情态动词的用法
赵宝斌
情态动词是动词当中使用频率比较高的词,虽然情态动词数量不多,但由于它们表示的意义多,用法相似,而且用于不同的句式和人称,因此不好掌握。本文笔者通过对情态动词进行分类,用表解比较的方法列出它们的异同,这样会更容易,更好地掌握情态动词的用法。
表一对常见的六个情态动词及部分情态动词的过去式形式分为八种意义,这些过去分词形式不是过去时。我们可以看出多数的意义都涉及了多个情态动词。相同意义的情态动词多数在用法是有区别的,通过其它八个列表我们会找出它们在意义和用法上的异同。
表一:情态动词意义分类
用法 usage
情态动词 |
许可,请求permission and request |
可能 推测 possibility and prediction |
义务,职责duty and obligation |
意图,打算 intention |
意愿,愿意 Willingness |
意志,决心 determination and insistence |
能力,才能 ability and capability |
can /could |
√ |
√ |
. |
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. |
. |
√ |
may/might |
√ |
√ |
√ |
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. |
shall/should |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
. |
will/would |
√ |
√ |
. |
√ |
√ |
√ |
. |
must |
√ |
√ |
√ |
. |
. |
. |
. |
ought to |
. |
√ |
√ |
. |
. |
. |
. |
may/might |
√ |
√ |
√ |
. |
. |
. |
. |
shall/should |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
. |
will/would |
√ |
√ |
. |
√ |
√ |
√ |
. |
must |
√ |
√ |
√ |
. |
. |
. |
. |
ought to |
. |
√ |
√ |
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. |
表二:表示许可和请求的情态动词用法
用法usage
情态动词
auxiliary |
许可,请求 permission and request |
意义及用法 |
用于句式和人称 |
回答形式 |
其它 |
can/could |
一般表示说话人和一般的许可。
Can I go with you? 我能跟你一起去吗?
用could 要比用can更加迟疑不决,当你没有把握得到允许时,这样更婉转。
Could I ask you something? 我可以问你一件事吗?
Could you give me a hand? 你可以帮我一下吗? |
用于肯定句和否定句,也可以用于疑问句。一般用于第一,二人称。cannot 表示“禁止”。
You can not smoke in the bus. 公共汽车上不许吸烟。
Can I carry your bag? 我来替你提包好吗?
Could I give you dinner one of these days? 这几天我请你吃顿饭行吗?
Can't you do it tomorrow? 你不能明天做吗? |
肯定回答,一般是yes, please. thanks。
肯定回答,不能用could
Could I use your phone?
Yes, of course you can.
“我可以用你一下电话吗?”“当然可以。” |
1 )要注意,在请求允许的用法中,could 并不是过去时,它指的都是将来时。
2)一般不用过去一次性允许。
During the meeting I could ask questions. (误) |
may/might |
指说话人给予的许可。也可是一般的许可。同can相比may和might用于比较正式文体,往往含有尊敬之意。might 表示比较迟疑,婉转。不很常用。
You may smoke.你可以吸烟。
Visitors may ascend the tower. 参观者可以登塔。
You might post this letter for me. 是否请你给我寄一下封信。
May I make a suggestion? 我可以提个建议?
Might I borrow your bike?
我借用你的自行车可以吗? |
一般用于肯定,疑问和否定句。否定用于拒绝给予许可,或禁止做某事。通常在官方公告中,否定情态动词
Students may not stay out after midnight. 学生午夜后不得在外逗留。
用于问句和条件句表示请求。
If I may say so, you are not right.你是不对的,如果我可以这么说的话。
May I go now? No, you may.
我现在可以走了吗?是的,你可以走了。 |
否定回答,一般用mustn't 或cannot, 也可以 may not。
May I come in? 我可以进去吗?
No, you mustn't. 不,你不许进。
肯定回答,一般是 sure, certainly, of course,不能用might
Might I trouble you for a light?
“You may indeed.”
“我可以向你借火吗?”“当然可以” |
要注意,在请求允许的用法中,might 并不是过去时,它指的都是将来时。 |
must |
表示说话人“不许”和“禁止”某人做某事,有很强的劝告语气。
Cars must not be parked here.
此地不准停车。 |
一般用于否定句。must not比may not更为强调。
You mustn't play football in the street, children. 孩子们,不准在马路上踢球。 |
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shall |
表示真求征求对方意见,请求给予指导。
Shall we take umbrella with us? 我们带雨伞好吗? |
一般用于第一,三人称疑问句。
Shall I open the window? 我可以开窗户吗?
Shall he come to see you? 要不要他来看你? |
肯定回答,一般是of course; certainly;yes, please。
否定回答,一般是no, thanks。 |
|
will/would |
表示请求。would 更客气。
Will/Would you pass me the salt, please? 请把盐递过来,好吗? |
一般用于第二人称。
Will/Would you spell your name? 请你拼一下你的名字好吗? |
肯定回答,一般是 sure, certainly |
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表三:表示“可能”的情态动词的用法
用法usage情态动词 auxiliary |
possibility and prediction可能,预测 |
意义及用法 |
用于句式和人称 |
回答形式 |
其它 |
may/might |
表示事实上的可能, 某事可能要发生或某时可能正在发生。
It may rain tomorrow. 明天可能下雨。
(I'm told by the radio.)
might 可能是逻辑上或事实上的可能。它表示的可能性比may小一些。
What you said might be true. 你说的可能对。
may 强调逻辑上的可能。
can 强调事实上的可能。
He looks pale. He may be ill.他脸色苍白,可能有病。
He is in poor health. He can be ill at any time.他体质很差,任何时候都有可能生病。 |
一般用于肯定和否定陈述句,用于否定时否定动词。Might 语气弱,可用于疑问句。
He may not be at home.他可能不在家。
The news may, or may not, be true. 这个消息可能是,也可能不是真实的。
Might可用于条件句。
If you took some exercise, you might not be so fat. 要是你锻炼锻炼,可能不会这样胖。 |
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重读“May”表示可能。
He 'may not go tomorrow.
重读“not" 表示“允许”。
He may 'not go tomorrow |
can/could |
表示逻辑上或理论上的可能性,而不是某种实际上将要发生或正在发生的可能性。
Can it be true? 这会是真的吗?
Anybody can make mistake.任何人都可能犯错误。
The weather here could be very cold in winter. 冬天这的天气有时很冷。
|
一般用于否定句和疑问句。
He can't be at home.他不可能在家。
注意和May not 的区别。
He may not be at home. 他可能不在家。
也可以用于肯定句。,
An accident can happen if you do this.
如果你这样做,可能会发生事故。 |
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表示有可能存在或发生,不表示某事实际发生的可能
It can rain this evening. (误)
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must |
1)表示说话人的猜测。对某事有把握,因为从逻辑上是必然的。
This must be the book you want. 这肯定是你要的那本书。
2)表示根据逻辑必须发生的事。
All men must die. 人都是要死的。 |
一般用于肯定句。
There must be a mistake. 肯定有错误。
可用于否定一般疑问句。
Mustn't there be another reason for his behavior? 他的行为肯定没有另外的原因吗? |
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will/would |
1)表示说话人对将来和现在的预测。对现在的预测认为肯定会发生。
I think he will be all right now. 我想他现在一定好了。
That would be his mother. 那肯定是他母亲。
2)有时表示某种倾向和习惯性。
Oil will float on water. 油浮在水面上。
He'll talk for hours if you give the chance.
如果给他机会,他会谈上几个小时。
On the magnetic equator the needle would remain horizontal. 在磁赤道上磁针会保持水平。 |
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would 可表示过去常常。
He would get up very early. 过去他常常起的很早。 |
ought to |
它比must语气弱,但婉转。
They ought to be there by now. 他们现在一定到那了 |
一般用于肯定和否定句 |
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shall/should |
表示说话人的猜测,估计应该
I shall be rich one day. 总有天我会发财的。
That should be Janet coming upstairs now. 正在上楼的准是珍妮特。 |
多用于第一人称。 |
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表四:表示“应该”的情态动词的用法
用法usage
情态动词 auxiliary |
应该,必须(义务)duty and obligation |
意义及用法 |
用于句式和人称 |
回答形式 回答 |
其它 |
must |
表示说话人的意志和义务。或要求对方必须作某事。
You must be there on time. 你务必要按时到达那里。
We must obey orders. 我们必须服从命令。
have (has) to表示客观上的需要,来自“外界”的义务。用于肯定和否定
It is time for the meeting. I have to go now. 到开会得时间了,我现在得走了。
You don't have to hurry. 你不必这么匆忙。 |
用于肯定句,
You must come early next time. 你下次必须早来。
疑问句用于征求说话人的意见。
Must I come early tomorrow? 明天我必须早来吗? |
用needn't 或don't have to
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may/might |
may 用于法律和条约,相当于shall。用的较少。
Payment may be paid by check. 应用支票付款。
Might用来对人们提出建议,该干什么或应该干什么。也可以用来提出批评。
You might ask before you borrow my car.
你应该先问问我在借我的车子。 |
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Shall/should |
shall在条约,规章和法令等文件中,表示义务和规定。
Each player shall wear a number. 每个运动员必须带上号。
should 表示主语的职责和义务或说话人的劝告。强调主观上。不象must那么独断专横。
You shouldn't judge a man always by the clothes. 你不应该总是以貌取人。 |
用于陈述第一,二人称。
The new regulation shall take effect on Oct. 1st. 新章程十月一实施。 |
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Ought to |
should 和ought to的含义大致相同,ought to 强调在客观上(法律,章程和道义)
比should语气强。
You ought to go and see Mary tomorrow..明天你应该去看玛丽。
You ought to have an operation at once. 你应该马上去动手术。 |
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always, never, really 可以放在ought 前面和后面。前面比较常见。
You always ought to carry some spare money. |
表五:表示意图的情态动词的用法
用法usage
情态动词 auxiliary |
意图,打算intention |
意义及用法 |
用于句式和人称 |
回答形式 |
其它 |
will/would |
用于表示“意图”,主要用于第一人称,will 不重读,可用缩写的形式。
I'll write as soon as I can. 我会尽快写信。
Will you accept his offer? 你愿意接受他的报价吗? |
用于条件句,用于各种人称
Who will go with me? 谁愿意和我去?
We won't stay there too long. 我们不愿在那多呆的太久。 |
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shall/should |
用于说话人的意图。同will 可以互换。
We shan't/won't go if it rains. 如果下雨,我们不打算走了。 |
只能用于第一人称,
I shan't stay here long. 我不打算在这呆很长时间。 |
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表六:表示意愿的情态动词的用法
用法usage
情态动词 auxiliary |
意愿 willingness |
意义及用法 |
用于句式和人称 |
回答形式 |
其它 |
will/would |
表示主语的意愿。
He will help you if you ask him. 如果你问他,他会帮助你的。
Would 比will语气更婉转。
Would/Will you have another cup of tea? 你想再来一杯茶吗? |
肯定句用于各种人称,用于二,三人称疑问句表示询问别人是否愿意做谋事,可用于条件句中。
Will you have some tea. 你想喝茶吗?
If he will he can come. 如果他愿意,他可以来。
Would you excuse me? (婉转) 你能原谅我吗? |
肯定回答,一般 of course.。 |
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Shall/should |
表示说话人的意愿。
He shall get his money. 愿意他拿到他的钱。
You should stay here as long as you like.只要你乐意,愿意你呆在这。 |
一般用于肯定句,用于第二,三人称。
在疑问句中,表示征询听话人是否愿意。
Shall you do some shopping with me? 你愿意和我一起买东西去吗? |
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表七;表示意志的情态动词的用法
用法usage
情态动词 auxiliary |
决心 insistence and determination |
意义及用法 |
用于句式和人称 |
回答形式 |
其它 |
will/would |
表示主语的意志。不能用缩写的形式。应重读。
I 'will stop smoking. 我决心戒烟了。
He' will do it whenever you say. 你什么时候说,他一定会做的。
It's your own fault. You would take the baby with you. 是你自己的过错,你非要带着孩子。 |
用于第二,三人称,表示对别人生气。可用于条件句。
I 'will have my own way. 我要走自己的路。
He won't do what he's told. 他不会做别人让他干的事。
Will you come this way, please. 你这边走不行吗?
If you 'will go,you may go at once. 如果你非走不可,你可以马上走。 |
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Shall/should |
表示说话人的意志和决心。shall 要重读。
You 'shall marry him. 我坚持你应和他结婚。
No one 'shall stop me. 不许任何人阻止我。 |
只用于第二,三人称肯定句。
You 'shall obey orders. 我要你服从命令。
The enemy 'shall not pass. 决不让敌人过去。 |
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表八:表示能力的情态动词的用法
用法usage
情态动词 auxiliary |
能力ability and capacity |
意义及用法 |
用于句式和人称 |
回答形式 |
其它 |
can/could |
表示人或动物的内在能力。有某种知识或者技能而能够做某事。有时可以和be able to互换。
He hurt his foot and couldn't (wasn't able to) play football. 他脚受了伤,所以他不能踢足球了。
be able to暗指做成了某一事情。(manage to)
Because he worked hard, he was able to pass his examination. 因为他努力工作,所以他能及格。 |
用于肯定,否定和疑问句。
He can speak several languages. 他会说好几国语言。 |
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情态动词解释
一、表示语气强烈的强权命令,警告,许诺用shall,我命令...表示教育,劝告,建议,责备等的“应当”用should。
11.You shall be here at 8.You shall not be late.(命令)
2.You shall lose your son ,if you don't give me the money in time.(威胁)
3.You shall get punished.(警告)
4.You shall get the money tomorrow, and you shall know the result of the exam then.(许诺)
对比语气轻的道德理由式的教育、劝告、责备:应当 用should.(注must往往是公众纪律要求,比Should强,比sgall弱:You mustn't be late.)
5.You should telephone me before you come. (责备)
6.He should pay attention to his spoken English.(教育)
7.I should study harder than before 。道德教育
8.You should have handed in your homework yesterday.(责备某人没有做应该做的事.)
9.You should not have said such rude words to your mother.(责备某人做了不该做某事)
You should not have been late
练习: 你要听母亲的话. 你最迟明天要搬走.你不要哭. 你不要摸电线.
你要努力学习. 你要活着回来.
二.主语愿意或不愿意做某事,事物发展下去必然发生或必然不会发生某事,用will,won't ,
1.I will marry you. I will do everything for you. I will die for you .(愿意)
2.He will lose his life for his country.(愿意)
3.I won't go with you . You won't receive my letter .(不愿意或必然不都可)
4.Will you allow us to go to Tibet ?(愿意)
5. When the baby see his mother, he will smile.(必然趋势)
6.The vegatable won't grow without water.(必然趋势)
7.Will he see the picture when he return home ?(必然趋势)
现在时的客气婉转的请求询问对方意愿,语气轻的愿意和趋势用would. 过去时就必须用would
1.Would you like to have a talk with me ?
2.He would make a face ,when he made a mistake .
3.He wouldn't trouble you .
辨别will与would的区别
你愿意卖你的房子吗? 你愿意把座位让给老奶奶吗?
你愿意选谁当总统? 他会说些什么呢?地震会发生吗?
辨别will,would与shall,should的区别:自然而然发展变化用will,would,被我强制命令用shall,能翻译为愿意就会'总是'决不'用will, won't,能翻译为我命令你/他,你不许,你务必用shall,(1-6)
1.Once there was a man who was afraid to stay with his wife very much ,for his wife was stroger than he . when they quarreled, his wife (A.would B.should C. will D wouldn't )fight with him .If they fought (,A. The B.A C.X)husband (A.would B.should C. will D wouldn't ) be beteaned to pains .He (A.wouldn't B.shouldn't C. won't D couldn't )bare the pains. so he hid himself under (A x B. a C.the) bed.When he hid under the bed ,the wife got even more angry .You (A.shall B.shall not C. will D shouldn't ) make your clothes dirty !you (A.would B.should C. will D shall ) get out !The husband remembered his honour of (A.a B,the C.x) man . He answered :I'm (A.a B,the C.x) man .I (A.wouldn't B.shouldn't C. won't D couldn't )get out.
Which sentence is better I will..... or You shall...
How to deal with your husband or wife? (A.Many couples B.A couple) often argue with each other,even hate or fight with each other. Many wifes want to order her husband to do (A .everythingB.something)at home.She (A.would B.should C.must)say You (A.shallB.will)buy me a ringYou(A.shallB.will)wash all the clothes(A.The B.A)husband doesn't want to argue with the wife. He (A.shallB.will)sayI (A.shallB.will) do (A.everythingB.something) for youI (A.shallB.will) die for you.So the couple (A.won't B.shall not C.mustn't D.can't)fight .There (A.shallB.will) be (A.a B.x)peace at home .Which sentence do you think is better :I will..... or You shall...?
疑问句是请求对方发命令,一,三人称用shall提问,二人称用will提问:Shall I clean the blackboard? Shall he get here now?
Will you give us a hand?
据说有一个苏格兰人掉到水里,他不会游泳。于是想感叹说:“没有人会来救我,我要死了!”这句话是陈述语气,不应该用情态动词的,但他却用情态动词说:“Nobody shall save me,(我命令不准任何人来救我!)I will die ![我要(原意)死]”人们以为他决心要自杀,都不敢来救他。因为用错了shall,will,结果丢了一条命。
三.表示商量猜测不十分确定的事情.
肯定句用must; might; may 疑问句用can; could 否定句can‘t ;couldn’t; may not
1、肯定句是有根据,有经验的判断用must
The tall man must be a player 。
He must work in this school 。
不肯定,无把握的猜测用may ,往往在有..not sure的句子时才用may
Your answer may be right 。but I‘m not sure 。
客气礼貌婉转用might
You might need some money 。
I think you might be hungry 。
2。疑问句只能用can,could不能用must,may,might
Can he be a teacher?
猜测远处的人,看不见的人用 Who can it be ?
“Someone is knocking at the door ,who can it be ?”
“Open the door please !”“Who is it ?”“It is me 。”
3.有把握有根据的否定猜测用can't couldn't 不可能,无把握无根据用may not ,might not可能不 不能用mustn't.mustn't 不是猜测,是不允许...禁止
He can't be at the libery,for I saw him just now .
He might not know the headmaster.
4.对过去的猜测,对短暂动作的猜测必须用must/can/can't/may +have done 句型
He must have got up late this morning.
He must have become someone's wife
Can he have known it ?No he can't have known it .
He can't have finished his drawing yesterday .(7-15)
四.dare, need作为情态动词与行为动词的区别:(16-23)
1.肯定句只能用行为动词,不用情态动词.
He dares to dance with a snake , doesn't he?
He needs to go with you . doesn't he?
疑,否句两样形式都可用,但行为动词后往往有有do 又有 to,情态动词的句子中无do 又无to.
Need you have a rest ?
Do you need to have a rest ?
He needn't copy the question, need he ?
He doesn't need to come ,does he ?
He dare not tell the truth.
He doesn't dare (to ) tell the truth.
反意疑问
He needs a rest ,(A.doesn't B.needn't )he ?
五.can ,be able to 表示能力的区别
can 长期固有的自然能力 I can drive a car .
be able to 经过努力克服困难后才获得的能力.
After three months' study,I am able to drive a car now .
I have been able to drive a car now .
六.must必须 should 表示应当
1.must的否定回答用needn't .mustn't 表示不许禁止不是必要性了.
Must I take some medicine ? No ,you needn't
Need I buy some wine for Dad? No, you mustn't.
七.can,could,may,might表示许可
1.could可用于现在时的疑问句表示客气礼貌, of course you can 表示乐意对方用自己的东西.
Could/Would you do me a favour?
of course I can.
八.need必要性
1.你不要等我. You neen't wait for me .
2.你不要抽烟 You shall not smoke here .
情态动词 (Model Verbs) 又称为情态助动词 (Model Auxil-iaries)。英语中助动词主要有两类:一是基本助动词,如have, do, be;二是情态助动词,如may, must, need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在大学英语四、六级考试中,情态动词部分重点测试以下内容:
(1)情态动词+行为动词完成式
(2)情态动词+行为动词进行式
(3)情态动词+行为动词完成进行式
(4)某些情态动词的特殊用法
一、情态动词+行为动词完成式
情态动词+行为动词完成式即“情态动词+ have + v-ed分词”,表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。
1. must have v-ed
must have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。其否定形式为:can’t / couldn’t have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。例如:
1)Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night.
2)You couldn’t have met my grandmother. She died before you were born.
2. could have v-ed
could have v-ed 表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了。例如:
1)“The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?”
2)“Tom could have taken it. He was alone yesterday.”
3.may / might have v-ed
may / might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。例如:
I can’t find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.
4. ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldn’t have v-ed
ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldn’t have v-ed 用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”,分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”。例如:
1)With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night.
2)You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.
5. needn’t have v-ed
needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要, 意为“本没必要…”。例如:
You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today.
注:表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时,就表示的可能性程度而言,must最大,could其次,may更次之,might最小。例如:
“I wonder how Tom knew about your past.”
“He must / could / may / might have heard of it from Mary.”
二、情态动词+行为动词进行式
情态动词+行为动词进行式(即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式),表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如:
1)He must be playing basketball in the room.
2)She may be staying at home.
三、情态动词+行为动词完成进行式
情态动词+行为动词完成进行式(即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式),表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如:
1)They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.
2)He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.
四、某些情态动词的特殊用法
1. need
考试中主要测试 need 作情态动词与作实义动词的区别,对此,可参见表1.need 作情态动词时,后面跟不带to 的动词不定式,即 “need to”。通常用在疑问句和否定句中,表示询问是否有“必要”,其否定形式为needn’t,表示“不必”;疑问形式为 Need … do? 极少用于肯定句。例如:
1)I don’t think we need turn the light on at that time.
2)Need you ride a bike to school?
情态动词need与实义动词need 在时态、肯定、否定结构上的对比见表1。
2. dare
考试中主要测试dare作情态动词和作实义动词的区别。
情态动词dare 与实义动词dare 在时态、肯定、否定、疑问结构上的对比见表2。
3. can 和 may
考试中主要测试can,may或could,might表示可能性的区别及对may构成的疑问句的回答。
时态 情态动词need 实义动词 need
现 You need (not) do You (don’t) need to do
在
时 He need (not) do He needs (doesn’t need) to do
过 You needed (didn’t need) to do
去
时 He needed (didn’t need) to do
将 You need (not) do You will (not) need to do
来
时 He need (not) do He will (not) need to do
句型 时态 动词
情态动词dare 实义动词 dare
肯定句 现在时 dare to 少用 dare/dares to do
过去时 dare to 少用 dared to do
否定句 现在时 daren’t/dare not do do/does not dare (to) do
过去时 dared not do did not dare (to) do
疑问句 现在时 Dare he do? Do you/Does he dear (to) do?
过去时 Dared he do? Did he dare (to) do
(1)can, could, may, might都可以表示可能性.can, could表示潜在的可能性或理论上或逻辑判断上存在的可能性;而may, might则表示事实上的可能性。此外,can还具有“有能力”的意思,而may与might则不具此意。例如:
1)According to the weather forecast, it may rain tomorrow.
2) Any man with a little sense can see that he is wrong.
(2)May I / we …?这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly;否定回答为Please don’t.或No, you mustn’t. 例如:
“May we leave now?” “No, you mustn’t. You haven’t finished your home work yet.”
4. can 和 be able to
can 与 be able to 都可以表示能力,但两者在用法上有点差异:can (could)表示主观能力,不表示意愿,它的将来时用will be able to; be able to表示主观意愿,强调要克服困难去做某事。例如:
1)My grandma is over seventy, but she can still read without glasses.
2)He is able to give up his bad habits.
5. must 和 have to
must 和 have to 都可以表示“必须”,但有几点区别:
(1)must 强调“内在的职责”、“义务”,而have to 强调“外界压力”、“不得已而为之”。
(2)have to可用于多种时态,而must一般用于现在时,其过去时与将来时分别由had to与shall / will have to代替。
(3)在回答must引起的问题时,如果是否定的答复,不能用mustn’t,而要用needn’t或don’t have to,因为mustn’t是“一定不要”、“一定不能”的意思。例如:
1)You must come to the classroom before eight.
2)It is raining hard outside, but I have to leave now.
3)“Must we do it now?” “No, you needn’t.”
6. used to +v, be used to +v-ing和be used to +v
(1)used to +v意为“过去常常”,“过去一直”;be used to +v-ing / n(名词)意为“习惯于”;be used to +v意为“被用来(做某事)”。
(2)used to只表示过去,而be used to +v-ing / n可表示现在、过去或将来。例如:
1)He used to smoke. Now he doesn’t.
2)He’s quite used to hard work / working hard.
3)The knife is used to cut bread.
7.用作情态动词的其他短语
would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。例如:
1)The soldier would sooner die than surrender.
2)The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy.
3)I’d rather walk than take a bus.
4)If you don’t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home.
注:这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形.would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句,that 常省去,从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时,对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如:
1)I would rather you came on Sunday.
2)I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday.
情态动词,在英文中主要用来表示说话人的看法、态度等。它很接近中文里的能愿动词。从用法上来说,它有这样几个特点:
1)各个情态动词自身都有一定的词义。
2)情态动词不能在句中独立担当谓语。
3)情态动词在句中不受任何人称,性,数变化的影响。
4) 情态动词后接的不定式(除ought外)都不带to ,即接动词原形。
英文中的情态动词主要有:can , could ; may , might ; must ; ought ; need ; dare , dared ,另外,shall , will , should , would在一定的场合也可用作情态动词。例如:
He can speak five languages .他会说五种语言。
She must have arrived home by now .现在她准到家了。
We should study hard for our motherland . 我们应该为祖国而努力学习。
They needn't be in such a hurry for there is enough time for them . 他们还有足够的时间,用不着这么慌张。
1. 常用情态动词的基本用法
>> can , could 能,会
>> may , might 或许,可能,可以
>> must 应该,必须,一定
>> Ought (后接带to的不定式构成谓语动词)应该
>> shall 用作情态动词时,适用于第二人称和第三人称。
>> should(用作情态动词时,有时表示具体的意思,有时却没有意义)
>> will , would(would可以看作是will的过去式,这两个词除了时态不相同外,在表达意思的许多方面是相近的。当然will 和would又都有一些各自不同的独特用法。)
2. 关于情态动词后面接进行式和完成式的情况
>> A. 关于情态动词后面接进行式的情况
>> B.关于情态动词后面接完成式的情况
3. 常用情态动词的用法比较
1)在表示"可能性"方面
2)在表示"允诺"方面
3)在表示"应该"方面
4)在表示"猜测"方面
1. 常用情态动词的基本用法
can , could 能,会
(could可以看作是can的过去式,这两个词除了时态不相同外,在表达意思的许多方面是相同的。当然could也有自己独特的用法。)
1)表示脑力或体力上的能力
Nobody can stop the development of science .
谁也无法阻止科学的发展。
She can sing that song in English.她能用英文唱那歌。
He can submerge to a depth of about twenty meters .
他能潜入约二十米深的水中。
He could hardly support his family before he found the new job .他在找到那份新工作前几乎无 法养家。
I could not understand the lecture on the computer given by Mr. Smith .
我听不懂史密斯先生作的那个关于计算机的讲座。
2)表示客观上的可能性
You can borrow this useful book from the library .
你可以从图书馆借到这种有用的书。
A more suitable person than him for the job can not be found . 不可能找到比他更适合这份工作的人了。
Now people can skate on the lake .现在人们可以在湖上滑冰了。
When the storm stopped , the plane could take off .
当风暴停下来时,飞机可以起飞了不得。
3)表示主观上的允许
Can I ask you some questions about it ?
我可以问你有关这件事的几个问题吗?
You can not leave here till I come back .直到我回来你才能离开。
Such kind of thing can't happen any more later .
这类事以后不准再发生了。
Can you tell me how to get to the airport ? 你能告诉我怎么去机场吗?
Could you tell me how to get to the airport ?
您能告诉我怎么去机场吗?
Could I be forgiven my negligence ? 请原谅我的疏忽,行吗?
4)(用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中)表示猜测、怀疑或惊诧
How can / could you be here ? 你怎么会在这儿?
She couldn't / can't be so stupid to do that .
她不可能蠢得去做那种事吧。
He couldn't / can't be over seventy .他不可能有七十多岁了。
Where could / can the boy be now ? 那孩子现在能在哪儿呢?
另外,could还常用于表示较客气委婉的看法、提问及用于虚拟语气的结构中。这时候,could就不可以看作是can的过去式了。而是could自己独特的用法。如:
Could you speak a little slowly ?
您能稍微说慢一点儿吗?
I'm afraid that we couldn't give you any definite answer at this moment .
恐怕我们这时候还无法给予您任何确切的答复。
I could come earlier if asked .
如果要让我早一点来,我可以来早一点。
We would appreciate it if you could offer us any help .
如果您能为我们提供帮助的话,我们将不甚感激。
You could have done better if you had worked harder at it .
如果你再加把劲,本来可以干得更好一些的。
may , might 或许,可能,可以
(might可以看作是may的过去式,这两个词除了时态不相同外,在表达意思的许多方面是相近的。当然may 和might又都有一些各自不同的独特用法。)
1)可能性
I may be busy from tomorrow on .从明天起我可能会忙起来。
You may catch sight of the sunrise from here when you get up before 5 in the morning .你在早晨五点钟以前起来,或许能从这儿看到日出。
I wondered if they might agree with the idea .我想知道他们是否会同意这种想法。
She thought it might be wise to try her luck here .
她认为在这儿碰碰运气也不错。
2)表示允许
May I come in ? 我可以进来吗?
I'd like to have a smoke here if I may .
如果可以的话我想在这儿抽一支烟。
The librarian told her that she might return the book to the library in three days .
图书馆理员告诉她说,她可以在三天后还那本书。
At the press conference , a news reporter asked the chairman if she might trouble him with a question about Taiwan issue.
在记者招待会上,一位新闻记者问大会主席她是否能提一个有关台湾问题方面的问题。
3) may间或用来表示祝愿,也常用于表示目的或让步的状语从句中:
May that day come soon .但愿这天早日到来。
May you succeed in winning the first prize in the game .
祝愿你比赛夺冠成功。
May you continue in your efforts and achieve greatersuccesses .
祝愿你继续努力并取得更大的成功。
4) might也常用于表示目的等状语从句中,或用于虚拟语气的结构中:
I could not convince him , try as I might .我无论用什么样的办法也不能说服他。
They left off earlier on that day so that they might catch the first train .
那天,他们为了赶上头班车动身早一些。
He died so that the others might live .
为了其他的人能活下去,他自己牺牲了。
If you had made better use of your time , you might have learned more .假若你将自己的时间利用得更好一些,你本可以学到更多东西的。
One error in calculation might ruin the whole project .
计算中出一点错就可能毁掉整个工程。
注意:在回答以may引导的问句时,一般说来避免使用may,以免显得太严厉、或不太客气,而改用其他方式。例如:
--May I come in ? --Yes , please .请进。
我可以进来吗? --Sure . / Certainly . .请进。
--Please don't . .请不要进来。
--No , you mustn't .不行。
must 应该,必须,一定
1) 表示出于职责、义务该做某事
We must protect people's rights .我们应该保护人民的利益。
Everyone must be loyal to his motherland .
每个人都应该忠于自己的祖国。
You must serve the people when you grow up .
你们长大成人时应该服务于人民。
Students must work hard at their study .
学生应该努力学习。
2)表示出于主观意识而必须要做某事
We must speed up the pace of our economic reform .
我们必须加速经济改革的步伐。
We must keep steps to the scientific development .
我们一定要与科学的发展保持一致步调。
You must hurry up or you'll be late .
你必须得快点儿,不然会迟到的。
在这种用法中must表示出于主观意识而必须要做某事;have to却表示由于某种客观原因而不得不做某事。除此以外,have to自身有时态的变化形式。如:
I have to go now for I've got a meeting 15 minutes later.我现在必须要走了,因为我15分钟后有个会要开。
He has to be back home by five to fetch his son from kindergarten .
他必须在五点钟前回家去幼儿园接他的儿子。
Jenny had to tidy up the room before her mother came back .
珍尼不得不在她妈妈回家以前将房间整理好。
We'll have to reconsider the whole thing .
我们将不得不重新考虑整个事情。
注意:在这种用法中,回答以must引导的问句时,若是否定答复,不可以用mustn't 而需要用needn't 或是don't have to,因为mustn't意思是"绝不能、一定不要",而没有"不必"的意思。例如:
--Must we hand in our exercises today ? 我们今天必须交作业吗?
--Yes , you must .是的,必须交。
--No , you needn't (or , you don't have to ).
不,不必今天交。
3)表示禁止(用于否定句)
You must not speak ill of others .
你一定不要说别人的坏话。
Cars must not parked here . 这里禁止停车。
Smoking must not allowed in the office .严禁在办公室吸烟。
You mustn't talk to girls like that .你绝不能那样对女孩子说话。
4)表示猜测、推测must常用于肯定句中表示猜测。对现在或未来的事进行猜测时,后接动词原形;对已经发生的事进行猜测时,后接have + 过去分词。例如:
You must be tired after working so long .你工作这么久以后,肯定累了吧。
It must be that naughty boy crying outside .肯定是那个调皮的孩子在外面大叫。
The idea must be accepted by the society sooner or later.
这种想法肯定或迟或早会被社会所接受的。
It must have rained last night for it is so wet outside .
外面这么湿,昨晚肯定下雨了。
I didn't see you in class yesterday. You must have been absent .我昨天上课没见着你,你肯定没有来。
Ought (后接带to的不定式构成谓语动词)应该
1)表示出于职责、义务该做某事
You ought not to be so careless in your work .你不应该在工作上如此粗心大意。
We ought to study hard for the sake of our motherland.
我们应该为了我们的祖国而努力学习。
His doctor said to him that he oughtn't to smoke so much .
他的大夫说他不应该抽这么多烟。
Oughtn't you to give us a chance to try ?
你难道不应该给我们一个尝试的机会吗?
2) 表示极有可能发生某事
As an auto repairman , Dick ought to know what is wrong with the car .
狄克作为一个汽车修理工总该知道这部车的毛病所在吧。
If we set off right now , we ought to be able to get there in time .
如果我们马上出发,我们应当能够按时到达那里。
Tomorrow ought to be a nice day for we have such a fine sunset today .
今天有这么好的晚霞,明天准是个晴天。
need(用于否定句和疑问句)需要
There are still one and a half hours to go , we needn't be insuch a hurry .
还有一个半小时,我们无需如此慌慌张张。
I hardly need say how much we missed you .不用说我们是多么想念你啊。
Need you go so soon ?你需要这么早就去吗?
You need have no anxiety on my account .你不必为我而着急。
dare , dared(用于否定句、疑问句和疑问句)敢
Dare you stay here alone in the night ? 你敢在夜里呆在这儿吗?
Nobody dared mention that matter. 没有人敢提那件事。
How dared you say that to her ? 你怎么敢对她说那件事?
Even if you dare do it , I won't allow you to because it's too dangerous .
即使你敢做,我也会让你做那件事,因为太危险了
shall 用作情态动词时,适用于第二人称和第三人称。
主要表示下面几层意思:
1)许诺
You shall hear everything directly you come .你一来就可以听到一切了。
"Whatever you want you shall have , "said the Fairy .
仙女说:"你想得到什么,你就可以有什么。"
I don't want to be hard on your daughter ; she shan't be pressed .
我不想对你女儿太严厉,她不会太受压的。
I promise that you shall see her again before long .
我保证你不久就能再见到她。
2)命令
You shall come to my office immediately .你必须马上来我的办公室。
She shall not stay in my garden .她不可以呆在我的花园里。
He shall not come into my study . 不许他进我的书房。
You shall do as you are told .按告诉你的那么做。
3)决心(表示某事一定会发生)
That day shall come .那一天一定会到来。
It has been decided that he shall be given the job .
肯定给他那份工作的事已经定下来了。
This law shall come into effect on January 1st 2001
这个法律于2001年元月1日生效。
4)规定
Each competitor shall wear a number .每个参赛者要佩戴一个数字标。
The renter shall keep the house in a neat and orderly state .
租赁者要保持房屋整洁有序。
The supplier shall make shipment before October and the purchaser shall make payment within 15 days after
receipt of the goods .卖方十月以前装运,买方在收到货物后十五天内付款。
should
(用作情态动词时,有时表示具体的意思,有时却没有意义。主要用于下面几个方面。)
1)表示出于职责、义务该做某事
You shouldn't come to such a decision hastily .
你不应该匆匆忙忙地作出这么一个决定。
You should write to your parents at least once a month .
你应该至少每月给你父母亲写一封信。
We should read English aloud every morning .
我们应该每天早晨朗读英文。
They should do it for their own good .
为了他们自己利益他们应该做这件事。
2)表示对某种情况的估计
She shouldn't be out in such an early morning .
她不会这么一大早就出去了吧。
The effect of the tax should be felt in higher prices .
人们可能会从各种上涨的物价中感觉到这种税的影响的。
The event should lead them to a even worse economic crisis.这次事件可能会将他们引向更严重的经济危机。
This book should be published in two months at most .
这本书最多两个月后就会出版的。
3)表示惊讶、失望等情绪
I think it is dreadful that anyone should be so miserable.
我认为,竟然每个人都如此伤心就太糟糕了。
Why should I pay him for nothing ? 我干吗要无为地付给他钱?
It seems so unfair that this should happen to me .
这件事竟然发生在我身上似乎太不公平了。
It's strange that it should be so cold today .奇怪,今天怎么会这么冷。
4)用于某些从句中表示虚拟语气
The doctor insisted that the girl should be hospitalized .
大夫坚持认为那个女孩要住院治疗。
If it had not been for the doctor's care the girl should not be speaking to you now .要不是由于大夫的精心照料,这个女孩现在就不能与你说话了。
She stood away so that he should enter the room first .
她让到一边,好让他第一个进入房间。
I'll write it down lest I should forget it 我将它记下以免遗忘。
Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain .
带上雨伞,以防万一下雨。
will , would
(would可以看作是will的过去式,这两个词除了时态不相同外,在表达意思的许多方面是相近的。当然will 和would又都有一些各自不同的独特用法。)
1)用于第二人称疑问句,表示请求(在这种用法中would使语气更为客气、委婉)
Will you tell her that I'll be back in twenty minutes ?
请告诉她我二十分钟后回来,好吗?
If you want help, just let me know , will you ?
你需要帮助就告诉我,好吗?
Won't you come in and have a little whisky ?
你要不要进来喝一点儿威士忌?(或是:你进来喝一点儿威士忌,好吗?)
Would you tell me how to get to the shopping center ?
您能告诉我怎么去购物中心吗?
2)用于表示愿望
Go where you will .去你想去的地方吧。
I will pay you at the rate you ask .我会按你要的利率付给你钱的。
He wouldn't let the doctor take his blood pressure .他不愿意让大夫给他量血压。
They had to obey whether they would or not .他们不得不遵从他们的意愿。
3)表示习惯、倾向(可译成"总是会、老是,等" )
Sometimes the cat will lie there all afternoon .
有时侯,那只猫总是整个下午都躺在那儿。
Oil and water will not mix .油和水决不能调和。
He would sit there for hours , doing nothing at all .
他总是在那儿一坐就是几个小时,什么都不干。
4)表示猜测(可译成"一定是……、想必……,等" )
This will be the house you're looking for .这想必就是你要找的房子吧。
He will have gone back to New Zealand .他一定是回新西兰去了。
The person you mentioned would be the father , is that right ?
你说的那个人一定是爸爸了,对吗?
That would be in 1999 , I think .那大概是在1999年吧。
5)will用于表示决心(可译成"一定要,决心,等" )
We will never talk about that subject again .
我们决不会再谈论这个话题了。
I will make this computer work even if I have to stay up all night .
我即使整晚不睡觉也一定要让这台计算机工作起来。
6)would常用于虚拟条件句,表示与事实相反或不太可能实现的情况
But for your help we would have been late .要不是你帮忙我们就迟到了。
Well , I wouldn't worry about it . It won't do me any good .
好了,我不会担心那件事的,因为它不会给我带来什么好处。
2. 关于情态动词后面接进行式和完成式的情况
一般说来,"进行式"表示动作正在发生或进行;"完成式"则表示动作是发生在过去或是表示按理是发生了但事实上却没有发生。下面我们分别讨论一下各种具体情况。
A. 关于情态动词后面接进行式的情况
can后面接进行式 表示可能正在发生的动作,例如:
What can she be doing at this moment ? 这个时候她会在做什么呢?
You can't be telling us the truth.你不可能在对我将真话。
Can he be still thinking of it I told him ?
他会不会还在考虑我告诉他的那件事呢?
may后面接进行式表示可能正在发生的动作,例如:
Your mother may be waiting for you to return home .
你妈妈可能正等着你回家吧。
She may be leaving for New York tomorrow or some day .
她或许明天或者什么时候会动身去纽约。
They may be returning back before Christmas .他可能圣诞节前回来。
might后面接进行式表示可能正在发生的动作,例如:
They might be planning to make a loan for their new project .
他们也许在为他们的新项目策划贷款的事。
She might still be crying for being wronged .
她或许因为受了冤枉还在啼哭。
You might be telling me a lie .你也许在对我撒谎。
must后面接进行式 表示想必正在做某事,例如:
You must be thinking where I learned it .你一定在想我是从哪儿知道这件事的。
They must be following us just a little behind us .
他们肯定在离我们不远的地方尾随着我们。
My brother must be sleeping in bed for it's so quiet in the house .
家里这么安静,我弟弟一定在床上睡觉。
should后面接进行式表示应该正在做某事,例如:
You should be doing your exercises instead of watching TV.
现在你该在做作业而不是看电视。
You shouldn't be thinking about the solution only in one way .
你不应该只用一种方法考虑解决问题的办法。
Why should I be waiting here without doing anything ?
我凭什么在这儿白等。
B.关于情态动词后面接完成式的情况
can后面接完成式 表示可能已经做了某事。例如:
He can't have left home because the television is on .
因为电视还开着所以他不会离开家了。
Where can they have gone ? 他们会去了哪儿呢?
You can't have finished the novel so soon .
你不可能这么快就看完了那本小说。
could后面接完成式 表示本可能发生或本可以做的事而没有发生或没有做;它的否定形式则表示本不可能发生或本不可以做的事而已经发生或已经做了。例如:
The output could have been increased by 15% .产量本可以提高百分之十五的。
How could he have forgotten him birthday ? 他怎么会忘了自己的生日呢?
Judging from her appearance and manner,she couldn't have been over fifty years old . 从她的仪表和举止来看,她不可能已有五十多岁了。
may后面接完成式 表示可能已经发生的动作。例如:
He may have had some training in Chinese Gongfu .他可能学过一些中国武术。
You may have narrowly missed her on your way to here.
你可能在来这儿的路上刚好与她错过了。
They may have seen that movie.他们或许看过那部电影。
might后面接完成式 表示本可能发生或本可以做的事而没有发生或没有做。例如:
They might have finished their work by now .他们现在或许已经完成任务。
She might have done better than that .你本可以做得比这更好一些的。
You might have learned more from him . 你本可以向他学到更多一些东西的。
must后面接完成式 表示想必已经发生的事。例如:
You must have talked about it with her before hand .你一定事先与她谈过这件事。
It must have snowed last night for it's so cold this morning .
今天早晨这么冷,昨晚一定下雪了。
ought to后面接完成式表示本应该发生或本应该做的事而没有发生或没有做;它的否定形式则表示本不应该发生或本不应该做的事而已经发生或已经做了。例如:
They ought to have completed their work much earlier .
他们本应该在更早一些的时候完成他们的工作的。
You oughtn't to have left your keys in the office when you went out .
你不该出去的时候将钥匙留在办公室里。
I ought to have said it to her in a calmer mood .
我应该以更平静一些的语气对她说那件事的。
need后面接完成式主要用于否定句中,表示不必要做的事而已经做了。例如:
We needn't have read the Fast Reading materials before we do it in class .
我们在做快速阅读练习之前没有必要把阅读材料先看过了。
You needn't have apologized to him for nothing yesterday .
你昨天没有必要无为地向他道歉.
should后面接完成式表示本应该发生或本应该做的事而没有发生或没有做;它的否定形式则表示本不应该发生或本不应该做的事而已经发生或已经做了。例如:
I should have written to you earlier. But I've really been busy .
我本应该早就给你写信的;不过我真的一直都很忙。
You shouldn't have left your son alone at home .
你不该将你儿子一个人留在家里的。
He shouldn't have broken the red light.
他不该闯红灯的。
3. 常用情态动词的用法比较
1)在表示"可能性"方面
can 、should 、may 、might这四个词都可以用来表示"可能性"。
但在表达的语气和程度方面有所不同:
can 和should表示以事实、理由为依据而存在的可能性;其中should的主观性较强,往往含有"应该会怎么样"的意思。总体上说,这两个词在这方面的语气较强、较肯定。与之相比,may 和might这两个词在这方面的语气较弱些、没有那么肯定,表示主观意断的可能性,没有足够的客观依据。其中,might的语气更为委婉、更弱。例如:
You can't expect to be a top student without working hard at your study .(这种可能性很大。因为,不努力学习怎么能成为尖子生呢?)
This book should be found easily in the library .(说话人认为,图书馆应该有很多这类书籍,所以应该很容易找到。)
You may meet her at the party today.(说话人认为,你今天或许有机会、有可能见到她。)
You might mistake what I mean.(说话人婉转地说明,大概、也许你误会我的意思了。)
2)在表示"允诺"方面
在表示"允诺"的can ,may, might三个情态动词中,以might最为客气、委婉;may为居中;而can是表达这方面意思的普通词。在这种情况下,要根据具体情况来选用这三个情态动词。例如:
You can leave now . (用于熟识的人之间;或是公事公办的情况。)
May I trouble you with a question ?(用于礼貌地提出请求。)
Might I have another cup of coffee?(用于陌生或正式的场合,非常委婉、得体地提出请求。)
3)在表示"应该"方面
must ,ought, should都能用来表示"出于某种职责、义务而应该怎么样"的意思。以must的语气最强烈;ought为居中;而should是表达这方面意思的普通词。例如:
We must build our motherland into a strong country with four modernization .(语气很强烈。表示我们应该把自己的祖国建设成一个具有四个现代化的强国,而且我们非得这样做不可。)我们一定要将我们的祖国建成为一个具有四个现代化的强国。
Students ought to study hard .(这种用法较有针对性,较具体,作为学生要努力学习是责无旁贷的。学生应当努力学习。
Students should study hard .(这种用法可理解为一般的提法、号召。)
学生应该努力学习。
4)在表示"猜测"方面
在情态动词中can 、should 、may 、might 、must都可以用于表示"猜测"。实际上, "猜测"与"可能性"在逻辑上是有必然联系的。如果认为没有某种可能性,人们就不会作出某些猜测。因此,这里讨论的五个情态动词之间的区别与他们各自在表示"可能性"方面的差异是相关的。
-- 在五个情态动词中must的语气最为强烈,它是以事实为依据而进行的逻辑上的推理,因此它所指的动作发生的可能性最大。
--can 和should表示以事实、理由为依据而进行猜测,它们所指的动作有发生的可能性,但语气没有must那么肯定。其中should的主观性较强,往往表示说话人猜想"应该会怎么样"的意思。
--may 和might这两个词在这方面的语气较弱、没有那么肯定,表示说话人根据自己的主观意断而进行的猜测,一般地说没有足够的客观依据。其中,might的语气更弱一些。例如:
As a football fan, he must have watched the football match on TV last night --Brazil vs. France .
(说话人料定自己的推测不会有错:哪有足球迷不看巴西队与法国队比赛的道理。)作为一个足球迷,他昨晚肯定看了那场巴西对法国的比赛。
He can't be out I just saw him a moment ago .
(他不可能出去,因为我刚刚还见过他。)他不可能出去,因为我刚才一会儿还见过他。
It's 2:30 .I think she should be in her office .
(现在两点半是上班时间,她应该在办公室。)现在两点半钟。她应该在她的办公室。
Brown may come back in ten minutes or so .
(布朗或许一会儿回来,也许不回。)布朗或许十分钟左右就会回来的。
I thought although she was clever she might have difficultylearning a foreign language .
(尽管她很聪明,但也许在学习语言方面会有困难。)我认为,尽管她很聪明但也许在学习语言方面还是会有困难的。
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