翻译的时候需要把这样的句子翻译为汉语的否定句。常见的具有否定意义的名词有:neglect(没有注意到),failure(失败,即没有完成),refusal(拒绝,即否认,没有答应),absence(不在,缺少),shortage(不足),reluctance(不情愿),ignorance(没有注意到),loss(没有),exclusion(排除,即没有接受,不包括),lack(缺乏,没有),negation(拒绝,即否认),Greek to(对…一无所知)等等。
We cannot finish the work in the absence of these conditions.
在不具备这些条件的情况下,我们不能完成这项工作。
She was at a loss what go do.
她不知所措。
English literature is Greek to her.
她对英语文学一无所知。
(七)借助具有否定意义的形容词或者形容词短语
英语中,有些形容词及其短语含有鲜明的否定意义。在翻译的时候,掌握了这一否定含义,译者便可以摆脱这些形容词基本意义的干扰,用汉语的否定句来翻译就可以了。这样具有否定意义的形容词或者形容词短语常常有:far from(远不,一点也不),free from(不受…影响),safe from(免于),short of(缺少,不足),ignorant of(不知道,没有注意到),independent of(不受…的支配),impatient of(对…不耐烦),deficient(缺乏),devoid of(不具有,缺乏),alien to(不同),foreign to(不适合,与…无关),blind to(看不见),far and few between(很少),absent from(不在),different from(不同),reluctant to(不愿意),less than(少于,不多于),dead to(对…没有反应),the last(最后的,即最不愿意,最不配,决不)等等。
The newspaper accounts are far from being true.
报纸的报道远非事实。
Present supplies of food are short of requirements.
目前食品供不应求。
Holidays are few and far between.
放假的时候并不多。
He is the last man she wants to meet.
她最不想见到的人就是他。
(八)借助具有否定意义的介词或者介词短语
英语中,有些介词具有否定意义。翻译的时候可以直接翻译为否定句,常见的有:past(超过),above(不低于),without(没有),beyond(超出),instead of(而不是),in vain(无效,没有),in the dark(一点也不知道),at a loss(不知所措),but for(要不是),in spite of(不管),at fault(出错),against(不同意),before(还没有…就),below(不到…),beside(与…无关),but(除…之外),except(除…之外),from(阻止,使…不做某事),off(离开,中断),under(在…之下,不足),within(不超出),beneath(不如,不足),beneath one’s notice(不值得理睬),out of(不在…里面,不在…状态),out of the question(不可能),in the dark about(对…不知)等等。
That lazy boy went to class before he had prepared his lesson.
那个懒惰的小孩不预习就去上课。
Mr. Smith was above reproach.
史密斯先生是无可指责的。
Her beauty is beyond compare.
她的美丽是无以伦比的。
五、形式否定但意义肯定
英语中有些句子虽然以否定形式出现,但表达的却是肯定的意义,翻译时要按其隐含的肯定意义译成汉语中的肯定句。这一类翻译方法与上面一类“形式肯定但意义否”结合起来,就是通常人们所说的“正话反说、反话正说”的翻译技巧。常见的带有隐含肯定意义的词组或单词主要有:not…until(直到……才),not…too(越……越好),none but(只有),nothing but(只有,只不过),nothing more than(仅仅),no sooner…than(刚一……就),none other than(不是别的人或物而正是),none the less(依然,仍然),not but that(虽然)“make nothing of ”(对……等闲视之),for nothing(徒然,免费),not only…but also(不仅……而且),not…long before(很快就),no more than(仅仅,只是),no other than(只有,正是)等等。
You can’t be too careful in doing experiments.
你做实验要特别小心。
There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of forces.
各种材料在力的作用下,多少都会有些变形。
It is no more than a beginning.
这仅仅是个开端。
They gave me the wrong book, and I didn’t notice it until I got back to my room.
他们把书给错了。直到我回到我的房间才注意到了。
六、否定成分的转译
有些否定句型的翻译必须按照汉语表达习惯进行否定成分的转译,这样才能避免生搬硬套、文理不通的现象。
(一)否定主语转换为否定谓语
有些句子,英语原文否定主语,翻译成汉语时候需要把否定转移到谓语上。
No energy can be created, and none destroyed.
能量既不能创造,也不能毁灭。
No sound was heard.
没有听到声音。
Neither plan is practicable.
两个方案都行不通。
(二)否定谓语转换为否定状语
英语原文否定谓语,翻译成汉语时,需要把否定转移到状语上。
He doesn’t study in the classroom.
他不在教室里学习。
I was not playing all the time.
我并不是一直都在玩。
The woman did not come here to ask us for help.
这位妇女来这儿不是为了求得我们的帮助。
Metals do not change their form as easily as plastic bodies do.
金属不像塑料物体那样容易变形。
(三)主句的否定转换为从句的否定
英语原文否定主句,而翻译成汉语的时候,需要把否定转移到从句上。这样 结构常常是not… because….,可以翻译为“并不是因为…才…”。
She did not come because she wanted to see me.
她并非因为想见我才来。
You should not despise him because he is young.
你不应该因为他年轻就轻视他。
(四)否定主句的谓语转换为否定宾语从句的谓语
1.这类否定的转移常常出现在动词think, believe, except, suppose, imagine, reckon, fancy, anticipate, figure等后面的宾语从句中。翻译的时候,需要把否定转移到宾语从句的谓语动词前面。
I don’t think that they must have arrived there by now.
我认为他们现在一定还没有到达那里。
I don’t suppose they will object to my suggestion.
我想他们不会反对我的建议的。
I didn’t imagine that he would go abroad.
我料想他不会出国了。
2.当有view, wish, belief, thought, opinion等名词作主句的表语从句时,可以把形式主语结构中的否定转移到后面从句中。
It is not my opinion that he is the best man for the job.
我认为他并不是做这项工作的最佳人选。
It is not my thought that he can finish the work within a week.
我认为他不可能在一周内完成这项工作。
It is not my wish that you should break your word.我希望你不要违背诺言。
英语中的否定转移
copyrighted by Internet (时间长了,我不知道来源是哪里啦,抱歉 )
1)否定的转移
否定的转移是指英语否定句在句中某一部分(常在谓语部分),但在语义上却是否定另一部分的现象。翻译这类句子时不要单纯依赖语法分析,而应从语义上分析,根据上下文理解句意。例:
He doesn't teach because teaching is easy for him.
他之所以教书,并不是因为他觉得教书轻松。(否定转移到because引起的原因状语从句。)
2)否定转移的基本类型
英语中的否定形式错综复杂,否定的部分可以是全句的任何成分。在处理否定转移时应灵活掌握以下基本类型:
A.否定形式在表示看法、感觉的谓语动词上,语义却是否定后面的宾语从句。例:
He doesn't expect we need worry.他认为我们不必着急。
B.否定形式在谓语部分,但语义是否定状语或状语从句。例:
The earth doesn't move round in empty space.地球并不是处在空无一物的空间中运行。
C.否定形式有谓语,但是否定转移到表语部分。此类结构常见的谓语动词有appear,feel,sound,taste,seem,smell等。例:
It doesn't seem as if it is going to rain.好像天不会下雨。
D.否定形式在谓语,语义上却否定宾语补足语。例:
I never knew him to carry money because he never had any use of it.我知道他身上从不带钱,因为他从不需要钱。
E.否定形式在宾语,但语义上却在否定谓语。例:
He found no delight in reading the book.读书时,他感到并不愉快。
F.主语是否定调整时,翻译应根据具体情况确定。否定可以转移,也可以不转移。例:
Nobody who has ever seen good-quality color television can ever be completely happy with black and white again.
看过高质量彩色电视的人再也不可能对黑白电视感到满足了。
G."否定主句+肯定式方式从句"中,主句和从句意思正好相反。例:
Whales are not fish,as many people think.鲸不是鱼,而许多人却认为鲸是鱼。
否定转移
1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。
I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。
注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
It doesn't seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
3) 有时将动名词,介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。
I don't remember having ever seen such a man. 我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having…)
It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street. 在这里,人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生 人。(anyone 作主语,从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)
4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. (否定状语) 蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如 何,就轻信此事。
he had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty. (否定状语 any weeks) 她结婚还不到几个月,这个人的弟弟就看见她了,并对她的美貌着了迷。
not...because.. .(否定转移) 并不是因为……
The police didn't arrest me because I committed any crime. They said I was wandering on the street with the intent of committing an arrestable offense.
否定转移在非正式语体中特别常见,它是将语义上属于从属分句(一般为that clause)的否定词转移到母句中去。允许否定转移的母句动词在语义上可分为以下两组:
1 看法 (OPINION): anticipate, be supposed to, believe, calculate, expect, figure(infml, AmE), imagine, reckon (infml, esp in AmE), suppose, think:
I don't believe I've met you b! efore. ("I believe I haven't met you before."
She didn't imagine that we would say anything. ("She imagined we wouldn't say anything."
He didn't expect to win. ("He expected not to win."
2.感觉(PERCEPTION) appear, seem, feel as if, look as if, sound as if (后三个动词也作infml esp in AmE, 其中用like来代替as if):
It doesn't seem that we can get our money back. It seems that we can't get our money back."
The baby doesn't appear to be awake. ("The baby appears not to! be awake.")
It doesn't look like it's going to rain. ("It looks like it isn't going to rain.")
否定的转移是一种含糊的现象。对于否定词位置不同的两个句子,意思是否相同,或者在多大程度上相同的问题,各人的直觉可能是不同的。但在以下特殊情况下,原来允许否定转移的动词不能将否定转移:
1.I think是插入句,可看作与其他部分无关:
I wish you were here, then I think I should not feel like this.
2.母句中添加情态动词can't mustn't wouldn't时:
I can't believe that they are married.
You mustn't think he's stupid.
I wouldn't have imagined that Sandra would be here.
3.由于cannot helping, ought not, need not, not at all等短语的关系而把I think! 隔离。
I should have thought sometimes you couldn't help thinking of the past.
I think you ought not to walk at night alone, Mrs. Moore.
I think you need not be impolite to her, as well as to her son.
"I think the angel are not at all in heaven." Mr.Esmond said."
4. 由于not just... but, just not... enough,not much, not quite等以not为核心的副词短语的影响,也不便把否定拿到动词的前面去:
I think I'm just not smart enough to make any sense out of for you.
"You think she's not much like you? Brerald asked.
But I think that Elizabeth was not quite so certain of it as I.
5. 句中含有no, never, nothing, nobody等的不定词时:
I should think you never have seen many.
I thought it explained nothing.
情态动词在英语中主要用来表示说话人的看法、态度等,它在句中不受任何人称、性别、数量变化的影响。在各种英语考试中,情态动词是一个重要的考点。本期从情态动词的否定形式、表示推测的用法等方面作一总结,希望能给同学们的英语学习提供参考。
情态动词的否定形式复杂多变,在实际应用中,极易混淆。现将高中阶段常见的情态动词否定形式归纳总结,并举例说明,以供大家学习和参考。
一、cannot或can’t
表示“不能够”“不可以”和“不可能”。如:
1.I cannot answer your question at present.我目前无法回答你的问题。
2.—Can I leave now?我可以走了吗?
—No, I am afraid you can’t.对不起,恐怕不行。
另外,cannot还用于固定习语中。如:
She cannot help laughing. 她禁不住笑了。
I cannot but try again. 我不得不再试一次。
You cannot be too careful. 你越小心越好。
二、may not
表示“不可以”“不可能”。如:
1.—May I turn the radio on?我可以打开收音机吗?
—No, you may not.不,不可以。
2.She is busy these days. She may not go to the concert tonight.
近来她很忙,今晚她可能不来听音乐会了。
三、must not或mustn’t
表示“ 不应该”“不可以”和“禁止”。如:
1.—May I take this book out of the reading room?我可以把这本书拿出阅览室吗?
—No, you mustn’t. 不,不可以。
2.—Can I park my car here?我可以在这儿停车吗?
—No, cars mustn’t be parked here.不行,这里禁止停车。
四、need not或 needn’t
表示“不必”。如:
—Must I finish the work at once?我必须马上完成这工作吗?
—No, you needn’t(don’t have to).不,你不必。
另外,我们要特别注意“情态动词的否定形式+完成时”的表达。
can’t have done sth.表示“不大可能做某事”,needn’t have done sth.表示“本来没有必要做某事但做了”,oughtn’t
to或shouldn’t have done sth.表示“本不应该做某事但做了”。如:
He can’t have been to Changsha, for he knows little about it.
他不大可能到过长沙,因为他对长沙几乎一无所知。
You needn’t have taken these exam papers, there were no English
lessons this morning. 你本不必带这些试卷,今天上午没有英语课。
I was really anxious about you, you shouldn’t have left home without
a word.我真担心你,你不该一句话不说就离家了。
You oughtn’t to have married her, David. It was a great mistake.你本不该跟她结婚,戴维,那是个大错误。
【试题设计】
1.Computer think for itself; it must be told what to do.
A.can’t B.couldn’t C.may not D.might
2.—Shall I tell John about it?
—No, you . I’ve told him already.
A.needn’t B.wouldn’t C.mustn’t D.shoudn’t
3.—There were already five people in the car but they managed
to take me as well.
—It a comfortable journey.
A.can’t be B.shouldn’t be
C.mustn’t have been D.couldn’t have been
4.Johnny,you play with the knife,you hurt yourself.
A.won’t;can’t B.mustn’t;may
C.shouldn’t;must D.can’t;shouldn’t
5.—Will you stay for lunch?
—Sorry, . My brother is coming to see me.
A.I mustn’t B.I can’t C.I needn’t D.I won’t
【参考答案】 1.A 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.B
人们用语言表达思想时,总是要涉及到意义的正与反,肯定与否定两个方面。每种语言都有它自己一套表 达否定意义的形式和方法。对中国学生来说,用not,never等词平铺直叙的否定,不难接受,也不易造成误解。
但是对暗含的否定,双重否定和重复否定等各种否定的变异形式就不那么习惯,常常是读之不解其意,用则容 易失误。为了要正确透彻地理解否定语句的内在含意,有必要了解英语否定意义的各种表达方式及其特点。为
此,本文就英语否定的几种表达方式彼此间的差别,以及某些混合交替,互相转化的现象进行对比和阐述。
一、一般否定与特指否定
英语中根据否定对象和否定范围的不同,可以分为一般否定和特指否定。这两类否定各自的特点是多方面 的。
1.否定范围不同
一般否定是英语中表达否定意义的最常用的方法,通常用否定词not来否定谓语动词,谓语被否定,全句的 意义也就被否定。例如:
It was not (wasn't)so.
Don't talk rot.
特指否定是对谓语以外的成分加以否定,这种否定只涉及到句子的某个成分。否定词not必须放在被否定的 成分面前。例如:
I am ashamed of not knowing it.
Not having heard from him,I wrote again.
在否定句中,否定词的位置不同,被否定的成分也就不同,并且关系到该否定句是特指否定,还是一般否 定。比较下列句子:
We told him not to go.(特指否定)
We didn't tell him to go.(一般否定)
not的位置不同可导致意义的差别。当not用来否定谓语动词时,构成“一般否定”,即否定全句;当not用 来否定后面不定式时,则构成“特指否定”,只起到局部否定的作用。但是,在appear,expect,happen,inten
d,plan,seem,tend,want,wish等动词后面跟不定式时,如果要构成否定语句,否定词not既可以置于这些动词之
前,也可以置于后面不定式之前,意义完全相同。例如:
She does not appear to appreciate my explanation.=She appears
notto appreciate my explanati on.
They seemed not to notice me.=They did not seem to notice me.
在非正式文体中,not往往置于这类谓语动词之前。
no在句首时,由于否定范围大小不同,也会出现特指否定和一般否定两种情况:
No two persons think alike.(没有两人想法是一样的。)
No news is good news.(没有消息便是好消息。)
第一句中,no的否定范围扩大到全句,整个句子的意思被否定了,应属于一般否定。但第二句中的no,仅 限于否定主语,是特指否定。有时,同是一个句子,孤立地去理解字面意义会产生歧义。例如:
No work will kill him.(什么工作都压不垮他。)
No work will kill him。(不做工作就会把他折磨死。)
第一句用降升调处理,no的否定范围扩大到全句,属一般否定;第二句用升降调处理,no只否定主语,属 特指否定。究竟该取何种意义,则取决于上下文和语调。
2.语法特点不同
在一般否定句中通常不用also,still,already,而必须用(not)yet,neither(或not…either):但在特指
否定句却可以使用。如:
He was still not a brilliant controversialist.
You behave as if you were married to her already.You are not married
to her already,……
有时,特指否定句和一般否定句可以相互转换,意义彼此相同,但某些词语必须作相应的改变。比较下列 各组例句,A句是特指否定,B句是一般否定:
A:We saw nothing yesterday.
B:We didn't see anything yesterday.
A:He is no longer our friend.
B:He isn't our friend any longer.
A:I could recite neither this poem nor this story.
B:I couldn't recite either this poem or this story.
3.特指否定与一般否定的某些混合与交替现象
有些句子形式上是特指否定,可是意思上却是一般否定。例如:
Oliver stopped to make no reply.(=Oliver did not stop to make
a (any)reply.)
相反,有时形式上虽是一般否定,但意思上却是特指否定。例如:He did not come to work by bus.(=He
came to work not by bus.)
应当说明,这类句子用一般否定是正常的,特指否定常常只有在对照时才使用:
He came to work not by bus,but on foot.
二、完全否定与部分否定
在英语中,根据否定的程度大小,可确定其是完全否定,还是部分否定。
1.完全否定是百分之百地否认一个事物的存在、成立或真实性。表示完全否定的否定词有no,not,nothi ng,nobody,none,nowhere,never,neither,nor,nowise等,例如:
Nothing ever pleases her.
My pen is nowhere to be seen.用not+any/anyone/anybody/anything/anywhere/either
或not+half也 可表示完全否定(=not at all),通常在口语中使用。例如:
I don't like either of the films.
You don't mean half what you are saying.
带否定词缀的词,也可表示完全否定:
Bacteria are invisible to the naked eye.
All the problems remained unsettled.
2.部分否定通常由not+all/both/each/everybody/everything等来表达。例如:
NOt all he said was to the point.
Not everybody can do the same.
但部分否定并不总是用这种方式表达,有时也以一般否定句的形式出现,即把否定主语的not与谓语动词放 在一起。例如:
All is not gold that glisters.
not也可以对某些状语、宾语作部分否定:
The rules don't apply to all cases.
I don't wholly agree with you.
部分否定也可以是对较大数量或较大程度的否定。因此,可以用not+many/much/very much/some来表示部 分否定。例如:
There are not many books on the shelf.
His behaviour does not accord with his principle very much.
此外英语中有一种介于完全否定和部分否定之间的“否定”,即基本否定。所谓基本否定就是在语气上将 否定对象基本上否定,即百分之九十以上否定,肯定部分仅占很小部分。
比较:Nobody believes that.(完全否定)
Hardly anybody believes that.(基本否定)
Not all the people believe that.(部分否定)
基本否定的表达方式主要是用不完全否定词hardly,scarcely,rarely,barely,seldom,few,little等,来表
达否定意义。这些词很接近never,not,no,none等词,不过语气较弱,而且在否定意义上留有余地,不象never ,no等词那样绝对。
三、双重否定与重复否定
在英语否定句中,有时否定不止一次,可能否定两次或两次以上。在这种情况下,必须分清是双重否定, 还是重复否定。因为,这两种否定在语义上有着根本区别,反映出说话人两种不同的语言心理和思维方式。
1.双重否定是指两个否定成分限定同一个词或词素;或是一个否定词否定另一个否定词,取得肯定意义 的表达形式。否定之否定成为肯定,这是合乎逻辑的。表达双重否定的形式有三种。
(1)把否定词not放在带有否定前缀的单词前面:
He was not unable to do the job by himself.
Apparently he was not displeased with my answer.
这类双重否定形式,是一种委婉说法,削弱了句子意义,语气通常比单纯的肯定句弱。
(2)将not和without+名语连用,用not去否定without+名词,一般作状语:
I have brought back your man—not without risk and danger.
He replied,not without hesitation,that he was ready to go.相反,用cannot+行为动词跟without+
名词或动名词连用,其语气不是减弱而是加强了。否定词也可以是no,never,或用not(not)跟but连用。例如:
We cannot live without air. I couldn't but laugh when I heard
such a story.
(3)用否定词来否定含有否定意义的谓语动词。例如:
They do not deny that their work leaves much to be desired.
We shall not fail to help you when necessary.
not/never/none跟too搭配,也属双重否定,too暗含否定意义。例如:
We cannot work too much for the people.(为人民服务的工作做得越多越好。)
You arrived none too early.(你到得不算太早。)
此外,还可以用否定跟含否定意义的连接词unless,until,but等词连用,构成双重否定;句型too…not t o+动词原形,也可以说是一种双重否定,用来表示强烈的肯定。Jesperson说得好:“语言有它自己的逻辑,
在这里语言逻辑有其可取之处。只要两个否定词指的确实是同一个概念或同一个词(作为特殊否定),结果总 是肯定的。任何语言概不例外。”
2.重复否定是由两个或更多的否定词,接二连三地用在一起而形成的。有时,否定句中本来应该用不定 词,却用了否定词,结果形成了多次否定。重复否定是一种强调否定,不象双重否定那样,以一个否定词,抵
消了另一个否定词的否定意义,使之转化为肯定。所以双重否定的含义是肯定的,而重复否定的意义,无论重 复否定多少次,意义总是否定的。例如:
I won't trouble nobody about nothing no more.
No bread,no butter,no cheese,no nothing.
例句中重复出现的否定词均起强调否定语气的作用,读者不能用双重否定的规则来理解这类句子。这种重 复否定在很多语言中都十分常见,在标准英语中被视为是不合规则的,但英美人常如此使用也就约定俗成了。
这种用法也常出自某些文学家之笔。例如:
I can't do nothing without my staff.—Hardy
You won't lose nothing by it.—Herrick
You ain't never mind to let my things alone no more.—Mansfield
此外,与双重否定和重复否定相似的有多项否定和延续否定。这两种否定必须引起注意,务必跟上述两种 否定区别开来。多项否定是指前面有一项否定,后面接着又有一项或几项否定:
He can't do it,nor can I,nor can you,nor can anybody.
In old China there was hardly any machine—building industry,to
say nothing of an aviation i ndustry.
延续否定则是一个否定概念在句中得到多次重复(用相同方式或不同方式)。其目的是为了更明确地表达 否定意思,它既不是双重否定,也不是重复否定。在否定句后加一些具体的内容加以否定,以补充强调前面的
否定。它有三种表达形式:
(1)一个或多个意义相近的否定词,在句中重复出现。
Oh,not now,not now.
None of them is not ready;not one.
(2)在否定句后,延续否定词放在一个状语短语或状语从句前。
He wouldn't come to your house,not even the king himself should
ask him to.
I begged him not marry the girl yet……not at least until he had
known her for a longer time .
(3)有时延续否定词也放在另一个句子里,用两个否定句来否定同一个对象。
I haven't taken your umbrella;nor have I seen it.
We don't like idling.We never will.
从以上对英语各类否定的对比中,可以看出英语否定意义与表达形式的多样性与复杂性。因此,我们在英 语学习中,对否定语句的理解不能停留在表层结构而望文生义,应该根据英语否定意义及其表达形式的规律,
从深层把握其确切含意。
英语中否定形式的表达
赵宝斌
在英语中经常用到否定形式,除了not, no之外,英语中还有其他的形式也可表达否定形式,下面是笔者对这些形式的总结。
1)用 no 和 not:
No smoking is allowed here. Not a man was seen.
He has no brothers. He is no fool.
2)用形容词:far from, short of, free from, different from, last, poor,
absent,
It is far from the truth.
I am short of money. This is the last thing I'd like to do.
3)用副词:hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, never, no longer, not...
any longer (more), not ... at all, nowhere,
I can hardly bear it.
4)动词:fail, neglect, miss, deny, ignore, refuse, keep from, protect
from, dislike, prevent from, exclude, forbid, wonder, lack, stop,
Parents keep their children from smoking.
5)用连词:unless, would rather...than, other than, neither...nor,
before, except that, or, otherwise,
I would rather die than give in.
The truth is quite other than what you think.
I thanked him before he said anything.
6)用不定代词:none, little, few, neither, nobody, nothing, no one
Seize today, with little trust in tomorrow.
Money lost little lost, time lost all lost.
7)用介词:without, instead of, in place of, out of, but for, beyond,
except, but, in the dark, at a loss, in no respect, in no sense,
by no means, under no circumstance, in no shape, in no way(case),
on no condition, above, behind,
This is out of (beyond) my description.
Do you know that? No, I am in the dark.
8)用句式:too...to, too...for, let alone, anything but, why not,
not so...as
He can't walk let alone run.
This is too much for me to bear.
9)用词缀: a-, ab-, anti-, de-, dis-, mal-, mis-, non-, in-, ob,
under-, -less, -free.
It is duty-free(免税). It is abnormal(不正常).
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