音乐英语词汇术语

套曲Cycle 一种由多乐章组合而成的大型器乐曲或声乐器

组曲Suite 由几个具有相对独立性的器乐曲组成的乐曲

奏鸣曲Sonata 指类似组曲的器乐合奏套曲.自海顿.莫扎特以后,其指由3-4个乐章组成的器乐独奏套曲(钢琴奏鸣曲)或独奏乐器与钢琴合奏的器乐曲(小提琴奏鸣曲)

交响曲symphony 大型管弦乐套曲,通常含四个乐章.其乐章结构与独奏的奏鸣曲相同

协奏曲concerto 由一件或多件独奏乐器与管弦乐团相互竞奏,并显示其个性及技巧的大型器乐套曲.分独奏协奏曲、大协奏曲、小协奏曲等

交响诗symphonic poem 单乐章的标题性交响音乐

音诗poeme 单乐章管弦乐曲，与交响诗相类似

序曲overture 歌剧、清唱剧、舞剧、其他戏剧作品和声乐、器乐套曲的开始曲。十九世纪又出现独立的音乐会序曲

前奏曲prelude 带有即兴曲的性质、有独立的乐思、常放在具有严谨结构的乐曲或套曲之前作为序引的中、小型器乐曲。

托卡塔toccata 节奏紧凑、快速触键的富有自由即兴性的键盘乐曲

幻想曲fantasia 形式自由，给人以即兴创作或自由幻想之感的器乐曲

随想曲capriccio 形式自由的赋格式的幻想曲，19世纪后是一种富于幻想的即兴性器乐曲

狂想曲rhapsody 始于19世纪初以民族或民间曲调为主要素材的具有鲜明民族特色的器乐幻想曲

练习曲study 为提高乐器演奏者技术水平而写的乐曲

无词歌songs wighout 抒情的小型器乐曲，有伴奏声部，旋律声部象歌曲样的钢琴曲

浪漫曲Romance 罗曼司，主要指具有抒情性的声乐曲和富有歌唱性的器乐曲

叙事曲ballade 富于叙事性、戏剧性的钢琴独奏曲

夜曲nocturne 流行于18世纪西洋贵族社会中的器乐套曲，常在夜间露天演奏

小夜曲serenade 晨歌的对称。起源于中世纪欧洲吟唱诗人在恋人窗前所唱的情歌

谐谑曲scherzo 诙谐曲。节奏强烈，速度较快、轻松活泼的三拍子器乐曲或声乐曲

间奏曲intermezzo 为歌剧或戏剧中的过场音乐或幕间曲；另一种为形式较自由篇幅较小的器乐曲

赋格曲fugue 拉丁文音译意为遁走。以复调手法写成的大型乐曲

卡农canon 纯以模仿手法构成的复调音乐形式

轮唱曲round 用同度或八度卡农手法写成的声乐曲

创意曲invention 复调结构的钢琴小曲。类似前奏曲或小赋格曲。巴赫始用此名称

练声曲vocalization 没有歌词而用韵母、音节或唱名演唱的声乐练习曲

回旋曲rondo 由相同的主部和几个不同的插部交替出现而构成的乐曲

变奏曲variation 主题及其一系列变化反复，并按照统一的艺术构思而组成的乐曲

进行曲march 用步伐节奏写成的乐曲

特性曲character piece 指富于诗情画意和生活情趣的器乐小曲，主要是钢琴小曲

晨歌alborada 起源于西班牙西北部的加利西亚的田园风味乐曲

田园曲pastorable 原为欧洲16-17世纪一种乡村题材的戏剧表演，歌剧的前身之一。近代音乐中是模仿牧人所吹肖姆管曲调和圣诞吹奏乐的器乐曲或声乐曲，源于意大利。

船歌barcarolle 威尼斯船工所唱的歌曲以及模仿这种歌曲的声乐曲和器乐曲

悲歌elegy 表现哀伤情绪的声乐曲或器乐曲

摇篮曲berceuse 抒情声乐曲或器乐曲。描写摇篮摆动的节奏，近似船歌。

嬉游曲divertimento 18世纪欢娱宾客的一种器乐重奏组曲

即兴曲impromptu 偶发创作的抒情特性曲，19世纪成为器乐短曲曲名，形式类似歌曲

无穷动perpetuum mobile 从头至尾贯穿着急速节奏的乐曲

小品bagatelle 轻快，幽默的特性曲，常为钢琴小曲

幽默曲humoreske 富于幽默风趣或表现恬淡朴素、明朗愉快情致的器乐曲

新事曲novellette 始创于R.舒曼的一种钢琴特性曲

演绎曲paraphrase 14--16世纪教会音乐中的演绎曲是自由加工的素歌旋律。F.李斯特借用此名称称其为著名声乐曲和器乐曲，特别是为歌剧选曲所作的钢琴改编曲为演绎曲

舞曲dance music 根据舞蹈节奏写成的器乐曲或声乐曲

小步舞曲menuet 起源于法国民间的三拍子舞曲，因舞步极小而得名

加沃特gavotte 起源于法国民间的中速、四拍子舞曲

塔兰泰拉tarantella 起源于意大利的速度迅急、情绪热烈的舞曲

波尔卡polka 起源于捷克的速度较快的二拍子舞曲

华尔兹waltz 圆舞曲。一种起源于奥地利民间的三拍子舞曲。

马祖卡mazurka 起源于波兰民间的情绪活泼热烈的三拍子双人舞曲

波罗乃兹polonaise 波兰舞曲。起源于波兰民间的庄重，缓慢的三拍子舞曲

哈巴涅拉habanera 阿伐奈拉。由非洲黑人传入古巴的中速二拍子舞曲

探戈tango 起源非洲后传入阿根廷的中速、二拍子或四拍子的舞曲

独唱solo 由一人演唱，常用乐器或乐队伴奏的演唱形式，有时也用人声伴唱

齐唱unison 两人以上的歌唱者，按同度或八度音程关系同时演唱同一旋律的演唱形式

重唱ensemble 每个声部均由一人演唱的多声部声乐曲及演唱形式。按声部或人数分二重唱、三重唱、四重唱

领唱lead a chorus 由一人唱众人和的演唱形式

合唱chorus 两组以上的演唱者，各按本组所担任的声部演唱同一乐曲的演唱形式

无伴奏合唱a cappella 纯粹由人声演唱不用乐器伴奏的合唱形式

合奏ensemble 由多种乐器组成，常按乐器种类的不同而分为若干组，各组分别担任某些声部，演奏同一乐曲的演奏形式

伴奏accompaniment 由一件或多件乐器奏出，用以衬托主要的歌唱或器乐演奏部分。用以烘托舞蹈的器乐配乐也常称为伴奏

独奏solo 由一人演奏某一乐器，常用其他乐器或乐队伴奏

齐奏unison 两个以上的演奏者，按同度或八度音程关系同时演奏同一曲调

室内乐chamber music 通常指由少数人演奏，演唱的重奏曲、重唱曲。

二重奏Duet 由两件乐器分奏两个声部的室内乐

三重奏Trio 由三件乐器分奏三个声部的室内乐

弦乐三重奏string trio 由小提琴、中提琴、大提琴分奏三个声部的室内乐

钢琴三重奏piano trio 由钢琴与另两件乐器（弦乐器或管乐器）演奏的室内乐

四重奏quartet 由四件乐器分奏四个声部的室内乐

弦乐四重奏string quartet 由两个小提琴，一个中提琴、一个大提琴演奏的室内乐

钢琴四重奏piano quartet 由小提琴、中提琴、大提琴、钢琴演奏的室内乐a cappella无伴奏合唱

a capriccio无事先准备的，随意发挥的

a nimato活泼的，富有生气的，快的

a tempo 回原速

A,B,C,D,E,F,G 唱名la,si,do,re,mi,fa,sol

abbandono无拘无束的，纵情的

accel 加快的，accelerado的缩写

accentato加重音的，加重的

acoustic声音学的，音响效果的

adagio assai 很慢的柔板

adagio 柔板

adagio慢板

affettatamente装模作样的

affettato 矫柔造作的

affettuoso感情丰富的

affrettando快速的

agitato激动地

album专集，音乐集

all arg逐渐加强，逐渐变慢，声音愈加饱满

alla francese法兰西风格

alla marcia进行曲风格

alla polacca波拉卡风格

alla spagnuola西班牙风格

alla turca土耳其风格

alla如同……一样的

allegramente欢快的，兴致昂然的

allegretto non troppo 不过分的小快板

allegretto poco mosso 稍快的小快板

allegretto稍快板

allegrissimo极快的

allegro快板，急速的，快节奏的

altieramente极快的

alto clef 中音谱号

alto 男高音, 女低音

alt最高调，最高调的

amabile和蔼可亲的，可爱的

amorosamente温柔的，亲爱的

amoroso温柔的，亲爱的

an acoustic guitar原声吉他（区别于电子吉他）

andante 行板

andante行板，行板乐曲，缓慢的

andantino 小行板

aperto开朗的

appassionato热情奔放的，热心的

arousic （指乐器）原声的（不是电的）

arpeggio 琶音

attacca紧接下段

baldo 勇敢的，豪壮的

ballade叙事曲，歌谣

band 管乐队

band(-)stand (室外)音乐台

bandmaster (管)乐队指挥

bandsman (管)乐队队员

bar line小节线

barcarolle船歌

baritone 上低音, 男中音

bass clef低音谱号

bass drum低音鼓

bass 低音

bassoon低音管，巴松管

bass男低音，低音，贝司

baton 乐队指挥棒

battuta拍子，特指一小节内第一个重拍

ben特别强调的

bis重复一次

bizzaro奇怪的，怪异的

blocks双头木鱼

blues忧郁布鲁斯歌曲(蓝调音乐)

bongoes连体鼓

bow 提琴的琴弓

brass band 管乐队; 吹奏乐队

breve rest 二全休止符

breve二全音符

brillante 辉煌的，华丽的

brioso充满活力地

buffo 可笑的，喜剧的 ，滑稽地

burlesco 戏谑的，诙谐的

c clef, tenor clef, alto clef 中音谱号

cadence 调音

calando 渐缓且渐弱

calmato 恬静的

caminando 流畅的，进行的

cantabile 似歌的

cantando 如歌的

capricciesamente 自由的，随想的

capriccioso 自由的，随想的

caprice 随想曲，畅想曲，奇想曲

cd光盘

celesta 钢片琴

cello 大提琴

choir, choral society 合奏，合唱

chord 和弦，谐音

chorus 合唱，和声，合唱队

clarinet 竖笛，单簧管（黑管）

classics 古典音乐

claves 音棒

col canto 紧随的旋律

com modo 舒适的，自在的

come sopra 如同那边的一样

come 好象，如同

cominciata 开头，曲首

comodo自在地

con abbandono 纵情奔放地

con affetto 感情丰富地，多情地

con ammabilita 和蔼地，亲切地

con amore 温柔地，亲爱地

con brio 生气勃勃地，有活力地

con delicatezza 精细地，娇柔地

con entusiasmo 热情地

con espressione 富有表现力地

con forza 有力地

con fuoco 狂热地，热情地

con grazio 典雅地，优美地

con malinconia 忧郁消沉地

con moto 稍快的

con slancio 强有力地，猛烈地

con spirito 富有生气地

con strepito 吵闹地，嘈杂地，震耳欲聋地

con trasporto 得意忘形地

con vigore 富有精力地，强健地

con 同，带着

concert 音乐会

concerto 协奏曲

conductor 乐队指挥

conductor 指挥

contralto 女底音，女底音手

counterpoint 多声部音乐

cresc渐强

crotchet rest 四分休止符 (美作：quarter rest)

crotchet 四分音符

cymbal 铜钹，土耳其镲

dance 舞曲

debut album 处女专辑（首张专辑）

debut single 首张单曲

deciso坚定地

deejay（dj） 播放音乐的人，dj

delicatamente 精细的，娇柔的

delicatezza 细致的

delicato 精细的，娇柔的

demisemiquaver 三十二分音符 (美作：thirty-second note)

di soppiano 用低音的，温柔的

di sopra 如上边

di 地，用，自，的

diapason, range 音域

dim渐弱

direct 指挥

discodance 迪斯科舞

discography音乐唱片分类目录, 音乐唱片分类学(法),录音作品目录

discotheque迪斯科舞厅

disperato 失望的，绝望的

distinto 清晰的

divoto 诚恳的，忠诚的

dj disco jockey迪斯科舞厅、电台的音乐主持人

dolce ondeggiando 温柔的颤动

dolce 温柔的，甜美的

dolcissimo 非常温柔的，甜美的

dolente 悲痛的，哀伤的

doloroso 悲痛的

doppio lunghezza di tempo 慢一倍

doppio movimento 加快一倍

doppio 成倍，双重

dotted crotchet 四分音符 (美作：dotted note,quarter note)

double bar line 双小节线

double bass 低音提琴

drammatico 戏剧性的

drum 鼓

drumstick 鼓槌

duet, duo 二重奏，二重唱

e 与，而

ed 与，而

egualmente 同样地，平稳地，均匀地

electronical 电子音乐

elegante 幽雅的，高尚的

en 在……，……地，按照……风格

energico精力充沛地

entusiastico 热情的，热烈的

eroico 英勇的，庄严的

espressiove 有表情

et 与，而

etude 练习曲

f clef, bass clef 低音谱号

fantastico幻想地

fantasy 幻想曲

fastoso 华丽的，浮夸的

feroco 粗野的，狂暴的

festivo 有朝气地

ff 很强

fiero 勇猛的，骄傲的

finale 终曲

flat sign 降号

flat 调号，降调

flebile 悲哀的，沉痛的

flute 横笛，长笛，笛子

forza 力量

fp强后即弱

french horn 圆号，法国号

fresco 朝气蓬勃的，清新的

fret 琴柱，挡子

funebre 悲哀的，凄惨的，葬礼的

furioso 狂暴地

fz突强

f强

g clef, treble clef 高音谱号

gaio 快乐的，愉悦的

generoso 慷慨的，高尚的

giandioso华丽地、壮丽地

giocoso 愉快的，游戏的，幽默的

giusto 合适的，恰当的

glissando 滑奏，钢琴上的刮奏

glockenspiel 钟琴，铁琴

grave 庄板

grave沉重地

grazioso 幽雅的 、优美地

guerriero 勇敢的，威武的

guiros 瓜（一种利用刮削摩擦发声的拉丁美洲乐器）

guitar 吉他

harp 竖琴

harpsichord 羽管钢琴（拨管古钢琴）

heavy metal重金属

hemidemisemiquaver 六十四分音符 (美作：sixty-fourth note)

hi fi set 高保真音响

hip hop 希普霍普

honky-tonk piano 酒吧钢琴

horn 号，号角

impetuoso急速地、如暴风兩般

in tempo 按原速

innocente纯洁地

jazz band 爵士乐队

keyboard 键盘，通常指电子琴

lagrimoso哭泣地

lamentabile悲伤地

largamente宽广地

larghetto 小广板

largo 广板

latin 拉丁

legatissimo最连音

legato assai很连贯

legayo连音

leggiero轻快地

lento 慢板

llargando渐慢并渐强

lugubre阴郁地

lyrics, words 歌词

maestoso隆重地、庄严地

major key 大调

marcato着重地、清晰地、强调

martiale象进行曲

memo mosso 稍慢

mesto悲哀地、忧伤地

metronome 节拍器

mezzo-soprano 女次高音

mf中强

militar band 军乐队

minim 二分音符 (美作：halfnote)

minor key 小调

misterioso神秘地

moderado 中板

molto adagio 很缓慢的

molto allegro 很快的

molto mosso 很快的

molto rit 渐慢很多

morendo逐渐消失

mp3 音频压缩格式

mp中弱

music chart 音乐排行榜

musicassette 卡式音乐录音带

musicianship 音乐技巧,音乐感,音乐才能,音乐修养, 音乐鉴赏力

musicology 音乐学

natural (sign) 本位号

nobilmente高雅地

non legato非连音

orchestra 乐队

parlando说话似地

passionate热情洋溢地

pastorale田园风味地

pathetic悲怆地

pause 休止

pesante沉重地

pitch 基音音乐

piu allegro 更快

piu andante 更慢

piu mosso 更快的

piu moto 更快的

platinum 白金

poco a poco rit 一点一点地渐慢

poco lento 稍慢 portato次断音

poco meno mosso 稍放慢的

pomposo壮丽地、光辉地

pop流行音乐

pp很弱

prestissimo 最急板

presto 急板

p弱

quartet, quartette 四重奏，四重唱

quaver 八分音符 (美作：eighth note)

quieto宁静地

quintet 五重奏，五重唱

rall 渐慢，rallendando的缩写

rap 说唱

rapido 迅速的

release 唱片的发行、推出

religilso崇拜地

rest 休止符

rhythm 节奏，旋律

rigoroso严格地、准确地

risoluto决断地

risoluto果断地

rit,ritard 渐慢的，ritardando的缩写

ritenuto 突慢的

rock and roll 摇滚乐

rubato节奏自由

rustico乡村风味地

scale 音阶

scherzando幽默地、诙谐地

score 总谱,乐谱

semibreve 全音符 (美作：whole note)

semiquaver 十六分音符 (美作：sixteenth note)

semitone 半音

semplice朴素地、单纯地

sempre p始终保持弱

sempre stacc一直用断音

sempre继续地

sentimento多愁善感地

senza accel 不要渐快

sf突强

sharp 高半音符号,升号

smorzando逐渐消失

soavemente和蔼地

solfeggio 视唱

solmization 阶名唱法

solo 独奏,独唱

sonore嘹亮地

soprano 女高音

sotto voce很弱的声音sostenuto持续地

spianato纯朴地

spirito精神饱满地

staccatostaccatissimo断音

staff, stave 五线谱

staff, stave 五线谱

strepitoso喧哗地、风暴似地

stringendo 加紧（加快）

syncope, syncopation 切分音

tape磁带

techno 一种电子乐（而trance则指锐舞派对上的电子流行曲，即加上了旋律的techno，而house则是 一种比disco节奏更快的舞曲）

tenor 次中音

tenuto保持

three-four time 三四拍子

time, bar 拍子

title track 指与专辑同名的单

tone 音程

tranquillo安静地

trio 三重奏，三重唱

tuning fork 音叉

vigoroso强大地、豪爽地

vivace活泼地

vivo活跃地

英译音乐专业词汇

accelerando (accel.) 渐快的

a cappella 无伴奏合唱

abor 塔波鼓

absolute music 纯音乐，非标题音乐

absolute pitch 绝对音高（听觉）

abstract music 抽象音乐

accent 重音

accidental(s) 变音记号

Accidentalism 偶然主义

accordion 手风琴

acoustics 声学

action 弦高，即弦距离指板的高度

adagietto 小柔板 (66拍/分钟)

adagio 柔板 (56拍/分钟)

Added-sixth chord 加六度和弦

allegretto 小快板 (108拍/分钟)

allegro 快板 (132拍/分钟)

allemande 阿勒曼德

altered chord 变和弦

Andalusia 安达露西亚 (西班牙地名)

andante 行板 (72拍/分钟)

andantino 小行板 (80拍/分钟)

Andrés 安德列斯·塞戈维亚 [西班牙]

animato 活泼的快板 (120拍/分钟)

Anti- impressionism 反印象主义

anticipation 先现音

anvil 乐砧

Aranjuez 阿兰胡埃斯 (吉他协奏曲)

aria 咏叹调

arpeggio 琶音

artist 艺术家

ascending 上行

assai 非常快的快板 (144拍/分钟)，很

Asturias 阿斯图里亚斯 (西班牙地名)

atonality 无调性

augmentation 展开

augmented sixth chord 增六和弦

augmented triad 增三和弦

augmented 增（音程）

authentic cadence 正格终止

Bach, Johann Sebastian 约翰·塞巴斯第安·巴赫 [德国]

back 背板 ballata 叙事曲

ballet 芭蕾

band music 军乐

band 军乐队

bar 小节 (bar line小节线,measure)

bariton 男中音

Baroque 巴洛克

Barrueco, Manuel 马努埃·巴鲁埃科 [古巴]

bass clarinet 低音单簧管

bass clef 低音谱号

bass drum 大鼓

bass　tuba 低音大号

bass 低音

bass 低音号

bass 男低音

bassoon 大管（巴松）

bel canto 美声

binary form 二段式，二部曲式（AB）

bitonality 双重调性

blues 布鲁斯

bongo 邦戈鼓

bourree 布列

brass wind instruments 铜管乐器

Brazilian 巴西的

Bream, Julian 朱里安·布里姆 [英国]

breve 二全音符

broken chord 分解和弦

Brouwer, Leo 里奥·布劳威尔 [古巴]

cadanza 华彩乐段

cadence 终止

canon 卡农

cantata 康塔塔

capriccio 随想曲

caprice 随想曲

castanets 响板

cedar 雪松

cello 大提琴

chaconne 恰空

chaconne 恰空舞曲

chimes 排钟

choir 合唱团

choral music 合唱音乐

choral 众赞歌

chord 和弦

chord 和弦，和声

chorus 合唱

chromatic half-tone 变化半音

chromatic interval 变化（音程）

chromatic scale 半音阶

chromatic tone 变化全音

chromatic 半音的

clarinet 单簧管（黑管）

classical 古典的

Classicism 古典主义

clavier （18世纪）键盘乐器

clef 谱号 (G clef, F clef, C clef)

climax 高潮

coda 尾声

coloratura soprano 花腔女高音

common meter 普通拍子 (4/4)

comparison 对比

complex tone 复音 (composite tone)

compound duple meter(s) 复二拍子(6/2,6/4,6/8)

compound interval 复音程

compound meter(s) 复拍子

compound quadruple meter(s) 复四拍子 (12/4,12/8,12/16)

compound triple meter(s) 复三 拍子(9/4,9/8)

concert master 首席

concerto 协奏曲

concerto, concierto 协奏曲

Concrete Music 具体音乐

conductor 指挥

consonant 协和（音程、和弦）

contra C 大字二组C

contrabassoon 低音大管

Córdoba 科尔多巴 (西班牙地名)

cornet 短号

Coste, Napoléon 拿破仑·科斯特 [法国]

counterpoint 对位

courante 库朗特

crotchet 四分音符(quarter note，美)

cutaway 被切去的部分

cymbal 钹

deceptive cadence 伪终止

demisemiquaver 三十二分音符

descending 下行

development 发展

development 展开部

diatonic interval 自然（音程）

diatonic scale 自然音阶

diminished seventh chord 减七和弦

diminished triad 减三和弦

diminished 减（音程）

disc 唱片，唱碟

disco 迪斯科

dissonant 不协和（音程、和弦）

dominant seventh chord 属七和弦

dominant(V) 属音，属和弦

dot 附点

dotted note 附点音符

dotted rest 附点休止符

double bass tuba 倍低音大号

double bass 低音提琴

double dot 复附点

double mordent 复波音

double-augmented 倍增（音程）

double-diminished 倍减（音程）

double-flat 重降号

double-sharp 重升号

dramatic soprano 戏剧女高音

dramatic tenor 戏剧男高音

duet 二重奏

duo duple meter(s) 二拍子 (2/2,2/4,2/8)

duplet 二连音

duration 时值

dynamic mark(s) 力度标记

dynamics 力度

ebony 乌木，乌檀

echo 回音，回声

eleventh 十一度

English horn 英国管

enharmonic intervals 等音程

enharmonic notes 等音

ensemble 合奏（团体）

equalizer 均衡器

estudio, etude 练习曲

etude 练习曲

euphonium 尤风宁号

exposition 呈示部

Expressionism 表现主义

false chord 假和弦

fantasia 幻想曲

fifth 五度

fingerboard 指板

first inversion 第一转位

five-part form 五段式

fixed-do 固定唱名法

flat 降调

flat 降号

flute 长笛

four-line octave 小字四组(four-line)

four-part form 四段式

fourth chord 四度和弦

fourth 四度

fox trot 狐步舞

French horn 圆号，法国号

frequency 频率

fret 品格

fugue 赋格

functional harmony 功能和声

fundamental(tone) 基音 (first partial)

Gallagher, Kevin R. 凯文·盖拉格 [美国]

gigue 吉格

glissando 滑音

glockenspiel 钟琴

gong 锣

Goni, Antigoni 安提戈尼·戈尼 [希腊]

govotte 加沃特

Granada 格拉纳达 (西班牙地名)

grave 极慢板 (40拍/分钟)

great C 大字组C

guitar 吉他

guitar 吉他

guitarist 吉他演奏家，吉他手

guitarra 吉他，吉他拉

habanera 哈巴涅拉

half cadence 半终止

half-tone 半音

harmonic analysis 和声分析

harmonic interval 和声音程

harmonic sequence 和声模进

harmonic 和声的

harmony 和声学

harp 竖琴

harpsichord 拨弦古钢琴

head 符头

head，headstock 琴头

hemidemisemi quaver 六十四分音符 (sixty-fourth note，美)

homophonic music 主调音乐

homophony 主调 hook 符尾(tail)

imperfect cadence 不完全终止

Impressionism 印象主义

instrumental music 器乐

instrumentation 乐器法

intensity 强度

inter mezzo 间奏曲

interlude 间奏（曲）

interrupted cadence 阻碍终止

interval 音程

intonation 音准

invention 创意曲

inversion 转位（complement）

inverted mordent 逆波音

irregular meter （不规则）混合拍子(7/4,11/7)

jazz 爵士乐

just intonation 纯律

kettle drum 定音鼓

key signature 调号

key 调

keyboard 键盘（乐）

lacquer 硝基漆，日本漆

larghetto 小广板 (60拍/分钟)

largo 广板 (46拍/分钟)

leading tone(VII) 导音，导和弦汇(subtonic)

legato 连音，连奏

leger line(s) 加线 (ledger line(s))

lento 慢板 (52拍/分钟)

line 线

loudness 响度

lower mordent； inverted turn 回音

lullaby 摇篮曲

lute 疏特琴

lyra 乐徽

lyric soprano 抒情女高音

madrigal 牧歌

maestoso 庄板 (88拍/分钟)

magic flute 魔笛

mahogany 桃花心木，红木

major triad 大三和弦

major 大（音程）

major 大调

major 大调

march 进行曲

marimba 玛林巴

mass 弥撒

mazurka 玛祖卡

McFadden, Jeffrey 杰夫瑞·麦克法登 [加拿大]

mediant (III) 中音，中音和弦

melodic contour 旋律轮廓

melodic interval 旋律音程

melodic progression 旋律进行

melodic sequence 旋律模进

melodic 旋律的

melody 旋律

meter 拍子

Metronome 节拍机 (M.M.=Malzel's ~)

metronome 节拍器 (time)

mezzo soprano 次女高音，女中音

Microtonalism 微分音主义

minim 二分音符 (half note，美)

Minimalism 省略（简约）主义

minor triad 小三和弦

minor 小（音程）

minor 小调

minor 小调

minuet 小步舞曲

mode 调式（狭指教会调式；广指调式）

moderato 中板 (96拍/分钟)

modulation 转调

monophonic music 单声部音乐

mordent 波音（upper mordent）

motive 动机 movement 乐章

movable-do 音调唱名法

movement 乐章

multi-meter 变化拍子

musical form 曲式

musical form 体裁

musical instrument 乐器

musical tone 乐音

Nationalism in music 民族乐派

natural half-tone 自然半音

natural tone 自然全音

natural 自然的

nature 还原号

neck 琴颈

neighboring tone 辅助音（auxiliary tone，upper or lower）

Neoclassicism 新古典主义

ninth chord 九和弦

ninth 九度

nocturn 夜曲

noise 噪音

notation 记谱法

note(s) 音符

nut 琴马

oboe 双簧管

octave 八度

octave 八度

one-lined octave 小字一组 (one-line)

one-part form 一段式，一部曲式

opera 歌剧 opus (Op.) 作品

oratorio 清唱剧

orchestra 管弦乐队

orchestra 管弦乐队

orchestration 配器法

organ 风琴

ornament（s） 装饰音

overtone series 泛音列

overtone(s) 泛音

overture 序曲

Paganini, Niccolo 尼古罗·帕格尼尼 [意大利]

Papandreou, Elena 艾琳娜·帕潘德里欧 [希腊]

parallel keys 同主音调

Parkening, Christopher 克里斯托弗·帕肯宁 [美国]

partial(s) 分音(partial tone)

passacaglia 帕萨卡利亚

passing tone 经过音

passion 受难曲

pause 延长号(hold, fermata)

pedal 踏板

peg 弦轴

pentatonic 五声的

percussion（s） 打击乐

perfect cadence 完全终止

perfect 完全，纯（音程）

period 乐段

phrase 乐句

phrasing 分句

piano 钢琴

piccolo 短笛

pick 拾音器

pipe organ 管风琴

pitch name 音名

pitch 音高

plagal cadence 变格终止

Platino, Franco 富兰科·普拉提诺 [意大利]

podium 指挥台

Pointillism 点描派

polka 波尔卡

polonaise 波洛涅兹

polyphonic music 复调音乐

polyphony 复调

polytonality 多调性

Ponce, Manuel 马努埃·庞塞 [墨西哥]

prelude 前奏（曲）

prelude 前奏曲

presto 急板 (184拍/分钟)

Primitivism 原始主义

program music 标题音乐

psychoacoustics 心理声学

pure tone 纯音

purfling 镶边，环饰

quadruple meter(s) 四拍子 (4/2,4/4,4/8)

quadruplet 四连音

quarter-sawn 将(原木)纵向锯成四块再锯成木板的

quartet 四重奏

quaver 八分音符 (eighth note，美)

quintet 五重奏

quintuple meter 五拍子

quintuplet 五连音

range 音域(compass)

rattle 摇响器

Realism 现实主义

recapitulation 再现部

recitative 宣叙调

Recuerdos de la Alhambra 《阿尔罕布拉宫的回忆》

reduction 改编（缩编）

register 音区

reguiem 安魂曲

relative keys 关系大小调

relative pitch 相对音高（听觉）

Renaissance 文艺复兴

repertoire 保留曲目，全部曲目

repetition 重复

resolution 解决

rest(s) 休止符

rhapsody 狂想曲

rhythm 节奏

rhythmic pattern 节奏型

Rococo 洛可可

Rodrigo, Joaquin 胡埃金·罗德里戈 [西班牙]

Romanticism 浪漫主义

Romero, Angel 安杰尔·罗梅罗 [西班牙]

Romero, Celedonio 塞拉多尼奥·罗梅罗 [西班牙]

Romero, Celin 塞林·罗梅罗 [西班牙]

Romero, Pepe 佩佩·罗梅罗 [西班牙]

rondo form 回旋曲式（ABACA）

rondo sonata form 回旋奏鸣曲式

root position 原位

root 根音（fundamental）

rosette 音孔环饰，玫瑰花饰

rosewood 玫瑰木，青龙木，黑黄檀

rounded binary form （有再现的）二段式

rumba 伦巴 Russel, David 大卫·罗素 [英国]

S?llscher, G?ran 戈兰·索舍尔 [瑞典]

sarabande 萨拉班德

saxophone 萨克斯管

scale degree （调式）音级

scale step 音级（音级数：number of scale step）

scale 音阶

scherzo 谐谑曲

score 乐谱

score 总谱

second inversion 第二转位

second 二度 Segovia,

semibreve 全音符 (whole note，美)

semiquaver 十六分音符(sixteenth note，美)

septuplet 七连音

sequence 模进

serenade 小夜曲

serenade 小夜曲，月下情歌

Serialism 序列主义

seventh chord 七和弦

seventh 七度

Seville 塞维利亚 (西班牙地名)

sextuplet 六连音

sharp 升调

sharp 升号

side drum 小鼓

side 侧板

sight-singing 视唱

simple interval 单音程

simple meter(s) 单拍子

sixth chord 六和弦

sixth 六度

sixth-four chord 四六和弦

small c 小字组c

solo 独奏

solo 独奏（唱）

sonata form 奏鸣曲式

sonata 奏鸣曲

sonatina 小奏鸣曲

songs without word 无词歌

soprano 女高音

Sor, Fernando 费尔南多·索尔 [西班牙]

sostenuto 持音

sound 音

space 间

Spanish 西班牙的

spruce 云杉

staccato 断音，断奏

staff 乐谱

staff 五线谱

stage 舞台

stem 符干

step 音级(scale step, degree)

string 琴弦

stringed instruments 弦乐器

strophic form 分节歌（a，a，a，a …）

Structuralism 结构主义

subdominant(IV) 下属音，下属和弦

submediant(VI) 下中音，下中音和弦 (super-dominant)

suite 组曲

suite 组曲 supertonic(II) 上主音，上主和弦

suspension 延留音

symphonic poem 交响诗

symphony 交响曲

syncopation 切分音 t

Takemitsu, Toru 武满彻 [日本]

tambourine 铃鼓

tango 探戈

tarantella 塔兰台拉

temperament 乐律

tempered scale 平均律 (equal temperament)

temple block 木鱼

tempo mark(s) 速度标记

tempo 速度

tenor drum 中鼓

tenor tuba 次中音大号

tenor 男高音

tenth 十度

ternary form 三段式，三部曲式（ABA）

theater 剧场，戏剧

thematic material 主题材料

theme with variation 主题与变奏

theme 主题

third inversion 第三转位

third 三度

three -lined octave 小字三组(three-line)

tie 延音线 timbre 音色 (tone color or quality)

time signature 拍号

time 时间

toccata 托卡塔

tonality 调性

tone 音（乐音）

tone-cluster 音簇

tonic(I) 主音，主和弦

top 面板

transposition 移调

treble clef 高音谱号

trembolo 震音

triad 三和弦

triangle 三角铁

trill 颤音

trio 三声中部

trio 三重奏

triple meter(s) 三拍子 (3/2,3/4,3/8)

triplet 三连音

tri-tone 三全音

trombone 长号

trumpet 小号

tuba 大号

tubular bells 管钟

tuning fork 音叉

twelfth 十二度

two-lined octave 小字二组 (two-line)

unaccented octave 小字组

unison 齐奏（唱）

unison 同度，一度（prime）

unity 统一 variation 变奏

variation form 变奏曲式（A，A1，A2，A3…）

variation 变奏

variety 变化

vibraphone 颤音琴

vibration 振动

viola 中提琴

violin 小提琴

vivace 有生气的快板 (160拍/分钟)

vivo 活泼的，有生气的

vocal music 声乐

voice 人声，声部

waltz 圆舞曲，华尔兹

wave form 波形 whip 鞭响器

whole tone 全音

whole-tone 全音的

Williams, John 约翰·威廉斯 [澳大利亚]

wood block 南梆子，盒梆

wood wind instruments 木管乐器

xylophone 木琴

Yepes, Narciso 纳西索·耶佩斯 [西班牙]

古典音乐作品编号标记解读

　　古典音乐作品编号标记解读 我们常见到一些古典音乐作品的名字后面跟着由字母和数字组成的编号，典型者如op37、 kv525、 RV4、D112等。这些标号表示什么意思、来源于哪里、有什么作用？

　　最常见的记号是op或opus，拉丁语的意思是“作品”，它大概起源于17世纪初叶，出版音乐乐谱的出版商为了区别同一作曲家的不同作品而标上记号，这就是op。op记号通常是按同一作曲家出版作品的次序由小到大编号，但这又并不是绝对的。但op标记也有问题，例如很多作曲家的作品由不同出版商出版，那时不同出版商有不同的op序号；因此会出现某作品在一个出版商标号为op3，在另一出版商标号为op8，甚至有第三个出版商那里编号为op6，这样显然会造成混乱。 　　

　　近两百年来，越来越多学者研究前人的音乐作品。这些学者为研究这些作曲家的作品，列出他们所有作品进行研究甚为重要。由于op记号有时会造成混乱，或者研究者在研究过程中发现新的作品，或是一些作品未正式出版而没有op记号，这时对所有作品进行重新编号便成为这些学者的又一项工作。由此就产生如BWV、D等编号，这些编号往往是提出新作品编号的学者名字的代表字母。下面是一些作曲家作品常用的记号：

作品记号/适用的作曲家 　　

AV——Richard Strauss 理查-斯特劳斯 　　 B——Dvorak 德沃扎克 　　

BB——Bartok 巴托克 　　 BWV——J.S. Bach 巴赫 　　

D——Schubert 舒伯特 　　 F——Vivaldi 韦瓦尔第 　　

H——Holst 侯斯特 　　 HWV——Handel 亨德尔 　　

K——Mozart 莫扎特 　　 KV——Mozart 莫扎特 　　

L——Debussy 德彪西 　　 M——Vivaldi 韦瓦尔第 　　

Op——大多作曲家 　　 P——Vivaldi 韦瓦尔第 　　

R——Vivaldi 韦瓦尔第 　　 RV——Vivaldi 韦瓦尔第 　　

S——J.S. Bach 巴赫 (与BWV相同) 　　 S——Liszt 李斯特 　　

Sz——Bartok 巴托克 　　 WWV——Wagner 瓦格纳 　　

Z——Purcell 帕萧

表情术语：

abbandono 无拘束、奔放

accarezzevole 亲切、温存地

affettuoso 热情、冲动地

agitato 充满激情的

alla marcia 进行曲似的

amabile 愉快地

ardito 大胆勇敢

appassionato 热情洋溢

baldanzoso 自豪

brillante 辉煌地

brillmante 灿烂、华丽

brioso 朝气蓬勃

caloroso 温暖、亲切

cantabil 如歌地

capriccioso 幻想地

con brio 热情地、活泼地

con dolcezze 温柔地、柔和地

con dolore 忧愁地、悲痛地

con espressione 感情洋溢地

con forza 刚强有力

con fucco 热烈地

con grazia 优美地

con spirito 有生气地

Delicato 悲哀地、细致的、体贴的

elegante 细致地、优美地

espressivo 富于表情地

fermo 坚定不移

festove 欢乐地

flebile 诉苦地、哀怨地

franquille 安静

fuccoso 热情如火或炽热

furioso 狂暴地

giocoso 诙谐地

gioioso 快乐地

grandioso 雄伟、壮丽

grazioso 华丽、典雅的

impetuoso 急速地、如暴风雨般

inneggiando 赞颂地、赞美地

innocente 纯洁地 animato 兴奋地、活泼地

lagrimoso 哭泣地

lamentabile 悲伤地

largamento 宽广

leggiero 轻快、轻巧

maestoso 隆重、庄严

marciale 威武地

mesto 悲哀地

misterioso 神秘地

morendo 逐渐消失

parlando 说话似的

pastorale 田园风味

pensieroso 沉思

pesante 沉重地

pittoresco 美丽如画

religioso 崇拜地

ricordando 回忆

rigoroso 严格的、准确地

rustico 乡村风味

scherzando 欢乐、诙谐地 dolce 柔和、甜美地

scorrevole 流畅

soavemente 和蔼地、柔和地

sonoro(法） 嘹亮地

spianato 淳朴地、平均的、平稳的

tenero 温和地

tranquillo 安静地

vigoroso 强大地、豪爽地

vittoroso 胜利地

voglievole 渴望、热望地

速度术语

A tempo　恢复原速

Accelerando　（缩写为accel.）渐快

Ad libitum　（缩写为ad lib.）随意地

Adagietto　小柔板（比柔板略快）

Adagio　柔板；宁静的，徐慢的

Agiato　缓慢而宁静地

Allargando　（缩写为allarg.）渐慢，渐宽广

Allegretto　小快板；稍快的，活泼的

Allegro　快板；愉快的，迅速的

Andante　行板（步行速度）；进行的，流动的

Andantino　小行板（比行板略快）

Animando　渐快，渐活跃，有生气

Con moto　加快速度 Grave　壮板；沉重的，庄重的，极缓慢的

Incalzando　加快进行

Istesso tempo　速度同前

Largamente　充分地，宽广地，缓慢地

Larghetto　小广板（比广板略快）；稍宽广的，稍缓慢的

Largo　广板；宽广的，缓慢的

Lentamento　小慢板（比慢板略快）

Lento　慢板；柔和的，徐慢的

L'istesso tempo　速度同前

Moderato　中板；中速的，有节制的

Prestissimo　最急板；最快速度

Presto　急板；急速

Rallentando　（缩写为rall.）减慢，减弱

Ritardando　（缩写为rit.或ritard.）渐慢

Ritenuto　（缩写为rit.或riten.）渐慢

Rubato　节奏自由

Sostenuto　（缩写为sost.）沉着地，自制地，保持（中庸）速度

Stretto　加快，紧凑些

Stringendo　（缩写为string.）紧缩，渐快

Tempo Ⅰ　恢复最初速度

Tempo primo　恢复最初速度

Veloce　迅速地，急疾地

Vivace　＝Vivo，快而活泼（速度介于快板与小快板之间）

力度术语：

Calando　减小音量，渐安静，有时同时渐慢

Con forza　有力地，响亮地

Con tutta forza　用全部力量，尽可能响亮地

Crescendo　（缩写为cresc.）渐强

Decrescendo　（缩写为decresc.）渐弱

Diminuendo　（缩写为dim.）渐弱

Forte　（缩写为f）强，有力地，响亮地

Forte fortissimo　（缩写为fff）极强，级响亮地

Forte piano　（缩写为fp）强后转弱

Forte subito　（缩写为f sub.）突然转强

Fortissimo　（缩写为ff）很强，非常响亮地

Mezzo forte　（缩写为mf）中强，不很强

Mezzo piano　（缩写为mp）中弱，不很轻

Perdendosi　逐渐减弱音响以至于无

Pianissimo　（缩写为pp）很弱，很轻地

Pianississimo　（缩写为ppp)极弱

Piano　（缩写为p）弱，轻微地

Piano subito　（缩写为p sub.）突然转弱

Sforzando,sforzato　（缩写为sf）强调，突出

Sotto voce　低声地，把声音压住

音乐曲式英语名称

a cappella 无伴奏合唱

accompaniment 伴奏

adagio: 慢板

alborada 晨歌

aria:咏叹调，抒情调

avotte 加沃特

bagatelle 小品

ballade 叙事曲

barcarolle 船歌

bel canto opera美声歌剧

berceuse 摇篮曲

black metal 黑色金属

bossa nova是种带 jazz味道的巴西音乐，

cadenza:华采乐段

canon 卡农

cantata:清唱剧

capriccio 随想曲

chamber music 室内乐

chamber orchestra:室乐团

chanson:歌曲

character piece 特性曲

chorale:圣咏曲

chorus 合唱

coda:尾奏

concert overture乐会序曲

concerto grosso:大协奏曲

concerto:协奏曲

cycle 套曲

dance music 舞曲

death 死亡金属

divertimento 嬉游曲

doom 毁灭金属

duet 二重奏

elegy 悲歌

ensemble 合奏

ensemble 重唱

etude:练习曲

fantasia 幻想曲

fugue 赋格曲

gavotte 加沃特

glam metal 华丽金属

gregorian chant:葛丽果圣歌

grindcore 碾核

grunge 垃圾颓废？）

habanera 哈巴涅拉

hard rock 重摇滚

hardcore 硬核

heavy metal 重金属

homophony:主调音乐

humoreske 幽默曲

impromptu 即兴曲

intermezzo 间奏曲

invention 创意曲

lead a chorus 领唱

libretto:歌词

lied:德文艺术歌

magrigal:牧歌

march 进行曲

mass:弥撒曲

mazurka 马祖卡

minuet:小步舞曲

monophony:单音音乐

motet:经文歌

music drama乐剧

neo-classical 新古典金属

nocturne 夜曲

novellette 新事曲

opera buffa诙谐歌剧

opera comique国喜剧歌剧

opera seria严肃歌剧

opera:歌剧

operetta轻歌剧

oratorio:神剧

orchestra:管弦乐团

overture:序曲

paraphrase 演绎曲

partita:组曲

pastorable 田园曲

perpetuum mobile无穷动

piano quartet 钢琴四重奏

piano trio 钢琴三重奏

plainsong:素歌

poeme 音诗

polka 波尔卡

polonaise 波罗乃兹

pop metal 流行金属

power metal 强力金属

prelude 前奏曲

prelude 前奏曲

programme music:标题音乐

quartet 四重奏

recitative:宣叙曲

requiem:安魂曲

rhapsody:狂想曲

romance 浪漫曲

rondo:回旋曲

round 轮唱曲

scherzo 谐谑曲

serenade:小夜曲

singspiel德国轻歌剧

solo 独奏

sonata form:奏鸣曲式

sonata:奏鸣曲

songs wighout 无词歌

speed metal 速度金属

string quartet 弦乐四重奏

string trio 弦乐三重奏

study 练习曲

suite:组曲

symphonic poem:交响诗

symphony 交响曲

tango 探戈

tarantella 塔兰泰拉

thrash metal 鞭击金属

toccata 托卡塔

toccata:触技曲

tone poem:音诗

trio sonata三重奏鸣曲

trio 三重奏

trip-hop是英伦/欧洲跳舞音乐的一种，

unison 齐唱

variation:变奏曲

vocalization 练声曲

waltz 华尔兹

accordion 手风琴

bagpipes 风笛

banjo 班卓琴

barrel organ 手摇风琴

bass drum 低音鼓,大鼓

bass string 低音弦

bassoon 低音管,巴松管

bassoon或fogotto 大管

bow 弦弓

bowed instruments 弓弦乐器

brass instruments 铜管乐器

bridge 琴马,弦马

castanets 响板

celesta 钢片琴

cello 大提琴

cello, violoncello 大提琴

chinese lute,

clarinet 单簧管

compane 排钟

contrabass, double bass 低音提琴

cornet 军号,短号

cymbals 铙,钹

double bass 低音提琴或大贝司

double bassoon 低音大管

contrabassoon 倍低音管

drum, kettledrum 鼓

drumstick 鼓槌

electric guitar 电吉他

english horn 英国管

first string 第一弦

flute 长笛

fret 品

glockenspiel 钟琴

gong 锣

grand piano 三角钢琴,大钢琴

grand piano平台钢琴

guitar 吉他

hammer 琴槌

harmonica, mouth organ 口琴

harmonium 风琴

harp 竖琴

harpsichord .大键琴,击弦古钢琴

horn, trumpet 小号

horn或french horn 圆号或法国圆号

kettle drums或timpani 定音鼓

lute 诗琴, 硫特琴,鲁特琴

lyre 里拉琴,七弦琴

mandolin 曼陀林

mouthpiece 哨嘴

mute, sourdine 弱音器

neck 琴颈

nut 回纹柱

oboe 双簧管

oboe 洋埙

organ 管风琴,风琴

ornet 短号

pedal 踏板

pianola 自动钢琴

piano钢琴

piccolo 短笛

pipe organ管风琴

pipe, shawm 芦笛

piston 活塞

plectrum 拨子

reed 簧片

register, organ stop 调音器

saxophone 萨克管

small tambourine 小手鼓

sound box 音箱

sound hole 音孔

string 琴弦

tambourine 手鼓

tambourine 铃鼓

triangl 三角铁

trombone 低音号

trombone 长号

trumpet 小号

tuba 大号

um 小鼓

uprightpiano 立式钢琴

vibraphone 颤声器

viola 中提琴

violin 小提琴

woodwind (instrument) 木管乐器

xylophone 木琴

zither 齐特拉琴,九弦琴

音乐英语词汇

　　alto 男高音，女低音

　　tenor 次中音

　　baritone 上低音，男中音

　　bass 低音

　　soprano 女高音

　　mezzo-soprano 女次高音

　　sharp 高半音符号，升号

　　flat 调号

　　natural (sign) 本位号

　　staff, stave 五线谱

　　A,B,C,D,E,F,G 唱名la,si,do,re,mi,fa,sol

　　G clef, treble clef 高音谱号

　　F clef, bass clef 低音谱号

　　C clef, tenor clef, alto clef 中音谱号

　　semibreve 全音符 (美作：whole note)

　　minim 二分音符 (美作：halfnote)

　　dotted crotchet 四分音符 (美作：dotted note,quarter note)

　　quaver 八分音符 (美作：eighth note)

　　semiquaver 十六分音符 (美作：sixteenth note)

　　demisemiquaver 三十二分音符 (美作：thirty-second note)

　　hemidemisemiquaver 六十四分音符 (美作：sixty-fourth note)

　　rest 休止符

　　crotchet rest 四分休止符 (美作：quarter rest)

　　semitone 半音

　　pause 休止

　　time, bar 拍子

　　rhythm 节奏

　　three-four time 三四拍子

　　syncope, syncopation 切分音

　　tone 音程

　　pitch 基音音乐

　　major key 大调

a cappella 无伴奏合唱

accompaniment 伴奏

adagio: 慢板

alborada 晨歌

aria:咏叹调，抒情调

avotte 加沃特

bagatelle 小品

ballade 叙事曲

barcarolle 船歌

bel canto opera美声歌剧

berceuse 摇篮曲

black metal 黑色金属

bossa nova是种带 jazz味道的巴西音乐，

cadenza:华采乐段

canon 卡农

cantata:清唱剧

capriccio 随想曲

chamber music 室内乐

chamber orchestra:室乐团

chanson:歌曲

character piece 特性曲

chorale:圣咏曲

chorus 合唱

coda:尾奏

concert overture乐会序曲

concerto grosso:大协奏曲

concerto:协奏曲

cycle 套曲

dance music 舞曲

death 死亡金属

divertimento 嬉游曲

doom 毁灭金属

duet 二重奏

elegy 悲歌

ensemble 合奏

ensemble 重唱

etude:练习曲

fantasia 幻想曲

fugue 赋格曲

gavotte 加沃特

glam metal 华丽金属

gregorian chant:葛丽果圣歌

grindcore 碾核

grunge 垃圾颓废？）

habanera 哈巴涅拉

hard rock 重摇滚

hardcore 硬核

heavy metal 重金属

homophony:主调音乐

humoreske 幽默曲

impromptu 即兴曲

intermezzo 间奏曲

invention 创意曲

lead a chorus 领唱

libretto:歌词

lied:德文艺术歌

magrigal:牧歌

march 进行曲

mass:弥撒曲

mazurka 马祖卡

minuet:小步舞曲

monophony:单音音乐

motet:经文歌

music drama乐剧

neo-classical 新古典金属

nocturne 夜曲

novellette 新事曲

opera buffa诙谐歌剧

opera comique国喜剧歌剧

opera seria严肃歌剧

opera:歌剧

operetta轻歌剧

oratorio:神剧

orchestra:管弦乐团

overture:序曲

paraphrase 演绎曲

partita:组曲

pastorable 田园曲

perpetuum mobile无穷动

piano quartet 钢琴四重奏

piano trio 钢琴三重奏

plainsong:素歌

poeme 音诗

polka 波尔卡

polonaise 波罗乃兹

pop metal 流行金属

power metal 强力金属

prelude 前奏曲

prelude 前奏曲

programme music:标题音乐

quartet 四重奏

recitative:宣叙曲

requiem:安魂曲

rhapsody:狂想曲

romance 浪漫曲

rondo:回旋曲

round 轮唱曲

scherzo 谐谑曲

serenade:小夜曲

singspiel德国轻歌剧

solo 独奏

sonata form:奏鸣曲式

sonata:奏鸣曲

songs wighout 无词歌

speed metal 速度金属

string quartet 弦乐四重奏

string trio 弦乐三重奏

study 练习曲

suite:组曲

symphonic poem:交响诗

symphony 交响曲

tango 探戈

tarantella 塔兰泰拉

thrash metal 鞭击金属

toccata 托卡塔

toccata:触技曲

tone poem:音诗

trio sonata三重奏鸣曲

trio 三重奏

trip-hop是英伦/欧洲跳舞音乐的一种，

unison 齐唱

variation:变奏曲

vocalization 练声曲

waltz 华尔兹

套曲Cycle 一种由多乐章组合而成的大型器乐曲或声乐器

组曲Suite 由几个具有相对独立性的器乐曲组成的乐曲

奏鸣曲Sonata 指类似组曲的器乐合奏套曲.自海顿.莫扎特以后,其指由3-4个乐章组成的器乐独奏套曲(钢琴奏鸣曲)或独奏乐器与钢琴合奏的器乐曲(小提琴奏鸣曲)

交响曲symphony 大型管弦乐套曲,通常含四个乐章.其乐章结构与独奏的奏鸣曲相同

协奏曲concerto 由一件或多件独奏乐器与管弦乐团相互竞奏,并显示其个性及技巧的大型器乐套曲.分独奏协奏曲、大协奏曲、小协奏曲等

交响诗symphonic poem 单乐章的标题性交响音乐

音诗poeme 单乐章管弦乐曲，与交响诗相类似

序曲overture 歌剧、清唱剧、舞剧、其他戏剧作品和声乐、器乐套曲的开始曲。十九世纪又出现独立的音乐会序曲

前奏曲prelude 带有即兴曲的性质、有独立的乐思、常放在具有严谨结构的乐曲或套曲之前作为序引的中、小型器乐曲。

托卡塔toccata 节奏紧凑、快速触键的富有自由即兴性的键盘乐曲

幻想曲fantasia 形式自由，给人以即兴创作或自由幻想之感的器乐曲

随想曲capriccio 形式自由的赋格式的幻想曲，19世纪后是一种富于幻想的即兴性器乐曲

狂想曲rhapsody 始于19世纪初以民族或民间曲调为主要素材的具有鲜明民族特色的器乐幻想曲

练习曲study 为提高乐器演奏者技术水平而写的乐曲

无词歌songs wighout 抒情的小型器乐曲，有伴奏声部，旋律声部象歌曲样的钢琴曲

浪漫曲Romance 罗曼司，主要指具有抒情性的声乐曲和富有歌唱性的器乐曲

叙事曲ballade 富于叙事性、戏剧性的钢琴独奏曲

夜曲nocturne 流行于18世纪西洋贵族社会中的器乐套曲，常在夜间露天演奏

小夜曲serenade 晨歌的对称。起源于中世纪欧洲吟唱诗人在恋人窗前所唱的情歌

谐谑曲scherzo 诙谐曲。节奏强烈，速度较快、轻松活泼的三拍子器乐曲或声乐曲

间奏曲intermezzo 为歌剧或戏剧中的过场音乐或幕间曲；另一种为形式较自由篇幅较小的器乐曲

赋格曲fugue 拉丁文音译意为遁走。以复调手法写成的大型乐曲

卡农canon 纯以模仿手法构成的复调音乐形式

轮唱曲round 用同度或八度卡农手法写成的声乐曲

创意曲invention 复调结构的钢琴小曲。类似前奏曲或小赋格曲。巴赫始用此名称

练声曲vocalization 没有歌词而用韵母、音节或唱名演唱的声乐练习曲

回旋曲rondo 由相同的主部和几个不同的插部交替出现而构成的乐曲

变奏曲variation 主题及其一系列变化反复，并按照统一的艺术构思而组成的乐曲

进行曲march 用步伐节奏写成的乐曲

特性曲character piece 指富于诗情画意和生活情趣的器乐小曲，主要是钢琴小曲

晨歌alborada 起源于西班牙西北部的加利西亚的田园风味乐曲

田园曲pastorable 原为欧洲16-17世纪一种乡村题材的戏剧表演，歌剧的前身之一。近代音乐中是模仿牧人所吹肖姆管曲调和圣诞吹奏乐的器乐曲或声乐曲，源于意大利。

船歌barcarolle 威尼斯船工所唱的歌曲以及模仿这种歌曲的声乐曲和器乐曲

悲歌elegy 表现哀伤情绪的声乐曲或器乐曲

摇篮曲berceuse 抒情声乐曲或器乐曲。描写摇篮摆动的节奏，近似船歌。

嬉游曲divertimento 18世纪欢娱宾客的一种器乐重奏组曲

即兴曲impromptu 偶发创作的抒情特性曲，19世纪成为器乐短曲曲名，形式类似歌曲

无穷动perpetuum mobile 从头至尾贯穿着急速节奏的乐曲

小品bagatelle 轻快，幽默的特性曲，常为钢琴小曲

幽默曲humoreske 富于幽默风趣或表现恬淡朴素、明朗愉快情致的器乐曲

新事曲novellette 始创于R.舒曼的一种钢琴特性曲

演绎曲paraphrase 14--16世纪教会音乐中的演绎曲是自由加工的素歌旋律。F.李斯特借用此名称称其为著名声乐曲和器乐曲，特别是为歌剧选曲所作的钢琴改编曲为演绎曲

舞曲dance music 根据舞蹈节奏写成的器乐曲或声乐曲

小步舞曲menuet 起源于法国民间的三拍子舞曲，因舞步极小而得名

加沃特gavotte 起源于法国民间的中速、四拍子舞曲

塔兰泰拉tarantella 起源于意大利的速度迅急、情绪热烈的舞曲

波尔卡polka 起源于捷克的速度较快的二拍子舞曲

华尔兹waltz 圆舞曲。一种起源于奥地利民间的三拍子舞曲。

马祖卡mazurka 起源于波兰民间的情绪活泼热烈的三拍子双人舞曲

波罗乃兹polonaise 波兰舞曲。起源于波兰民间的庄重，缓慢的三拍子舞曲

哈巴涅拉habanera 阿伐奈拉。由非洲黑人传入古巴的中速二拍子舞曲

探戈tango 起源非洲后传入阿根廷的中速、二拍子或四拍子的舞曲

独唱solo 由一人演唱，常用乐器或乐队伴奏的演唱形式，有时也用人声伴唱

齐唱unison 两人以上的歌唱者，按同度或八度音程关系同时演唱同一旋律的演唱形式

重唱ensemble 每个声部均由一人演唱的多声部声乐曲及演唱形式。按声部或人数分二重唱、三重唱、四重唱

领唱lead a chorus 由一人唱众人和的演唱形式

合唱chorus 两组以上的演唱者，各按本组所担任的声部演唱同一乐曲的演唱形式

无伴奏合唱a cappella 纯粹由人声演唱不用乐器伴奏的合唱形式

合奏ensemble 由多种乐器组成，常按乐器种类的不同而分为若干组，各组分别担任某些声部，演奏同一乐曲的演奏形式

伴奏accompaniment 由一件或多件乐器奏出，用以衬托主要的歌唱或器乐演奏部分。用以烘托舞蹈的器乐配乐也常称为伴奏

独奏solo 由一人演奏某一乐器，常用其他乐器或乐队伴奏

齐奏unison 两个以上的演奏者，按同度或八度音程关系同时演奏同一曲调

室内乐chamber music 通常指由少数人演奏，演唱的重奏曲、重唱曲。

二重奏Duet 由两件乐器分奏两个声部的室内乐

三重奏Trio 由三件乐器分奏三个声部的室内乐

弦乐三重奏string trio 由小提琴、中提琴、大提琴分奏三个声部的室内乐

钢琴三重奏piano trio 由钢琴与另两件乐器（弦乐器或管乐器）演奏的室内乐

四重奏quartet 由四件乐器分奏四个声部的室内乐

弦乐四重奏string quartet 由两个小提琴，一个中提琴、一个大提琴演奏的室内乐

钢琴四重奏piano quartet 由小提琴、中提琴、大提琴、钢琴演奏的室内乐

A

A: 1. The musical pitch relating to 440 oscilations per second of vibration, or any octave transposition of that pitch. 2. The key of A.

Absolute Music: Music without associations outside of itself, in contrast to program music.

Absolute Pitch: see perfect pitch.

A Cappella: "In the manner of the chapel". Sung music without instrumental accompaniment.

Accidentals: Sharps, flats, or natural signs that raise or lower a given diatonic pitch to deviate from its key signature.

Accompaniment: A vocal or instrumental part that supports the primary part, or provides background for a soloist.

Achromatic: See diatonic.

Acoustic: Any instrument that can provide sound without the use of electronic amplification.

Adagio: Slow, leisurely; a slow movement.

Acoustics: 1. The science relating to the creation and dissipation of sound waves. 2. The way in which sound production is affected by the physical properties of the room or chamber in which they are produced.

Advent: Christian religious observance which takes place in the four weeks immediately preceeding Christmas.

Aeolian Mode: A medieval mode whose scale pattern is that of playing A to A on the white keys of a piano. This scale is also called the natural minor scale.

Agnus Dei: "Lamb of God". In the Mass, the fifth part of the ordinary.

Air: A song or melody.

Alberti Bass: A pattern of bass notes that outlines the chord being sounded in the pattern low-high-middle-high.

Albumblatt: (Ger.) A page or leaf from a book, or a short, easy piece.

Allemande: (Fr.) "German." A stately 16th-century German dance, initially in a duple meter. During the 17th and 18th centuries, it was used as the first movement of the suite.

Alteration: The use of a sharp or flat to raise or lower a pitch from its natural state.

Altered Chord: A chord in which a note has been changed from its normal position, usually chromatically.

Alto: 1. In most choirs, the lowest female vocal part. Occasionally, extremely high tenors may be said to sing this part. 2. An instrument in the alto range. 3. A viola.

Alto Clef: The C clef falling on third line of the staff, in modern practice, is usually only used by the viola.

Analysis: The study of the form and structure of music.

Answer: In a fugue, the second entry of the subject.

Antescedent: The first phrase of a musical period. In a fugue, the subject.

Anthem: A choral or vocal composition, often with a religious or political lyric, with or without accompaniment, written either for performance in a church, or another place with significance to the song itself.

Antithesis: In the fugue, the answer.

Aria: A musical work usually found in an opera or oratorio, which generally dwells on a single emotional theme of one of the characters.

Arietta: A short aria.

Arpeggio: The notes of a chord played in successsion to one another, rather than simultabniously. A broken chord.

Arrangement: An adaptation of a given composition into a form other than as originally composed.

Ars Antiqua: "Old Art". Refers to the old musical practices of Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries.

Ars Nova: "New Art". A term invented by Philippe De Vitry to describe the music of his era, the 14th century, as opposed to the music of earlier generations.

Art Song: A serious vocal composition, generally for voice and piano. Denotes a self-contained work, as opposed to an aria.

Atonal: Music that lacks a tonal center, or in which all pitches carry equal importance.

Augmentation: The lengthening of note values used in a theme to alter the melody without changing the pitches.

Augmented: Raised, or enlarged. Generally refers to the raising of a pitch chromatically by one half step.

Augmented Chord: A chord which contains a root, a major third, and an augmented fifth.

Augmented Sixth Chord: A chord which contains an augmented sixth above the bass, in addition to various other tones, which determine weather the chord is a German Sixth Chord, French Sixth Chord, Italian Sixth Chord, Neopolitan Sixth, or Doubly Augmented Sixth Chord.

Authentic Cadence: A cadence that starts of the fifth of the key, and resolves to the tonic.

B

B: The key of B, or in the German musical system, B-flat.

Bagatelle: A short light or whimsical piece, usually written for piano.

Ballad: 1. A simple song. 2. A song that tells a story.

Ballet: A theatrical dance form with a story, sets, and music.

Band: An instrumental ensemble, usually consisting of percussion, woodwind, and brass instruments, and excluding strings.

Baritone: A low male singing voice between tenor and bass.

Baroque Period: The musical era from roughly 1600 to 1750 A.D., characterized by the establishment of major and minor tonality, rather than modes, and the introduction of opera.

Bass: "Low." 1. The lowest male singing voice, below baritone. 2. The lowest part in a piece of music. 3. The lowest instrument in a musical work. 4. In the violin family, the lowest instrument.

Bass Clef: The F clef indicating the fourth line of the staff. Used in combination with the treble clef to make the grand staff.

Basso Continuo: "Continuous Bass", sometimes referred to as "thoroughbass". Used in Baroque music, A continuo is a bass line that repeats throughout an entire work, or section of a work. Played by the lowest instrument, a continuo usually consisted of a bass line, and a series of figures.

Battaglia: "Battle". A composition that imitates the sounds and feel of battle, and martial music.

Bequadro: A natural sign.

Berceuse: A lullaby.

Binary Form: A two-part song form consisting of an initial section, which is then followed by a contrasting section. (AB), see song forms.

Bitonal: The use of two different keys, or tonic centers at the same time.

Borrowed Chord: Use of a chord in a key in which it is not diatonic, or the substitution of a chord from a different key into a work.

Bouts: In the violin and guitar families, the curves in the sides of the instrument, especially the C-shaped inward curves that form the waist.

Bow: The device used in the string instrument families, such as the violin family, consisting of a wooden stick, pointed at one end, and strung with horsehair. The bow is drawn across the strings to generate a tone.

C

C: The key of C.

C Clef: A clef that indicates which line represents C on a staff, as opposed to a G clef, or an F clef.

Cabalistic Numerological Symbolism: A method of inbedding hidden messages in music, by using a code of numbers based on which notes are used, their durations, arrangement, subdivision, etc--whereby the composer made symbolic referrence to specific persons, places, or things and/or events in some way associated with the music.

Cacophony: A discordant or dissonant sound.

Cadence: The melodic or harmonic ending of a piece, or the sections or phrases within a piece. A chord progression that gives a feeling of resolution, or conclusion.

Cadenza: An extended solo passage, usually near the end of a piece, improvised by the performer, or sometimes written out by the composer.

Cambiata: In counterpoint, a nonharmonic tone inserted between a dissonance and its resolution.

Camera: Secular chamber music, as opposed to church music, or chiesa.

Camerata: Small art or music schools dating from the 16th century.

Cancel: A natural sign, used to remove a previously applied accidental.

Cannon: "Rule". In counterpoint, a melody that is repeated exactly by a different voice, entering a short interval after the original voice.

Cantata: "Sung". A multi-movement vocal work for concert or church performance by a choir, sometimes soloists, and an instrumental ensemble.

Canticle: A non-metrical hymn or song.

Canto Fermo: A cantus firmus.

Cantus Firmus: "Fixed Song". A pre-existing melody, used as the foundation for a polyphonic work. Used in counterpoint, Canti Firmus were usually based on ecclesiatical chant.

Canzona: A song, or ballad, or "in the style of a song".

Capellmeister: Kapellmeister.

Cappella: See a cappella.

Cello: In the violin family, the tenor instrument, played while held between the knees.

Chamber Music: Music for small ensemble.

Chanson: A song, usually secular. This term is usually applied to works composed during the Medieval and Renaissance periods, though many twentieth-century composers have also applied the term to their own works.

Chiesa: "Church". Church music, as opposed to chamber music, or camera.

Chorale: A German Lutheran hymn tune.

Chord: A set of notes, usually three or four, played simultaniously--usually containing a root, and other tones which have a tonal relationship to that root.

Chordal: A form of music in which a single melody is accompanied by sets of chords, rather than a competing counter melody.

Chromatic: Motion by half steps; or pitches used outside of the diatonic scale in which they normally occur.

Classical Era: The musical period from the late 1700s to the mid 1820s, characterized by more rigidly defined musical forms, increased attention to instrumental music, and the evolution of the symphony.

Clef: The symbol used at the beginning of a staff to indicate which lines and spaces represent which notes. In modern practice, only three clefs are commonly used, the G clef or treble clef, the F clef or bass clef, and the C clef, when used as an alto clef.

Close Harmony: A harmonic voicing technique in which all the parts involved remain as close together as the chords allow, often within a single octave.

Clusters: Groups of notes that are the interval of a second apart from one another.

Coloratura: "Coloring". Elaborate coloration of the melodic line, usually by a vocalist.

Comic Opera: An opera with light-natured music, comedy, and a happy ending. In contrast to grand opera.

Common Chord: A chord composed of a root, third, and fifth.

Common Time: 4/4 meter.

Common Tone: A note that remains the same between two different chords.

Compound Interval: An interval greater than an octave, such as a ninth, or eleventh.

Concert: A public performance of music.

Concertante: A piece for two or more instruments with orchestral accompaniment.

Concerto: A piece for soloist(s) and orchestra.

Consequent: The second phrase in a musical period, in a fugue, the answer.

Consonance: Sounds that are in agreement in terms of physical generation of sound; i.e. sounds found in the harmonic series of a pitch being harmonized, in contrast to dissonance.

Consort: A Renaissance chamber group.

Continuo: Basso continuo.

Counterpoint: The combination of two or more melodic lines played against one another. A horizontal structure built upon competing melodic lines, rather than a chordalsetting.

Countertenor: "Against the tenor". The highest male singing voice, above tenor.

Crab Cannon: A contrapuntal piece in which one part is identical to another, but backwards.

Crecendo: A gradual increase in volume.

Credo: "I believe". In the Mass, the third part of the ordinary. The Creed.

D

D: 1. "Deutsch". D numbers are used instead of opus numbers to catalogue works by Schubert 2. The key of D.

Deceptive Cadence: A cadence where the dominant tonality resolves to any chord other than the tonic, most especially when it goes instead to the sixth.

Degree: A note of a scale, usually as identified by number. See second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and octave.

Descant: 1. Soprano or tenor voice. 2. The melodic line or counterpoint accompanying an existing melody. 3. The upper part of a polyphonic composition.

Descriptive Music: Program music.

Development: The elboration of melodic, thematic, or harmonic progressions in a piece.

Diatonic: The notes that occur naturally in a scale, without being modified by accidentals other than in the key signature.

Dies Irae: "Day of Wrath". The sequence for the Requiem Mass.

Diminished: Lowered, or reduced. Generally refers to the lowering of a pitch chromatically by one half step.

Diminished Seventh Chord: A chord which contains a root, a minor third, a diminished fifth, and a diminished seventh.

Diminished Triad: A chord which contains a root, a minor third, and a diminished fifth.

Diminuition: The shortening of note values used in a theme to alter the melody without changing the pitches.

Dirge: A piece that is performed at a funeral or memorial service.

Dissonance: Notes that conflict, or sound outside of a chord in which they occur. Such notes usually fall outside of the overtones which are being generated by the note or chord that is sounding.

Divertimento: An entertaining instrumental piece made up of several short movements.

Dodecaphonic: Twelve-tone music.

Dominant: A chord based on the fifth degree of the diatonic scale being used. A dominant usually resolves to the tonic.

Dorian Mode: A medieval mode whose scale pattern is that of playing D to D on the white keys of a piano.

Double Concerto: A concerto for two solo instruments, and orchestra.

Double Counterpoint: Invertible Counterpoint.

Double Flat: An accidental that lowers the note it preceeds by one whole step.

Double Fugue: A fugue with two themes that occur at the same time.

Double Sharp: An accidental that raises the note it preceeds by one whole step.

Doubly Augmented Sixth Chord: An augmented sixth chord, which contains a sharp second from the tonic.

Dramatic Soprano: A female singer with a slightly lower range than a Lyric Soprano.

Dramatic Tenor: A male singer with a slightly lower range than a Lyric Tenor.

Dynamics: The degrees of loudness or softness in a musical work, and the symbols that represent them.

E

E: The key of E.

Eighth: An octave.

Elegy: A melancholy piece.

Eleventh: The interval of eleven diatonic degrees.

Embellishment: ornaments added to music to make it more interesting.

Ensemble: A group of singers, or instrumentalists.

Equal Temperament: Any tuning system which divides the octave into equal intervals.

Ethnomusicology: The study of various types of music in relation to their geographic, racial, and cultural context.

Etude: A short song, usually written for pedagogical or instructional use.

Evaded Cadence: A cadence that implies one type of resolution, but goes to another instead.

Even Tuning See equal temperament. Excercise: A short piece written to improve performance technique.

Exposition: The first occurence of the theme or subject in a work, where the prinicpal idea of the piece is stated.

Expressionism: An early 20th-century musical style, employing an abstract approach to music, unlike impressionism.

F

F: The key of F.

F Clef: A clef that indicates which line represents F on a staff, as opposed to a C clef, or an G clef.

False Cadence: A deceptive cadence.

Falsetto: A high, light, artificial voice used to sing notes that are above the normal register.

Fantasy, Fantasia, Fantaisie: A piece in free style and form.

Feminine Cadence: A cadence ending on a weak beat.

Fibbonacci Series: A mathematical sequence in which the next number in the series is the sum of the previous two numbers. Used by many 20th century composers to determine various elements of composition, espeically Bela Bartok.

Fifth: The interval of five diatonic degrees.

Figured Bass: The bass part of a piece written by giving a single bass note, with numbers beside it to indicate the inversion of the chord to be played.

Figured Melody: A highly ornamented melody.

Finale: The last movement of a sonata or symphony, or the last section of an opera.

Fingerboard: On string instruments, the top surface of the neck, where the fingers press down on the strings.

Flats: An accidental that lowers a given pitch by one half-step. See also key signature.

Fourth: The interval of four diatonic degrees.

French Sixth Chord: An augmented sixth chord, which contains a second from the tonic.

Fret: On certain string instruments, a thin, raised bar placed across the fingerboard to indicate a specific position of a note, and aid in tuning that note.

Fugue: "Flight." A contrapuntal piece, in which two or more parts are built or "layered" on a recurring subject that is intriduced alone, and followed by an answer, which is the subject (or theme) at a different pitch, usually the fifth.

Function: The way in which chords, and individual tones within the chord, tend to imply movement toward another chord.

Fundamental: Any note that sounds, producing overtones in the harmonic series.

G

G: The key of G.

G Clef: A clef that indicates which line represents G on a staff, as opposed to a C clef, or an F clef.

Gallant: an 18th century compositional style that was light, elegant, non-contrapuntal, and highly ornamented.

German Sixth Chord: An augmented sixth chord, which contains a flat third from the tonic.

Gloria: "Glory". In the Mass, the second part of the ordinary.

Golden Section: A mathematical proportion where the ratio between a small section and a larger section is equal to the ratio between the larger section and both sections put together. Used by many 20th century composers, especially Bela Bartok, to determine the point of climax for a given work.

Grace Note: A note, or notes that are played quickly, usually before the beat. See ornaments.

Grand Opera: Opera on a large scale, usually entirely sung, in contrast to comic opera.

Grand Staff: The combination of a staff line notated in treble clef with one notated in bass clef. Used primarily in scoring for piano, and other keyboard instruments, this staff is also sometimes used to score vocal works, such as hymns.

Gregorian Chant: A body of chants of the Roman Catholic Church, most of which are part of two liturgical rites, the Mass and the Offices. Origins traditionally are ascribed to the period of Pope Gregory I (590-604).

Guitar: A string instrument from Spain, with a large, flat-backed sound box, violin-like curved shape, a fretted neck, and six strings.

H

H: 1. In the German musical system, B natural, or the key of B natural. 2. "Hoboken", the cataloguer of Haydn's works; H numbers are used instead of opus numbers for the works of Haydn.

Half-Cadence: A cadence that ends on the dominant instead of the tonic. Also called an imperfect cadence.

Half-Step: The smallest interval that is commonly used in Western music. There are 12 half-steps in an octave.

Harmonic Progression: The movement from one chord to another, usually in terms of their function.

Harmonic Series: A series of notes produced above the fundamental (the series includes the fundamental) which fall in the overtones of that pitch.

Harmony:1. The study of progression, structure, and relationships of chords. 2. When pitches are in agreement, or consonance.

Head Voice: The upper register of the singing voice.

Heldentenor: A heroic tenor with a strong, robust singing voice.

Hemitonium: A half-step.

Heterophony: The simultanious performance of two slightly different melodies.

Homophony: Music in which one voice has the melody, performed with a chordal accompaniment.

Hymn: A song, often a chorale, written in praise of God, or for a religious congregation.

I

Imitation: A fugal technique of composition, in which one part introduces a theme, or subject which is then answered by the other parts by reitorating the same theme later in the work. This term is usually applied to fugal passages in choral music.

Imperfect Cadence: See half-cadence.

Impressionism: A stylistic period of composition that sought to put to music only the most immediate, direct impressions, upon the composer, of a given subject. Impressionism avoided traditional harmony of thirds, employing more often quartal or quintal tonality.

Impromptu: A short, improvisational-sounding piece.

Improvisation: Spontanious Composition. The performance of music that is composed on the spur-of-the moment by the performer, usually as a solo, or cadenza. Also used extensively in jazz.

Incidental Music: Short musical segments that accompany, or highlight dramatic moments in, a play, or other stage work.

Instrumentation: The art of composing, orchestrating or arranging works for an instrumental ensemble.

Interlude: Short music used to bridge the acts of a play, or the verses of a hymn.

Introduction: The preparatory section, movement, or phrase of a musical work.

Interval: The distance between two notes, in terms of occilations per second. The difference in one half-step is about 35 beats per second.

Introit: "Entrance". A psalm sung at the start of the Roman Catholic Mass.

Invention: A short, contrapuntal piece.

Inversion: The different forms that a chord may take by changing the chord member that is the bass of the chord.

Invertible Counterpoint: counterpoint in which two or more voices can be interchanged for one another.

Ionian Mode: A medieval mode whose scale pattern is that of playing C to C on the white keys of a piano. This scale is identical to a major scale.

Italian Sixth Chord: An augmented sixth chord, which contains a only three tones, as opposed to a German Sixth Chord, or a French Sixth Chord.

J

Jazz: A style of music of Afro-American roots chracterized by a strong rythmic understructure, blue notes, and improvisation on melody and chord structure.

Jubilate: A song of praise, usually based on Psalm 100.

Just Tuning: Any system of tuning in which the intervals are pure, and do not deviate from the overtone series.

K

K: 1. "Kochel", used instead of opus numbers to designate the works of Mozart. 2. "Kirkpatrick", used to designate the works of Domenico Scarlatti.

Kanon: Canon.

Kapellmeister: "Master of the chapel." Director of music for a church or royalty.

Key: The tonal center based on the tonic note of the scale.

Key signature: Sharps or flats written at the beginning of a staff line to indicate which pitches are to be raised or lowered from their natural state during the piece.

Kreuz: (Gr.) A sharp.

Kyrie: "Lord." In the Mass, the first part of the ordinary.

L

Lament: A mournful piece, either meant to be played at a funeral, or to commemorate a death.

Landini Cadence: The melodic cadence that moves in the sequence 7-6-8, used primarily by Francesco Landini, and later by other composers.

Leading Tone: The seventh degree of the diatonic scale, when it is only a half-step below the tonic. It is called "leading" because it gives the feeling of wanting to move up a half-step toward the tonic.

Leap: the movement of a single musical line by more than a second at a time.

Ledger Lines: Lines written above or below the staff to help indicate the correct pitches for notes written outside of it.

Leitmotif: "Leading Motive". Use of a musical phrase to identify with a certain person, place or thing in a dramatic work, especially an opera, usually repeated every time its referrant appeared in the work.

Lent: The season of the church year from Ash Wednesday to Easter (40 days, not counting Sundays).

Libretto: The text (lyrics and any spoken parts) of an opera or oratorio.

Lied/Lieder: A German art song, usually those of the Romantic or Classical eras.

Litany: A set of prayers recited by a leader alternating with responses by the congregation, often set in plainsong form.

Liturgy: A perscribed order of worship in a church, usually used in referrence to the Mass.

Locrian Mode: A mode whose scale pattern is that of playing B to B on the white keys of a piano. While this mode theoretically existed in medieval times, it was never used.

Lullaby: A cradle song.

Lydian Mode: A medieval mode whose scale pattern is that of playing F to F on the white keys of a piano.

Lyric: 1. The words to a song. 2. In a singing and melodious manner.

Lyric Soprano: A female singer with a slightly higher range than a Dramatic Soprano.

Lyric Tenor: A male singer with a slightly higher range than a Dramatic Tenor.

M

Madrigal: A Renaissance choral piece, usually unaccompanied.

Maggiore: The major mode.

Major: "Greater". A term used to describe certain intervals (seconds, thirds,sixths and sevenths), chords and the Ionian Mode.

Major Chord: a triad composed of a root, a third, and a fifth.

Major Scale: A diatonic scale where the half-steps fall between the third and fourth, and the seventh and . This scale is identical to the Ionian Mode.

Mannheim School: A Preclassical group of German symphonic composers whose style including extended crecendos (called steamrollers) and melodies that arpeggiated upward, (called rockets).

March: Music for marching, such as in a parade or procession.

Mass: The musical setting of the Roman Catholic Church service, usually just the ordinary, but sometimes also the proper.

Mixolydian Mode: A medieval mode whose scale pattern is that of playing G to G on the white keys of a piano.

Meter Signature: See time signature.

Mode: A scale pattern consisting of set intervals of whole and half steps. The primary modes are Aeolian, Dorian, Ionian, Locrian, Lydian, Mixolydian, and Phrygian.

Modal: Pertaining to modes.

Modern: Music written in the 20th century, or contemporary music.

Modulation: 1. To change keys, the movement from one tonic center to another.

Monody: A solo or unison song with accompaniement.

Monothematic: Music based upon a single theme.

Monophony: Music written in a single melodic line, as opposed to polyphony.

Morceau: "Morsel". A musical work or composition.

Mordent: An ornament consisting of a single alternation between a given pitch, and the one immeditatly below or above it--called an inverted mordent.

Motet: A choral composition, usually on a religious text.

Motif: A short musical idea, or melodic theme that runs through a piece.

Movement: A self-contained segment of a larger work. Found in works such as sonatas, symphonies, concertos, etc.

Musicology: The study of music and music history.

Music Drama: Opera, specifically that of Richard Wagner and his successors.

Musique Concrete: Music composed by manipulating recorded sounds, specifically aucoustically generated real-world sounds.

N

Nachschlag: An ornament consisting of an unaccented note or notes at the end of the main note, or at the end of a trill.

Nachtmusik: "Night Music", a seranade.

Natural: A note that has not been raised or lowered from its named pitch. On a piano, naturals are the white keys. Sharps or flats may be used to alter a natural pitch up or down a half step, respectively.

Neopolitan: Any chord built upon the flat second degree of the tonic key.

Neopolitan Sixth Chord: An augmented sixth chord built upon the flat second degree of the tonic key.

Ninth: The interval of nine diatonic degrees.

Nocturne: A night-piece, or seranade.

Nonharmonic: Notes that fall outside of the harmonic structure in which they occur.

Notation: written music indicating pitch and rhythm.

O

O: The symbol for diminished.

Oblique Motion: Two melodic lines, where one voice remains stationary, while the other moves.

Octave: An interval eight diatonic scale degrees above it. Two notes an octave apart have the same letter name, and form the most consonant interval possible.

Octet: A piece written for eight parts, or the group that performs such a piece.

Oeuvre: (Fr.) opus.

Offertory 1. A part of the Roman Catholic Mass proper, following the Credo and sung during the offering. 2. In Protestant church services, any music sung or played during offering.

Open Fifth: A triad that does not contain a third, consisting only of a root and a fifth.

Opera: A musical play, usually entirely sung, making use of costumes, staging, props, sets, and dramatic elements. Operas usually consist of two types of musical elements, the aria, which primarily expresses a single idea or theme, and the recitative which advances the story.

Opera Comique: Comic Opera.

Operetta: A light opera.

Opus: "Work". With a number, used to show the order in which the works by a given composer were written or published. Opus numbers are most often used for composers who catalogued their own works.

Oratorio: An operatic work without staging, sets, or elaborate costumes. Usually performed in a more relaxed setting than a formal opera, and usually having a religious theme.

Orchestration: The art of arranging, writing or scoring music for an orchestra.

Ordinary: In the Mass, the parts that are used every day, as distinct from the proper. The ordinary consists of the Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei.

Ornament: A melodic embellishment, either written or improvised. Types of ornaments included trills, turns, mordents, and grace notes.

Overtone: A tone that is present in the sounding of a fundamental, due to the physics of the production of musical tones.

Overture: The introductory music for an opera, ballet, or oratorio.

P

Parallel Chords:The movement of specific chords or chord combinations up and down a scale. Parallel Intervals:The movement in two or more parts of the same intervals in the same direction.

Parallel Keys:Major and Minor keys having the same tonic note.

Parallel Motion:The movement in two or more parts of the same intervals in the same direction.

Partial: Either the fundamental or an overtone in the harmonic series.

Partita: 1. A set of variations. 2. A suite.

Part Song: An unaccompanied homophonic song for three or more voices.

Perfect Pitch: The ability to distinguish and identify any given note without any musical or tonal support.

Period: A musical statement, made up of two or more phrases, and a cadence.

Phrase: A single musical idea, or element. Usually very short, often consisting of only one or two measures.

Phrygian Mode: A medieval mode whose scale pattern is that of playing E to E on the white keys of a piano.

Plainsong: A monophonic chant which is unmeasured, and unaccompanied; such as gregorian chant.

Polonaise: A stately Polish dance in moderate triple time, often with a repeated rhythmic pattern.

Polychoral: A style in which an ensemble is divided into groups that may perform individually, alternately, or together.

Polyphony: "Many sounds". Music that has many notes sounding together, either in a chordal, or countrapuntal setting.

Prelude: "Play-before". An introductory movement or work.

Program Music: A piece that conveys a picture or story, in contrast to absolute music.

Proper: The parts of the Mass whose parts change daily, as distinct from the ordinary. The proper consists of the introit, Gradual, Alleluia or Tract, Offertory, and Communion.

Q

Quartal Harmony: Harmony based on the interval of a perfect fourth, rather than on thirds.

Quintal Harmony: Harmony based on the interval of a fifth, rather than thirds.

R

Recitative: A musical work usually found in an opera or oratorio, which mimics the patterns of speech, in order to advance the story.

Red Notes: In medieval music, notes that were colored red on the page in order to distinguish differences in rhythm or octave transposition for specific notes. They were also used to show differences in a cantus firmus from the original.

Renaissance: "Rebirth." The era from the mid-15th century to the end of the 16th century. The music was charactarized by the use of freer forms, and a progression from modes toward major and minor scales, and harmony.

Requiem: A version of the Mass performed to commemorate the dead. The sections are: introit, Kyrie, Gradual and Tract, Sequence(Dies Irae), Offertory, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei.

Resolution: The changing of a dissonant pitch, usually by stepwise or chromatic motion, so that it becomes consonant with the chord being sounded.

Romantic Era: The musical period from roughly 1827-1900, characterized by freer forms, larger, more elaborate works, and an increased attention to emotional themes within the music.

Root: the most fundamental note of a chord, often the bass note, which usually contains the other members of the chord in its overtones.

S

Sanctus: "Holy." In the Mass, the fourth part of the ordinary.

Scale: A series of notes which define a diatonic tonality, often consisting of eight degrees, and containing a tonic and sometimes also a leading tone.

Serialism: A form of music writing based on Twelve-Tone technique, in which pitch classes, rythyms, and often dynamics are determined systematically.

Second: The interval of two diatonic degrees.

Sequence: 1. Repetition of the same basic melodic theme at a different pitch. 2. A type of Gregorian chant with non-biblical texts, lines grouped in rhymed pairs, and one note per syllable.

Serenade: A love song, or piece traditionally performed below a loved one's window in the evening.

Seventh: The interval of seven diatonic degrees.

Sharps: An accidental that raises a given pitch by one half-step. See also key signature.

Sixth: The interval of six diatonic degrees.

Sonata: A piece for a solo, or accompanied, instrument, usually in 3 or 4 movements.

Song Forms: The arrangement of sections in a song to contrast similiar and different sections. Often, letters are used to represent different parts of a given selection: ABA, AABA, ABACA, etc.

Soprano: The highest female vocal range, above alto.

Staff: The five horizontal lines upon which music is written. Usually including a clef, and having a time signature and key signature.

Subject: A theme or motif that is the basis for a musical form, such as a fugue or sonata.

Symphony: A piece for large orchestra, usually in four movements.

T

Tenor: "Holder." 1. A high male voice between alto and baritone. In early polyphonic music, it sang the cantus firmus in long held notes. 2. Instruments in the tenor range.

Tenorlied: A german song, in which the tenor vocal line predominates, or has the melody.

Theme: 1. A phrase that serves as the subject, or melody for a given work, as in a fugue, or sonata. 2. A conceptual idea that motivates a given work.

Third: The interval of three diatonic degrees.

Time Signature: The numbers written on staff of any piece, indicating which type of note gets a single beat, and also how many beats are in each measure.

Tonal: Music with a center, or tonic, which employs tones which relate to that tonic in a predictable and measurable manner.

Tonic: The key center, or foundation of, a scale or melody.

Treble: The highest voice, instrument, or part.

Treble Clef: The G clef falling on the second line of the staff. Used with the bass clef to form the grand staff.

Triad: A chord consisting of a root, and two other members, usually a third and a fifth.

Trill: An ornament consisting of a rapid alternation between two pitches, the main pitch, and the pitch a whole or half step above it.

Turn: An ornament consisting of four or five notes that move up and down 'around' a given pitch, using that pitch as a tonal center.

Twelve-Tone Music: Music in which no pitch class (or note) is repeated until all other chromatic pitches have been used. Any group of twelve pitches arranged this way is called a row.

V

Venetian School: Late-Renaissance group of composers in Venice whose style included polychoral textures and the foundations of orchestration.

Viola: In the violin family, the alto instrument, played under the chin.

Violin: In the violin family, the treble instrument played under the chin.

Violin Family: A family of four-string instruments originating during the 17th century. The violin, viola, and cello are tuned in fifths, the bass tuned in fourths . They are characterized by rounded backs and shoulders, f-shaped sound holes, and deep middle bouts. See violin, viola, cello, and bass.

Votive: A chant or hymn honoring a particular saint, or the Virgin Mary.

W

Wagner Tuba: A five-valved tuba designed by Richard Wagner, for use in his music.

Waist: A narrowing in the middle of the body of an instrument, resulting in a shape like an hourglass. Typically found in string instruments, and some drums.

Z

Zigeunermusik: Gypsy music.

Zwischenspiel: Interlude

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