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考研英语作文
一.考研英语作文范文 写作能力不是突击几天就可获得的，写出一篇优秀的作文需要一个循序渐进的过程，除了掌握英文写作的一般知识外，大家平时应该多读、多练，不仅要在提高自己的英文语言方面下工夫，而且对一些社会热点问题要多思考以形成自己的见解，在考试时可以从“大脑的信息库”提取“观点”，而不至于无话可说。下面给出一些优秀的作文，作文形式基本上是四级的常见题型，供大家欣赏和借鉴。 范文1 "Good Health" <评析> 这篇文章语句通顺，语言流畅，句式变化多样，用词面比较宽。就内容来说，则很切题，包括了提纲中的所有要点。第一段的第二句即主题句是从提纲发展而来的，第二段的首句，即主题句也是由提纲中的第二点发展而来。 范文2 Hope Project Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country. However, because of historical factors, there are still a lot of people in China who are undereducated, especially among youngsters in rural areas. They cannot afford the expenses of schooling and need help. At the same time, China is not able to invest too much money in the matter at present time. It is in this particular situation that the authorities carry out the "Hope Project ". <评析> 次序词的使用不仅限于first, second, third，本文第二段使用了in the first place, secondly, finally列举原因，说明希望工程为什么对我国很必需，条理清晰，层次分明 范文3 Modernizing China Modernization will bring a number of benefits to the people of China. Advancements in science and technology will result in better industrial and consumer products. New roads, trucks and trains will improve transportation for both people and goods. With new health care methods people will live happier and longer. 范文4 Population Control Progress in science and the improvement of living conditions have led to the rapid growth of the world population. Modern medicine, for example, has made it possible for babies to grow up healthily and for people to live longer. With improved living conditions, particularly in the countryside, people tend to have larger families. As a result, the world population has increased so rapidly that it has now exceeded 6 billion. There are two main causes of cancer: heredity and environment. We can do nothing to change our heredity, that is, the basic physical characteristics that were passed on to us by our parents. However, we can do a great deal to control our environment, which may account for 80-90 %of all cancers. <评析> 文章第一段说：癌症的起因有二，遗传和环境。第二段说环境原因又有两种，人为的和非人为的。第三段讨论非人为原因造成的环境污染，这是全篇的重点，所以笔墨最多。文章的讨论由粗到细，由大到小，最后归结到了问题最严重，也最为关键的那一点。 范文6 Equality Between Men and Women At present, more and more people think that men and women should enjoy equal rights. Many countries even have passed laws to guarantee such an equality between different sexes. Accordingly, there are now no longer certain jobs or certain places that are closed to women. The number of business women, female doctors, scientists and leaders is considerably increasing. <评析> 本文过渡词使用较好。文章的第二段，就是非常典型的用first, second, third为次序词从三方面进行论证的例子。 范文7 Getting to Know the World outside the Campus Getting to Know the World outside the Campus <评析> 本文采用重复使用中心词（组）的方法来达到过渡。文章虽没有使用任何过渡词，但通篇文章读起来通顺流畅，并无逻辑问题，原因在于文章运用关键词重复的手法。文章标题为“了解校园以外的社会”，所以文章的中心词定位于“了解社会”。第一段中有＂get in touch with the world outside the campus＂，第二段末尾有＂get in touch with the society＂，第三段中有＂get to know the society＂，段尾又有＂know a lot about the society＂，四次重复出现关键词点出文章的主旨所在。 范文8 Human Beings and Animals Human beings are different from animals in many ways. One of the differences is the ability of human beings to build. It is true that many animals are builders. Birds make nests, and bees make hives. But no animal could build the pyramids or the Great Wall or the Eiffel Tower. The variety, size, and beauty of the structures built by human beings is simply unsurpassed. 范文9 Social customs differ in different parts of the world. If we don't realize this, misunderstanding may arise between people that behave differently. In the United States, people are very informal in social situations. For example, they call each other by their given names when two people first meet. So do the young to the old. In China, it would be regarded quite impolite to do so. <评析>：本文以所给关键词为主线，合理填充内容。第一段从世界范围阐述社会习惯的存在，以美国作为例子，紧扣标题。第二段则进一步点出区别到处存在，年龄、政治、收入的话题常常在中国人之间谈起，而在美国，诸如此类问题最好避而不谈。第三段指出由于存在不同的社会习惯，我们在行为举止、谈话内容等方面要多加注意，这样才能促进两国人民相互之间的理解。可见结尾并不是对开头简单的重复，而是对开头的升华，把文章提高到了一个更高的层次。 范文10 To Learn English Well By Speaking More Many Chinese students who have learned English for more than ten years are still unable to speak English fluently when they meet a foreigner. They seem to have mastered the basic language structure, but a conversation in English will make them feel uneasy. They are afraid that other people might find out their mistakes. <评析>文章第一、二段分析了许多学了十多年英语的中国学生见了外国人依然不能用英语流利地对话这一现状产生的原因。文章在第三段提出解决这一问题的最好方法就是多说多练。全文切题，思路清晰，行文流畅，文字顺通，连贯性较好，基本上没有语言错误。 二.务必熟记的考研英语作文重点句式 1. It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to control population growth while raising the quality of the population. 2. It is (has been) estimated that the world's population could reach 6 billion by the end of the century. 3. It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work. 4. It can be seen from this that there is no difficulty in the world we can overcome. 5. As is known man is the product of labour. 6. It is a common saying that man who has a settled purpose will surely succeed. 7. It is clear that the enemy has no desire for peace. 8. It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to work twenty hours each day. 9. It's hard to say whether the plan is practicable. 10. There is no doubt that you will be helped by others if you have any difficulties. 11. It seems certain that they have made a series of experiments. 12. It is said that bats have been using radar for millions of years. 13. To tell the truth , many mistakes we made could have been avoided. 14. As we know, it was not until recently that the problem was solved. 15. It must be admitted that you haven't done what you promised to do. 16. In my opinion, this computer is different from that one you saw. 17. It is certain that we have a long way to go. 18. All this shows that nothing can prevent us from reaching our aims. 19. As far as we know, it took him more than a year to write the book. 20. It has been proved that every substance, no matter what it is, is made up of atoms. 21. It has been decided that we are going to build a railway whose base must be completed within this year. 22. It is obvious (evident) that the success of the innovation depends on our concerted efforts. 23. To be frank, whether you like it or not, you have no other choice. 24. It is natural that one may have trouble expressing complicated ideas in simple English. 25. What is more important, the agreement they have negotiated is being carried out. 26. We will be successful as long as we persevere. 27. Frankly speaking, what you call the truth may not apply to things happening here. 28. It is true that we must redouble our efforts; otherwise we cannot catch up with the developed countries. 29. I take it for granted that they will support this idea. I regard it as natural that they will agree to this idea. 30. In a certain sense, a successful scientist is a person who is never satisfied with what he has achieved. 31. The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. 32. There is no denying the fact that the new management method has greatly increased the production. 33. There is no denying the fact that the new management method has greatly increased the production. 34. Upon hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldn't utter a word. 35. As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 36. Our goal must be attained. Our goal can unquestionably be attained. 37. Noting can prevent us from realizing the four modernizations. 38. Now in China, more and more families can afford to buy high-grade goods, such as washing machines, TV sets, videocorders. 39. No matter how difficult English may be, you should do your best to learn it. 40. It can be said that without knowledge of science and technology, it is impossible to build socialist modernizations. 三.2007年考研英语作文十大热点预测 今年的英语考题可能在以下题目中出题，请大家好好准备：（仅供参考） 1、创新 2、科技的发展（如Internet） 3、知识就是力量 4、诚信 5、环境保护 6、应用文写作 7、奥运会 8、WTO 9、哲理性漫画 10、百分比和增减速度图表 估计6、7、8出题的可能性不大，请关注9和10的写作。 有人分析说，写作题的变化从最早的提纲作文，发展到图表和图画作文，而且后者在近年出现的比率更大，考生也应该对这两类作文形式加以关注。写作在考试形式上也越考越灵活，总体上放弃了机械做题，避免考生猜题、押题，每年出题都在求变，考生就应该把握题型规律，掌握模式化语言，以不变应万变。背范文、照搬句子在现在的写作考试中已经不那么有效了，但是如果能掌握写作的框架结构和精彩句型就能占据一部分优势，这些将构筑起一篇文章以及亮出它的“闪光点”，得到评卷老师的欣赏。图表作文的写作要看清数据的变化，通过坐标和图表纵横比较说明事实，并且从表面看到实质，了解变化反映的深层意义。同时考生还应该掌握图表术语，比如“增长、降低、突增至……恢复稳定”等一批单词和词组的表达。图画作文的难点在于对图画信息的描述是否准确，侧重锻炼考生看图说话的能力，如果表达不全的话就要考虑用迂回来绕开，但是不能偏离主题。然后要点破图画的寓意，分析背后的原因，这是文章的重头戏，所以在复习中就要多看些报刊文摘的图片，培养对图片的敏感和逻辑思维能力，多关注社会热点也是很好的锻炼方式。汪海涛强调，写作最重要的是不能跑题，在做题前列出提纲和主干来是很有必要的，考生在复习中也要做些这方面的练习。在考研进行到这最后的阶段，查缺补漏最关键，但是在做错题时不能悲观失望，应该想到的是自己又攻克了一个难关，多掌握了一个知识点，调整好考试心态，增强信心，迎接考试。 范文一（创新） With the economic globalization becoming increasingly intensive， invention or innovation has become one of central topic around the world. Many countries see it as the key to develop their economy. Our government， with no exception， regard it as “ the soul of our nation.” What， however， can we benefit from it？ First of all， invention or innovation can enhance overall national economy， which is important to heighten our nation status in the world. Additionally， if factories have the abilities in invention， the factories will be booming. As a result， they can provide our people with more jobs and it will make our nation more stable. What is more， a majority of new products may be avaible through invention. Therefore， it is also significant factor for improving our living standards. Owing to such benefits， no wonder more and more countries focus on invention today. Recognizing its importance is only the fist step to advocate invetion or innovation， and some effective measures should be taken for it. For one thing， our authority should continue to enlarge the recruit of graduate. For another， the conditions of scientists and skilled workers should be further improved. Only in this way， can “the soul of our nation” be fully embodied and our nation have a brighter future. 范文二（Internet发展） Internet is becoming more and more popular in the world. As is shown in the pictures， two persons are sitting in front of their own computer in different places. they seem to be very happy owing to the accession to Internet. We can see clearly that the left fellow（guy） types a message and sends it to the right one， the message says：“David， would you have a coffee tonight？”the right one receives it and quickly replys：“sure，where？”What a convenient tool of Internet is！ With the rapid development of high technologies and economy， people will get more and more benefits from the use of internet.（or： people will benefit a lot from Internet） There is no denying that COMPUTER NETWORK is an indication of social civilazation and progress. internet is an information pool ， people can search anything they want by TYPING THE KEY words. For example， someone wants to know the Great Wall of China， what he/she need to do is only TO OPEN AN INTERNET EXPORER and TYPE the words：“the Great Wall”and search it， then he/she can get so many relevant links. What‘s more， people can purchase their favorite goods through the Internet instead of going shopping in CHAOTIC streets. LAST BUT NOT LEAST， people ALSO can MAKE FULL USE OF Internet to study ONLINE . From the ANALYSIS made above， we can come to （or REACH）a conclusion that we SHOULD make the BEST use of Internet， which CAN brings us a great deal of benefits. as a citizen of China we should study hard. Only in this way Can we have a brighter future and make our country flourishing（OR： PROSPEROUS）。 范文三（知识就是力量） Knowledge Is Power Recently there has been a discussion regarding the issue of knowl- edge in the newspaper. As can be seen from the picture， knowledge is symbolized by a clenched fist as power. The fist sends out a message for “obedience”， threatening to crack with power any hard nut. The more demanding and challenging a task is， the more powerful the fist seems to grow. Similarly， knowledge， the strongest power for human beings， feeds up the field of science and technology. The more ad- vanced and developed a field is， the more profound knowledge seems to become. A specific example is the dunaping of Mir， Russia‘s space station. As is the case of the Russian space program， the country could no longer afford to keep Mir aloft in orbit because of lack Of financial support. Therefore， Rus- sia decided to dump the space station. The effect is both immediate and far -reaching. As far as the present is concerned， the successful launching and dumping of IVrLr has proved to the world that mankind， armed with pro- fca. md knowledge， cannot just build things but can operate them welt. For the distant impact， the once- in- a- lifetime success of/VFtr provides man with valuable and indispensable experience for manned space flight in the years to crane. Then， someday in the furore， them might appear in space more Mirs， visiting Mars， spreading friendship， parading the perfect maste- ry of knowledge. As to the best way to master knowledge， I suggest that everyone of us “ask not what others will learn from you， but what you can learn from the others.” By so doing， I sincerely believe each person， pro- tected by’ the “fist”， will be learned and knowledgeable. 范文四（保护环境）A From this cartoon， we can see that at the top end of the river， is a chemical factory and a paperrnaking factory which send out and poisonous wastes. And the river has been seriously polluted， n be seen from the color of it. Along this “black” river， there are a few people selling fresh water which must have been taken from far away places. At the first glance， it is very strange to us how can people sell wa- ter along the river， but this is the case， because the water in this river is undrinkable. This presents a serious social problem——environmental pollution. With the development of economy， our living standards have been greatly improved. But we can‘ t ignore the fact the air we take in and the water we drink today are not as fresh and clean as they used to be. Some kinds of pollution can even be deadly to people. It is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem. I think we can first call people’s attention to this problem so that they will be aware of the serious consequences of it. Then，we can pass certain laws to restrain the factories from sending out wastes. Finally， we can do more resarch work to find out ways to deal with the wastes. 范文四（保护环境）B Keep Square Clean， Tidy On Sunday， still on display on Tian‘ anmen Square were dozens of floats that were paraded along Chang’ an Avenue during the National Day celebrations. Thousands of people strolled on the narrow lanes be- tween the floats that fragmented the square， busily taking photos. Not far from the noisy crowds， yellow leaves fell nonchalantly from locust trees along the driveway， sending out the first signals of the coming autumn. But even if all the leaves fall， they still cannot cover the brown and black spots on the whitish stones in the huge square. Such stains of chewing gum， stale oil or some worse blemish have remained a constant pain for city cleaners since the square ‘was re- opened a few months ago after renovations to celebrate the 50th anni- versary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China. Few renovation project planners likely foresee this discouraging outcome. Originally， they merely intended to give the city a face- lift. The square was indeed impeccable when new： The-white terrazzo surface not only looks clean but it was made with materials that help prevent it from becoming slippery. However， as time goes by， the virtue becomes the vice： the sur- face attracts and accentuates dirt. As a result， China‘ s most high - profile site has to suffer the indignity of being paraded daily before the public in a humiliation state. While the tourists who litter should bear the bulk of the blame， the renovation designers should also have learned something： including the square’s sanitary maintenance issue into their consideration. 范文五（求职信） August 7，2001 Dear Sir or Madam： Do you have any work in your Accounting Department for a part -time employee？ Miss Wang， of the University Placement Office， has suggested that I write to you， since I would like to work for your company after I finish my courses at the University. I‘ve heard so much about your company， and I believe it offers a good chance to a man interested in construction work and trained in business. I’m enclosing a resume that gives details of my life so far. My fa- ther died when I was twelve years old， and I‘ve been on my own since fourteen. 四.考研英语作文上24分必背句型 1.There be结构 1) There are other techniques that might help you with you studying. 2) There is more entertainment in a good book than is a month of typical TV programming. 3) Most curious of all, there was no quality control whatsoever. 4) There were no breaks in the day to relieve the boring work. 5) In the past 50 years there has been a great increase in the amount of research being done on the brain. 6) There are so many of thee paths and so many metal particles that it is impossible to land a flying saucer without is being smashed by one. 7) There is much that we can learn from him today. 8) There are two sides to every question. If you take one side with decision and act on it with effect, those who take the other side will of course resent your actions. 9) There is no sense(道理)in leaving important decisions to inexperienced people. 10) There is little sense in treating the child so severely. After all he is too young to know that he was doing wrong. 11) There is no surgical patient I cannot treat competently, treat just as well as or better than any other surgeon. 12) There were still situations in which I couldn’t be certain my decision had been the right one. 13) There’s no right or wrong in the situation. There’s just luck. 14) There’s no way to prepare for the next time—no intelligent response to a gun. 15) There is no way to stop the process of aging. In fact, we can only delay it. 16) There are other indications that high school cheating may be on the rise (还有一些迹象表明……) 17) There is some evidence that dishonesty may ebb and flow(起伏波动) 18) Today there is evidence that the time between each of the steps in this cycle has been shortened. 19) There can be on doubt that he is the right person for the job. 20) There is no doubt that their support will make a difference in out cause . 21) There is no doubt that these measures will contribute to the solution of the problem. 22) There is no doubt that Jim had more talent than anybody who ever played football. 23) There’s no substitute(替代物) for practical experience. 24) There is urgent need to debate this issue openly 25) There are tow ways in which one can own a book. 26) There have been some small fluctuation(波动) in the past year, but by and large prices have remained stable. 2.It 结构 1) It is advisable to exercise(拥有) patience in dealing with such complicated situations. 2) It is advisable to place important telephone numbers nest to the phone in case of an emergency. 3) It is biologically reasonable for deer to reduce their cost of living to increase their chances of surviving in winter. 4) It is essential that the increase in production should be geared to (适应) the increase in public demand. 5) It is necessary that young and old people should communicate more with each other. 6) It is thoughtless of some parents to allow their children to watch whatever program is on television. 7) It is incredible(不可思议) that he ate the big cake just in tow bites. 8) It was obvious to everyone that the marriage would sooner or later end in separation if not diverce. 9) It was clear that Dad could do no more than he was doing already. 10) It is certain that fresh air and exercises are more valuable than medicine. 11) It is certain that with determination and hard work you will succeed eventually. 12) It was quite apparent that both sides were making a great effort to win the prize. 13) It was almost impossible for an Indian to gain even a fair education an extremely difficult, as a result, for an Indian to rese high in life. 14) It is easy to fall into bad habits but very difficult to break away form them. 15) It’s not easy to size up (估计) the situation right now. For we are not well informed on recent developments. 16) It is not easy to say exactly what each part of the brain does. 17) It is not wise to change you money into U . S. currency. 18) It was not until about 1600B.C. when the chariot (马拉战车) was invented that the maximum speed was raised to roughly twenty miles per hour. 19) It is only recently that science has begun to give us some idea of how the brain really works 20) It was not until the century that man realized that the whole of the brain was involved in the working of the mind. 21) It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive. 22) It was in times of crisis that I finally found out what he was really like. 23) It took the human race millions of years to attain that record. 24) It took a mere twenty-year flick(一瞬) of time to double the limit again. 25) It takes (took) sb. some time to do sth. 26) If it takes less time to bring a new idea to the marketplace, it also takes less time for it to sweep through the society. 27) It will take the council a few weeks to judge the situation before it takes any further action. 28) It is well known that many of our problems are caused at least in part by failure to communicate. 29) It is fairly well known that wild animals survive form year to year by eating as much as they can during times of plenty. 30) It is probably less well known that even with their stored fat, wild animals spend less energy to live in winter than in summer. 31) It remains unknown whether there are intelligent beings outside the solar system. 32) It has been pointed out that in 6000B. C. the fastest transportation available to man over 33) It is now thought that the more work we give our brains, the more work they are able to do. 34) It can be argued that such a response may not mean much (有人认为……) 35) It is reported that the electronic industry is going on rapidly in recent year. 36) It is reported that there has been a decrease in the annual birth rate over the last two decades. 37) It is estimated that the total expenses in the trial manufacture of the new products will come to 30,000 yuan. 38) Once it was thought that nighttime dreams interfered with our needed rest. 39) It has been observed that unemployment brings enormous psychological troubles. 40) Even so, it seemed to him that he was part of the whole event. 41) It seems to me that the Americans are a highly mobile people. Most of them like to travel whenever they get the chance. 42) It seemed to me that the only thing that mattered was to get her husband back to her. 43) But it is only because it is my work to do so. 44) It is an encouraging sign that people’s purchasing power(购买力)is on the rise. 45) It is common knowledge that chalk absorbs moisture (湿气) from the air. 46) It might be a way to avoid the indignity of having to ask for money all the time. 47) It used to be a popular belief the we could foretell a person’s future on the basis of the date and time of his birth. 48) It pays in the long run (从长远的角度看……) to introduce new technique 49) It is time for out symbols of technology to change — to catch up with the quickening changes in technology itself. 50) It has been only twenty-five years since television came to one of people’s pastimes. 51) It may well come as a surprise to learn that not only psychologists but other behavioral scientists have come to accept the positive contribution of work to the individual’s happiness and sense of personal achievement. 3.动名词或分词结构 1) Improving your study habits will improve your grades. 2) Teaching gives me pace, and variety, and challenge, and the opportunity to keep on learning. 3) Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied. 4) Having little in common is a frequent cause of divorce. 5) Owing sets of books is useless unless you read them. 6) Drinking, eating, and smoking excessively can do severe harm to even a young person’s health. 7) The art of communication requires learning the language and culture of the audience. 4.递进式结构 1) Fresh vegetables are nutritious(有营养的); furthermore, they re cheaper than frozen ones. 2) We will not only bring joy into other people’s lives, but also added happiness into our own. 3) But teaching offers something beside money and power; it offers love. Not only the love of learning and go books and ideas, but also the love that a teacher feels for his students. 4) Not only should you limber up (做准备活动) before exercising, but you must also be sure to cool down afterwards. 5) They do not seem to like one anther very much. Neither are they too keen on conventional people (正统的人) 5.主语从句结构 1) What makes it rather disturbing (令人烦恼) was the arbitrary circumstances both of my arrest and my subsequent fate in court. 2) But what was most shocking at the time was the thins my release from the charge so clearly depended on . 3) What I remember then is not her failure, but her courage, the courage to go ahead. 1) This is not necessarily the case, however. 2) We want to keep up with the times. 3) Good intentions alone are not enough. 4) It was indeed the case. 5) But modern research has found that this is not so. 6) But it is now thought that this in not so. 7) What does this mean as far as our flying saucer program is concerned? 8) As for as I am concerned, some days are lucky while others seem marked by bad fortune. 9) And that last ounce is what really counts. 10) What is the point of being rich? (富有的意义何在呢？) 11) What other power matters? [其他的权力有什么重要的(要紧的)呢]？ 12) Yet there are advantages to underground life. 7.表示重要性或必要性 1) It’s important to set aside time for relaxation, hobbies , and entertainment as well. 2) Improved consumer confidence is extremely important to an economic recovery. 3) What is important in both stories is that honesty was seen as an important part of the American character. 4) The ability to observe keenly and in detail is necessary for anyone who wishes to become a scientist. 5) To find a solution to a conflict, it is often necessary to make some kind of compromise (妥协) 6) A harmonious atmosphere is essential(necessary / critical / indispensable) to successful reform. 7) It is essential that the increase in production should be geared to (适应) the increase in public demand. 8) The essential point is that military sanctions (军事制裁) cannot be counted on (指望) to produce a sure result. 9) The emphasis of the report is on how technology affects human life rather than business. 10) We should make a careful study of the problem and try to find out a solution to it. 8.表示目的 1) The purpose of a test is to show what you have leaned about a subject. 2) Believe it or not, her only purpose in saying all that is to help you help yourself 3) The purpose of the campaign was to catch “ringers”—students who take tests for other students. 4) The intent is not to catch everyone but rather to catch enough to spread the word. 5) Competitive sports are recommended to young adults to prepare them for the competitive world of college and business. 6) The ultimate object of scientific inquiry is to discover the laws of nature. 9.表示结果 1) Too much discussion will only lead to confusion. 2) Too much work and too little rest may lead to loss of health 3) If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get confused. 4) He had experienced fear and conquered it . In doing so, he had undoubtedly learnt something about himself. 5) Efforts to bring together people of different races and cultures have not met with (获得) complete success. 6) we have made numerous attempts to solve the problem, but so far our efforts have been unsuccessful. 7) state financial support given in the form of scholarships has stimulated. 8) By consistent hard work we have achieved the major economic objectives (目标) of the ninth five-year plan. 9) New machines were introduced into the factory. As a result, not only were time and energy saved but production was greatly increased. 10) The pressures of modern urban life have led to increased occurrences(发生)of alcoholism(酗酒)and drug abuse(吸毒), mental illness, suicide(自杀), and divorce in Western societies. 11) We note with satisfaction that all these activities have helped to promote mutual understanding and friendship between our two countries. 12) The damage done to manmade structures and to human beings by weather would be gone. 13) The population is leveling off (处于平衡状态) in the area as a result of family planning. 14) For large numbers of people, the absence of work is harmful to their health. 10.表示对比和比较 1) Of all American cities, San Francisco is considered by many to be by far the most beautiful. 2) Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment. 3) We are much less conscious of the extent to which work provides the more crucial(关键)psychological well-being that can make the difference between a full and an empty life. 4) Work is more than a necessity for most human beings; it is the focus of their lives, the source of their identity and creativity. 5) Rather than a punishment or a burden, work is the opportunity to realize one’s potential. 6) Few pastimes bring a family closer together than gathering around and listening to mother or father read good story 7) Man differs most from all the other animals in his ability to learn and use language but we still do not know exactly how this is done. 8) Generally speaking(In general), young people are less conservative(保守)than old people. 9) The way the brain works is far more complicated than they had thought. 10) The more scientists find out, the more questions they are unable to answer. 11) Many Americans choose to travel by car rather than by any other means of transportation. 12) Worse perhaps was the idea of Saturday afternoon cricket. 13) There is no surgical patient I cannot treat competently, treat just as well as or better that any other surgeon. 14) Social customs are different from what they used to be fifty years ago. 15) He has to feel that he’s good as and probably better than any other surgeon in the world. 16) Behavior which may be considered quite strange in one culture is often looked upon as completely normal in another. 17) It is as hard to pass her by without giving her some money as it is to ignore the collection box in church. 18) It is as morally hard to turn her away as it is a lost dog. 19) Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 20) We accept the authority of our parents when we are young, but as we mature we may begin to question their advice. 1) Without the distraction of TV, they might sit around together after dinner. 2) As long as the brain is given plenty of exercise it keeps its power. 3) Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government. without newspapers of newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. 4) Without a degree and with no experience in teaching my chances of getting the job were slim. 5) With the introduction of a new assembly line, we hope to step up the production of our factory. 6) Whether day or night. Summer or winter, temperatures in the underground world would remain equable and nearly constant. 7) However odd and repulsive(古怪难受)underground living may seem at first thought, there are things to be said for it. 12.表示举例 1) Everything from the generation gap to the high divorce rate to some forms of mental illness. 2) Take, for example, the emergency situations that we encountered almost every night. 3) A case in point is students in New York State who faced criminal misdemeanor chares for possessing and selling advance copies of state Regents examinations. 4) In the case of Lincoln, the story is true 5) Where there is will, there is a way. Your eventual success in the experiment is a case in point 6) For my own part, everything is O.K.I have nothing to complain of . 7) In terms of population, Shanghai is the largest city in China. 8) A good case in point is the white-tailed deer. 9) As an example of modern credulity(轻信)，he cites(引述)the widespread belief that the earth is round. 10) An illustration(例证)may make the point clear. 11) Every side of our lives is affected by our jobs such as where we live, what we eat and the company we keep. 13.表示观点、结论或评价 1) Educators report that the generation growing up with television can barely write an English sentence. 2) Earlier scientists thought that during a man’s lifetime the power of his brain decreased. 3) Many educators fear that an increase in the use of state exams will lead to a corresponding rise in cheating. 4) Many people believe that in a factory beautification of the dull setting results in greater productivity. 5) Any good relationship between nations in based on mutual(相互)trust and respect. 6) Throughout the ages different ideas have been expressed about the working of the human brain. 7) Scientists hope that if we can discover how the brain works, the better use we will be able to put it to. 8) Some recent research also suggests that we remember everything that happens to us. 9) He holds that there is no advantage in introducing the new method. 10) He holds that there is no advantage in introducing the new method. 11) We hold these truths to learn language skills, computer know-how and so on, but above all they need to learn how to be an honest and responsible citizen. 12) Today’s students need to learn learn language skills, computer know-how and so on, but about all they need to learn how to be an honest and responsible citizen. 13) History shows that the United States as a nation owes a great dela to the Afro-Americans(美国黑人) 14) The friendship your people have for our people made a deep impression on me during my visit in you country. 15) All those who attempt to turn bake the wheel of history will ruin themselves in the end. 16) We have to learn to cooperate(合作)with others and many of our own ideas have to be brushed aside(搁置一边)for the good of the whole. 17) In theory, every citizen in a democratic country may claim the right of equality(平等)before the law. 18) The successful manager is of the opinion that to gain as much as possible form your subordinates(下属)you should treat them as your equals. 19) Every country considers its internal affairs to be its own responsibility. 20) Experienced teachers realize that there are often exceptionally students who are never given a chance to show their special abilities. 21) We are also learning that truthful information, humanely conveyed, helps patients cope with illness. 22) Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their condition. 23) Studies show that, contrary to the belief of many physicians, an overwhelming majority of patients do what to be told the truth. 24) A considerable amount of research shows that people tend to become bored when faced with a situation in which they must do the same thing day in and day out. 25) I am arguing that books must be absorbed in your bloodstream(血液)to do you any good. 26) And that is exactly what reading a book should be; a conversation between you and the author. 27) We are positive that this trade agreement will benefit the developing world. 28) Some teachers claim that recreation(娱乐)is necessary for children to be able to learn in school but others do not feel that leisure activity is all that important. 29) But by and large , the country was as glorious, as vast and as overwhelmingly spectacular(壮丽多姿)as those know-nothing kids had expected. 30) All in all, we did not see much evidence that small-town America is vanishing as we traveled through rural Wisconsin. 31) Thomas Jefferson argued that the greatest contribution you can make to your country is to preserve freedom by continuing your education and taking care that your children receive the highest level education possible. 32) The contribution Shakespeare made to the world of literature is different from anyone else’s. 14.表示采取措施 1) The government is taking effective(有效的)measures to overcome current difficulties. 2) We are making further efforts to decrease the cost of production. 3) The local government has get up a number of colleges and technical schools to meet the needs of the rapidly expanding economy in the region. 4) They have done pretty well in coping with the problem of storing radioactive(放射性的)was 5) The school authorities have done much in the way of improving working and living conditions for the teachers. 6) Ways must be found to assure our children a decent start(良好的开端)in life. 7) The scientific approach to a problem lies first of all in collecting as much data as possible. 8) In some countries, the constitution(宪法)forbids the military use of nuclear energy. 9) In order to stabilize the economy, the government has worked hard to lower the rate of inflation(通货膨胀)。 10) A great deal has been done to protect the children from the harmful influence of bad books. 15.表示让步关系 1) Though people of different cultures may experience difficulties in learning to communicate with one another, cultural awareness and an open mind can reduce these difficulties. 2) While it may be more convenient to possess a car, it is also expensive and troublesome at times. 3) Though I do well in my history and language classes, I feel quite stupid when it comes to math and science. 4) Although I do not earn a great deal of money for this job, the pleasure I receive from the work makes it worthwhile 5) Though the job is new to us, we are confident we’ll learn to do it in a couple of days 6) Although he had the opportunity to hunt and fish with great Indian outdoorsmen, he was denied opportunity in other ways 16.表示因果或前提关系 1) Partly because of increased awareness, the incidence(发病率)of AIDS has dropped in many U.S. cities. 2) This is probably because of the way we are taught as children. 3) Because of excellent weather conditions and extremely strong signals, Venusian scientists were able to get valuable information as to the feasibility of a manned flying saucer landing on Earth. 4) Because of the pressure(压力)of examinations, many students are left with little or no free time. 5) How one presents himself at an interview will often decide whether or not he will be given a job. 6) Perhaps it’s because few of us know how to accept compliments(赞扬)gracefully 7) Because of this defensive reaction, direct compliments are surprisingly difficult to give. 8) That is why some of the most valued pats on the back are those which come to us indirectly, in a letter or passed on by a friend. 9) That is why housework is considered such a dreary grind(乏味的苦差事). 10) I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me. Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled (非得)to share. 11) I teach because I like the pace of the academic calendar; I teach because teaching is a profession built on change; I teach because I like the freedom to make my own mistakes. 12) I have left out the most important reasons why I teach. 13) The reason for this is that technology feeds on itself 14) Owing to fierce competition among the airlines, travel expenses have been lowered considerably. 15) Owing to the lack of coordination between the two sides, the project has made little progress so far. 16) The teacher tried to encourage her students to become less dependent on their parents because they would sooner or later have to take care of themselves. 17) Yet the public has every reason to be wary of professional deception(欺骗) 18) At times, they see important reasons to lie for the patient’s own sake. 17.表示存在的问题 1)One of the greatest problems facing the 21st century will be what to do with all the rubbish produced in the world. 2) The frequent use of drugs (毒品) is a serious problem among some American young people. 3) To travel abroad is a desire shared by many people, but few can afford to do it. 4) Man still has a lot to learn about the most powerful and complex part of his body-the brain. 5) We had a ling debate as to whether we should spend so much money on space technology. 6) Many people have the bad habit of spending money on impulse. 7) The custom of having one’s marriage arranged by parents has disappeared in many parts of the world but continues in some Asian and African countries. 8) Cheating is now considered to be a major problem in colleges and universities. 9) No agreement was reached as to how the plan should be carried out. 10) True, the cost of living has gone up, but so have the workers ‘wages. 11) I had trouble learning or doing something important to me. 12) She had a little trouble with her typing. 13) Many university students experience severe tension (紧张) as final exams draw near. 14) Until recently this hostile (敌对的) attitude towards daydreaming was the most common one . 15) Many people find it harder and harder to keep up with the radical changes that characterize our time. 16) If this project is to be carried out, we must have all the help that modern technology can supply. 17) When the days seem to go by slowly, you can tell that you’re not enjoying yourself. 18) Large amounts of food imports placed a great strain(负担) on the country’s gold reserve(黄金储备) 19)Corruption(腐败) in government is not tolerated in any country that wants to achieves rapid economic growth and improve the life of its citizens. 20) At first thought, the problem seems far too involved (复杂) , but it can certainly be solved when seriously dealt with . 21) Colleges are not always adjusted to the needs of society to they need reform from time to time. 22) We’re all used to thinking that work provides the material things of life. 18. 表示可能性 1)If I wasn’t able to avoid a mistake, chances were that no other surgeon could have, either. 2) I think it is very unlikely that he will get the job; however, it may be worth a try. 3) I feel sure that if I had come from a different background, and had really been unemployed, there is every chance that I would have been found guilty (有罪). 4) If you try to pass the problems by, it would be impossible for you to make any progress in this field. 5) Then you might as well (完全可以) make a little money from them. 6) If the right kind of extracurricular (课外的) activities are organized, those children who have a surplus of energy(学有余力) will have a chance to develop their talents much more quickly. 7) It was almost impossible for an Indian to gain even a fair education an extremely difficult, as a result, for an Indian to rise high in life. 8) However carefully restricted the upward trips might be ,the chances are that the dwellers(居民) of the new caves would see more greenery than dwellers of surface cities do today . 19.表示决心或信心 1)We never lose heart when we meet with difficulties in our work. 2) Colleges and universities across the nation have decided to do more than talk about the rise in student cheating. 3) Nothing can stand in the way of the Chinese people in their resolve (决心) to modernize their country. 5) Anyway (不管怎样) ,don’t give up . You could do it if you really resolve to do it. 6) Those animal protectors claimed solemnly(严肃的) that they would spare no efforts?(不遗余力地) to carry the struggle through to the end. 20. 表示建议 1) I would like to propose that from sixty to ninety minutes each evening all television broadcasting in the United States be prohibited by law. 2) You should take advantage of this opportunity and try to make good impression on them. 3) Neither believe nor reject anything because any other person has rejected or believed it. 4) Greater efforts are needed before we can attain our goal of economic reform. 5) A country should protect its natural resources by fighting against waste. 6) Sometimes even an one-day vacation from work is enough to allow us to regain our strength and return to work fit and ready to do a better job. 7) If we concentrate our efforts on improving quality, our products will certainly be more competitive on the world market. 一）、滔滔不绝“意识流” 有一部分考生在考试时一见到作文题，便感到很对自己的胃口，觉得有很多内容要写。于是乎千言万语涌上心头，写着前一句想着后一句。往往前句尚未写完便接上了后一句，辛辛苦苦写了一大堆(甚至有写11个自然段的)犹觉余意未尽。结果令判卷的老师头疼不己，无法继续往下看。原因就在于这种没有构思、未理提纲的作文章法太乱，语言质量差。无论是四、六级考试还是研究生入学考试，我国的作文试题都是规定式作文(controlledwriting)，这跟国外考试(如TOEE)不一样。因此，写作时必须按给出的提纲或提示去写，任何过于放任自由的做法都是不可取的，更不要另有所图，滔滔不绝。这是进入实际操作前的一个基本认识问题，稍不留神就会出问题。 严格按照三点提纲来写 要控制这种"意识流"的写法，必须严格按照三点提纲来写。假如第一段要求描述某个现象，务必不要先进行原因分析，否则到了第二段该分析原因的时候就没东西可写了。明智的做法是投其所好，该如何就如何，这一原则适用于所有的考试。另外，有的考生一方面有话则多，一发而不可收，控制不了自己;一方面无话则隐，该说的话没有说出来。我们不妨把作文的要求量化到每一个段落:一篇200词左右的作文一般不会超过15句话，把这15句话根据题目要求分配到各段中去，每一段大模只说那么几句话，绝不多说。事实上往往是说得越多，错误越多。因此，眼着提纲走，每一段不要写得太多，点到为止，见好就收，这才是最稳妥的对策。 二）、无话可说真难受 无话可说是滔滔不绝的对立面。有的考生题目看得懂，提纲也一目了然，就是不知道该说什么，在考场上头脑一片空白，想到的也只是空泛的东西。这是一种常见的现象。在这种情况下，即使是用中文也难以写好，更何况要用英文去表达。针对这一情况，办法就是要善于联想到一些具体的事实、具体的例证以及具体的现象。比如说，要谈论电视节目这一话题，可以联想到新闻联播，并由此想到它让人们开阔视野，了解世界。但有人觉得话题太熟悉了，反而一时说不出什么来。其实，作文题一定是永恒的话题，在任何时候都可以讨论;或为当代话题，让所有的人都有话可说。题目是公平的，绝对不会让某一专业的考生有特别的优势。所以，考生一定能联想起具体细小的事情，再形成观点。把看得见摸得着的事物带来的思考变成作文里的实质内容，这不失为一种很好的策略。例如，计算机的利与弊这个话题似乎太大，但是可能想到的具体的现象是小孩、学生要在计算机前玩计算机游戏。由此带来的思考是，这些学生整天呆在那里对他们的mind是有害的，并wastealotoftime。 由具体细小的、琐碎的、微不足道的事物所引发思考 因此，当头脑出现空白时，应该由具体细小的、琐碎的、微不足道的事物所引发的思考形成观点，再进行论述。这种定式思维的形成需要多下功夫多练习。从无话可说到有话可说，下面的例子让人不无启发。在种种场合下，经常要欢迎领导讲几句话。领导往往首先开口说:同志们大家好，我利用这个机会讲三句话。讲第一句话时，脑子里不知道第二句话是什么，讲第二句话时，根本就没想第三句话要说什么。但他最终说了三句话，以"谢谢大家"结束讲话。领导讲话"1、2、3"成了一种定式，他总能找到有关内容讲几点，这种功夫是长期磨练的结果。写作文也一样，平时需要多多练习这种思维。 三）、真情流露没必要 考试时，监考老师通常发现有的考生坐在那里根本就是在玩深沉，他在那里思考人生的伟大哲理;他在那里要想出一个观点，想出一个理由，想出一个措施，非要显得与众不同。陷入这种境地的考生，显然犯了一个根本性的错误。参考时间为40分钟的作文，一般应该在35分钟之内完成，再用几分钟的时间检查语言错误。可有的考生十几分钟一句话都写不了，就是因为他太进入角色了，他想向判卷的老师掏心掏肺。这是一个很大的误区。 关注书面表达能力 考作文的目的纯粹是通过这一命题形式，考查考生的英语水平如何。命题人关注的是书面表达能力，而不是看一个人有没有内容，思想有没有深度。以2000年考研作文题为例(为什么海洋里的鱼越来越少)，原因基本成立，内容相关即可，根本没有必要想破脑袋去找原因，不要去猜测判卷的老师喜欢什么观点。只有当作文明显跑题时，内容才体现出其重要性。不管原因也好，措施也好，某一考生想到的任何一点，很可能命题人早已料到，而且肯定会被成千上万的考生重复无数遍。因而曾经令自己激动一时的想法，在判卷的老师看来全无感觉。规定式作文的拓展空间本来就非常有限，所以"真情流露"是没有必要的。 四）、英语表达憋得慌 如果说以上几点都明白了，剩下的最大障碍就是用英语表达意思很困难。对于这一点，首先要树立信心。实际上，大部分考生都受过正规的大学英语教育，即使是一些自学的考生，其英语水平也足以写好一篇考研作文。关键在于要把这种潜力挖掘出来。《朗文词典》(LongmanDidonary)的最大特点，就是用2000个核心词来解释几十万个词条，而且词条大都有几个义l项。由此可见，并不一定要用多么复杂l的英语来表达，也不一定非得添加一些高难度的单词以加深判卷老师的印象。事实上，简单的语言也能表达复杂的事物。著名的美国作家海明威的作品以其明白晓畅的语言吸引了千千万万的读者，就是一个明证。 要求考生运用英语思维来写作文是不现实的。如果能用英语思维，也就谈不上会遇到多大的困难了。在实际写作过程当中，脑子里想的是中文句子，然后把一个一个的中文句子译成英文。在翻译的时候努力寻求一一对应的关系，希望找到与中文词对应的英文单词。结果句子结构和单词的选用受到中文的影响，自己感觉上也是"憋"得费劲，或者觉得表达出来了，意思差不多，而实际上给人的感觉依然还是中文。若是让老外来看这篇作文的话，也许根本就弄不清楚文章的内容，而判卷的中国老师在判卷时往往能想象出文章是怎样写出来的。在这种情况下，出路在于把中文译成英文时，不要去追求一一对应的关系，而应该"得其意，忘其形"(getthemeaning，forgettheform)，忘掉中文的语法结构，句法形式则可能要整个地打乱，"钻进去，跳出来"。所谓"钻进去"就是要看意思是否到位了，"跳出来"就是要忘记中文的语言形式。实际上把英文译成中文，也是一样的道理，关键是要在转换中把意思表达出来。如果写出来的句子整个结构都在对应，无异于用英语词说中国话，这显然是不合适的。 要先学人家怎么表达，再学会自己表达 词汇掌握有限的考生，可以经常看一看朗文词典中词条的英文注解，这对于提高写作的表达能力会有巨大的帮助。整部词典成千上万的词义全部用2000左右常用词汇解释。随意翻开词典的任何一页，找出其中不认识的单词，然后看后面的英文注释。要找不认识的单词，因为在急于知道意思的情况下看注解，印象才深刻。要先学人家怎么表达，再学会自己表达。有的人简单地认为，只要记了单词和语法，就可以高兴怎么表达就怎么表达，这样的人永远学不好英语。记住一个词跟学会使用这个词是两码事。BBC的一个材料上说，英国农民一辈子最常用的、基本上能够表达他所有情感世界和日常生活的词大概不到一千。农民也有喜怒哀乐，在这一点上，一个农民的情感世界跟一个伟大诗人的情感世界是没有什么区别的，而且用简单的语言把复杂的意思表达出来也可谓之伟大。对于一个一时找不着词的概念，‘应该用一种迂回曲折的方式把意思表达清楚。或用一个短语，或用一个从句，或三言两语，如果没出什么语言错误的话，这也算是一种伟大! 针对英语表达"憋得慌"的情况，必须摒弃翻译中追求一一对应的关系并机械地把中文译成英文的方法，应该把中文句子结构彻底地忘记，然后用比较简单的"万能"英语表达。平常不妨做一做这样的练习，通过阅读不认识的词条的英文注解，然后试着把单词译成中文词，再去对照英汉词典的汉语释义，慢慢地就会开始领会用英语表达的门道了。之所以强调这样做，是因为朗文词典语言简明，例句来自活生生的现实生活，不同于传统的英语词典从文学作品里摘录例句的做法。正因为如此，其词汇量比较贴近我们的词汇基础，只要读得多占自然就会明白这样好。做的奥妙，进而受其影响。 五）、处于被动危害大 尽管考研作文为规定式命题，但考生仍可积极主动地把作文写。其主动性在于采取回避的策略:表达上采取迂回的方式，即运用不很复杂的语言，内容的取舍上避重就轻地写比较易于表达的内容。很多人在写作过程中从头至尾都处于被动状态，当有内容想要表达清楚的时候，却又发现种种途径都不可能表达好，只好硬着头皮把自己意识到没把握的东西勉强写上去。毫无疑问，这种连自己都意识到可能是错误的东西，只会产生于己不利的负面作用。所以，当有的内容感觉一点找不着、英语实在表达不清楚的时候，就应该彻底地放弃。开动脑筋多想几点内容、理由和措施，假设想到四条理由，但因为语言表达的问题，其中一条理由说不清楚，那么就应当机立断地把它放弃，写上另外三点理由就可以了(或许两点就够了)。由此可见，积极主动的态度会使自己在考试中有更大的灵活性。 主动把握，不能让自己陷人被动 单词拼写错误多也是考研作文的一大问题。例如，opinion错拼为opium，结果inmyopinion成了inmyopium(在我的鸦片中)!常用单词是不能拼错的。有的单词平时会拼写，考试时突然没把握了，比如modernsod-ety，假如不知道modern与IElorden哪一个是对的，不妨换成societytoday或today'ssociety，或许还能想起另外一个难度大一点、拼写有把握的con-tempomy来代替modem。应该回避明确知道自己不会拼写的词:如果没法换一个词，将句子改换一种说法亦未尝不可。有的考生在考卷上没把握的地方标上问号，或者两种可能都写上，让判卷老师判断后选择其中一个，这是不可取的，是有害的。 总之，不能让自己陷人被动，想说什么、用什么方式说，说多少、说到什么时候，说到什么程度，一切都应由考生主动把握，这样才会减少心理上的压力，更好地发挥出自己应有的写作水平。 考研英语中作文的比例非常重要，在完成了所有其他题型之后，专门留出时间来让大家写作文，这说明什么？说明写作在英语学习中是十分重要的，大家要给予足够的认识。首先我们看看评卷时高分作文的标准是什么，要想写出一篇高分作文须具备两个条件：一是扎实的英语语言基础，二是掌握一定的写作技巧。否则在40分钟之内完成一篇200字的优秀作文是难以思议的。一篇好的作文应基本达到：1. 有较好的写作基础，文章流畅，遣词造句不当，文章结构完整，内容符合要求；2. 语法基本正确；3. 句法基本准确，句子与句子段落之间过渡连贯；4. 有一定词汇量，字数符合要求；5. 说理清楚，内容充实。一篇较差的作文表现为：1．文章不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题；2．出现很多基本语法错误，拼写错误；3．词汇量很小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力；4．不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑到一起。 从我们对历年考生的考卷总结来看，很多同学作文份数不高，一般都有这些通病：1．不会审题。很多考生在着手做写作题时并无审题和构思的概念，有的担心时间不够，有的则是无从下笔，结果不是文不对题就是时间己过半，只好草草收场。 2．用汉语思维，逐字翻译。有的考生对英语词造句无把握，便用汉语构思文章，同时将汉语句子硬译英语，结果是非驴非马，无法理解。 3．用词搭配不当。英语语言是一大特点是其丰富的习惯用语和固定搭配，包括动词短语、介词短语、形容词短语等，例如（花费很多时间做某事）“spend much time in…”不能改成“take much time in…”。词与词之间固定搭配是由历史形成的，有的看起来不符合逻辑，但却是地道用法。 4．词汇量小，拼写困难。部分学生能在写作中运用的词汇量太少，有的知道用法但拼写不出来，结果只能用中文取而代之，成绩自然不会理想。 5．句子逻辑关系混乱。部分考生因受汉语结构的影响，对句子中主谓及状语之间的位置安排不妥，造成逻辑混乱。例如： Our English class often told stories. 应改为：We often told stories in our English class. 6. 不会应用关联词转承上下句子和段落。关联词起过渡作用，使上下句子和段落合理，承上启下，使表达合乎逻辑，同时结构严谨，文章紧凑。例如： People lean English to use it , Some learn it so study or work abroad . Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with English-speaking foreigners.采用适当关联词，改进为:people learn English for practical purposes :some learn it to study or work abroad, while others learn it to read or communicate in English. 7. 语法错误。语法错误主要表现为： i. 分不清及物与不及物动词，例如：rise和raise; hear和listen等 ii. 被动与主动语态的误用，例如：interesting和interested; speaking和spoken 等； iii. 词类混淆，将动词或形容词误作名词用，将名词和动词误作形容词用等；例如：benefit和beneficial; difficult和difficulty; pleasure和pleased等。 iv. 混淆可数名词与不可数名词，例如:help, practice 等。 v. 冠词、情态动词、介词、代词等方面的错误，例如：a English book, should did, must done等。 因此，我们在写作文是应该注意到： 一、 内容切题，包括提纲的全部内容 作文的高分标准首先是要切题。许多考生认为作文题己有要求和提纲，按题目写作不会出问题。但事实往往并非如此，许多考生仍然跑题或扣不准题。有的考生辞不达意，有的考生主题不突出，还有的考生照搬照抄，结果文不对题。 所谓的切题指不偏离主题，提纲的所有内容都是围绕主题来展开的。所以一开始短文写作，考生应注意以下几个方面： 1．认真审题。先分析题目所包含的内容和信息，把握住出题者的意图，确定文章属于哪一种体裁，思考表达文体和写作手法，以能将主题思想完美表达出来。然后仔细阅读作文要求、提纲或其他相关内容（如图表、图画、数字说明等），注意抓住题目和提纲中的关键词及提纲要点之间的衔接和逻辑关系，进一步考虑怎样组织段落来突出主题。 2．组织段落，构思选材。段落围绕主题来展开，但各个段落也有主题句和段落中心。主题句即本段的论点，围绕论点提供论据抓住了段落中心，而句子之间或段落之间的承上启下，过渡连贯，句型逻辑等也要同进考虑，对于材料的取舍也应该胸有成竹，避免下笔时无章可循，离题万里。 二、表达清楚，意义连贯 表达清楚包含三方面的内容，一是叙述要清楚，一目了然；二是作者的遣词造句要得当，过渡要连贯平稳；三是主题明确，论点论据展开合理（以时间、过程、空间、详情、列举、概括、对比、因果、分类、定义、发展高潮或综合等方法来展开）。 三、句式有变化 有的考生从头到尾使用简单句，使整个文章变得平淡无味，一看就是初学者水平。 句式有变化指的是一定的意义要用合适的句型来表达，它包含两层意思：一是采用适当的句型来表达内容，包括简单句、并列句、复合句、主动被动句、长句、短句、疑问句、插入语、独立成份等：二是句子之间的逻辑关系要合理，包括并列关系、因果关系、递进关系、转折关系、解释关系、概括关系、顺序关系、让步关系、对比关系、转换关系等（翻译篇中也有所介绍），这些逻辑关系均有适当的关联词（过渡词）来连接，如表示因果关系的就是有accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore , thus, so, in consequence, as a result等。 四、语言合乎规范 语言规范含遣词与造句两方面内容。遣词的标准是：选词准确，词能达意，具体形象，用词丰富，语法正确同时符合英语表达习惯。造句的标准是：句式变化多样，意义与结构完整，意思连贯，逻辑合理，语法正确，同时符合习惯和固定用法。 遣词要注意修辞，避免多次重复同一词汇，可考虑适当使用代词、同义词、近义词、关联词，使表达有变化。同义词的使用是衡量考生语言运用能力的一个尺度。 造句要避免清一色“主＋谓＋宾”结构，适当采用倒装、强调、被动、长短句、疑问句、反问句、复合句、并列句等各种句型，同时要注意尽量使用自己熟悉和有把握的句型。有的考生由于语言基本功不扎实，在写作中便经常出现病句或中文式英语。 那就会有同学要问了，我的词汇量就是不够，怎么能够写出好文章呢，大家要清楚，在写文章的时候，一定要注意选择什么的词语。对于一些我们认为很熟悉的词，当把它放到句子中时却发现把握不定。由于英语中同义词和近义词异常丰富，同义词之间的意义也有细微的差别，在不同的语言环境中意义还会有所变化。所以你要找到最表达自己的意思的词，就一定不要简单地使用首先想到的词。 短文写作的用词是否得当主要应考虑其对文章是否能产生预期的效果，通常应注意考研词汇表中的词汇均为常用词，如果能把这些常用词较熟练地应用到写作中，文章就非常不错。有的考生别出心裁地使用了一些华丽的词藻，结果让评卷人看了反而觉不伦不类，效果适得其反。常用词通俗易懂，直接明了，不常用的一些所谓高级词则抽象难懂，意思难以捉摸，对于考生来说应尽量避免，在一篇短文如果同一词汇，特别是动词、副词、形容词，被重复使用，就会使文章读起来单调无味，显得考生词汇量贫乏。英语以同义丰富为特点，用词多样化是必要的修辞手段。常用的用词技巧如使用一些同义词和代词。 我们在背诵范文的时候要注意，记住范文的什么方面才是最有效的，我们在看范文的时候要注意范文的段落结构是如何搭建的，一篇文章有中心意思，也就是题目。而每个段落则有段落主题，段落主题是为文章中心思想服务的。每个段落只能有一个主题（central idea），它用一个句子加以表达，所以称为主题句。主题提出后需要很多结构严谨的句子来支持和说明，称为扩展句。最后得出一个结论，并用一个结尾句表达。大家在看的时候不妨把文章划一下段，这样结构就清晰了，围绕主题句展开，支持、说明和阐述主题句的句子便是扩展句。扩展句紧扣主题句中的关键词而展开，句子与句子之间逻辑清楚，上下转承结合得当，简明扼要，重点突出。一般来说，每个自然段除了主题句与结尾句之外，还包含了3－6个扩展句。所以，写好了扩展句便基本上完成一个自然段落。 做题时，一旦定下了主题和关键词，作者便按照自己的思路来组织段落中的句子，句子之间要具有连贯性，就必须由一系列的逻辑关系构成，例如：并列关系，因果关系，递进关系，转折关系，解释关系，概括关系，顺序关系，让步关系，对照比较关系，转换关系等等，这些逻辑关系可由一系列的过渡词（transitional words）来完成。过渡词在句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间起到承上启下的作用，使句子或段落之间的衔接自然、连贯，逻辑合理，结构严谨，故极为重要。 相信大家如果能够有意识的注意这些方面，以后的作文自然会有一个质的突破的。 七.35个经典句型帮你过考研英语写作 一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) ~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) 例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。 Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。 二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V 例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。 三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much. (再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。) 例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。 四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的...) 例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse. 不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。 五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ (全世界都知道...) 例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。 六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ (毫无疑问的...) 例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子(...的优点是...) 例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won‘t create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。 八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子(...的原因是...) 例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air. The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。 九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子(如此...以致于...) 例句：So precious is time that we can‘t afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。 十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V~~~ (虽然...) 例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不} 虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。 十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~(愈...愈...) 例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。 The more books we read, the more learned we become. 我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。 十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ (借着...，..能够..) 例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。 十三、~~~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V (..使..能够..) 例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。 十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ (我们绝对不能...) 例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。 十五、It is time + S + 过去式(该是...的时候了) 例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。 十六、Those who ~~~ (...的人...) 例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished. 违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。 十七、There is no one but ~~~ (没有人不...) 例句：There is no one but longs to go to college. 没有人不渴望上大学。 十八、的be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V (不得不...) 例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports. 既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。 十九、It is conceivable that + 句子(可想而知的) It is obvious that + 句子 (明显的) It is apparent that + 句子 (显然的) 例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。 二十、That is the reason why ~~~ (那就是...的原因) 例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don‘t like it. 夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。 二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式...(过去...年来，...一直...) 例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。 二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。 例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard. 自从他上高中，他一直很用功。 二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ (...是值得的。) 例句：It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。 二十四、be based on (以...为基础) 例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony. 社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。 二十五、Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的) We should spare no effort to beautify our environment. 我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。 二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事(让...明白...事) 例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard. 我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。 二十七、be closely related to ~~ (与...息息相关) 例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health. 做运动与健康息息相关。 二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving = make it a rule to + V (养成...的习惯) We should get into the habit of keeping good hours. 我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。 二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~ (因为...) 例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream. 因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。 三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!(多么...！) 例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise! How important a thing it is to keep our promise! 遵守诺言是多么重要的事！ 三十一、Leave much to be desired (令人不满意) 例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired. 我们的交通状况令人不满意。 三十二、Have a great influence on ~~~ (对...有很大的影响) 例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health. 抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。 三十三、do good to (对...有益)，do harm to (对...有害) 例句：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。 Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。 三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ (对...造成一大威胁) 例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence. 污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。 三十五、do one‘s utmost to + V = do one‘s best (尽全力去...) 例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life. 我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。 八.如何征服考研英语写作的事务信函语言 随着近几年英语考试的剧烈变革，英语试题越来越讲究应用能力的考查，写作部分的命题改变了原来单一的简单提纲模式，采用了多种命题方式。事务信函迅速出现在国内考试的试题中，从2000年起，四级、六级、BEC、MBA联考、公共英语不定期考查了书信写作，2005年考研英语新大纲已经正式规定信函或其它应用文成为写作必考题型，和雅思考试一样每次考查两篇作文，每次都可能涉及到事务信函。信函创作迅速成为写作的主力题型，需要英语教师改变授课内容，与时俱进，及时补充信函的创作策略及必备语言。新题型的授课，对教师和学生都构成了新的挑战，以下是笔者在写作教学中的总结和心得，希望能够帮助考生快速把握信函的创作方法。 事务信函在考试中频频出现，主题类型较多，包括感谢信、祝贺信、投诉信、咨询信、建议信、申请信、邀请信、求职信、辞职信、订货信和通知/安排信。在多种类型中，最新考研大纲特别给出了订货信的样题。其实，主题变化多端，但只是内容上的简单变化，命题时给出了几个信息点，要根据信息点写段，相当于普通的提纲作文。另外，四级要求120词，六级要求150词，考研只需要100个单词，对考生来说应当很容易写出相应的字数，我们需要把握考查点并抓住核心内容准备。考试以段落语言考查为主，信封格式并不太重要，历年雅思和四六级都重视信体的创作，是否涵盖几大信息点、书面语句型语言的运用、礼貌客气的语气、措辞的正确性和精彩性成为阅卷人关注的要点。 以下是对信函不同部分所用语言及句型的总结，如果能够加以背诵，并且在实际创作中学以致用，相信考生会写出成功的书信。 一． 信函的开头与结尾 书信的开头要称呼收信人，根据对对方的了解以及双方关系的亲密程度，需要采取不同的称呼方式。另外，事务信函结尾的敬语需要比较正式，可以采取右列的多种方式。但不可太过随意，如写出 “See you soon”, “Good bye” 或者 “Thank you”, 则说明我们还是not on the right track。可参考的模式如下： 收信人 开头 结尾 二． 信函书面语词汇示例 事务信函与普通人际交往信函有所不同，普通的书信发给父母、同事、朋友、同学、兄弟姐妹，语气放松，语言简洁，口语性强，形式不拘一格。而事务信函要发给公司、学校、机关和其它的重要部门，收信人可以是经理、老板、总监、主管、校长、主任、教授、导师、医生、律师、工程师或其它的重要工作人员。因此要求语言正式，用比较复杂而且模式话的语言来串联全篇信息，并且给人一种庄重的感觉。各种考试之所以侧重事务信函，也是因为这种考法能够检验考生对于正式书面语的使用，以及对4000以上词汇量的把握和熟练应用。以下的表达考生可以使用口语化用词，但可以酌情考虑把一些过于简单的用词替换为书面语用词。 礼貌客气用词 意义 口语化用词 书面语用词 其它用词 意义 口语化用词 书面语用词 三． 信函常用句型 事务信函之所以在复杂性和功能性上超出其它文体，是因为它具有一套自己的特定语汇，体现在句型上，就是各类主题信函需要使用的各种功能句型。这些句型的使用，提高了书信语言的正式程度以及规范性。如果考生即兴发挥，有可能用词和用句都过于简单化，语气随意，写出的效果也就使人发笑。但是掌握了这些句型，就等于掌握了一种产品的制造方法，可以轻松地写出非常恰当到位的表达，结合具体信息点，各种书信也就迎刃而解了。 投诉主题 I am writing to you to complain about… I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with … I am writing to call your attention to the awful fact that … I am totally disappointed to find that … I can hardly bear/tolerate/put up with it any longer. There are some serious problems that deserve your close attention. For one thing, … For another … Even worse … If it is not properly settled, I would have to complain to the Consumer’s Association. I request you to be kind enough to solve the problem as soon as possible. I hope that the situation above will be improved as soon as possible. 感谢主题 I am extremely grateful to you for your kind/selfless help. I am much obliged to you for your kind assistance. I really appreciate your timely assistance. I am writing to express my gratitude for the many kind deeds you have done to me. It is very considerate and generous of you to make such a good arrangement. But for your help, I would have… Had it not been for your kind assistance, I would have … Words failed me when I want to express my sincere gratitude to you. It is the fine quality of your products and the first-class service that help you set up a world reputation. For this reason, I am writing to express my heartfelt thanks and hope that your company will have a brighter future. 道歉主题 I must apologize to you for my terrible mistake. I am awfully sorry that … I am sorry for the inconveniences that I have brought to you. I sincerely hope that you will understand that I offended you quite unintentionally. Needless to say, it is my fault. I am to blame for this unpleasant situation. I sincerely hope that you will accept my apologies. I sincerely ask for your forgiveness. I am sure that I will not make such a stupid mistake again. I hope the settlement of the matter will meet your demand. 咨询主题 I am writing to inquire about the details on … I would like to obtain some information about … I would be very grateful if you would be kind enough to provide me essential information about… Your prompt and favorable attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated. I would be much obliged to you if you could let me know the procedures I have to go through. 申请主题 I am writing to let you know about my keen interest in the academic research on… I would like to ask for your permission to attend the conference on August 31. I would sincerely request that … If additional information is required, please advise me at your early convenience. Your prompt and favorable attention to my request would be highly appreciated. I am looking forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience. 求职主题 I have read your advertisement in Nov.23 Beijing Evening News for a part time interpreter, and should be grateful if you could consider me favorably as an applicant for the position. I wish to apply for the post mentioned in your advertisement in yesterday’s newspaper. I believe I am suitable for the job due to my rich experience on the field and my pleasant personality. Upon graduation, I first worked as… The following job was … and currently I am working for… With the kind of experiences I have accumulated, I would expect a salary no less than … I shall be much obliged if you would give me an opportunity for an interview. I am looking forward with great interest to hearing from you regarding my application. 邀请主题 I am writing to invite you to attend a party on… I am particularly anxious to have you join our party on… I feel it a great honor If you could participate in … I should be much pleased if you would come to our party on… We look forward to seeing you as our honorable guest. 推荐主题 I am very glad to recommend you a former student of mine, Mr…. to be a candidate for… With reference to your advised position, I have the pleasure to say that he is the just person you are looking for. In view of his previous achievements, I am convinced that Mr…. will become a successful graduate student/staff member in your university/company. He has proved to be industrious, conscientious, responsible and skillful in carrying out his assignment. If further information about him is required, please do not hesitate to contact me. I would be most grateful if you would consider my recommendation and kindly offer him the job. 事务信函范例：申请信 一名英语专业的大学本科毕业生在联系去美国耶鲁大学读文学专业硕士，以下是他写的申请信，供各位读者参考：A Letter of Application Dear Sir/Madam, I would like to pursue a master’s degree in English Literature at Yale, your prestigious university. The following is my statement of purpose about making this critical decision. I have obtained a bachelor’s degree from Peking University in English literature. The four-year rigorous training has helped me to lay a firm foundation in literary analysis and criticism. The professors here have not only inspired my interest in my major but also set me on the right track of writing research papers applying proper theoretical approaches. My interest focuses on two branches of British literature: 19-century British novels and Shakespeare’s plays. Under the instruction of my professor here I have read novels of Charles Dickens, Jane Austin, Emily Bronte and Thomas Hardy, as well as the main tragedies of Shakespeare. I have been deeply fascinated by the profound beauty of these literary works. However, owing to the limited depth of my research in these writers, I plan to continue my studies for a master’s degree in my major. My long-term plan is to get a solid command of professional competence in research methods, and advanced knowledge of specialties in the discipline. I am applying for admission to Yale University not only because Yale is among the most distinguished institutions in the world but also because my interests are more in line with your research specialization. What’s more, Yale University boasts the best research faculties in the U.S. and the rich resources of research in my field of study. I’m expecting to gain a broad exposure to contemporary intellectual currents from the renowned Yale scholars and experts who maintain a foothold in a variety of these disciplines. Thank you for your patience to read this through. If additional information is required, please advise me at your early convenience. Your prompt and favorable attention to my request would be highly appreciated. I am looking forward to a favorable reply as soon as possible. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 有了以上语言的积累，相信大家能够armed to the teeth, 对待写信可以胸有成竹。那么，你已经练就了事务信函的创作技能，鼓起勇气去考试吧，今后在实际工作中还可以继续收益，这也许是你在外企里重要的求生技能呢。 九.考研英语写作中的汉语表达干扰 无论是平时的大外课披阅作文，还是参加研究生入学考试的作文阅卷，总发现考生的英文表述中会出现一个普遍的问题：汉语干扰，即将英语句子完全按汉语语序表达出来，全然不顾英语的语法要求和表达习惯。 如：There was a picture described a boy was running to the end of race. 这完全是在按汉语的语序说英语，是违背英语的句法规定的。英语句法非常注重句子之间形式上的衔接，一定要借住关系词把几层句意既区分又连贯地表达清楚。这句话实际有三层语义（三个子句）：有一幅画，画中是个男孩，男孩在跑步。用英语说，得说成三句，又要连贯在一起。正确的说法应该是There was a picture (which) described a boy (who) was running to the end of race. 再如：Although he is tired very much, he goes on running, without the meaning of stop.句中“without the meaning of stop”意思是“没有停下来的意思”，这是一个典型的汉语口头语，不能完全按汉语的说法想当然地剥制成英语，这会让美国人一头雾水。严格来讲，就英语表述而言，这部分可以不必再说了，因为Although...,he goes on running.意思已经很清楚了，已经包含这层意思。 又如：In my opinion, love is actually the noblest among all the worthy feelings of mankind. But love is also especially given to the really needed persons. 划线部分又是汉语语序的直接铺陈，正确的表述应该是...given to the persons who really need love. 对中国考生而言，汉语干扰现象要完全杜绝是很难的，但是考生必须尽可能地减少这类错误。要想做到这一点，首先得知道有这样一种写作常见错误，其次写作实践中注意尽量按英语句法要求写，如果有条件的话，可以将写好的作文请老师看看，这样就能最大限度地减少这类错误，拿更高的分数了。 这些句子摘自大学英语课本，都是很好的写作操练材料，对考生的作文词句规范化很有帮助。反复分析句子结构和词汇词语，然后通过汉译英的反复的回译操练，直至以后英语写作中想到相关汉语就能出现对应英语表达的程度。 1．Do you often go online chatting with strangers? Everyday, millions of people, especially the young, are online chatting with friends or with strangers. 你经常上网闲聊吗？每天有数百万人，尤其年轻人，在网上与网友或陌生人聊天。 2．The successful launch and return of the manned spacecraft Shenzhou IV is deemed both a symbol of national prestige and a sign of advanced science and technology, which will definitely contribute to the economic growth of our country. 载人航天飞机神州五号的成功发射及返回既是国家荣誉的一个象征，也是先进的科技能力的标志，这对我国的经济发展无疑会产生促进作用。 3．We all know that China is still a developing country and its education still lags behind that of developed countries. Many young Chinese are denied chances of receiving higher education because of insufficient educational facilities. 我们都知道，中国还是一个发展中的国家，其教育水平仍然落后于发达国家。不少中国年青人由于教育设施的匮乏而得不到接受高等教育的机会。 4．They say that pride comes before a fall. In the case of both Napoleon and Hitler, they won many victories, which led them to believe that anything was possible and that nothing could stand in their way. But Russia’s icy defender proved them wrong. 人道是骄兵必败。就拿拿破仑和希特勒（Napoleon and Hitler）来说吧，他们所想披靡，便以为自己战无不胜，不可阻挡。但俄罗斯的冰雪战士证明他们错了。 5．Well begun is half done, as the saying goes. It is extremely important for a job applicant to make sufficient preparations while seeking employment. From my standpoint, whether or not one has prepared adequately clearly makes a difference in (affects) his chance of success. I have a friend who is earning around 100 thousand dollars a year in a computer software company. He told me that, from his own experience, those who can decide whether an applicant could be employed prefer people who are well prepared. 常言道，好的开端是成功的一半。在求职时，求职者事先做好充分的准备是非常重要的。我认为，事先做不做准备常常会影响求职者的成功机会。我有一个朋友在一家计算机软件公司供职，年薪十万美元左右。他根据自己的经历告诉我说，那些对未来雇员具有录用决定权的人喜欢有充分准备的人。 6．I consider it worthwhile trying to summarize our experience in learning English. Here I would like to make three relevant points. First, extensive reading should be taken as a priority in the learning process, because it is through reading that we get the most language input. Next, learning by heart as many well-written essays as possible is also very important. With an enormous store of excellent essays in our heads, we will find it much easier to express ourselves in English. Finally, it is critical that we should put what we have learnt into practice. By doing more reading, writing, listening and speaking, we will be able to accomplish the task of perfecting our English. 我认为总结一下学习英语的经验是值得一试的。这里，我想谈谈三个相关的问题。首先，大量阅读应被视作学习过程中的重点，因为我们是通过阅读获取最大量语言输入的。其次，尽可能多背熟一些好文章也十分重要。大脑中储存了大量很好的文章，我们在用英语表达自己思想的时候，就会觉得容易多了。最后，我们应把所学到的东西用到实践中去，这是至关重要的。通过多读、多写、多听、多说，我们就能完成提高英语水平的任务。 7．Is America going to decline like other great powers (nations) in history ? The author thinks not, arguing that the type of society created in America is quite unlike any that has gone before it. Read what he has to say and see whether you agree. 美国是否会如同历史上其他强国一样走向衰亡？作者持否定态度，认为美国创建的社会模式不同于任何已出现的社会模式。读一读他的观点，看看你是否同意。 8．More than a decade ago, the mobile phone was a luxury for only a few, but now it is very common. The rapid spread of the mobile phone is perhaps one of the great miracles of our time. 十几年前，手机只是少数人才能使用的奢侈品，但现在手机已很普遍。手机的快速普及也许是我们时代的伟大奇迹之一。 9．Some people seem easy to understand：their character appears obvious on first meeting. Appearances, however, can be deceptive. For thirty years now I have been studying my fellowmen. I don’t know very much about them. I shrug my shoulders when people tell me that their first impressions of a person are always right. I think they must have small insight or great vanity. For my own part I find that the longer I know people, the more they puzzle me. 有些人似乎容易了解：他们的个性在初次交往时就表露无遗。然而，外表可能具有欺骗性。三十年来，我一直在研究我的人类同胞，但至今了解不多。每当有人跟我说他对一个人的首次印象向来不错的时候，我就耸耸肩。我想这种人不是无知，就是自大。就我而言，我觉得，认识一个人的时间越长，就越觉得困惑。(be ignorant or self-righteous；self-centered; self-confident; self-discipline; self-educated; self-employed; self-esteem; selfish) 10．As the pace of life in today’s world grows ever faster, we seem forever on the go. With so much to do and so little time to do it in, how are we to cope? Dr. Smith sets about untangling the problem and comes up with an answer. 随着当今世界生活节奏日益加快，我们似乎一直在不停奔忙。事情那么多，时间却那么少，我们该怎么办？史密斯博士着手解决这一问题，并提出了解决方法。 11．In America many people have a romantic idea of life in the countryside. Many living in towns dream of starting up their own farm, of living off the land. Few get round to putting their dreams into practice. This is perhaps just as well, as the life of a farmer is far from easy, as Jim Doherty discovered when he set out to combine being a writer with running a farm. Nevertheless, as he explains, he has no regrets and remains enthusiastic about his decision to change his way of life.在美国，不少人对乡村生活怀有浪漫的想象，许多居住在城镇的人梦想着自己办个农场，梦想着靠土地为生。很少有人真去把梦想变为现实。或许这也没有什么不好，因为，正如吉姆多而第当初开始其写作和农场经营双重生涯时所体验到的那样，农耕生活远非轻松自在。但他写到，自己并不后悔，对自己做出的改变生活方式的决定仍然热情不减。 12．Professor Huntington’s paper greatly inspired me. According to him, in a plural society, there will inevitably be different opinions. The key is to deal with them in such a way that they can play a constructive rather than destructive role. He argues that in a plural society we must stress/attach importance to interpersonal relationships, cooperation, and look at issues from the perspective of other people. If some groups regard themselves as superior and treat other ethnic groups or religions with disrespect, the whole society may be paralyzed. I am convinced that if we put into practice the ideas mentioned above, then there is the possibility of creating a new civilization.Huntington教授的论文使我深受启发。他认为，在一个多元化(plural)社会里，不同意见是不可避免的。关键在于怎样正确对待不同意见，使之发挥建设性、而非破坏性的作用。他还说，在一个多元化（plural）社会里，我们必须重视人际关系，强调合作，多从他人视角考虑问题。如果某些群体自视高人一筹，不尊重其他种族或宗教，那么整个社会有可能陷入瘫痪。我相信，要是我们把上述想法付诸实践，那我们就有可能创造出一种新的文明。 13．Making a living as a door-to-door salesman demands a thick skin, both to protect against the weather and against constantly having the door shut in your face. Bill Porter puts up with all this and much, much more. 干挨家挨户上门推销这一营生得脸皮厚，这是因为干这一行不仅要经受风吹日晒，还要承受一次又一次的闭门羹。比尔.波特忍受着这一切，以及别的种种折磨。 4．When children take up ways of making a living that differ greatly from their parents, differences in outlook can easily arise. This is what Alfred found. Brought up in the family of a building worker, education led him to develop different interests and ambitions from his father. Here he writes about how this affected their relationship. 当子女的谋生方式与父母大相径庭时，很容易产生观念上的差异。这正是Alfred的发现。他在一个建筑工人的家庭里长大，他所受的教育使他产生了不同于父亲的兴趣和抱负。他在本文中叙述了这一差异如何影响着他们的父子关系。 十一.关于考研英语作文的几点经验 前些年的考研作文大多是三段式，也就是给出三句主干的句子，以此为主干，让你写出三段英文。由于整篇文章由三段组成，所以称之为三段式的文章。这种命题形式比较容易、单一、难度小。但是随着外语命题难度的提高，这种形式的作文也被淘汰了。取而代之的是图表作文和情景作文。所谓图表作文，就是命题中给出一幅漫画或是一张统计表格，或是画表皆有，或两张比较图。要求你先阐述这幅图表的主要意思，结尾加上你的个人观点。97、98、99、2000年的考题都是图表作文。所以2001年出图表作文的可能性也比较大，另外一种形式是情景作文，就是先给出一段话，或是中文，或是英文。当然，以英文的情况居多，这段话应是某一话题，经济、政治、文化、科技等方面的，让你用自己的话再阐述一遍并加以自己的观点。这类型的作文难度较大，很能体现考生的写作与理解能力，而且正式考试中从未出现过这种题形，我只在一些模拟题中见到过，所以也不排除2001年出此类题形的可能。 十二.考研英语作文万能模板：一共写十七个句子 所谓万能这个概念，如果大家都去这么用的话，就等于没有用了。PartB部分是有的，但是partA没有，PartB可以基本上把这个文章全写完的一个模板方式。万能模板，你这么想，大家告诉我，只要一个题目能够转变成一社会现象之后，最好准备两到三套大的万能无敌模式。关于万能模式的几个问题： 一、我们选用的句子的灵活性强，经过了精心的选择 二、句型都是五星级,并在开头和长短句子方面有设计,并注意语法的丰富,每句话语法都不同. 三、我们选的句子与市面的任何资料都不同 四、很多同学说写的一样是否是雷同，不大可能，因为很难分到一个考场批判危害性的框架 总共写十七个句子. 第一段四个句子,第一句宏观描述图画,并谈图画看似可笑但发人深思.第二句写出图画最强烈的视觉效果,第三句是主题句,谈用二十个单词的爆发力句型谈该现象对个人的发展和进步有破坏性,并引发思考,第四句是用贬义词批判这个现象是强烈的指责。 第二段七个句子,首先第一句从宏观上谈这种现象的总的有两到三个点危害或者原因,第二句谈这个现象的第一个危害,用 “not only, but also”的五星级句子,通常是谈对个人身心健康的危害性, 第三个句子谈第二个危害,通常是用一个豪华级的比较级的句子,让老师耳目一新,通常是谈这个现象对社会的危害.第四个句子谈对家庭或学校的危害.第五个句子谈一个代替 “for example”的十五个单词的好句子,意思是说没有更好的例子来证明正如下文.第六个句子是例子群体的出现,谈根据一项调查表明,80%以上的人只要从事经历过这个消极的现象一定会对个人在精神和生活上有危害.最后一句话是预测趋势的二十五个单词的钻石级的句子,谈以下预测趋势,表明这种现象再这样下去,就会导致恶劣的结果出现,甚至是毁灭性的后果。 第三段六个句子, 第一个句子是下个结论,谈解决问题的必要性.第二个句子是第一个建议谈的是加强立法惩治这个现象,第三个句子谈提高人们的觉悟关于着这个现象能提高人们对这个现象的觉悟.第四个句子谈个谚语,谈一下实践我的建议的重要性.五个句子谈解决的任重道远.第六个句子是解决问题之后的美好的未来。 第一段 (1)As is vividly depicted in the picture, ，which seems to be humorous and ridiculous but thought-provoking on second thoughts.(2)The most striking feature that impresses me deeply is that unbelievably, ，(3)Recent few years has witnessed a phenomenon of 主题 which seems to be disastrous to individual survival and prosperity. (4)This phenomenon of 主题 should be condemned severely or made illegal. (5)There is no doubt that its symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given deep consideration. 中间段落从两方面论证问题的危害，并举例论证，预测危害的趋势 (1) To account for the above-mentioned phenomenon, several serious effects have been put forward. (2)To begin with,主题 not only results does harm to our physical and mental health but also results in a frustrating and humiliating life. (3)In addition, nothing is more harmful than主题 to contradict with a harmonious society. (4)Last but not the least, no issue is as harmful as 主题 to increase family burdens, which is a threatening situation we are unwilling to see. (5)No better illustration of this idea can be thought than the example mentioned below . (6)According to a survey made by China Daily, 63.93% of young people who have ever experienced主题will live a dull life or even feel loss of hope about the future. (7)If we cannot take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable results may come out unexpectedly, we will see the gloomy future of something. 最后一段要强调解决问题，谈的两点建议通常是提高人们的意识，加强执法 (1)From what have been discussed above, it is therefore, necessary that some effective measures are taken to prevent主题. (2)On the one hand, we should be sensible to strengthen the enforcement of the laws to protect something. (3)On the other hand, it is demanding for us to keep people aware of the importance of saving somebody out of the evil hands of destruction. (4)However, it is easier said than done. (5)Although the fight against it is long-standing and tremendous one,our efforts will eventually pay off.(6) Only when you attention to it can you see a colorful and harmonious future better sooner or later. 积极有利型的文章 第一段谈的是三个句子,第一,二个句子都是在描述图画,第三句子这个现象对社会发展的积极的现象,第四个句子是图画简单,寓意深刻. 第二个段子,第一个句子谈一个十二个单词的爆发力的主题句,第二个句子谈这个现象的永恒的社会含义,用一个三十五个单词的钻石级的排比句子,谈只要有这个现象就可以让我们不断有意义的事情,征服挑战和竞争,并最后走向成功.第三个可以从反面谈如果没有这个积极现象,人们生活就忧闷,有挫折感,无前进动力,前途渺茫.第四个句子谈有两个大的好处.第五个句子谈第一个好处,通常是让生活丰富,有效率.再谈第二个好处通常是谈一些个人发展或社会进步的好处.第五个句子是代替for example的五星级的句子.第六个是具体的举例子,谈根据一项调查表明,80%的人只要利用这个积极的现象就容易改变人生,提高素质.也可以单独举个性例子,第七个句子是倒装句子谈只有这个现象才能让我们成为社会的成功者 第三个段子首句 谈二十五个单词的超豪华的句子,谈无论做大事还是小事,无论做难事还是容易事,都要这个积极现象.第二个句子谈有两点建议让它变的更好.第三个句子谈让它变的更好的第一个方法,通常发挥它的好处,避免坏处.第四个句子谈第二个方法,第五个句子谈个谚语,第六个谈解决任务的任重道远.第七个倒装句谈只要有这个积极现象就会享受一个美好,丰富和有活力的未来. 文章以团队精神为例子 (1)As is vividly depicted in the picture,(描述图画).(2) The most striking feature is(图画重点信息).(3)There is no doubt that its symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given deep consideration. (1)As is symbolically revealed in the set of drawings, the fact that(重复上面的图画信息) profoundly indicates that team work is momentous (重要的) and fundamental to any one who undertakes great deeds. (2)Undoubtedly, it is team work that keeps us continually doing something valuable and admirable in spite of difficulty, that makes us still full of energy to face the coming challenges and competition and that offers us the foundation for the coming success. (3)If we don not cooperate sincerely, we will live a dull and depressing life and feel frustrated and humiliated or feel loss of hope about the future. (4)As far as I am concerned, there are several advantages that can be given as below. To begin with, nothing is more beneficial than team work to overcome our defects and improve our efficiency. (5)Secondly, no issue is as good as team work to make our life more colorful and energetic.(6)No better illustration of this idea can be thought than the example mentioned below. (7)A person who is assigned various jobs along the production lines will make a mess just because no one can be proficient in all the things. (8)Only by cooperating with other people can you put your capacities into full play and can you be the winner in the society. (1)From what have been discussed above,it admits of no doubt that in doing things whether great or small there are more or less difficulties, it is much better for one to involve yourself into a team work. (2)It is therefore, necessary that some effective measures are taken to make your team work more efficient. (3)On the one hand, we should be sensible to be receptive to other people’s opinions and benefits. (4)On the other hand, it is demanding for us to be always helpful and honest to other people.(5) However, it is easier said than done. Practice is the most important factor. (6)Only when you pay attention to it can you make it better sooner or later. 十三.考研英语作文突击战之招 考研作文占卷面的一大部分分数，作文能够拿到高分可能能够决定到全局！而大部分人对于作文的复习好像没有一个完整的系统的思路！其他部分像阅读理解、完型啦大家都能按步就班的进行，而一拿起作文就不知道该怎么办了，这是十分危险的，毕竟无准备的战争取胜的可能性是很令人担忧的！所以最后的这段时间作文上还没怎么好好复习准备的朋友就要努力系统的准备准备了！ 我根据自己的理解和采纳了一些朋友的经验对考研作文的复习系统的分析了一下： 首先这是应试作文，所以我们的目标是—拿到高分！只要能够达到这个目的，其他的我们可以不去管！应试作文有它的特点，给了你种种的限制，时间限制、文体限制和内容限制，所以很多时候是不能随意发挥的，在较短的时间内能够作出切合题意的文章就是应试的好文章！ 关于英语的写作，我也听过很多老师的讲座，每听一回，都有耳目一新的感觉。真可谓是博大精深。对于写作，我也有一些心得体会，借此我就把他介绍给大家。并且有一本书觉得很好---黑博士《英语高分作文20天突破》。他里面有大量的经典范文点评、万能摸板句型练习、预测作文练习和重难点解析等等。我个人认为这本书的内容很全面很适合象我这样基础中等得人用。 接下来关于复习就是如何在短时间内的作文突击训练！ 一背诵：选择历年真题的范文和一些与真题作文相近的文章狂背！背不能只是懵懂的瞎背，要有重点， 背文章框架、精彩句构和点睛的文笔。时而可以拿一些外语原著（散文）名篇来读背，加强自己的语感，使自己的表达地道化。 二写：光背是不行的，毕竟作文是要自己写出来的！在多读多背的基础上自己开始加强写的练习！写可以分两种：一是随意的瞎写，自己就身边的或者是突然想起了什么东西就拿笔写，这个可以不要结构什么的，就随意的表达！二是专门的选择话题正式的按要求作文，这时写前要考虑清楚，把握题意，构建文章框架，想一下自己背的东西哪些可以拿来用！ 再者就是作文中应该注意的问题： 1、认真审题，确保作文切合题意，这一点的重要性我想就不用多讲了，跑题作文是拿不了高分的！拿到作文题目后，不要心慌，要有自信，相信你自己在做好了上面讲到的两个方面后对付它绝对没问题！不要急着写，先认真审题，弄清楚题目让你怎么来写！ 2、作文结构要清晰！！逻辑上要有清晰的结构，让人一目了然！ 3、开门见山！！！题目要求你写什么的，开篇就点题！ 4、表达要流畅。可能一不小心紧张起来的时候感觉没话说，这时要尽量放松心情！从自己的日常生活中提取素材！ 5、安全第一！不熟悉的句子结构不要用！不是十分清楚该怎么拼写的单词不要用！ 6、来点变化，才有精彩！！不能单纯的小短句一篇到底，要有复杂的句子结构！词汇也要求有闪光点！ 7、注意卷面！！这也是我说过好几次让大家注意的问题，是很重要的，大家从心理角度去考虑便很清楚的可以理解了！ 十四.如何在短期内提高考研英语作文 语言的应用能力不可能一蹴而就，必须厚积薄发，必须经过长期的实践锻炼。在提高英语写作能力方面，我觉得：一是要背大量的优秀范文，整段整篇地背，并转换为自己的语言，写作时自己能随心所欲支配。考试时避免套用以前死记硬背的几个范文，把一些不达意的词堆积在一起，没有统一性，无法很好地表现主题；二是要多动手。包括对背过的文章进行词语替换，句式转换，句子重组等，以及对某一主题展开写作。多动手才能提高笔下功夫，才能保证在考场上顺利写作。可以说背诵范文是培养语感，积累素材，掌握写作方法，动手写作是实践，是最终目的，这两者结合起来，就是“理论联系了实际”。另外，背诵范文应有针对性，写作训练也是一样，在训练中要掌握每一类型作文的写作规律，根据其每一类作文的写作特点——如提纲式作文就要求考生根据提纲提示的思路和规定的要点展开段落——全面训练，但不要带有押题的心理，靠背几篇范文就能应付考试的心态是不可取的。 一、认真审题 作文第一步是仔细审题，考生要仔细阅读试题要求及相关信息，如图表，图画，数字等，准确把握出题者意图。考研作文忌信手掂来，提笔就写，根本不审题，想到哪儿就写到哪儿，或完全凭自己想象编故事，置考试要求于不顾， “下笔千言，离题万里”。比如1998是一幅卡通画，老母鸡申明外加一首打油诗，讽刺一些企业把该尽职之事作为推销产品的承诺。如果考生说老母鸡很可爱，但爱自夸，然后说自己某个同学也爱自夸，这就偏离主题。2000年的作文“A Brief Histiry of World Commercial Fishing ”.它给出了两张图，从1900年的渔船和鱼量之比到1995年的渔船和鱼量之比的变化谈如何保护渔业资源，应从商业性滥捕鱼这一主题展开话题，有的考生却大谈环境污染。这就偏离了主题，因为题中自始自终都没有谈到环境污染问题。 有的同学没有审题习惯，或担心时间不够草草审题，最后发现文不对题，草草收场，这就影响了英语成绩，同时也会影响后两门考试的考试心情。 二、列出提纲 考试规定的时间是很有限的，所以不能花太多时间准备一个详细的提纲，但关键词提纲或粗略提纲还是非常有必要的。对原始材料分析归纳后要形成一个基本的框架。文章打算分几段写，每段大概怎样写，自数控制在多少，开头段落是道破主题，点名要旨，引人入胜还是先给出主题一般的背景情况和对主题进行浓缩的陈述呢，中间段落和结尾有怎样写呢。这些都要心中有数。有的考生习惯用汉语构思文章，逐句翻译提纲，当碰到某个词卡住时就翻译不下去，僵在那里。要注意列提纲是为了更好更全面的表达主题。主题的表达可有多种形式，不一定非要寻找一个特定的词或句子。考试时考生要充分调动大脑，灵活运用以前所学知识。 三、开始写作 一篇文章往往由四部分组成，标题(title)，首段(opening paragraph),主体(body paragraph),结尾段( concluding paragraph)。标题要新颖，能引起读者兴趣，首段的内容根据文章的体裁而变化，比如议论文可以从一种现象，一种观点出发引出作者的观点。记叙文往往交代人物和故事背景。主体是文章的主要部分，通过合适的语篇模式表达一定的观点，考生要围绕中心按一定顺序分层次有重点的展开叙述，描写，议论。结尾段是对全文的总结，论点上要与前面的叙述一致和统一。写作时要注意以下几点。 1、要统一，连贯。 选择那些最能体现中心思想最具代表性的材料，这些材料要共同表达一致的信息。选材时切忌胡子眉毛一把抓。词语堆积，不伦不类。前后及段落之间在逻辑关系上要紧密衔接，不能把没有任何逻辑关系的词放在一起。可以用恰当的关联词把思想连贯的表达出来。 2、用词准确，语法正确 考试时要特别注意语法，此语，语气，标点符号等，为了避免太多单词拼写错误，语法错误，不要为了追求词语的华丽而堆积一些自己也没把握的单词，不要刻意追求长句而写一些自己不知对错的有多个从句组成的长句。考试时最好选择自己最有把握的词汇，短语，句式。 3、足够字数，卷面整洁 绝对不能字数不够，即使一句话颠来倒去说也要凑够字数。字数不够，即使写的非常精彩，也不能拿高分。 四、修改 英语写作时考生由于仓促，紧张等原因，很容易犯一些简单的，一眼就能发现的错误。所以考生一定要留出几分钟时间用于修改。不要大幅度进行修改，更不要因为修改破坏卷面整洁，影响阅卷老师心情。修改时可以从以下几点进行 1、语法 包括时态是否一致，主谓是否一致，名词单复数是否对应，被动主动语态是否错用等 2、词汇 包括连接上下句或段落的关联词，习惯用语，固定搭配，词类混淆，误用及物不及物动词等。 3、拼写和标点符号
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