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picture 谈学英语(On English Learning)


学习语言有没有一定的方法和诀窍,本人的回答是肯定的,下面本人选择了一些这方面的材料和文章,供你参考。

本栏目内容链接:

谈一谈英语学习   李阳的疯狂英语
10 Tips for English Learning   钟道隆教授与英语学习逆向法
专家谈学英语    英语学习顺口流和小巧门
学英语从理论到实践   有关语言学习的文章
其它网站相关链接:
英语通

学习英语经验谈

BBC learning English

BC learn English

Teaching English

搜英语英语学习

学英语口诀窍门

 英语语言学文学笔记

如何/怎样学好英语

如何提高英语口语

如何提高英语听力

如何学大学英语

如何自学英语

我学英语经验方法

每日英语

如何选择英语培训机构

如果你想访问英语网上学习资源点击这里

谈一谈英语学习

赵宝斌

下定决心,坚持不懈

英语学习作为一门语言技能,通过大量的训练和练习任何人是可以掌握的。一般地说,英语学习的原则是听、说领先,读、写跟上。李扬的疯狂英语提倡,首先建立起我能学好英语的信心,然后以句子为单位,大量地模仿,疯狂地操练,大声地朗读,最后达到自如地说英语,他的方法对提高说英语的能力很奏效。钟道隆教授45岁开始学英语,一年后,学成出国当口语翻译,并创造了逆苦恼、逆急于求成、逆速成的逆向学习英语的方法。他还提出学习英语要遵循听、写、说、背、想的方法,他的方法强调以听为主,并且把所听到的内容全部写下来。尤其是他的学习精神最可佳,他学习英语用坏了十几台录音机,你可想象他听了多少英语;用完的圆珠笔芯几乎装满了一个一拉罐,你可想象他写了多少,在一年半内,累计业余学习英语时间大约三千小时,也就说每天抽出几个小时来学英语。如果我们做到他那样,一定也能学好英语。最重要的是坚持,只要能下定决心,坚持每天至少一个小时的学习英语,战胜自我最后肯定会有收获的。 



注意方法,循序渐进


决心下定,还注意学习方法,有时根据自己的情况和不同的学习目的,选择不同的学习方法,但是学习英语一定要踏踏实实地、一步一个脚印地走。要把基础知识掌握好,也就是说,发音要正确、基本词汇要掌握牢、基本句式要熟练、基本语法要会用。

(1)要过好语音关。把每一个音标发正确,注意改正有问题的音素,特别是那些容易混淆的音素,尽早地掌握国际音标,并尽量的掌握一些读音规则,尽快地能利用读音规则来拼单词,掌握读音规则对单词的记忆和拼写非常有用。

(2)掌握一定数量的英语单词。对于学习者来说掌握英语词汇是一难关,学习单词要从单词的形、音、义这三方面去掌握,要注意单词的一词多义,一词多类的用法,要学会一些构词法的知识,来扩展词汇量。学习单词要在语言材料中去学,要结合词组,通过句子,阅读文章来活记单词,死记的单词是记不牢的。坚持在读、说前,先反复听,听的时候反应单词、句子的意思和节奏,想一下单词的拼法、句子结构。并要同学习语法规则有机结合起来进行。

(3)掌握好基本语法。语法在学习英语中也很重要,它能帮助我们把握住英语的基本规律,通过例句或语言现象把死的语法规则要记住,活的规则要通过做大量的练习掌握。总之学习英语要通过听、说、读、写、译来进行操练,不但要注意数量,更重要的是要注意质量,尤其是基本知识要掌握的准确,熟练。只有经过大量的实践,才能做到熟能生巧,运用自如。




提前预习,有的放矢


作为学生,在每次上课前,都要对要学的课文提前预习。首先在音标的帮助下试着拼读单词,也可以借助配套磁带反复听,对比一下,把握不准的要标出来,注意上课老师的发音,还要记一下单词的汉语意思和词性。借助课文的注释或辅导材料,预习一遍课文,找出不明白的地方,做到心中有数,在教师讲课时注意听这些地方。总之,预习的目的是熟悉要学的内容,找出不明白的地方,带着问题听课,做到有的放矢。 



认真听课,积极配合


课堂是老师与学生一起学习、掌握、运用知识的主要场所。作为起主导作用的老师一方引导学生搞好课堂教学是很必要的,但也需要学习者的积极配合。上课要专心听讲、作好笔记、认真操练、积极思考。预习时出现的问题在课堂上教师没有讲到的,要向老师提出,把问题搞清楚,老师讲授的问题,先注意听,下课后整理一下笔记,反复思考一下这些问题,抓住老师所讲的重点,难点和考点。总之,上课时要做到耳听、眼观、嘴动、脑想,调动起多个感官来。



完成作业,找出问题


学完每一课,要认真完成课后作业。做作业时一定不要看参考书上题的答案,做完后再对答案,对于作业中所出现的不明白的问题,应该记下来,等下次上课时提出来。做作业是英语学习的很重要的环节,它是消化知识和巩固知识的过程,一定要认真完成规定的作业,笔头作业要动一动笔,口头作业要动一动嘴,提高听力要练一练耳,课文在听和读的基础上,最好背诵某些精彩段落总之,要做大量的练习,英语是练出来的,  一定不要偷懒。



及时复习,巩固知识


学会了的东西随着时间的流逝会逐渐遗忘,但学语言有遗忘现象是正常的。更不必因为有遗忘现象而影响自己学好英语的信心与决心。问题在于怎样来减轻遗忘的程度。善于类比,总结知识,把新学的知识同过去学的有关的知识进行横向和纵向比较和联系。建立错误档案记录,加深印象,以避免再反同样错误。我们大部分知识和技能是靠重复获得的,及时复习对于记忆非常必要,学英语就是要坚持天天不断的练,不断地重复基本句型,常用词汇和基本语法等。学习英语的过程也是同遗忘做斗争的过程。

总而言之,只要你能做到下定决心学,注意学习方法,把课前预习,认真听课,完成作业,及时复习这些环节作好了,你一定能够学好英语。

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10 Tips for English Learning

Zhao Baobin (赵宝斌)

1. How do you memorize new words?

New words should be mastered in several ways. First, pronunciation, if you want to pronounce the word correctly, you'd better listen to it first and practice it again and again by imitation. Second, spelling, if you want to memorize the word how to spell, you'd better learn some knowledge for word building and pronunciation rules. Third, meaning and use, if you want to know the exact meaning and use of the word, you'd better learn it through context and reading. Finally, you should work hard on it.

2. How do you improve your reading?

First, look at the title of the passage if there is. You can get the general idea of it. Then you pay attention to the first and last sentence of very paragraph of the passage. You can get the main idea of the paragraph. Third, through the context(上下文), you guess the new words that you come across. Finally, note the style and tone in order to the writer's implication in meaning.

3. How do you improve your speaking?

You can improve your speaking only through practice. Firstly, don't think of too much grammar, when you speak. You try to speak the key words, if you cannot speak the whole sentence, but you must speak the key words clearly and correctly. Secondly, pay attention to the different rhythms (节奏)between English and Chinese. We Chinese tend to stress the words equally, while the English words in the sentence tend to be stressed quite differently. The words with important information are normally stressed. Lastly, try to use your gestures and your facial expressions to go with your verbal communication.


4. How do you learn English grammar?

The purpose of learning grammar is to help learners to have a better understanding of the language. It is no use remembering grammar rules by rote because there are no rules without exceptions. It is sensible to use English grammar as a tool to help you to understand and master English. You learn grammar only through language phenomena (现象)because it comes from it. So you learn those rules and do some exercises to practise them.


5. How do you improve your listening?

You can improve your listening only through listening a great deal and there is no shortcut. First, you should have the right pronunciation of the words in your mind so learn to pronounce them correctly. Then, you try to catch the meaning of the sentence but not the separate meanings of the words, that is, do not concentrate on words too much but on the meaning as a whole. Third, pay attention to the liaison, (连读) loss of explosion and assimilation(同化) of the words. Lastly, pay attention to the stressed words and guess the meaning through the intonation.


6. How do you start to learn English?

First, you must have your purpose of learning English in your mind. Do you want to improve your oral English or written English or for the purpose of tests? Second, what level are you at? Are your English intermediate? Lower or upper? Third, choose the way to learn English according to your time and finance. Do you want to learn English by self-study, English class, English courses on the radio, English learning software or even online courses on the Internet? Finally, you must study hard and insist on learning continuously for a year or two.


7. How do you improve your translation?

First, learn some basic rules for translation. Then you must have a good master of both English and Chinese. Finally, you must practise, practise and once more practise. You can refer to some bilingual magazines English world for example. You practise translation from Chinese to English and vice versa(反过来). Then you have some comparison with their translation. After some period of practice, you will make great progress. Practise makes perfect.


8. How do you tell the differences of English synonyms?

There are no synonyms which are exactly the same. You should think of the synonyms in these ways. The style is different. Formal or informal?. The meaning is different. General or specific? It is different in grammar. Different collocations and different sentence patterns.


9. How do you learn English verb tense?

First, pay attention to the adverbial of time, if there is one, in the sentence. Different adverbials of time indicate the use of different tense. Second, the meaning of predicate verb, Some verbs tend to be used a certain tense. For example, I like music The word like tends to be used in simple present tense. Third, note the context, it will give you hints to use a certain tense. Finally, you'd better do some exercises in order that you have some consciousness(意识) of using English tense.


10. How do you buy English dictionary?

Nowadays, there are so many different kinds of dictionaries. Find the kind of dictionary that you are looking for. Then you 'd better find out who is the publisher? Is it a well-known publisher? How many copies has it been published? The more, the better. What do you think of the printing quality of the dictionary?


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英语专家谈英语学习方法

赵宝斌 编辑整理

许国璋

* 学英语就要无法无天,要天不怕地不怕。

* 学外语,要眼尖,耳明,嘴勤,手快。只要多读,多记,多讲,多写,自有水到渠成 之日。

* 学习外语,从事语言学研究的人不要把自己圈在只读洋文的狭小天地里,一定要具备 良好的国学基础。

* 光学几句干巴巴的英文不行....不要总是把阅读的目的放在提高英文上,阅读首先是 吸收知识,吸收知识的过程中自然而然就吸收了语言。

胡壮麟

* 我认为学好英语在一般情况下可用如下规则描述:“动因+兴趣“---决心---持之以 ----见效。

* 既要珍惜课堂教学和老师指导的学习机会,也要抓住“习得”英语的机会,后者指学 会自己主动听广播听录音,看电视看录像,读书报读小说,与操英语者用口语和书面语 交流。

* 模仿英美人的语音语调,但不必一味追求洋腔洋调,重点应放在发音正确,吐字清 楚,表达自然。大胆张口,有时不免背诵,以至自说自话。

* 阅读时对那些不影响全句全篇大意的新词,多查词典,了解其意义和用法。

* 做任何事都要掌握其规律,学英语也一样,因此,看一两部浅易的语法书何乐而不为

王佐良

* 通过文化来学习语言,语言也会学得更好。

* 语言之有魅力,风格之值得研究,主要是因为后面有一个大的精神世界:但这两者又 必须艺术地融合在一起,因此语言表达力同思想洞察力又是互相促进的。

* 文体,风格的研究是有实际用途的,它可以使我们更深入地观察英语的性能,看到英 语的长处,短处,以及我们在学习英语时应该特别注意或警惕的地方。因为英语一方面 不难使用,一方面又在不小心或过分小心的使用者面前布满了陷阱。

周珏良

* 对于翻译的步骤我有以下看法;(1)。先逐字逐句译出,不要少掉什么东西,不避 免某些翻译腔。(2)。抛开原文,只看译文,依原文风格(简练,沉郁,俏皮等)修 改译文文字。这时会发现好多问题,往往是上下文呼应联系问题和整体风格问题。 3)。再对原文,看看走了意思没有。(4)。放几天甚至几星期后再看。这时对原文 的记忆已经模糊了。在上述第二阶段修改文字时曾因为原文还大都记得,觉得还顺当的 许多地方,现在都通不过了,需要再修改文字。这时往往要加些字或减些字才能使意思 清楚。经过这一次修改,一般说译文就可以拿出去了。

* 要理解一国的文化就要读些历史,文学,包括诗和散文作品。我国古时儿童入私塾读 书,开始读《三字经》,〈〈千字文〉〉,〈〈百家姓〉〉,此外还要读〈〈千家 诗〉〉或〈〈唐诗三百首〉〉,也就是要蒙童及早地接触我国传统文化的意思。我们读 点英诗,目的与此类似。

何其莘

* 用英文思维是许多英语学习者都希望达到的一种境界,因为这是用英语流畅地表达思 想的基础。对于一个生活在非英语环境中的中国学生来说,要做到部分或全部用英文来 思考确有很大难度,但也不是可望而不可及。从自己学习英语的经历中,我体会到坚持 大量阅读是实现这一目标最有效的途径之一。

* 首先要选好难易程度适中的原文书籍:一般以每页(大32开)不超过八个生词为宜。 其次是阅读方法:要像读中文小说那样快速浏览,不默读,不查字典,更不通过翻译来 理解原文的意思。遇见不认识的生词,要根据上下文来推测。第三是要坚持天天都读, 而且要给自己规定每天必须完成的阅读任务。只要坚持下去,几个月,半年之后,肯定 会看到成效。

胡文仲


* 学习英语无捷径。要想学好英语只有大量实践,多听多读多说多写。不要被商业广告 所误导。

* 对于初中级英语学习者我特别推荐英语简易读物,读的材料要浅易,故事性要强,读 的速度尽可能快一些,读的越多越好。这是学好英语屡试不爽的一个好办法。

* 说英语一不要怕犯错误,二不要怕别人笑话。要争取一切机会讲英语,和外国人讲, 和同学讲,和同事讲,实在没办法的时候和自己讲。例如,可以把自己想说的话录下 来,然后再放出来自己听。

* 要多用词典,多用英语词典。如果读词典读的津津有味,就说明学英语已经上路了。

* 英语具有较好的基础以后,通读(注意不是略读或跳读)一本浅易的英语语法书会使 你有一种豁然开朗的感觉。

丁往道

* 要注重写的练习。强调听和说,听,说领先,是对的;经常阅读,大量阅读,也是必 要的。但对于排在“四会”末尾的“写”,千万不要认为它可有可无。“写”在学英语 的过程中有其特别重要和不可替代的作用。只要是写一篇短文,就得思考内容和观点, 组织材料,安排层次,斟酌词句,这是极好的锻炼。而且写对语言的正确性和表达的准 确性的要求比口语要高些,因为可以考虑和修改。这对提高语言质量十分有益。

* 要关心中国文化。中国人都应关心中国文化,主修英语或别的外语的朋友们更要注意 对中国文化的学习和钻研,因为在外语上用很多时间,可能会忽略中国文化的学习,结 果是对所学语言国家的情况和文化特点知道得多,而对中国的文化特点知道得反而少。 中国文化源远流长,有很多宝贵的成份,我们应该珍视这份遗产,努力予以发扬光大。

张中载


* 学语言光听不说,光读不写,是学不好的。现在,有不少学生只知戴着耳机听英语, 埋头读英语书,却不开口朗读,背诵名篇,名段,不开口练着说英语,也不动手做笔头 练习,写英语文章。只有语言的“输入”(通过听,读吸收语言),却无语言的“输 出”(通过口头和笔头表达思想,应用学到的语言),是学不好语言的。

* 学语言同学文化分不开。通过语言学英语国家的文化,通过文化学语言要听读题材广 泛的书籍和文章(历史,文学,传记,科技,经济,政治,军事等),在提高语言水平 的同时增长各种知识,并学到另一种文化的精华。

梅仁毅

* 要学好英语,就要对语言本身及语言所传达的各种文化信息感兴趣。当你读到或听到 别人用简洁的英语表达深奥的思想时,兴奋不已,立即记住,这就表明你已对语言产生 了兴趣。没有这种兴趣,难以在语言学习中登堂入室。

* 学习英语从一开始就要重视语音,语调。发音,语调,重音,停顿,不求完美,但要 基本正确。否则,将影响听力及口语,从而是语言失去交流的功能。

* 简易读物对打好基础极有用,要多读。 一是数量要多,至少读四十本。二是要重复 读,选出十至十五本,读三遍,读到许多问题印在脑子中。设想一下,别人能用一千五 百到两千词汇写出几十本书来,如果我们能把这些表达方式掌握住,能够表达多少内容

* 在基础阶段后期,或高年级,要努力背诵名篇,比如说,背50-100篇。无论从语言还 是内容来说,这都是精华。背熟了,对了解西方文化,对研究文字的运用都有好处。

吴冰

* 学习外语和学习任何知识一样,是不能投机取巧的。首先要有刻苦的精神和持之以恒 的决心。

* 语言是有声的,因此一开始就要把语音的基础打好。发音正确,别人才能听懂你的 话,同时也便于你通过“听”来学习新的知识。

* 我们常说的“英语基本功”包括听、说、读、写这四个相关的方面,学习时要尽量平 衡发展,如果其中一项过差,会从总体上影响外语水平的提高。如今仅电视一个渠道就 有许多“听”的节目,可“读”的书更多。至于“说”和“写”完全可以自己练习。没 有人对话,可以采用英语思维的办法跟自己说。“写”这可以通过记日记来提高,一天 记一件事,可以写“听”到或“读”到过的,这样就复习了从“听”和“读”中获取的 语言知识。

* 学习外语“懂得了”不等于“掌握了”。如对中国人来说,理解shehe二字并不 难,但用起来却每每出错,因此要常练、多练、反复练。

* 语言是与文化紧密联系的,不了解英语国家的历史和文化,即便能说英语,在交流中 也难免产生误解和其它困难。

* 学英语除了肯下功夫外,还要动脑筋总结英语特点,比较英语和汉语的“同”和 “异”。看到了“同”有助于提高学习效率,不过,需要注意学习和掌握的还是“异” 的部分。

* 要想学好英语,得不怕麻烦勤查外国人为初学者编写的单语词典,因为使用双语词典 时,大多数人常图方便只看中文,而英语解释不但更加准确,而且通过看英语解释还能 复习常用词汇和表达法,可谓“一箭双雕”。

陈琳

* 在没有语言环境的情况下,外语是不可能“习得”的(但作为一种教学手段,必须尽 量创造习得环境),只能“学得”。必须下艰苦的功夫。我一向主张要“背”。不仅儿 童,成人更加要背。且看郑板桥在《自叙》中所说:“人咸谓板桥读书善记,不只非善 记,乃善诵耳。板桥每读一书,必千万遍。舟中,马上,被底,或当食忘匕著,或对客 不听其语,并自忘其所语,皆记书默诵也。书有弗记者乎?”一代大师尚且如此,何况 我辈凡人,更何况他背的大概不是外语。

* 一般学习外语的,都知道有所谓“精读”和“泛读”。殊不知,在听、说和写这其他 三“会”上,也都要作精和泛的工作。说的啰唆些:要有精听和泛听、精说和泛说、精 写和泛写。精泛两种功夫相辅相成,缺一不可。

* 学习语言,在读、听、说、写四会中,固可因工作的需要而有所侧重,但最好还是能 全面掌握。英国16世纪思想家培根曾说:“读书使人充实,交谈使人机敏,写记使人精 确”(这里交谈包括听和说)。可以看出,学会读、听、说、写一种语言,不仅是掌握 语言能力以作为工具的问题,更加关系到一个人素质的培养。

刘承沛


* 学英语的成败,在很大程度上取决于我们接触了多少英语和什么样的英语。阅读的语 言材料最容易得到,因此我们应该多读书,读各种有用的书,好书。

* 朗读和听写是学外语最有效的训练方法,基础阶段必须坚持。千万不能因为现行各种 英语测试不考这两项而放弃。

* 不要小看世界名著的英文简写本。基础阶段读它三,四十本才会体会到学英文究竟是 怎么一回事。

* 及早学会用英-英词典。这是因为英汉词典多半不解释词义,只给对等词,而两种语 言的词汇并不是可以完全对等的。

危东亚


* 学习英语,就是要学习英语特有的表达方式。吕叔湘先生说过,英语是英语,汉语是 汉语。这个提法相当尖锐,意思是告诫中国学生,要分清英语与汉语的表达方式,不要 把二者混同起来。林语堂先生也一再强调过英文的表现法,并饶有风趣的说,在英文里 只有“花闻香”,没有“花香”。

* 改革开放以来,学习英语的人越来越多,学习的客观条件也在不断改善。但是,学习 的人在主观上还存在一个问题,就是不够自觉注意英语特有的表达方式,结果自己所掌 握的英语质量不高,或可说毛病不少。

* 大家都说要学“地道”的英语。所谓地道英语就是英语特有的表达方式。从这个角度 看来,地道英语并不是什么玄远的东西,在我们日常接触的英语里就有,在许多课文里 就有,在不少录音里就有,就等我们去发现,去学习。

* 然而,要发现和学到地道英语,也就是英语特有的表达方式,不是一下就做得到的。 首先,要学会分辨什么是英语特有的表达方式。对于我们中国人来说,英语作为一门外 国语,其中必然有许多难点和特点。这些难点和特点理应受到重视,但是说来奇怪,中 国学生往往忽略过去,不予重视。

* 这个现象主要是由于缺乏正确指导。正确指导可以来自两方面:一是教师,二是参考 书籍。对广大自学英语的人来说,借助参考书籍尤其重要。参考书籍,如词典、语法 书、用法书以及讲作文修辞的书,都会告诉我们在学习和使用英语时应当注意什么。我 们如果把从参考书籍学到的知识应用到听说读写实践中去,常作英汉对比,日积月累, 最终就不但能辨别出而且能掌握住英语特有的表达方式。

高厚坤


* 一般人查词典为了弄懂词的意义,而有些人却把字典当作有趣、消闲的读物。据多位 作者所述,钱钟书先生就是这样一位读者。他把重的拿不动的大辞典挨着字母逐条细读 ;他在漫长的旅途上手捧一本别人认为“索然寡味”的英文字典,怡然自得的读了一个 月;他在去英国的轮船上以约翰逊博士的《英文词典》伴随,深得其中的乐趣,自称趣 味之深,有不足外人道者。我想如果我们有这种精神钻研一本英文词典,我们在许多方 面都会有很大的长进。

* 林语堂曾眷恋《简明牛津辞典》和《袖珍牛津辞典》,称之为“枕中秘”。他认为这 两本词典对词的取舍是根据读者的需要,同时又把词当做活的材料,举出实例,十分有 用。其实,随着辞典编撰学的发展,几十年来好的英文词典层出不穷,尤以供母语为非 英语的读者用的学习词典(learner ’s dictionary)不断出现为最。例如《牛津高级现 代英语词典》、《朗文当代英语词典》、《钱伯斯大众英语学习词典》、《柯林斯精选 英语词典》等等---释义深入浅出(“朗文”释义所用词汇约2000个),例证精当深 度,语法简明扼要,辨析饶有情趣。对英语学习者来说,其实用性已超出了林语堂的枕 中秘。你不妨取其一二当作读物,读到不忍释卷。,甚至须臾不可离,那么语言也就学 到手了。其中“柯林斯”最浅近,“牛津”、“朗文”有双解本。

熊德倪

* 学习英语(或任何一门外语)没有任何捷径可徒,老想找捷径的人是永远学不好的, 要想学好必须定下心来打一场持久战。

* 不要忙于“对口”(学专业英语)。如果基础没有打好,甚至英语还没有入门想学好 专业英语是绝对不可能的。

* 我总喜欢把学习英语比作一场围攻战。被围攻的是你脑子里的母语,攻打这个堡垒的 是英语大军。你指挥军队攻破一道又一道防线,直至拿下你头脑中这个顽强堡垒--- 语。

* 学英语每人都有自己的特点和方法,但有一点是共同的,那就是每个人都必须要有大 量的实践,都必须在听说读写方面下苦功夫。

* 要从阅读中学到好的,地道的英语,我们不防读细一点甚至对好的句子、段落加以背 诵。但阅读不应该只限于写一些漂亮句子,更重要的是得到知识,不仅是专业知识,而 且是广泛的人文知识,这是学好英语的关键所在。

* 50年代初我提出要“read for information.”因为当时材料少得可怜。现在摆在 我们面前的是一个广阔的阅读天地,因此我提出要“read for pleasure.”当你达到这 个境界,你会发现你的一切问题都迎刃而解,再也不会为“如何学好英语”这个问题而 苦恼。

秦秀白


* 好学生都不是在课堂上由老师“教”出来,而是靠老师在课堂内外“导”出来的。就 学习英语而言,不要把“宝”都押在课堂教学上,而要靠自学。We live in and by

language.要学会在生活中学英语。生活的范围有多大,你的英语学习天地就有多么宽 广。诚然,你周围的语言环境是汉语,但你完全可以自己创造虚拟的“英语世界”。常 问问自己:这层意思或这个事物用英语该怎么表达?在这种场合或情景下,“老外”会 说些什么话?带着这类问题去读书,去请教他人,就能“立竿见影”。有了这种意识, 你就会发现:你走到哪里都可以学英语,一辈子都在学英语。

* 要读大量的英文小说。就英语学习而言,一部英文小说其实就是英语建构的一个“虚 拟世界”。那里有人,有人的心灵和人与人之间关系的揭示,有人与自然、与社会的冲 突和调和。走进一部英文小说,你实际上就已经“生活”在一个“英语世界”里了,还 愁没有东西可学?经典作品要读,写得好的当代通俗小说也要读,因为后者的语言更新 鲜,更有时代感。

陶洁

* 学习英语跟做任何学问一样,没有捷径可走,不下苦功夫是不行的。

* 学习英语首先要打好基础。从语音语调做起,多听录音多模仿,一定会有收益。学习 语言有一个积累过程,在听、说、写、读四项基本技能中,阅读是关键。应该大量阅读 简写本文学名著和其他简易读物,培养对英语的感性认识,了解英语社会的文化背景知 识。如果把自己感兴趣的文章或诗歌或名篇背下来,那对以后写地道的英语会有很大的 好处。

* 学习英语是为了使用。在大量阅读的基础上,要想方设法使用自己学到的东西。最简 便的方法是使用英语复述自己感兴趣的阅读材料和用英语写日记。这两种办法可以促使 我们在阅读时有意识的寻找我们想用的语言素材和表达方式,而长期坚持的结果会提高 我们理解原文的能力和用英语正确表达思想的能力。

黄源深


* 大量阅读对英语学习至关重要,没有大量阅读很难学好英语。现今学生的一个通病是 阅读量太小,拘泥于短文章上的“精耕细作”,产生不了语感,因而口笔语都缺少外国 味。多读文学作品和外国报刊不失为一剂良药。

* 写作最能使人感到英语学习上的不足,最能提高对语言的敏感性和吸收能力。好的作 文是(学生)写出来的,不是(老师)改出来的,多写才能出文章。写作在开始时往往 是苦事,一不坚持就会放弃,因而需要毅力。写作应辅以大量阅读,写作中出现的错误 能通过阅读自我纠正。

* 英美人都反对背字典,因而对说本族语的人来说,良好的语言环境和大量的阅读足以 使英语词汇得到多次重复,直到被掌握。而我国的英语学习者情况就不同了,生活在汉 语语言环境里,英语的阅读量往往不足,难以在自然的语境中通过重复掌握该掌握的全 部词汇。因此中国学生的词汇量往往偏小, 对听、说、读、写造成很大障碍。我主张 有一定基础的学生(如大三学生)不妨背一背词典,细水长流,不要贪多,贵在坚持。 背的同时要不忘阅读,使背过的词汇在阅读中得以巩固。掌握的词汇一多,学习者便有 豁然开朗的感觉。

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学英语从理论到实践

英语作为国际通用语,其重要地位越来越得到大家的共识。因为,“我们不能忽视一个巨人的存在”(英国一专家语)。所以,我们要下定决心,排除万难,掌握英语

1 英语能力培养程序:词汇-语法----写。英语高分训练程序:词汇--写。这两套程序是语言学和认知学研究的成果,次序千万不能颠倒。词汇是基础,是素材,是细胞,不要指望词汇基本功不扎实的人能够考出高分;阅读是中国人学习外语的最佳途径,也是目前各类外语考试的最主要题型;写作是掌握外语,检验自己水平的最主要方式。有兴趣的人可以参考这方面的专著。

2 词汇的学习最困难,如果有人说不,他保证是“唯心主义”。那既然如此,有无捷径?这儿就有一条捷径,穿越时空隧道,到达梦幻之境。词汇的学习要以变应变,在不同的阶段,要有不同的方法。想一想你是如何记住f ace pencil的?死记硬背,“无他法,唯手熟尔”(卖油翁)。所以,从原理上来说,词汇的学习离开死记硬背是不行的,因为,外语的学习要点在于记忆,死记硬背好比打基础,离开了他,毫无大厦可言。如果你的词汇量在5 000以下,买一本词汇书,词汇量在3000(背功不行)5000(背功还行)7500(背功很好)。选择标准有三:1。有音标;2 有词性;3 内容简单,没有例句。

你是如何记住facial, surface, deface; acclaim, declaim, proclaim 的?因为你知道-face- ,-claim-的意义。所以,词根词缀法是你学习词汇第二阶段的方法。词根词缀法的意义我就不多说了,我则给大家推荐三本书:俞敏洪的,刘毅的以及《 random house: power vocabulary builder.

你是如何记住flagrant fragrant的?因为你知道-l-(一根大棒),-r-(一朵鲜花),所以他们的意义就井然分明了。联想记忆法是你学习词汇第三阶段的方法。唯有联想,才能强力扩大词汇范围。. 联想记忆法有时也叫做邪门记忆法,这方面的书很多,我该大家推荐:俞敏洪的GRE红宝书,世界图书出版公司的《常用英文单词字母组合联想记忆法》和《常用英文单词形象联想记忆法》。

3 . 关于辞典。词汇的学习离不开词典,如何选用她至关重要。我做一个Prediction 70%的人用的是牛津和朗文。但是你如果看一下英语专业的考试大纲的话,你会发现,COLLINS COBUILD WEBSTERS COLLEGE DICTIONARY 才是最好的工具书。我用的就是后者。为什么要推荐这俩本呢?1、释义详细,简练;2、提高词汇在上下文的理解能力;3、后者还提供词源,方便理解与记忆。

4. 阅读有三个层次:字面意义,行间意义,言外之意。试题考察的比例一般为221。字面意义不必多说,对于行间意义和言外之意的理解,需要高超的技巧,一般的阅读书上都有,在此我提一下篇章结构的作用。篇章结构对于解答行间意义和言外之意的提问特别有效。就我现在的水平,只要细心,很少有误。

Click here to read 4、6级考满分的学生的文章 我学习英语的"诀窍"

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 李阳的疯狂英语

疯狂是精神,是梦想,是人生态度,是世界观,是方法。适合人生奋斗的各个领域。

句子中心论:

用句子来掌握发音、单词、语法和句型。在句子中学到的发音才是地道的发音,学到的单词才是有生命力的单词,学到的语法才是有用的语法。请记住:人和人语言交往的最基本单位是句子。

口语中心论:

通过口语来突破听力、阅读、写作和翻译。"听说读写译"本来就是一家。 学习英语最后就被简化成"说句子",或者是"脱口而出句子"。这就是学习英语的本质。学一句算一句,说一句顶十句! 验证你英文水平的不是无聊的 "单词量",而是实实在在的、能够脱口而出的 "句子量" 学英语没有什么了不起!攻克英语,小菜一碟。"疯狂英语"

最神奇的方法之一:一、三、五!一口气训练法! 这个方法主要训练你说英语的底气。

口腔肌肉训练法!

李阳的伟大发明,最大声、最快速、最清晰地朗读英语,快速把中国的口腔肌肉训练成发达的"国际肌肉",既能讲世界上最难的中文,又能流利地讲世界通用语言英语。全面总结英语发音秘诀,并列举大量实用的绕口令,使您在刺激有趣的朗读中轻松突破发音难关。

疯狂英语的革命性观点:

学习英语是 "体力劳动" ,而不只是脑力劳动! 英语的能力不是靠学习了多长,而是靠操练了多长时间! 游泳是游出来的,钢琴是弹出来的,舞蹈是跳出来的,车是开出来的,饭是做出来的,电脑是玩出来的,语言是说出来的。只有脱口而出才算是真正学习语言。

"李阳疯狂英语"突破发音最有效的三种办法:

1.手势法:20多个简单的手势在一个小时之内让你领悟英语发音的精髓;

2.五大发音秘诀:复杂的发音规则被李阳简化得任何人都可以学会;

   3.听烂一盒录音带,发音彻底过关。

"李阳疯狂英语"秘招:

口语突破听力! 李阳老师独创,可为国家节省大量外汇,停止引进日本语言实验室。 我们从小绝对没有专门练习过听力,但我们的听力一流! 口语和听力其实是一家,共同发展,相互促进!

"李阳疯狂英语"杀手锏:

口语突破考试! 考试的最大特点是"换汤不换药",考来考去就是那点"破玩意" 李阳疯狂英语考试秘诀就是将考试题统统脱口而出,而不只是选对答案! 培养一流语感,对考试陷阱轻车熟路! 素质教育和应试教育完美结合。

"疯狂英语"的崇高学习目的和强大动力:

学习英语是为了更好地爱国,更好地打击外国人,更有效地赚取全世界的钱财,是为了中国文化和中国语言走向世界,是为了更好地获得国外先进的科学技术和管理经验。

到底怎么学英语? 总而言之就是:学习,学习,再学习;实践,实践,再实践。

用简单的手势突破困饶中国人多年的发音问题 神奇的五大发音秘诀

将繁杂的发音规则总结成简单易行的五大发音要点。


长元音和双元音饱满。这是悦耳英文的秘诀。 * inside my mouth (在我的嘴里) * Mike likes to write by the nice bright light at night. (麦克喜欢在夜晚明亮的灯光旁写作。)【 八次疯狂张嘴,元音极其饱满! 】

短元音短促有力。这是干净利落的发音。你只要一收腹就可以精确地发出短元音。 * Couldn't be better.(再好不过了。) * It took me a month to get rid of my cough. (我用了一个月的时间才使咳嗽痊愈。)

连音和省略。这是真正的地道英文境界(含含糊糊)。* I don't-know what-to do. (我不知道该做些什么。)【 两个辅音连接,只读后一个! 】 * I'm working on-it. (我正在努力。)【 连音 】 【 美国总统常用 】

咬舌头。这是英语独特的魅力。* Neither father nor mother likes this weather. (爸爸妈妈都不喜欢这天气。)【 咬五次舌头 】 * the same thing(同样的一件事) * Something is better than nothing. (有一点总比一点都没有好。)

踏踏实实学英语 一年当翻译

他45岁自学英语口语,一年后成为翻译.

他52岁自学电脑,成为电脑作家,迄今已写作与翻译了38本书.

他57岁学习和研究记忆方法,能背出圆周率1800余位.

他60余岁以极大的热忱,催人奋进言行,鼓励人们学习英语的热情,使许许多多的人走向成功之路.

他就是曾任某学院少将副院长的钟道隆教授.

为什么屡攻英语不克?如何摆脱"哑巴英语"状态?如何听懂英语广播?钟道隆教授用自己45岁自学英语口语,一年后成为翻译的经历,通过众多用逆向法学习英语而成功的活生生的例子,为学英语的人找到了一条出路。

钟教授与许多人一样,曾花很大功夫学习英语,先后学过《英语900句》、《今日英语》等书和录音带。学的时候对着书看,似乎没什么不明白的地方,但是由于基础不扎实和方法不当,花的功夫不少,收获却不大。到头来始终摆脱不了尴尬的"哑巴"状态。

1980年初他采用逐词逐名听写录音的方法进行学习。他先是学了5个月的基础知识,然后就每天听写英语广播录音,他的听写是原始意义的听写,一个收录机、一支笔、一打纸,除了词典以外,没有任何文字课本。一遍听不懂,就把磁带倒回去再来一遍,直到完全听懂为止。就这样,一年半内累计业余学习时间达3000小时,终于成为口语翻译。并总结出了"听、写、说、背、想"五法并举且收效显著的"英语学习逆向法"。



一、哑巴英语的尴尬


我上中学时没有学过音标,基本上是跟着教师念,对不对不得,而知。有时会闹出笑话,例如dining一room中的第一个i,不发【 i 】 ,而发【 ai 】 ,但是教师读成【 i 】 ,我们也就跟着读错了,后来才纠正过来。上大学以后改学俄语,大学毕业以后又自学过一些英语,能阅读有关的专业书籍。但是从来没有学过“听”和“说”,基本上是“哑巴英语”。

1979年45岁时第一次随团去法国和德国参观。当时我能阅读自己熟悉的专业书刊,算是代表团中英语水平比较高的。但一到外国,除了一般的问候语以外几乎都听不懂,说不了,所以根本听不懂技术讲解。对于熟悉的专业书面材料,如果是用大写字母写成的说明,一时还反应不过来,需要在脑子中翻译成小写才看得懂。代表团团长还不时地鼓励我“胆子大一些”。其实哪里是什么胆子大小的问题,听不懂,说不了,看不懂,哪里来的胆子?在国外期间,我与每一个不会外语的人一样,口袋里装着一个纸条,上写“我住在XXX旅馆,请把我送回去。”以防一旦走失时使用。我当时是某设计院总工程师,高级工程师,看着这样的纸条,心里真有一种说不出的被侮辱感,“我这个中国高级工程师和总工程师只有这样的水平,与文盲差不多,外国人怎么会看得起我们?”发愤之心油然而生,回国以后下决心发奋学习,努力提高英语口语能力。

二、自学一年成翻译

我问外国人,是不是因为到了中国,才故意把讲话的速度放慢了?他们笑着回答说:“我们一直是用同一个语速讲的,只不过是你的听力提高了,觉得我们讲得慢了。”从这些经历中我看到了自己的进步。

由于英语水平的提高,技术讲座中翻译译得对不对我也能作出判断了。有时翻译与我的理解不一致,在场的外籍华人一般情况下都说我的理解对(当然这里起主要作用的是我懂专业,其实专业翻译们的英语水平比我高多了)。这种情况重复多了,中国电子设备系统工程公司总经理1982年初访问德国前提出让我当翻译。这是我万万没有想到的,我回答说干不了。但他坚持说我干得了,并给了我很多鼓励。于是我进行了详细的准备,拟定了一些情景对话。如:一到海关,可能问什么,怎么回答,参观时可能会有什么问题,怎么翻译等等,并且把准备好的稿子对着录音机念,再放出来给自己听,看像不像。尽管进行了这样准备,一到国外,实际对话时完全不是那么一回事,不是听不懂就是说不了,困难极了。当时我手里随时拿着一个本子,有听不懂的,说不了的就立即记下来,晚上回到旅馆,再累也要查词典,看会话手册,一定要把白天不明白的地方搞懂了以后才休息。这件事情对我是一个转折,大大地增加了我的自信心,确信自己是能学会英语的。能承担口译任务以后我仍然一点也不放松自学,每天仍坚持学习英语,以做到“曲不离口”、“常学常新”。有时别人间我:“你已经会说会听了,就行了,为什么还花这么多时间学英语?”我只有回答说:“我喜欢英语”。这也是真的,比方说春节的时候,家里别的人看春节电视节目一直到半夜一两点,我就一直学习英语到半夜一两点。

与学其他知识一样,自学英语必须要有一丝不苟和精益求精的学习精神,碰到问题要打破砂锅问到底,不达目的决不罢休,只要搞不懂就一直要挂在心上,一有机会就要学要问。对于学到的东西决不要满足于一知半解,而要深入钻研,把边边角角的有关知识都搞清楚,只有这样才会如同小学生学语文一样,每天都能学到新的词,掌握的英语知识才会越来越多,水平才会越来越高。下面举几个典型的例子。

一次听到了Khmer Rouge,其中Rouge一词听不懂。两年后一次听一篇有关美国妇女化妆的文章,其中提到rouge(口红),这才恍然大悟,原来是“红色高棉”,存在两年左右的问题终于有了答案。

Condition一词与医学有关的解释一般只作“条件和状态”讲,但在形容人有心脏病时用heart condition,觉得解释成“心脏条件和状态”都不太通顺。后来从一本新出版的Longman词典中,才知道这个词可以直接作“病”解。

听有关菲律宾反对党领袖阿基诺被刺的消息时,不断地听到tar mac一词,根据发音找不着,后来请教一美国工程师,才知道是“柏油碎石路”,是从tar macadam一词简化而来的。又如一次录下The peace talks between lran and lraq went into square one这样一句话,根据上下文推测出是两伊和谈没有取得什么进展的意思,但是手头的词典上没有square one这个词组,无法确切得知是否听写对了,因此见人就问。后来拿着录音给一个从加拿大回来的博士听,他肯定了我听写的是对的。我并没有到此为止,到处找词典,最后终于在The Penguin Dictionary of English Idioms上找到了如下有关back to square one的解释:

Back to square one back to the very beginning of some task or enterprise as a result of a setback. The allusion is to the game of Ludo when a player is sent to square one if he lands on the wrong square.这样,对于这个词的来历就知道了。知道了就有用,China Daily l990年7月7日有一个标题是这样写的:Back to square one on talks over Northern lreland. 又如一次从慢速英语有关经济消息的节目中听写出derivatives一词,查词典,其解释为“衍生的,派生的;导数”,找不到与经济有关的解释,不知道指的是什么。直到后来英国巴林银行的职员利森案发后,各种新闻媒介上有关derivatives的报导增多,才知道该词的汉语译名为“衍生金融商品”,专指由利率或债券、外汇或汇率以及股票或股价指数等现货市场衍生出来的金融商品,主要有期货futures、期权option trading和掉期swap种类型。

我比较注意总结学习经验,每隔一段时间要回忆一下有什么经验教训和体会。我采用的学习方法没有有形的课本,一开始只有声音,必须“听、写、说、背、想”五法并举,才能搞清楚录音说的是什么,等到全部录音都听写出来了,才有一个有形的课本,与通常的从有形的课本人手的“正向”方法不同,是“逆向”进行的,故名逆向法。采用逆向法自学英语有很多优点。把经验和体会写出来就是已经出版发行的《慢速英语入门》、《科技英语听力自学要诀》、《英语学习逆向法》、《听力过关技巧》以及《英语新闻广播常用词语选编》等五本书。

从此以后,我经常给别人讲如何学习英语,尤其是1990年以来,经常辅导各个层次的人学习英语,对他们学习碰到的各种问题有了进一步的了解,对逆向法优点的体会也就更深刻了。

三、我是在国内学会的

有的人认为我学会英语是因为经常出国。其实我是学会了英语才出国的,不是出国以后才学会英语的。当然,在国外,有很好的学习英语的客观条件和学好英语的可能性。但把可能性转换成现实性,充分利用有利条件,还是要通过自己的努力。不少人一次一次地出国,但就是没有学会英语。我第二次出国就当翻译了。其实就我本人学到英语知识的多少来说,有时在国内每天学的英语知识比在国外还多。因为在国外,有不少事务性的工作要做,尤其是作为翻译出去,事务性工作就更多,没有更多的时间坐下来学习英语。而在国内,一天下来学上五六个小时,可以学习不少英语知识。一位同事以前认为我是通过出国才学会英语的,后来他和我一起去荷兰,看到我在国外也是每天坚持听录音,才说:“原来你是这样学会英语的。”

有的人只看到我现在的英语水平比较高这个结果,不了解这个结果是通过怎样的艰苦努力才达到的。于是很容易认为我聪明,记忆力特别好,所以学会了英语。其实记忆力不是天生的,而是后天锻炼得到的一种能力。关于我是怎样通过刻苦努力才学会英语的,我可以举出三个人的话来说明这一点。一位是我在沈阳工作时的领导,看到我废寝忘食日复一日地苦学英语,对我说:“像你这样学,是要感动上帝的”。另一位是中国电子设备系统工程公司的一位工作人员,她每天上班路过我办公室时总是看到我在听写,很有感触他说:“我没有见过一个像你这样用功学英语的人”。最后一位就是我的妻子,看见我一有空就学英语,录音机哇啦哇啦地响个不停,说:“你怎么这么笨,学了这么长的时间还学不会?”其实别人说我聪明不是一件很光彩的事吗?为什么我不顺着说下去:“是呀!对我来说学习英语是一件很容易的事,有空的时候听听录音带,写一写,不知不觉就学会了”,从而使别人更认为自己确实是够聪明的呢?因为事实不是那么一回事。有一位看了我《慢速英语人门》初槁的人对我说:“你不应该把自学英语的实际困难如实地写出来,而应该把它说得容易一些,这样读者才有信心来学”。我没有采纳他的意见,因为知识的问题是一个科学的问题,来不得半点虚假。我要如实地把自学的困难说够,以便使读者有充分的思想准备。

而且实践证明,对困难估计得多一些比估计得少一些有利。对困难估计得多一些,就会脚踏实地,不会怠于求成。对困难估计不足就会企图在短期内速成,结果半途而废。为了学会英语,我下的功夫是很大的。下面举几个具体的例子:坚持每天听写A4的纸20页,不达目的绝不休止,晚上开会晚了也要补上。从1980年1月31日到1983年2月我调到北京为止,三年内写了一柜子的听写记录,用去了圆珠笔芯一把(当时我把用完了的笔芯插在笔筒里,要看看用了多少就能学会英语),听坏电子管录音机9部,半导体收录机3部,单放机4部,翻坏词典两本(因为我不断地在上面写和画)。所以我经常对别人说:“词词皆辛苦”。这是我发自内心的话,并不是什么夸大之词。



四、刚起步时水平并不高


有人认为我起步听写时的英语水平已经很高了,所以学会了。其实并不是这样,1980年1月31日我听写的第一条新闻记录稿如下(括弧内为听不懂的词):

Irans foreign minister has condemned Canada for helping six American (diplomats ) escape from lran. He said the action violated international law and may lead to (worse) (treatment) for the fifty American (hostages) remaining in Tehran. The foreign minister warned that Canada would have to pay for its action. The six American (diplomats )(fled ) United States,embassy in Tehran when lranian (militants) (seized) the building on December 4th. The six (diplomats) hid in Canadian embassy for twelve weeks and left lran a few days ago by using Canadian passports, They returned to the United States on Wednesday. In Washington, the state department (called again on) Iran to release the remaining American hostages in Tehran. It said they must be freed before any effort can be made to (improve ) the(relations ) between the United States and lran, The hostages have been held for eighty一eight days.

一共只有10来行的记录中,属于生词就有:

condemn、diplomat、violate、treatment、hostage、 fled、embassy、militant、seize等九个。

写出来认得但是听不出来的还有:

worse、call on、improve、relation等四处。

由此可见我刚起步时的英语水平是不高的,恐怕现在大部分中学和大学毕业的人都要比我当时的水平高多了。



五、见缝插针


学习英语要花大量的时间,到哪里去找这么多的时间呢?鲁迅曾经说过:“时间就像海绵里的水,只要愿挤,总是有的”,用我们通常的口头语来说就是要“见缝插针”。下面简单介绍一下在各个不同情况下我是如何“见缝插针”,挤时间学习英语的。在沈阳工作时我是单身一人,没有家务负担,比较有利于学习。刚开始的起步阶段,必需“大剂量”地学,用很多时间。所以一般我都提前一个多小时起床,早饭前学两个小时左右,晚上再学三四个小时,这样每天至少可以学五六个小时。星期日照常提前起床,从五点半学到八点半吃第一顿饭,学三个小时。饭后洗澡,九点半开始,一直学到下午四点半吃第二顿饭为止(北方单位节假日一般只吃两顿饭),晚饭后活动一个多小时到七点左右,然后再学到十一点,这样总计可以学习十几小时;其他节假日放几天假就学几天。比方说春节,就一连学上四天或五天。每个人的具体情况和想要达到的英语水平不同,并不一定非得每天学这么长时间不可。不过学习的收获与你付出的劳动成正比。尤其是在起步阶段,每天起码要学三个小时以上,以期尽快地登上一个台阶。   在北京工作期间,我不住在工作单位,每天从家到办公室,单程需乘70分钟左右的公共汽车,来去约需三小时,业务工作又比在沈阳时忙多了,怎么办?我很快就“自适应”了,找到了学习英语的时间。首先是早晨五点二十分起床后,不论是洗漱、做早饭还是吃早饭,都听录音,上班路上还是听录音,提前一小时到办公室以后,立即查听不明白的词,并把听明白的内容输入电脑。这样从起床到上班的两个半小时内,一直没有离开过英语,起码可以顶一个小时吧!下班回来路上还是听录音,吃了晚饭以后从八点到十点半再学两个半小时,这样一天可以保证能学三个小时以上。星期天与节假日与在沈阳单身时一样,学十几个小时。

1990年单身在南京工作,又有了学习英语的大好条件,在近四年时间里,把大部分业余时间用在自学和辅导别人学习英语上,既提高了英语水平,又积累了一定的教学经验。 1994年初退休以后,学习英语的时间更多了,每天听(录)两个小时的英语广播,有听不懂的地方就逐词逐句地抠,不但提高了英语水平和开阔了眼界,也为退休生活增加了不少乐趣。

“见缝插针”,就是要把一般人看不起限的无所事事的导碎时间都利用起来。例如等车、开会或等待某人到来前的几分钟十几分钟、排队购物等。根据记忆心理学的原理,对于外语等以机械记忆为主的内容,及时地利用零碎时间进行复习,效果是很好的。

“见缝插针”还要能“自适应(adaptive)”,也就是要有使自己适合客观环境的能力。随着学习的深入和水平的提高,英语学习也就会慢慢地成为自己生活中不可缺少的一项内容,就会感到学习英语是一种乐趣和享受,就会把学习英语的事时时挂在心上,一天不学就好像缺少点什么。有了这种心懦,就再也不会强调客观条件了,碰到再不利的客观条件,也不怒天尤人,而会积极地去适应它,利用它,使之成为找到新学习途径的催化剂,登上新水平的转折点。例如我1985年不幸遭遇严重车祸,右腿膜骨骨折,石膏一直打到大腿根,动弹不得,一天到晚在床上躺着,长达三个月左右。面对这种情况,是急燥埋怨呢?还是安心疗养并利用卧床不起的时间学习英语充实自己呢?我选择了后者。开始时只听不写,过了几天,觉得收获不大,要写又坐不起来。怎么办?我试着在床尾系一背包带,拉着它就能坐起来,垫上一本厚词典就可以写了。这样每天就能听写十几个小时,把每天两个多小时的英语广播全部听懂并写了出来。有听不懂的,就打电话请教翻译。结果英语水平又大大地提高了一步。痊愈后与外国人会谈时他们都惊奇地问我是不是在这三个月期间去外语学院进修过。车祸对我来说确实是一场灾难,但却又成了我学习英语的大好时机,所以我把这三个月的听写记录命名为“灾难的结果(The Outcome of a Disaster)”。痊愈后乘公共汽车时再不敢戴着耳机听录音学英语了,几天下来,又觉得每天在路上的三个来小时白白地过去太可惜了,一定要想办法把它利用起来,不久我又找到了新的学习英语的途径。公共汽车上其他乘客用小收音机听汉语新闻广播,我就试着把汉语的新闻逆译回英语去,碰到译不出来的词句,到家或办公室以后立即查汉英词典。这样做上一段时间,不但时间得到了有效的利用,而且还感到是一种有其独特效果的英语学习方法。

出差往往是很多人中断自学的理由,对于我来说却又是自学英语的大好时机。首先是充分利用往返路上大量的乘车时间。出发之前,我就准备好足够的电池和录音带,供路上听,碰到听不懂的地方,车上不便于查词典,就记下磁带的大致位置,到目的地以后再听再查。如果是去开会的话,只要自己不是会议组织者,就一定比在单位时还要空,只要不沉溺于打扑克等一类活动,就一定会有更多的时间学习英语。

我们不要低估利用业余时间和节假日学习产生的效果,积少成多,一天按两个小时计算,一年下来不就是六七百小时吗,不就相当于中学的全部英语教学时数的总和吗?几年下来,不就相当于上了大学了吗?

“见缝插针”的另一种重要途径就是把英语学习渗透到日常生活中去,不拘一格,处处学,事事学。只要有了学习英语的强烈愿望和浓厚兴起,工作和日常生活的各个方面都可以成为英语学习的第二课堂。通过这种方式学会的英语与一些特定的环境相联系,因而记得快,记得牢,效果特别好。以下是我英语学习第二课堂的一些实例。

(1)工作中需要看参考资料时,只要有可能,我就强迫自己看英语的,不看汉语的,以不断地提高自己的英语熟练程度。

(2)练习用英语写日记。为了学习英语,我从1981年开始练习用英语写日记,尽管写出来的日记如同小学生的日记一样,全是流水帐,但从学习英语的角度看还是有收获的。在记的过程中一定会碰到不少自己不会的英语单词和表达方式,通过查汉英词典或请教别人得到解决,从而可以学会很多英语知识。

(3)看China Daily是一条学习英语的很好途径,尤其是可以了解新的动态和学会一些新出现的英语单词。国际形势在不断地发展,科学技术日新月异,新的英语单词层出不穷,看老的词典和书都不能学到这些新的英语知识,而在china Daily上却都有及时报导。

(4)向专职翻译学习。除了有问题向他们请教外,参加技术交:流时我很用心把他们的翻译与我自己的默译进行对比,看看他们是怎样翻译的,并立即记在本子上。因为我没有系统地学过英语口语,说出来的话不是有错就是照着书本上背的,很不口语化。而翻译则不同,他们的用语规范,口语化,注意听他们翻译,可以学到很多口语表达方式。

同样,与外国人进行技术交流时,不论自己是否充当翻译,只要有了听不懂的地方,就应请对方重复或讲解,以求能学到更多的英语,千万不要不懂装懂。

(5)通过看电视学习英语。例如看新闻联播节目的国际新闻时经常可以在电视画面上见到一些英语单词和标语口号,要很好地注意学习,不明白立即查词典,一次看不清记不住,重播时再看再记;再没有把握,看English Service时再看再记,这样一定可以学到很多英语单词。

(6)走在路上看到各种英语广告和标语,购物时带来的英语说明书等都要认真地看,看不懂就查词典。

(7)即使辅导别人学英语,也可以从中学到不少英语知识。例如我辅导儿子学习初中英语,也学到了不少东西。此外还可以从初学者学习中碰到的难点和提出的问题中受到很多启发,我书中不少内容就是这样积累起来的。例如“听写结果对吗”一节就是一位同事向我提出来的:“没有人指导,光靠自己一个人听写,不会听歪吗?”我觉得他的问题提得好,就不断地思考并写出了专门的一节。

只要坚持不懈地这样去学,英语水平一定会有很大的提高。有时可能会使别人感到惊讶:为什么自学竟能学到这个程度!例如一次与外国人进行技术谈判后他们起草了一个会议纪要给我看,我看后发现了一些拼写和语法上的差错,他们感到不可理解:为什么钟先生的英语水平这么高!我回答说我的英语水平并不高,只不过是学习过程中坚持一丝不苟,精益求精罢了。随即我举了下面的例子:我在北京陪一个外国人游览长城,他非常熟悉长城的情况,长城的兴建和整修过程,多长多宽等等,说来头头是道,而作为中国人的我却不能准确他说出来。这种事看起来很奇怪,其实很正常。因为我从小就知道长城,没有把它当回事,而外国人在去游览之前,详细阅读了有关长城的各种小册子,所以就了如指掌。学习英语也是这样,没有机会进外语学校学习的人也是可以学会的。如果在学习过程中坚持一丝不苟,精益求精,甚至还有可能精通某一点,这就是“入门既不难,深造也是办得到的,只要善于学习,善于用心罢了(毛泽东:《中国革命战争的战略问题》)”的道理。



六、乐在英语中


有时一天紧张工作过后,脑子昏昏沉沉,躺在床上很长时间不能入睡。但是如果临睡前能听上一段时间的英语录音后再休息,则可以很快入睡。此外,生活和工作中不免要碰到一些不愉快或苦恼的事,心中闷闷不乐或忿忿不平,想摆脱也摆脱不了。此时也可以用听写英语录音的办法去把自己的注意力集中在英语上,从而摆脱苦恼的事。所有这些,都是有利于身体健康的。

我们从现实生活中可以看到一些没有奋斗目标,一天到晚无所事事的人,过一天算一天,觉得日子过得很慢,甚至厌倦生活。相反,如果一个人有明确的奋斗目标,每时每刻都感到有干不完的事在等着,就会感到生活很充实,而且每干一件事情都能看到自己的劳动成果,都能享受到胜利的喜悦,对自己和未来一定会充满信心。人的一生很像体育竞赛,创造出新的记录只是一瞬间的事,但在这一瞬间的后面都积蓄着长时间的艰苦努力。

有的人认为我这样一天到晚苦学苦钻英语,生活也大单调和太枯燥无味了。学习英语,尤其是自学,刚开始的时候确实是很单调和枯燥无味的,是一件“苦差事”和“负担”,很难说是一种乐趣和享受。但只要踏踏实实一步一步地坚持下去,付出一分努力,必然会有一分收获,英语水平就会有一分的提高。多一分英语水平,就会多一分用途,多一分用途就会多一分喜悦。从基本上听不懂开始,不断进步——通过听写可以基本听懂、只听不写也能听懂、一边干活一边听也能懂、脑子里从英语到汉语的翻译过程渐渐少了、能直接从英语听懂了、可以听懂各种特写节目了、可以听懂Standard English了、可以与外国人自由交谈了、可以承当口译任务了等等,每前进一步都有一层新的喜悦。如果说在起步阶段苦苦地听写录音时是你为英语服务,是负担和苦恼的话,那么当你掌握了英语并在工作和生活中应用英语时就是英语为你服务,是一种乐趣和享受了,它为你打开了一个新的了解世界的窗口,心里一定会有一种说不出的喜悦,过去的辛劳都没有白费,都有了报偿。

在改革开放的今天,英语的用途是与熟练程度成正比的。比方说到了能如同看汉语资料一样地看英语资料的时候,你就能及时地、准确地了解国外的动态;到了能听能说的时候,你所得到的信息绝不是需要假口假耳于人才能与外国人交流思想的时候所能比拟的。下面以笔者在某设备引进过程中对遥测方案的改进为例来说明这一点。这个设备是某公司制造的,它的遥测系统只能监视1000公里左右,而我们要求能监视2000公里左右。为此,我们要求该公司专门研制一套新的遥测系统,研制费用为五万美元左右,并据此正式签订了合同。所有参加谈判的人都同意这样做,好像除此没有别的办法。但在合同生效后的一次技术会谈中,我兼任翻译,该公司的人员在讲解遥测系统时,无意中提到每一部机器上有一个每秒闪一次的信号。我问这个信号有什么用,他回答说,这个信号是本站告警用的,与遥测系统无关。但我心中产生了利用这个信号的念头,并抓住不放,提出用这个一秒一中断的信号去控制遥测信号,从而使原来只能监视1000公里左右的系统扩展成能监视2000公里。对方的技术人员一开始认为他们的设备已经在世界上安装了几万公里了,没有听说过可以这样做的。他们拿来了一大堆资料并找来了研究所所长和我讨论,最后被我说服,从合同中去掉了这笔研制费,一下子就为国家节省了五万多美元。从抓住对方说的机器上有一秒一中断的一个信号到双方一致同意从合同中取消这个研制项目,前后不到两个小时。在这个过程中,我的英语水平起了决定性的作用。就技术本身而言,我提出来以后中方不少人马上就明白了。但是他们英语水平低,听不懂也说不了,无法得知有这个信号,更谈不上去利用它了。类似的问题通过不懂技术的翻译也是很难发现和解决的,因为对方是在无意中提到这个信号的,它确实与要讨论的遥测系统无关,一般翻译不一定抓得住。即使抓住了翻给懂技术的人听,技术人员再提出利用它的可能性与对方探讨的话,双方要讨论的就是一个没有现成先例的带有一定创新程度的问题了,对于不懂技术的专职翻译来说,很难准确地表达,几个来回以后,对方一回答说不可能,也就只能作罢了。现在,按照我意见修改的设备已经很顺利地投入使用了。每当我忆及此事,心中总有一种满足感:“往日的辛劳并没有白费,我再也不是口袋里装纸条的中国高级工程师了”。所以每当有人间我:“你这样长年累月苦苦地学英语,值得吗?”,我总是引用这个例子回答说:“仅就一次引进工作能为国家节省这么多外汇,我花再长的时间去学外语都是值得的,何况外语的用途还远远不止这一点呢!”

七、收获英语外

学会了英语,收获当然首先体现在英语本身的用途上。掌握了英语,就是掌握了走向世界和通向高科技的最有用的工具,仿佛使自己多了一双眼睛和一副耳朵,可以直接接受国外的新技术和新知识,视野和业务能力会达到一个新的境界。但是收获还表现在英语外,例如: (1)极大地提高了自信心。我45岁时开始学习英语口语,困难很多,摆在我面前有两种可能性:不是我打败困难,学会英语,就是困难打败我,放弃英语。当听到了各种“年纪大了,学不会”的议论时,当时我的信心并不是很大的,是抱着试试看的态度去学的。由于我承认困难,不求速成,扎扎实实地学,终于学会了。英语水平进步之快,有时连我自己都感到难以相信。一开始时我只企求能听懂英语技术讲解,根本没有能说和当翻译的奢望,但是后来居然达到了。这就极大地提高了我的自信心,树立起“我并不老,新东西完全可以学会”的信心。有了这样的信心,才能在52岁以后学会并熟练掌握电脑,57岁成功地研究了记忆,总结写出《好记性的诀窍》、《巧用电脑打字机》、《巧用电脑写作》和《巧学巧用五笔字型》等书。反过来,如果当时下的功夫不够,没有学会英语,其后果将是不可设想的:首先是没有学会英语,掌握不了通向世界和高科技的工具,因而也就不可能跟上飞速发展的改革开放形势。更可怕的会从此产生“老了,记忆力减退了,新的内容学不会了”等消极思想。一旦此种悲观的思想在自己脑子里占了主导地位,就会停止学习新的知识,就不可能有以后学电脑、研究记忆和写作方面的成功。人们经常说“一步领先,步步领先”,“一步落后,步步落后”,“成功与不成功之间往往只差一步”等等,是有一定道理的。

(2)在总结出英语学习逆向法与出版有关这种方法的书籍过程中,极大地提高了自己总结归纳的能力,写作与表达的能力。

(3)掌握了英语以后,可以指导别人学习。十几年来,每当看到有人在我辅导下,英语水平迅速提高时,总感到由衷的高兴。应该说这是另一种收获,另一番享受。

什么是逆向法?----简言之即:逆速成、逆浮躁、逆不打基础

钟教授认为学习英语犹如"逆不行舟,不进则退"。具体说不,"逆向"有以下方面的含义:

■1.逆速成,树立长期刻苦学习思想。谁不希望尽快学会英语?对于我们中国人来说,英语是外语,从一点都不会到能"听、说、读、写"是一个循序渐进的过程,期间会碰到各种各样的困难。对于学习中的困难,与其设想得少一些,不如把困难设想得多一些。对于达到一定的学习目的所需的时间,与其设想得短一些不如设想得长一些。不少人的实践表明,学习英语的进度快起来容易慢下来难。由于想速成,不少人试用过各种方法,企图在很短的时间内速成,结果事与愿违,"想几个月速成,结果三年五年(甚至十年八年)不成"。逆向法特别强调在具体实施上要一个词一个词,一句话一句话地学。而只要这样去做了,结果反而可能是"准备花两三年学会,结果一年就会"。

■2.逆凭空的强化和提高,主张打好基础后再强化和提高。基础英语知识是强化和提高的基础,逆向法强调先扎扎实实地学好基础英语以后再提高和强化,以最严格的要求,从基础知识抓起,一步一步提高和强化。逆向法还主张学生首先要把课本学好,只有在把课本学得滚瓜烂熟的基础上才谈得上学课外的教材。

■3.逆为应试而学,着眼实际能力的提高。学习离不开考试,有考试,就必然会有技巧。不少学习不得法或不努力,英语成绩差的人为了应付各种考试,往往把学习的重点放在应试技巧上,企图短期内通过某种考试。虽然一些技巧对于在及格线挣扎的人有时能起到决定命运的作用(例如勾对了一道听力选择题,得61分,及格了),但离开考场以后却是没有任何实际应用价值的。学习英语的根本目的在于应用,所以逆向法的"听、写、说、背、想"每一个环节都着眼于实际能力的培养与提高。

■4.逆向法的具体操作(详细内容见教材)用逆向法听写录音,什么地方听不懂,写不出都是具体的,很快就能检验出基础英语知识的扎实程度,从而找到真正的出发点。经过努力,听懂了写对了,所取得的进步一个个明明白白地记载在纸上,随后若能按逆向法要求逐词逐句地抠,英语水平会迅速提高,从而进入越学越爱学的良性循环,最后顺利到达终点,能听能说。

 赵宝斌 整理

英语学习

动词为纲“滚雪球” 难易编组抓循环

同类归纳印象深 图示介词最直观

混淆多因形音义 反义词语成对念

构词方法不可忘 习惯用语集中练

词不离句法最好 课外阅读莫间断

be 的用法口诀

我用am,你用are,is连着他,她,它;

单数名词用is,复数名词全用are。

变疑问,往前提,句末问号莫丢弃。

变否定,更容易,be后not莫忘记。

疑问否定任你变,句首大写莫迟疑。



时间名词前所用介词的速记歌


年月周前要用in,日子前面却不行。

遇到几号要用on,上午下午又是in。

要说某日上下午,用on换in才能行。

午夜黄昏须用at,黎明用它也不错。

at也用在明分前,说“差”可要用上to,

说“过”只可使用past,多说多练牢牢记,

莫让岁月空蹉跎。

记住f(e)结尾的名词复数

妻子持刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌;

躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。

巧记48个国际音标

单元音共十二,四二六前中后。

双元音也好背,合口集中八个整。

辅音共计二十八,八对一清又七浊,

四个连对也包括。有气无声清辅音,

有声无气浊辅音,发音特点应掌握。



非谓语动词的一些特殊用法
后只接不定式作宾语的一些常用特殊谓语动词

动词后,不定式,want, hope和wish,

agree, decide, mean, manage, promise, 

expect, pretend,且说两位算在此,

要记牢,要记住,掌握它们靠自己。

后接动词不定式做宾语补足语省略不定式符号“to”的一些常用特殊动词

一些动词要掌握,have, let和make,

此三动词是使役,“注意”“观察”“听到”see,

还有feel和watch,使用它们要仔细,

后接“宾补”略去“to”,此点千万要牢记

除此之外,还可以掌握“八字言”,

一感feel,二听hear, listen to, 三让have, let, make,四看see, look at, observe, watch

后只接动名词做宾语的一些常用特殊动词

特殊动词接“动名”,使用它们要记清,

“放弃”“享受”可“后悔”,

“坚持”“练习”必“完成”,

“延期”“避免”非“介意”

掌握它们今必行。

动名词在句中的功能及其它

“动名”语法其功能,名词特征有动、形,主宾表定都可作,“动名”、“现分”要认清,“现分”不作“宾”和“主”,

动名作“状”可不行。二词皆可作定语,混为一谈不允许,主谓关系视分词,“动名”一词无此义。

现在分词形式及在句子中的作用(包括过去分词的作用):

现在分词真好记,动词后面ING。它的作用真不小,可以充当定状表。

还有宾语补足语,忘记此项不可以。

分词做定语的位置及其它

“定分”位置有二条,词前词后定分晓。

单个分词在词前,有时此规有颠倒。

分词短语在词后,“定从”和它互对照。

“现分”动作进行时,“过分”动作完成了。

(注:“定分”:做定语的分词;“定从”:定语从句;“现分”:现在分词;“过分”:过去分词。)

分词做状语在句子中所表示的意义

分词做状语,概有七意义。“

时间”和“原因”,“结果”与“目的”。

“方式”加“伴随”,“条件”常出席。

且谈其主语,谓语头前的*。

欲要记住它,必须常练习。(*指句子的主语)

独立主格结构

独立结构要认清:名、代之后副或形。

或是分词或“介短”,with结构不可轻,

名代二词是其“主”,句子结构必分明。

独立结构好掌握  句中作用只一个:

千变万化皆做“状”,其中意义也不多。

“时间”“条件”和“原因”,“方式”“伴随”没别的。

“状从”和其前三个,可以互变不难学。

以上选自《英语学习秘诀》 主编吕志士

英语分数巧记

英语分数不费事,“母序子基”四个字。

分子若是大于一,分母还须加-s。

中学生英语读宽与.高中版》孙淑珍




字母“oo”读音歌


“oo”发【 u: 】 最常见,非重音中要短念。

字母“k”前不能长,“好脚站木羊毛”短。

“血”与“水灾”真特殊,“oo”读【 Λ 】 细分辨。

“oo”加“r”读作【   】 ,“poor”读【
】 好可怜。

注:“好脚站木”即:good,foot,stood,wood

第二句也可以是:“d、k之前oo短,“foot”、“food”恰相反。

1.长音:bloom,boot,cool,foot,moon,root,school,soon,too,troop,room,zoo

2.弱读短:classroom,schoolroom,workroom,bedroom,boyhood


3.k前短:book,brook,cook,look,shook,took

4.【 】 :door,floor



《中学生英语读写.高中版》.潘范学


“I Drop Caps”

在某些表示请求、命令、建议等动词后面的宾语从句中,谓语动词要用动词原形或should+动词原形。

I—insist, d—denand, r—request/require/recommend, o—order, p—propose, c—command, a—advise, p—preqersic, s—suggest.



中学生英语读写.高中版》 王振宽


巧辨只在一言中

1.Her elder sister is three years older than she.

她姐姐比她大三岁。

2.He looked around,but saw nothing.

他环顾四周,什么也没看见。

3.He listened,but could hear nothing.

他侧耳细听,什么也没听到。

4.The old man raised his head,facing the rising sun.

老人抬起头,面对冉冉升起的太阳。

5.He is very interested in the interesting film.

他对那个有趣的片子很感兴趣。

6.He received his invitation but didn't accept it.

他收到了请柬,但没有接受。

7.Will you lend me the book you borrowed from the library yesterday?

把你昨天从图书馆借的那本书给我看看好吗?

8.They planted a few trees,but few of them are alive.

他们种了几棵树,但没几棵成活的。

9.He asked me for a little ink,but I had little myself.

他向我要一点墨水,可我自己的墨水也没多少。

10.Do you speak everyday English every day?

你天天讲日常英语吗?

11.Sometimes I spend some time on novels.

有时,我花点时间看小说。

12.Eleetricety was not discovered by Edison,but he invented the electric light.

电不是爱迪生发现的,但他发明了电灯。

13.Nothing is permitted,everything is allowed.

一切都有不(明文)准许,但也不(明文)禁止。

14.Both of them went out but neither came back.

他们两个人都出去了,但一个也没回来。

15.English is fairly useful,but it is rather difficult to learn.

英语相当有用,但相当难学。

参见《中学生英语读写.高中版》段青付




巧记英文信封的写法


A.可以记住汉字“尖”字,先写小地名,再写大地名。

B.将竖式汉文写法的信封,按顺时针方向旋至水平位置。这样,地址的排列顺序恰巧是英文信封的书写格式。


巧记家庭成员

爹father 娘mother 哥哥弟弟brother 姐姐妹妹sister.


long before 和before long

long 在前(long before),“很久前”, long在后(before long),“不久后”。


巧记lie和lay

躺 lie,lay,lain,lie in bed again;

撒谎 lie,lied,lied,don't be a liar;

产蛋 lay,laid,laid,a hen laid an egg;

放置 A loy picked it up,and laid it in the bag.




开、闭音节歌


开音节,音节开,

一元字母在后排;

不怕一辅堵后门,

还有哑e在门外。

(拍手念)a,e,o,u,i

就读a,e,o,u,i

闭音节,音节闭,

一元字母生闷气;

辅音字母堵后门,

一元字母音短急。

(拍手念)a,e,o,u,i

要读【 】

《中小学外语教学》孟昭慈、黄觉冰


out of question和out of the question

无the“无问题”,(毫无疑问)

有the“有问题”,(不可能




ie和ei歌


e-i和i-e,两者都可读作【 i: 】

i总要走在前,除非前面是个c

(ceiling,believe,field,receive,piece)




基数词变序数词歌


基变序,有规律

词尾加上-ed(fourth,sixth)

一、二、三,特殊例,

结尾字母t,d,d(first,second,third)

八去t,九去e,(eighth,ninth)

ve要用 f替;(fifth,twelfth)

ty将y改成i,

th前面有个e。

若是碰到几十几,

前用基来后用序。




巧记以-o结尾加-es的词


A.“两人两菜”(hero,negro,potato,tomato)

B.一句话 Negroes and heroes like to eat potatoes and tomatoes

C。有生命的加Es,无生命的加-s.


巧记不规则名词单变复

男女脚步牙鹅,老鼠加虱婆。

man-men; woman-women; foot-feet; tooth-teeth; goose-geese; mouse-mice; louse-lice.




WITHSPEM


有些动词用过去完成时,常表示“想做而未做”的意思。可巧记其首字为组成的“withspem”,代表:wish,intend,think,hope,suppose,plan,expect,mean




Fanboys


要求前后 对称的词语,包括可有并列连词,其中最常见的是for,and,nor,but,or,get,so 为了便于记忆,可将其首字母连成“fanboys”.(此外,还有both...and,neither...nor,not only...but also,以及表示比较的词语than,as...as,not so ...as,prefer...to,nather than等


从句之要素

从语法结构的角度看,任何从句都有三个要素,即时态与主句要响应,关联词使用要恰当,主要结构不倒装。

规则动词加Ed的读音

清读【 t 】 ,浊元【 d 】

t、d后面读【 id 】




一句话记名词所有格的构成分式和用法


The children's teacher asked a friend of tom's to bring him some students' books on the first day of the month.




一句话记清辅音浊化


Some youths are walking along the paths to have baths in the houses with something in their mouths.


加-ing要双写的常见动词

一个m,两个d和g

(swim) (nod,rid) (dig,beg)

三n,四p,十个t

(run,win,begin)

(dip,drop,mop,stop)

(sit,hit,fit,set,get,let,put,regret,forget,pat)

(下加线的词,构成过去式、过去分词时,也须双写尾字母)




五种基本句型歌


英语句子万万千,五大句型把线牵。

句型种类为动词,后接什么是关键;

系词后面接表语;vi独身无牵连;

vt又可分三类,单宾双宾最常见,

还有宾语补足语;各种搭配记心间。




五种基本句型:


1.主语+系动词+表语

2.主语+不及物动词

3.主语+及物动词+宾语

4.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语

5.主语+及物动词+宾语1+宾语2


对划线部分提问的程序

一代(用疑问词代替划线部分),

二移(把疑问词移至句首)

三倒(颠倒主谓语,但对主语或其定语提问时除外)

四抄(照抄其它部分)




直接引语转换为间接引语时人称代词转换规律


一从主 He said to Tom,“I can help them.”

He said to Tom that he could help them.

二从宾 He said to her,“You can help them.”

He told her that she could help them.

三不变 He said to Tom,“They can help them.”

He told Tom that they could help them.




祈使句变为间接引语的规律


一改 (主句谓语动词)

二变 (呼语为间接宾语)

三加 (to)

四去 (please)



不带to的不定式作宾补


不定式,不带to,九个动词要记住,

一听(hear)二看(see,watch)三感觉(feel,notice,observe),make,let和have;

作宾补,是秃头;当主补时要带to.




before和ago巧记


before带在点之前,ago总在段之后。

before时态不确定,过去时中用ago。




be在现在时中与人称的搭配


我是am,你是are,is跟随着他,她,它。

复数后面用什么,统统都是一个are。


肯定句变疑问句口诀

“是,情,助”,移向前,

主语其后把身安,

一般,现在,与过去,

do,does,did添在前,再改谓语为原形。

最后要把问号点。

徐敬珍《中学生英语读写》




be made of 和be made from 巧记


物质不变用of,物质变化from,如果物质不明白,可问君自何处来?




要求跟随动名词的动词


(1)“megafeps”(霉咖啡不吃),mind,miss,enjoy,give up,admit,avoid,finish,escape,practise.

(2)“makes (a) fit speach”mind,Avoid,keep,Enjoy,Suggest/Finish,Imagine,Think about,Spend,Practise,Excuse,escape,Can't help




要求跟不定式的动词


“要想干,同意办,愿意不愿意,决定尽量干。”

A要求,想要,希望(want,wish,hope,expect,intend,mean)

B同意(agree,promise)

C意愿(care,hate,refuse)

D决定,企图(determine,decide,offer,attempt,try,manage)




要求跟不定式作宾补的动词


(1)劝教命请叫(advise,teach,order,command,ask,tell)

(2)允许又警告(allow,permit,warn)

(3)使役表意向(cause,let,have,make,lead,set,leave,get,wish,want,expect)

(4)知觉动词妙(feel,hear,watch,see,observe,notice)<省却to>




既跟动名词也跟不定式的动词


begin,start,continue,forget,remember,regret,intend,like,love,hate,try,mean.

用不定式和动名词造成的意义上的差别归为五点:

不定式 动名词

A)某一具体行动 指一般的、经常的情况

B)表示主语和宾语的动作 可能表示任何人的动作

C)主动 被动

D)未发生的事 已发生的事

E)短暂的或可能进行的事 延续的或重复发生的事

She hated to talk about people's shortcomings.

She hate talking about people's shortcomings.

She wants to repair the desk.

The desk wants repairing.

节摘于《英语辅导报》请你记住 A Fu's Cap 张云波


常见的要求跟动名词作宾语,跟不定式作宾语的动词有

advise,forbid,understand,suppose,consider,allow,permit.连接首字母即为A Fu's Cap(阿福的帽子)

阿福的帽子,代表七动词,宾补不定式,宾语动名词

Ex.—What is it that they permit?

—Some old magazines.

A.taking away B.being taken away

C.to take away D.to be taken away

改编节选自《英语辅导报》


常见不规则动词三种形式变化归类

赵宝斌 编辑总结


come came come

become became become


steal stole stolen

speak spoke spoken

break broke broken


drive drove driven

write wrote written

give gave given


swim swan swum

spring sprang sprung

run ran run

begin began begun

drink drank drunk


blow blew blown

grow grew grown

know knew known

throw threw thrown

show showed shown

draw drew drawn


bring brought bought

fight fought fought

think thought thought

buy bought bought


catch caught caught

keep kept kept

sweep swept swept

leave left left

feel felt felt




tear tore torn

wear wore worn


pay paid paid

say said said


build built built

send sent sent

lend leant leant

dig dug dug

win won won

sell sold sold

tell told told

sit sat sat

hear heard heard

make made made

lose lost lost

stand stood stood

find found found

get got got

hold held held

feed fed fed

meet met met

lead led led


beat beat beaten

do did done

see saw seen

take took taken


shut shut shut

cost cost cost

hit hit hit

set set set

put put put

let let let

cut cut cut


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Some Articles about Language Learning

      赵宝斌 编辑整理

I have collected some articles about language learning. I hope you can get some ideas about it from them.

1.How to Be a Successful Learners

2.Language Learning

3.Why is the Native Language Learnt so Well

4.Learning a Language

5.Language as a Living Thing

6.Learning the World Language: Today and tomorrow

 How to Be a Successful Learners

     Some people seem to have a knack (诀窍) for learning language. They can pick up new vocabulary, master rules of grammar and learn to write in the new language more quickly than others, so what makes language learner so much easier for them? Perhaps, we may discover a few of the techniques, which help us, learn the language easier.

   First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teachers to explain, they try to find the pattern and rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions when they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their mistakes.

   Successful language learners are active in learning, therefore they do not wait for a chance to use the languages, and they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and let those people correct them, when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things, they are willing to make mistakes and try again, when communication is difficult, they can accept information that is incorrect or incomplete, It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.

   Finally successful language learners are learners with purpose. They want to learn language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from these. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn it.

   What kind of language learners are you?

Language Learning

   The first thing to realize in studying the English language is that it is primarily (起初) something that is spoken, not written. The introduction of a system of recording thought and speech by writing (and later by printing)was a very important step forward, and without it we should be very largely ignorant (无知的) of the ways of life and the modes(方式) of thought of our ancestors.(祖先).We should be completely shut off from the great minds of the past, and it would be quite impossible for us undertake such a study, since we should have no means of knowing anything about the language of the people who lived in this country five hundred or a thousand years ago, and still less should we be in a position to relate that language to the tongues spoken in other countries. The only means we have of knowing the kind of language used by Julius Caesar or by King Alfred the Great-the words they employed and the grammar of their speech—is by studying such written documents as have survived: and in the main that will be the method employed by future generations when they wish to investigate(调查) the language of our own age. Now because of this necessity of relying on written documents for learning about language, and because reading and writing have come to occupy so large a place in our daily lives, there has grown up a tendency to think of language in terms of the written or printed word. But printing and writing are only substitutes(代替) for speech. In its primary sense language, as its name implies, is oral. Printing and writing have certainly had an influence on the development of language—usually displaying a conservative tendency,(趋势) opposed to too rapid change or innovation;(创新) but in the last resort (求助)what is written is determined by what is said.

   Secondly we must realize that in language change is constantly going on. If we look at a passage from Chaucer (who was writing towards the end of the fourteenth century), and compare it with the English that is spoken and written today, it is obvious that the language has altered considerable in the intervening five hundred years or more; and if we go even further back, we find an even greater difference. These facts are really too self-evident to need pointing out. But though this evolutionary(演变) factor is obvious and generally recognized, there is frequently a tendency to assume(假定) that it is a thing of the past, and that, in all 'civilized countries' at least, language has now become more or less fixed and set, so that the English, the French and the German of today will be the English, the French and the German of two centuries hence. This is far from the truth.

   In the third place, it should be realized that speech or language is the distinguishing(有区别的) characteristic (特性)of man as such, and is one of the chief attributes(特征) which differentiate him from the other animal species(种类). Why? The answer is probably to be found in the development of mind. The species which developed mind and personality also developed speech.

Why is the Native Language Learnt so Well

   How does it happen that children learn their mother tongue so well? Let us compare them with adults learning a foreign language, for the comparison is both interesting and instructive. Here we have a little child, without knowledge or experience; there a grown-up person with fully developed mental powers. Here a haphazard(偶然) method of teaching; there the whole task laid out in a system. Here no professional(专业) teachers, but parents, brothers and sisters, nurses, and playmates; there teachers specially trained the art of language-teaching. Here only oral instruction; there not only that, but textbooks, dictionaries and visual aids.(视觉教具) And yet this is the result: here a complete mastery of the language, however stupid the children; there in most cases, even with people otherwise highly gifted,(天才的) a faulty and inexact command(掌握), what accounts for(造成…原因) this difference?

   Some people believe that a child's organs of speech are more flexible(灵) than an adult's. This explanation, however, does not really hold water(严密). Children do not learn sounds correctly at once, but make countless mistakes. Their flexibility of the tongue and lips is acquired later, and with no small difficulty.

   Others argue that a child's ear is especially sensitive. But then the ear also needs training, since at first it can hardly detect differences in sounds which grown-up people hear most clearly.

   The real answer in opinion lies partly in the child himself, partly in the behaviour of the people around him. In the first place, the time of learning the mother tongue is the most favourable of all, namely, the first years of life. A child hears it spoken from morning till night and, what is more important, always in its genuine(真正的) form, with the right pronunciation, right intonation, right use of words and right structure. He drinks in all the words and expressions which come to him in a fresh, ever-bubbling spring(泉). There is no resistance, there is perfect assimilation(消化).

   Then the child has, as it were, private lessons all the year round, while an adult language-student has each week a limited number of hours which he generally share with others. The child has another advantage: he hears the language in all possible situations, always accompanied by the right gestures and expressions. Here there is nothing unnatural, such as is often found in language lessons in schools, when one talks about ice and snow in June or scorching heat in January. And what a child hears is generally what immediately interests him. Again and again, when his attempts at speech are successful, his desires are understood and fulfilled.

   Finally, thought a child's "teachers" may not have been trained in language teaching, their relations with him are always close and personal. They take great pains to make their lessons easy and interesting, always repeating the same phrases and at the same time doing the thing they are talking about. They are greatly pleased at every little advance the child makes. Every awkward attempt meets with sympathy and encouragement, and the most difficult step on the path of language becomes the merriest game. Unfortunately, this is a point often overlooked by teachers of language, who demand faultless accuracy from the beginning. By keeping their pupils working unnecessarily long at some little part of the subject, they often weaken their interest in learning the language. Perhaps one should not merely sprinkle(喷洒) the pupil, but plunge(使…投入)him right down into the sea of language and enable him to swim by himself as soon as possible. A great deal will arrange itself in the brain without the learning of too many special rules or the aid of elaborate(详细的)explanations.

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Learning a Language

   Linguists(语言学家) are interested in the abilities to understand and use language that people have. One of the abilities that people have is the ability to learn language. You are using this ability right now in your efforts to learn English as a second language. Most students would like to know how to learn a language more easily. Most linguists and language teachers would also like to know this. Linguists are working on this problem in two ways. First, they are trying to understand how children lean to speak and understand their native language. They also trying to learn how people learn a second language.

   Linguists are not sure how children learn to speak. Some linguists think that children are born with an ability to learn and use a language. This does not mean that you came into the world knowing your native language. It means that, along with many other things, you were born, with the ability to learn your native language. One group of linguists feels that with just a little exposure to language, and a little help from your parents, you were able to learn to speak. Another group of linguists does not think this is correct.

   This second group of linguists thinks that children learn to use a language from their parents. They believe that a child's parents teach their child to say sounds and words in their language, When the child know some words, the parents begin to teach their child to say sentences. The linguists don not think that parents teach their children in the same way that people are taught a second language. Instead, parents probably teach their children by talking to them and correcting their use of language. These linguists feel that you learn your language mainly from our environment(环境). In this case, your environment is your family and your home. As you see, the first group of linguists disagrees.

   There are some other theories about how children learn language. May people are studying the process of language learning by children. This work is being done in many countries. Linguists are not the only people who are interested in these questions. Many psychologists(心理学家), doctors, and parents are also interested. People who teach foreign languages are interested in this process(过程).

   Foreign language teachers are interested in how children learn to speak their native language for a very important reason. If we knew how children learn their native language, perhaps we would have an easy way to teach adults, as well as children, a second language. This is a very interesting idea. Some foreign language teachers believe that adults learn a second language the same way children learn their native language. These teachers try to make their students 'lives similar to the life of a child just learning to speak. These teachers speak only the foreign language in the classroom. They will not speak to the student in the native language. They try to expose(使…接触) the students to as much of the spoken language as possible. They do not teach their children rules for language usage, either. They simply tell the child how to say something correctly. Foreign language teachers using this spoken language method do the same thing. For some students, this method is successful. They learn to speak quickly and easily. They seem to enjoy using the language, and they do not worry about using exactly the right rules for everything they say. Some students, however, cannot learn a language this way. Linguists are trying to find another way to teach them a language.

   A second method, the rule-learning method, sometimes works better with these students. Some linguists believe that learning a foreign language is different from learning to speak your native language. They feel that a student must learn the rules for using the language by memorizing them. The students must practice saying things in the language, using the rules correctly. These linguists try to teach the students the rules of the language they want to learn. Then they give the students many sentences in the language to say over and over again. The students are encouraged to make up new sentences using the rules that they have learned and other words that they know.

   Some students are very successful with this second, rule-learning method. They learn the language quite quickly and can use it well. They know the rules for using the language, and can speak it and understand it too. For many students, this is the best way to learn a foreign language. For some students, both of these methods may work. Sometimes teachers use a combination of these methods in a class, hoping that everyone will be able to learn the language with one method or the other. Some people can go to a country and "pick up" the language simply from hearing it and trying to communicate. These people are rare.

   Most people try to learn a language by taking classes and studying it in some way. Most teachers will try different ways of teaching to help the students learn the language quickly and easily. Linguists and psychologists are trying to understand how people learn and use a language. Perhaps language learning will be easier for everyone when we have clear understanding of how people learn and use language.

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Language as a Living Thing

   A group of scholars, calling themselves the philological society decided in 1858 that the time had come for a new Dictionary to be compiled. They set themselves the stupendous(巨大的) task, not only of recording every word to be found in English writings from about the year AD 1000, but also of tracing the history of each from its first appearance in manuscript,(手稿) and showing the changes it had undergone in form, spelling and meaning. Like Johnson, they planned to illustrate the use of the word by quotations(引语) from various writers, but unlike him they were to give a whole series of quotations for each word, illustrating its complete recorded history.

   To find suitable quotations, they enlisted the aid of hundreds of volunteers, who undertook to read texts and sent in the quotations on slips of paper. Many of the older works which had to be sifted(详审)in this way existed only as rare manuscripts, so that one of the first steps necessary was for arrangements to be made for these to be printed and published. In the course of many years, some six million slips were went in by readers from all over the world.

   Progress in compiling the Dictionary was, naturally, slow. Three different editors had a hand in the task before the first installment(部分)was published in 1884-and that installment covered part of the letter A. It was not until 1928, just eighty years after it was started that the final section of the New English Dictionary came out. It filled ten large volumes and dealt with 240,165 main words-the greatest dictionary of any language in the world.

   Valuable though the actual volumes of the dictionary were, there was perhaps an even more valuable product of this enterprise- a new way of thinking about language problems and 'rules'. The emphasis, you will have noticed, was upon history. The compilers did not pretend to lay down a certain 'correct' way of using a word, but showed us the various users to which it had actually been put at various times in the past They bring home to us the idea of language as a living, growing thing not as something that can ever be 'fixed'.

   This new approach has had important results. The grammarian can now regard it as his business to examine the way in which the language works and to describe what he finds. Such descriptive(描述的)grammar is sometimes at odds(不一致)with that of the prescriptive grammarian who sets out with a set of rules and uses them to argue what ought to be. The prescriptive grammarian will tell us that we ought to say.

   'It is I you have to thank'

because the verb is, like other parts of the verb to be must be followed by what, in Latin, is called the nominative(主格) case of the pronoun. The prescriptive(描述的) grammarian says that in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred what in fact we say is:

'It is me you have to thank'and that this fact alone is a satisfactory reason for continuing to do so.

   To say that the second approach(方法) is often the more helpful is not, of course, to say that everyone should be permitted to treat the language just as he chooses, or to suggest that 'Whatever is, is right'. In these days, when new words are coined on the least provocation(刺激), whether the need for them exists or not, and when the loosest of conversational expressions are stamped with the approval of print, it is argued that far more thought should be given to what is and what is not acceptable.

   On most matters, probably all grammarians would find they agree. There does, however, arise the problem of deciding between the expression which is theoretically correct and that which the usage of centuries seems to justify(公正). Among the first writers to tackle the problem systematically were two schoolmasters, H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler, who published their book The King's English in 1906. This work, together with H.W. Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage, did much to create a new interest in linguistic matters, particularly in those knotty(难的) questions, which remain and perhaps always will remain debatable(争议的).

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Learning the World Language: Today and tomorrow

  Is there any evidence that the standard of English as foreign language has improved in the years since the Second World War? Naturally, as it is the world language, more and more people are taught it and use it. But do they speak it or write it or understand it better than their parents' or grandparents generation?

Have Standards Declined?

  There is no objective way of answering this question. Tests of the traditional sort--compositions, precise, (summary) writing, and son--have always been subjective, so they cannot be used to judge whether people have got better or not over the years. But so-called objective tests are useless as a measure of progress too. We are left with only personal impression to go on.

  My own (opinion) is that, if anything, standards have declined somewhat in the last thirty or forty years, despite all the new theories, tools and techniques that have been developed. I am not alone in this judgment. In Sweden, for instance, Professors Johannes Hedberg and Gustay Korlen, two of the most experienced workers in the field, have on several occasions drawn attention to the lack of progress in the teaching of foreign languages since the late fifties. Yet Sweden is a sophisticated society with extremely high educational and academic standards, and very concerned not to be cut off from the rest of the world. If such a country can not achieve advances in the study of foreign languages, it is unlikely that many, if any, others have done so The goal is Learning, Not Teaching

  I believe the study of English as a foreign language can be improved immeasurably. There are two fundamental--and connected--problems. One is the mode of study, and the other is the mode in which that study is organized.

  In the last forty years or so, practically all the efforts to improve the learning of English have gone into pedagogy. Teachers are now supposed to be trained 'professionals'. What does the new professional training mean that teachers can do? Perhaps it means that some, even many, of them can teach better than they would otherwise do. But if that better teaching does not produce patently(obviously) better English learning, something is clearly wrong, the effort is misdirected. For teaching is not the end; the end is learning.

This is obvious.
  It is time to re-think our whole approach to language learning, to start facing reality, and addressing the right issue. First of all, we need to recognize the essential truth that languages can only be learned; they cannot be taught. Language learners need to realize that they must do virtually everything for themselves; that if they know how to learn, they have little or no need of teachers; but that if they do not know how to learn, teachers will do them no good. Indeed, teaching for the most part inhibits(prevents) learning, for students believe that their teachers, in some magic way which is called skilled teaching, are going to do the work for them. The students' achievement is in roughly reverse proportion to the extent to which they rely on their instructors. They tend to believe that the essential thinking work is going to be done by the teacher. dedicated students believe they must work hard, and they do work hard; that is to say, they conscientiously carry out all the tasks the teacher sets them and they study their course books or follow their computer programmes regularly. It is of little avail if they are lacking in self-reliance and active curiosity.   But if one really leaves a person to find out her own best way of learning a language, one risks doing something very like throwing a small child onto the water at the deep end and expecting her to swim.

  Every language learner should have complete autonomy. But autonomy should here mean that is never obligatory to learn a foreign language. It is morally wrong as well as ineffective for it to be imposed as a task. If it is, many will not experience what should be an adventure in the way they should be allowed to. I other words, autonomy should be deciding whether to learn a foreign language at all, but it should not mean deciding unguided on the method.

The Common Interests of Students and Teachers

  It would do a great deal of good if we started using the term 'guide' or 'adviser' instead of 'teacher' for those who try to help people learn foreign languages. it would emphasize that what learners need is individual attention. It would also remind everybody that the responsibility for learning is basically the student's. What the students needs is somebody who can do two things (1) show her or him how to learn a foreign language; (2) answer questions about that language. Those questions must be thought of by the students. If students do not find questions to ask--whole streams of questions- it is a sing that either they are not really interested enough to do the thinking for themselves that is crucial, or they do not know how to.

  The spirit that language learners need before anything else is curiosity. If they do not have that, they are wasting their time. This means, in turn, that their guides do not need training in linguistic or educational theory, or in pedagogy, or in any techniques of stimulating interest, keeping students entertained. If students need to have their interest stimulated, something is very wrong.

  What a language guide does need, thought,. is a thorough and practical knowledge of how the language works, a conscious knowledge that she or he can articulate in a way the ordinary native speaker cannot. Students should be able to sense that their guides have a genuine interest in the language, and that they have found out about it by thinking for themselves, not by mere uncritical memorizing of textbooks or lectures. It is only through such critical awareness and interest that guides can develop the ability to explain any given aspect of the language in varied ways so as to suit the particular needs and mode of thought of any individual students.

  One of the most misguided principles of modern pedagogy is the 'structured lesson'. This is just what should be avoided, even in classes as well as private lessons; A good language guide is completely flexible, and can respond instantaneously at any moment to any need for the students that arises. Those with this capacity never need-never should -spend long hours planning and preparing lessons; but the corollary is that guides need to really 'know their stuff'. The best place to develop the sort of knowledge and ability I have just outlined is 'on the job', through an apprenticeship with experienced, sympathetic and encouraging colleagues, in good conditions of work.

  For most of the several decades since I started helping people to learn English, I have always stressed to them that my prime duty was to make myself unnecessary. When students have the essential independence, they will need only a fraction of the number of regular sessions that they at present attend at teaching institutions.

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