助动词的基本功用
1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb），被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。
助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如：
He doesn’t like English.他不喜欢英语。
（doesn’t是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义）
2）助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：
a. 表示时态，例如：
He is singing.他在唱歌。
He has got married.他已结婚。
b. 表示语态，例如：
He was sent to England.他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句，例如：
Do you like college life？你喜欢大学生活吗？
Did you study English before you came here？ 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？
d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：
I don’t like him.我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气，例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that.他的确知道那件事。
3）最常用的助动词有：be，have，do，shall，will，should，would
助动词be的用法
1）be +现在分词，构成进行时态，例如：
They are having a meeting.他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2）be + 过去分词，构成被动语态，例如：
The window was broken by Tom…… 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world.世界各地都教英语。
3）be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例如：
He is to go to New York next week…… 他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshpersons.我们要教新生。
说明：这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令，例如：
You are to explain this.对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon.要他今天下午来办公室。
c.征求意见，例如：
How am I to answer him？我该怎样答复他？
Who is to go there？谁该去那儿呢？
d. 表示相约、商定，例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。助动词have的用法
1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例如：
He has left for London.他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month，they had finished half of their work.
上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时，例如：
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
3）have+been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，例如：
English has been taught in China for many years.
中国教英语已经多年。
助动词do的用法
1）构成一般疑问句，例如：
Do you want to pass the CET？你想通过大学英语测试吗？
Did you study German？你们学过德语吗？
2）do + not 构成否定句，例如：
I do not want to be criticized.我不想挨批评。
He doesn’t like to study.他不想学习。
In the past，many students did not know the importance of English.过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3）构成否定祈使句，例如：
Don’t go there.不要去那里。
Don’t be so absent-minded.不要这么心不在焉。
说鳎?构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does.
4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如：
Do come to my birthday party.一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there.我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you.我确实想你。
5）用于倒装句，例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing.我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有never，seldom，rarely，little，only，so，well等。
6）用作代动词，例如：
—Do you like Beijing？—你喜欢北京吗？
—Yes，I do. —是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）
He knows how to drive a car，doesn’t he？
他知道如何开车，对吧？助动词have的用法
1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例如：
He has left for London.他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month，they had finished half of their work.
上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时，例如：
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
3）have+been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，例如：
English has been taught in China for many years.
中国教英语已经多年。
助动词do的用法
1）构成一般疑问句，例如：
Do you want to pass the CET？你想通过大学英语测试吗？
Did you study German？你们学过德语吗？
2）do + not 构成否定句，例如：
I do not want to be criticized.我不想挨批评。
He doesn’t like to study.他不想学习。
In the past，many students did not know the importance of English.过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3）构成否定祈使句，例如：
Don’t go there.不要去那里。
Don’t be so absent-minded.不要这么心不在焉。
说鳎?构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does.
4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如：
Do come to my birthday party.一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there.我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you.我确实想你。
5）用于倒装句，例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing.我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有never，seldom，rarely，little，only，so，well等。
6）用作代动词，例如：
—Do you like Beijing？—你喜欢北京吗？
—Yes，I do. —是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）
He knows how to drive a car，doesn’t he？
他知道如何开车，对吧？
助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如：
I shall study harder at English.我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明：
在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较：
He shall come.他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）
He will come.他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）
助动词should，would的用法
1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。
比较：
“What shall I do next week？” I asked.
“我下周干什么？”我问道。（可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should.）
2）would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称，例如：
He said he would come.他说他要来。
比较：
“I will go，” he said. 他说：“我要去那儿。”
变成间接引语，就成了：
He said he would come.
原来的will变成would，go变成了come.
（1） 助动词be主要用法
a、be+现在分词构成进行时态。如：
He is listening to the radio.他在听无线电广播。
What were you doing this time yesterday afternoon?昨天下午这个时候你在干什么？
b、be+过去分词构成被动时态。
He is invited to the party.他得到邀请参加这个聚会。
The letter was received this morning.这信是今天上午收到的。
c、be+动词不定式表示计划好了的将来动作。如：
The meeting is to take place on Monday.会议将在星期一举行。
（2）助动词have的主要用法
have+过去分词构成完成时态。如：
I have finished my work.我已干完了活儿。
I had written the letter befor you came.在你来之前我已写好了信。
（3）助动词do的主要用法
a、帮助主要动词构成疑问句和否定句。如：
Do you do morning exercises every day?你每天做早操吗？
She didn't come yesterday.她昨天没有来。
b、构成否定祈使句。如：
Don't be to rude.不要这么无礼。
Don't worry about that.不要为这事操心。
c、加强陈述句和祈使句的语气。如：
I do work hard.我的确是努力工作的。
Do be careful!一定要细心！
d、用于避免主要动词的重复出现。如：
Do you do somke? Yes ,I do.你抽烟吗？是的，我抽。
I went to concent yesterday.SO did he.我昨天去听音乐会了。他也去了。
e、构成倒装句。如：
Never dia he go here again.他再也没去过那里。
Only then did I understand what she meant.只是到那时，我才懂得她是什么意思。
（4）助动词shall和will的主要用法
shall/will +动词原形构成将来时态。shall用于第一人称（I,we ),will用于第二、三人称，也可用于第一人称。如：
I shall/will arrive tomorrow.我将于明天到达。
We shall/will beglad to see you .我们将很高兴见到你。
He will be twenty-two next week.他到下星期有22岁了。
They will leave for shanghai tonight.他们今晚动身去上海。
（5）助动词should 和would的用法
should /would+动词原形构成过去将来时。
He told us where we shoulid /would have the basketball match.他告诉我们将在什么地方举行篮球比赛。
1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。
助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如：
He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义)
2） 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：
a. 表示时态，例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态，例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句，例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？
Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？
d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气，例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3） 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
5.3 助动词be的用法
1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态，例如：
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2) be + 过去分词，构成被动语态，例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。
说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令，例如：
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见，例如：
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他？
Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢？
d. 表示相约、商定，例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
5.4 助动词have的用法
1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时，例如：
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
3）have+been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，例如：
English has been taught in China for many years.
中国教英语已经多年。
5.5 助动词do 的用法
1） 构成一般疑问句，例如：
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗？
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗？
2） do + not 构成否定句，例如：
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3) 构成否定祈使句，例如：
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4） 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。
5） 用于倒装句，例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6） 用作代动词，例如：
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗？
---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
他知道如何开车，对吧？
5.6 助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如：
I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明：
在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:
He shall come. 他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）
He will come. 他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）
5.7 助动词should,would的用法
1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。
比较：
"What shall I do next week?" I asked.
"我下周干什么？"我问道。（可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。）
2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称，例如：
He said he would come. 他说他要来。
比较：
"I will go," he said. 他说："我要去那儿。"
变成间接引语，就成了：
He said he would come.
原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。
5.9 非谓语动词
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
1）不定式
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
2）动名词
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3）分词
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式： not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 现在分词
英语情态助动词精讲与解析
概 说
助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类：基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。基本助动词有三个：do, have和be；情态助动词有十三个：may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to. 上述两类助动词的共同特征是，在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时，具有作用词的功能：
1） 构成否定式：
He didn't go and neither did she.
The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.
2） 构成疑问式或附加疑问式：
Must you leave right now?
You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you?
3） 构成修辞倒装：
Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
4） 代替限定动词词组：
A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?
B: Tom can.
A: Shall I write to him?
B: Yes, do.
情态助动词的特征
基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是，基本助动词本身没有词义，而情态助动词则有自己的词义，能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法，或表示主观设想：
What have you been doing since? （构成完成进行体，本身无词义）
I am afraid I must be going. （一定要）
You may have read some account of the matter. （或许已经）
除此之外，情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征：
1） 除ought和used以外，其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话，那么，所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式：
We used to grow beautiful roses.
I asked if he would come and repair my television set.
2） 情态助动词在限定动词词组总总是位居第一：
They need not have been punished so severely.
3） 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候，没有词形变化，即其词尾无-s形式：
She dare not say what she thinks.
4） 情态动词没有非限定形式，即没有不定式、-ing分词和-ed分词形式：
Still, she needn't have run away.
5） 情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合，情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间：
Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?
She told him he ought not to have done it.
6） 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的，即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词，但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用：
You should have washed the wound.
Well, you shouldn't be reading a novel.
现将情态助动词的各种形式列表如下：
情态助动词的意义和用法
情态助动词从最普通的意义上来说，是修饰分句意义的一种方式，它可以反映说话者对其表述是否真实和可能的程度作出判断。但不同的情态助动词本身所包含的意义和用法又不同，下面逐个分析。
1） can和could的用法
1. 表示能力或客观可能性，还可以表示请求和允许。如：
Can you finish this work tonight?
Man cannot live without air.
— Can I go now? — Yes, you can.
注意：①could也可表示请求，预期委婉，主要用于疑问句，不可用于肯定句，答语应用can（即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中）。如：
Could I come to see you tomorrow?
Yes, you can. （否定答语可用No, I'm afraid not.）
②can表示能力时，还可用be able to代替。如：
I'll not be able to come this afternoon.
2. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。（主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中）
Can this be true?
How can you be so careless!
This cannot be done by him.
3. “can(could) + have + 过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。如：
He cannot have been to that town.
Can he have got the book?
2） may和might的用法
1. 表示许可。
表示请求、允许时，might比many的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时要用mustn't表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意。如：
You may drive the car.
— Might I use your pen? — No, you mustn't.
用May I ... 征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中，用Can I ... 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。
2. 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如：
May you succeed!
3. 表示推测、可能（疑问句不能用于此意）。
He may be very busy now.
4. “may(might) + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。如：
He may not have finished the work.
3） must和have to的用法
1. 表示必须、必要。如：
You must come in time.
回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustn't，而要用needn't或don't have to。
— Must we hand in our exercise books today?
— Yes, you must. (No, you don’t have to.)
2. “must be + 表语”的结构表示推测，它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。
This must be your pen.
3. “must + have + 过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生的行为的推测。它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。
He must have been to Shanghai.
4. have to的含义与must相似，两者往往可以互换使用，但have to有各种形式，随have的变化而定。must与have to有下列几点不同：
① must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to则往往强调客观需要。如：
The play is not interesting. I really must go now.
I had to work when I was your age.
② must一般只表现在，have则有更多的时态形式。
③ 二者的否定意义不大相同。如：
You mustn't go. 你可不要去。
You don't have to go. 你不必去。
④ 询问对方的意愿时应用must。如：
Must I clean all the room?
4） dare和need的用法
1. need表示“需要”或“必须”，作情态动词时，仅用于否定句或疑问句中，在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to,或should代替。如：
You needn’t come so early.
— Need I finish the work today?
— Yes, you must.
注意：needn't + 不定式的完成式“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。如：
You needn't have waited for me.
2. Dare作情态动词时，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用在肯定句中。如：
How dare you say I'm unfair.
He daren't speak English before such a crowd, dare he?
3. Dare和need常用作实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化，所不同的是，作实义动词时，在肯定句中，dare后面通常接带to的不定式，在否定和疑问句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。如：
I dare to swim across this river.
He does not dare (to) answer.
Don't you dare (to) touch it!
I wondered he dare (to) say that.
He needs to finish it this evening.
5） shall和should的用法
1. Shall用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意愿。如：
What shall we do this evening?
2. Shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。如：
Shall we begin our lesson?
When shall he be able to leave the hospital?
3. Shall用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。如：
You shall fail if you don't work harder. （警告）
He shall have the book when I finish reading. （允诺）
He shall be punished. （威胁）
4. Should表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义词是ought to；在疑问句中，通常用should代替ought to。如：
You should go to class right away.
Should I open the window?
Should的含义较多，用法较活，现介绍三种其特殊用法。请看下面的句子：
① I should think it would be better to try it again. 我倒是认为最好再试一试。
② You are mistaken, I should say. 依我看，你是搞错了。
③ I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是劝你别这样做。
④ This is something I should have liked to ask you. 这是我本来想问你的。
从以上例句可以看出：情态动词should用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。
Should还可以用在if引导的条件从句，表示一件事听起来可能性很小，但也不是完全没有可能。相当于“万一”的意思。从句谓语由should加动词原形构成，主句谓语却不一定用虚拟语气。如：
⑤ Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. 你万一见到她，请让她给我打个电话。
⑥ If you should change your mind, please let us know. 万一你改变主意，请通知我们。
⑦ Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come. 万一我明天有时间，我就来。
此外，Why(or How) + should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外、惊异等意思。意为“竟会”。如：
⑧ Why should you be so late today? 你几天怎么来得这么晚？
⑨ — Where is Betty living? — 贝蒂住在哪里？
— How should I know? — 我怎么会知道呢？
⑩ I don't know why you should think that I did it. 我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。
5. “should + have + 过去分词”结构一般表示义务，表示应该做到而实际上没有做到，并包含一种埋怨、责备的口气。如：
She should have finished it.
I should have helped her, but I never could.
You should have started earlier.
6） will和would的用法
1. 表示请求、建议等，would比will委婉客气。如：
Would you pass me the book?
2. 表示意志、愿望和决心。如：
I will never do that again.
They asked if we would do that again.
3. 用“will be”和“will(would) + have + 过去分词”的结构表示推测，主要用于第二、三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测，后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。如：
This will be the book you want.
He will have arrived by now.
The guests would have arrived by that time.
I thought you would have finished this by now.
4. Would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某中倾向。Would表过去习惯时比used to正式，并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如：
The wound would not heal.
During the vacation he would visit me every week.
5. 表料想或猜想。如：
It would be about ten when he left home.
What would she be doing there?
I thought he would have told you all about it.
7） ought to的用法
1. Ought to表示应该。如：
You ought to take care of him.
2. 表示推测。注意与must表示推测时的区别：
He must be at home by now. （断定他已到家）
He ought to be home by now. （不十分肯定）
This is where the oil must be. （比较直率）
This is where the oil ought to be. （比较含蓄）
3. “ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。如：
You ought to have asked him (but you didn't).
这时，ought to和should可以互相换用。
注意：在美国英语中，ought to用于否定句和疑问句时，to可以省略。如：
Ought you smoke so much?
You oughtn't smoke so much.
8） used to，had better，would rather的用法
1. Used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，在间接引语中，其形式可不变。如：
He told us he used to play football when he was young.
在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中，可有两种形式：
疑问句
Did you use to go to the same school as your brother?
Used you to go to the same school as your brother?
否定句
I usedn't to go there.
I didn't use to go there.
Usedn't 亦可拼作usen't，但发音皆为[ju:znt]。
否定疑问句
Usen't you to be interested in the theatre?
Didn't you use to be interested in the theatre?
强调句
I certainly used to smoke, but it was a long time ago.
I certainly did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago.
其反意疑问句或简略回答中，也有两种形式：
She used to be very fat, didn't she? （正式）/ use(d)n't she? （口语）
Did you use to play chess? Yes, I did.
Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did. (Yes, I used to.)
2. Had better意为“最好”，后接不带to的不定式。如：
— We had better go now.
— Yes, we had (we'd better / we had better).
Hadn't we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?)
I think I'd better be going. （用于进行时态，表“最好立即”）
You had better have done that. （用于完成时态，表未完成动作）
注：①had best与had better同意，但较少用。②You had better … 用于同辈或小辈，对长辈不可用。
3. Would rather意为“宁愿”，表选择，后接不带to的不定式。如：
I'd rather not say anything.
Would you rather work on a farm?
— Wouldn't you rather stay here?
— No, I would not. I'd rather go there.
由于would rather表选择，因而后可接than。如：
I would rather work on a farm than in a factory.
I would rather watch TV than go to see the film.
I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie.
I'd rather you didn't talk about this to anyone. （句中的'd rather不是情态动词，would在此是表愿望的实义动词）
英语情态助动词精讲与解析
概 说
助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类：基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。基本助动词有三个：do, have和be；情态助动词有十三个：may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to. 上述两类助动词的共同特征是，在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时，具有作用词的功能：
1） 构成否定式：
He didn't go and neither did she.
The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.
2） 构成疑问式或附加疑问式：
Must you leave right now?
You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you?
3） 构成修辞倒装：
Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
4） 代替限定动词词组：
A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?
B: Tom can.
A: Shall I write to him?
B: Yes, do.
情态助动词的特征
基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是，基本助动词本身没有词义，而情态助动词则有自己的词义，能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法，或表示主观设想：
What have you been doing since? （构成完成进行体，本身无词义）
I am afraid I must be going. （一定要）
You may have read some account of the matter. （或许已经）
除此之外，情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征：
1） 除ought和used以外，其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话，那么，所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式：
We used to grow beautiful roses.
I asked if he would come and repair my television set.
2） 情态助动词在限定动词词组总总是位居第一：
They need not have been punished so severely.
3） 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候，没有词形变化，即其词尾无-s形式：
She dare not say what she thinks.
4） 情态动词没有非限定形式，即没有不定式、-ing分词和-ed分词形式：
Still, she needn't have run away.
5） 情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合，情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间：
Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?
She told him he ought not to have done it.
6） 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的，即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词，但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用：
You should have washed the wound.
Well, you shouldn't be reading a novel.
现将情态助动词的各种形式列表如下：
情态助动词的意义和用法
情态助动词从最普通的意义上来说，是修饰分句意义的一种方式，它可以反映说话者对其表述是否真实和可能的程度作出判断。但不同的情态助动词本身所包含的意义和用法又不同，下面逐个分析。
1） can和could的用法
1. 表示能力或客观可能性，还可以表示请求和允许。如：
Can you finish this work tonight?
Man cannot live without air.
— Can I go now? — Yes, you can.
注意：①could也可表示请求，预期委婉，主要用于疑问句，不可用于肯定句，答语应用can（即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中）。如：
Could I come to see you tomorrow?
Yes, you can. （否定答语可用No, I'm afraid not.）
②can表示能力时，还可用be able to代替。如：
I'll not be able to come this afternoon.
2. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。（主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中）
Can this be true?
How can you be so careless!
This cannot be done by him.
3. “can(could) + have + 过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。如：
He cannot have been to that town.
Can he have got the book?
2） may和might的用法
1. 表示许可。
表示请求、允许时，might比many的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时要用mustn't表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意。如：
You may drive the car.
— Might I use your pen? — No, you mustn't.
用May I ... 征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中，用Can I ... 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。
2. 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如：
May you succeed!
3. 表示推测、可能（疑问句不能用于此意）。
He may be very busy now.
4. “may(might) + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。如：
He may not have finished the work.
3） must和have to的用法
1. 表示必须、必要。如：
You must come in time.
回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustn't，而要用needn't或don't have to。
— Must we hand in our exercise books today?
— Yes, you must. (No, you don’t have to.)
2. “must be + 表语”的结构表示推测，它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。
This must be your pen.
3. “must + have + 过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生的行为的推测。它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。
He must have been to Shanghai.
4. have to的含义与must相似，两者往往可以互换使用，但have to有各种形式，随have的变化而定。must与have to有下列几点不同：
① must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to则往往强调客观需要。如：
The play is not interesting. I really must go now.
I had to work when I was your age.
② must一般只表现在，have则有更多的时态形式。
③ 二者的否定意义不大相同。如：
You mustn't go. 你可不要去。
You don't have to go. 你不必去。
④ 询问对方的意愿时应用must。如：
Must I clean all the room?
4） dare和need的用法
1. need表示“需要”或“必须”，作情态动词时，仅用于否定句或疑问句中，在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to,或should代替。如：
You needn’t come so early.
— Need I finish the work today?
— Yes, you must.
注意：needn't + 不定式的完成式“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。如：
You needn't have waited for me.
2. Dare作情态动词时，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用在肯定句中。如：
How dare you say I'm unfair.
He daren't speak English before such a crowd, dare he?
3. Dare和need常用作实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化，所不同的是，作实义动词时，在肯定句中，dare后面通常接带to的不定式，在否定和疑问句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。如：
I dare to swim across this river.
He does not dare (to) answer.
Don't you dare (to) touch it!
I wondered he dare (to) say that.
He needs to finish it this evening.
5） shall和should的用法
1. Shall用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意愿。如：
What shall we do this evening?
2. Shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。如：
Shall we begin our lesson?
When shall he be able to leave the hospital?
3. Shall用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。如：
You shall fail if you don't work harder. （警告）
He shall have the book when I finish reading. （允诺）
He shall be punished. （威胁）
4. Should表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义词是ought to；在疑问句中，通常用should代替ought to。如：
You should go to class right away.
Should I open the window?
Should的含义较多，用法较活，现介绍三种其特殊用法。请看下面的句子：
① I should think it would be better to try it again. 我倒是认为最好再试一试。
② You are mistaken, I should say. 依我看，你是搞错了。
③ I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是劝你别这样做。
④ This is something I should have liked to ask you. 这是我本来想问你的。
从以上例句可以看出：情态动词should用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。
Should还可以用在if引导的条件从句，表示一件事听起来可能性很小，但也不是完全没有可能。相当于“万一”的意思。从句谓语由should加动词原形构成，主句谓语却不一定用虚拟语气。如：
⑤ Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. 你万一见到她，请让她给我打个电话。
⑥ If you should change your mind, please let us know. 万一你改变主意，请通知我们。
⑦ Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come. 万一我明天有时间，我就来。
此外，Why(or How) + should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外、惊异等意思。意为“竟会”。如：
⑧ Why should you be so late today? 你几天怎么来得这么晚？
⑨ — Where is Betty living? — 贝蒂住在哪里？
— How should I know? — 我怎么会知道呢？
⑩ I don't know why you should think that I did it. 我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。
5. “should + have + 过去分词”结构一般表示义务，表示应该做到而实际上没有做到，并包含一种埋怨、责备的口气。如：
She should have finished it.
I should have helped her, but I never could.
You should have started earlier.
6） will和would的用法
1. 表示请求、建议等，would比will委婉客气。如：
Would you pass me the book?
2. 表示意志、愿望和决心。如：
I will never do that again.
They asked if we would do that again.
3. 用“will be”和“will(would) + have + 过去分词”的结构表示推测，主要用于第二、三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测，后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。如：
This will be the book you want.
He will have arrived by now.
The guests would have arrived by that time.
I thought you would have finished this by now.
4. Would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某中倾向。Would表过去习惯时比used to正式，并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如：
The wound would not heal.
During the vacation he would visit me every week.
5. 表料想或猜想。如：
It would be about ten when he left home.
What would she be doing there?
I thought he would have told you all about it.
7） ought to的用法
1. Ought to表示应该。如：
You ought to take care of him.
2. 表示推测。注意与must表示推测时的区别：
He must be at home by now. （断定他已到家）
He ought to be home by now. （不十分肯定）
This is where the oil must be. （比较直率）
This is where the oil ought to be. （比较含蓄）
3. “ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。如：
You ought to have asked him (but you didn't).
这时，ought to和should可以互相换用。
注意：在美国英语中，ought to用于否定句和疑问句时，to可以省略。如：
Ought you smoke so much?
You oughtn't smoke so much.
8） used to，had better，would rather的用法
1. Used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，在间接引语中，其形式可不变。如：
He told us he used to play football when he was young.
在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中，可有两种形式：
疑问句
Did you use to go to the same school as your brother?
Used you to go to the same school as your brother?
否定句
I usedn't to go there.
I didn't use to go there.
Usedn't 亦可拼作usen't，但发音皆为[ju:znt]。
否定疑问句
Usen't you to be interested in the theatre?
Didn't you use to be interested in the theatre?
强调句
I certainly used to smoke, but it was a long time ago.
I certainly did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago.
其反意疑问句或简略回答中，也有两种形式：
She used to be very fat, didn't she? （正式）/ use(d)n't she? （口语）
Did you use to play chess? Yes, I did.
Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did. (Yes, I used to.)
2. Had better意为“最好”，后接不带to的不定式。如：
— We had better go now.
— Yes, we had (we'd better / we had better).
Hadn't we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?)
I think I'd better be going. （用于进行时态，表“最好立即”）
You had better have done that. （用于完成时态，表未完成动作）
注：①had best与had better同意，但较少用。②You had better … 用于同辈或小辈，对长辈不可用。
3. Would rather意为“宁愿”，表选择，后接不带to的不定式。如：
I'd rather not say anything.
Would you rather work on a farm?
— Wouldn't you rather stay here?
— No, I would not. I'd rather go there.
由于would rather表选择，因而后可接than。如：
I would rather work on a farm than in a factory.
I would rather watch TV than go to see the film.
I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie.
I'd rather you didn't talk about this to anyone. （句中的'd rather不是情态动词，would在此是表愿望的实义动词）
助动词dare和used
161 dare
A 在肯定式中，dare的变化与普通动词相同，即现在式为dare／dares，过去式为dared；但否定式和疑问式既可以像普通动词那样变化，也可以像助动词那样变化。换句话说，dare是半情态动词。
否定式：现在do／does not dare dare／dares not
过去did not dare dared not
疑问式：现在do you／does he dare？ dare you／he？
过去 did you／did he dare？ dared you／he？
通常更多使用它作为普通动词的结构。
B 接在dare后的不定式
do／did的否定式或疑问式理论上后面应当接带to的不定式，但实际上to常被省略：
He doesn't dare（to）say anything．
他什么也不敢说。
Did he dare（to）criticize my arrangements？
他敢批评我的安排吗？
dare I／he／you？等以及dare not这些形式后都接不带to的不定式：
Dare we interrupt？
我们敢插嘴吗？
They dared not move．
他们不敢动。
当dare的主语是nobody，anybody等词时，to可用可不用：
Nobody dared（to）speak．
没人敢说话。
C dare除了在I daresay这一说法外，不大用于肯定式。I dare- say（或I dare say）有两个惯用含义：
1 I suppose（我想）：
I daresay there'll be a restaurant car on the train．
我想这火车上会有餐车。
2 I accept what you say（but it doesn't make any difference）（我同意你说的，但这无关紧要）：
English tourist：But I drive on the left in England！
英国旅游者：可在英国我开车时是靠左走！
Swiss policeman：I daresay you do，but we drive on the right here．
瑞士警察：我相信你所说的，但是在这里我们必须靠右走。
Traveller：But the watch was given to me；I didn't buy it．
旅客：可这表是人家送我的，并不是我自己买的。
Customs officer：I daresay you didn't， but you'll have to pay duty on it all the same．
海关官员：我可以承认你不是买的，但你照样得交关税。
daresay的这种用法只用于第一人称单数。
D how dare（d）you？how dare（d）he／they？可以表示说话人的愤怒：
How dare you open my letters？
你怎么竟敢拆我的信件？（我因你拆我的信而生你的气。）
How dared he complain？
他怎么还敢抱怨？（我因他埋怨而生气。）
E dare也可作普通及物动词，意指“挑战、激将”（仅针对需要勇气的行为而言），后接宾语+带to的不定式：
Mother：Why did you throw that stone through the window？
母亲：你为什么往窗户里扔石头？
Son：Another boy dared me（to throw it）．
儿子：有个小男孩激将我，说我不敢扔。
162 used
A 形式
used是没有现在式的不完全变化动词的过去式。
肯定式：used用于所有人称
否定式：used not／usedn't用于所有人称
疑问式：used you／he／they？等
否定疑问式：used you not？／usedn't you？等
其否定式和疑问式也可以用did来构成：
didn't use to did you use to？ didn't you use to？
这是一种较不正规的形式，在口语中用得相当普遍。
used后面接带to的不定式，为提醒学生这一点，常常称之为used to（就如表示义务的have被称为have to）。
B 用法
used to可用于以下场合：
1 表示已经中断的一个习惯，或者过去与现在相反的状况：
I used to smoke cigarettes；now I smoke a pipe．
我以前抽烟卷，现在我抽烟斗。
He used to drink beer；now he drinks wine．
他以前喝啤酒，现在他喝葡萄酒。
She usedn't to like Tom but she quite likes him now．
她以前不喜欢汤姆，可她现在很喜欢他。
She used to dislike Tom but she quite likes him now．（译文同上。）
used通常不重读，但是如果说话人想强调现在与过去的对比，可以加以重读。
2 表示过去的例行活动或方式。这样使用时，不是将过去与现在对比。仅仅描述某人在某一定时期的例行活动。这时常常描述一连串的动作。这里used to可以由would取代（但would不能代替如在上面1中所提到的、表示已经中断的习惯的usedto）。这种情况下的used to总是不重读的。
Tom and Ann were a young married couple．Every morning Tom used to kiss Ann and set off for work．Ann used to stand at the window and wave goodbye．In the evening she used to welcome him home and ask him to tell her about his day．
汤姆和安是一对年轻的夫妇。每天早上汤姆都要亲吻安，然后再去上班。安总是要站在窗前挥手送别。傍晚的时候，安总要迎接汤姆回家并要他告诉她一天的情况。
如果用would就会写成：
Every morning Tom would kiss Ann and set off for work． Ann would stand at the window and wave goodbye…
每天早上汤姆总是亲吻了安，然后再去上班。安总是要站在窗前挥手送别……
注意：used没有现在式。因此要表示现在的习惯或例行活动时，我们必须用所需动词的现在式。
163 be／become／get used to
used也可以用做形容词，意指已习惯于某事，它的前面接be，become或get的各种形式，后面接介词to+名词／代词／动名词：
I am used to noise．
我习惯于嘈杂的声音。
I am used to working in a noisy room．
我习惯于在喧闹的房间里工作。
You will soon get used to the electric typewriters．
你很快会习惯电动打字机的。
You will soon get used to typing on electric typewriters．
你很快就会习惯在电动打字机上打字。
They soon got used to the traffic regulations．
他们很快就对交通条例习惯了。
They soon got used to driving on the left．
他们不久就习惯于靠左边行车。
I am used to…等是对一种心理状态的陈述。I am used to working in a noisy room意指我在嘈杂的房间里工作过，因此吵闹的声音不打扰我，我也不介意。You'll soon get used to typing on electric typewriters意指在你使用一些时间之后，你会感觉到电动打字机是很容易使用的。
如在上述例句中那样I'm used to it常常意指我不在乎／这没有给我带来麻烦。但它可以有另外一种用法。试想在我们的一个只供饭菜和茶水的食堂里，一位新从法国来的法国人可能这样说：</P< p>
I'm used to wine with my meals，so I find these lunches rather unsatisfy- ing．
我习惯于吃饭时喝葡萄酒，因此我觉得这些午饭相当不令人满意。
不要混淆主语+be／become／get＋used to和主语+used to 这两种结构。（参见第162节。）
在第一种结构中used是形容词，to是介词，而在第二种结构中used是动词，to是紧接其后的不定式的组成部分。
要防止这些结构与规则动词use（／ju:z／）相混淆，use的含义是employ（使用）。
构成一般疑问句，例如：
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗？
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗？
2） do + not 构成否定句，例如：
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3) 构成否定祈使句，例如：
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4） 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。
5） 用于倒装句，例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6） 用作代动词，例如：
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗？
---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
他知道如何开车，对吧？
在这一课里, 我们要学习的是助动词should, s-h-o-u-l-d, should 跟must, m-u-s-t, must的用法. 我们也要看看这两个助动词的否定式should not也就shouldn't 和must not也就是mustn't 在意思上跟don't have to这个词组有什么分别.
首先我还是请两位英文老师给你念一段对话, 请你注意听英文老师的发音和声调.
F: Peter, can you help me for a minute?
M: Yes, what do you want me to do?
F: Will you take the garbage out?
M: Do I have to do it now?
F: Well, you don't have to it now. But don't forget to do it today.
M: All right. I really must go now; otherwise I'll be late for school.
F: You have an exam this morning, don't you? You mustn't be late. Maybe you should ask your father for a ride.
好, 现在我们再把刚才那段对话用慢速度念一遍, 请你注意听:
F: Peter, can you help me for a minute?
M: Yes, what do you want me to do?
F: Will you take the garbage out?
M: Do I have to do it now?
F: Well, you don't have to. But don't forget to do it today.
M: All right. I really must go now; otherwise I'll be late for school.
F: You have an exam this morning, don't you? You mustn't be late. Maybe you should ask your father for a ride.
在彼得跟他母亲的这段对话里, 有几个句子用了我们今天要学的助动词 should, must 跟它们的否定式 shouldn't, mustn't 还有 have to 跟 don't have to 这两个词组, 现在我请老师把包含了这些词的句子用慢速度再念一遍给你听:
M: Do I have to do it now?
F: You don't have to.
M: I really must go now.
F: You mustn't be late. Maybe you should ask your father for a ride.
二.SHOULD
好了, 现在该作练习了. 首先我们来学怎么用 should. 这个字是用来劝告别人应该做些什么事. 比方有一句话: "天冷了, 你应该穿毛衣," 这句话, 你可以这样说: It's cold. You should wear a sweater.
好, 现在我们给你多举一些例子. 每个句子我们念两遍, 请你听一遍, 跟着重复一遍.
M: It's cold. You should wear a sweater.
F: It's cold.You should wear a sweater.
M: Peter is late. He should ask his father for a ride.
F: Peter is late. He should ask his father for a ride.
M: Henry is heavy. He should get in shape again.
F: Henry is heavy. He should get in shape again.
M: Kate is hungry. She should eat something.
F: Kate is hungry. She should eat something.
M: Your room is messy. You should clean it up.
F: Your room is messy. You should clean it up.
好, 现在我们换一个方式作练习, 先由老师说一句话, 比方: "下雨了!" It's raining. 接着老师给你一个词组: "带雨伞" carry an umbrella 请你用 should 这个字来完成句子, 所以答案就是: "下雨了, 你应该带雨伞". It's raining. You should carry an umbrella. 好, 现在我们开始练习. 在你作完句子之后,请注意听正确的答案.
M: Peter is a good player.
M: join the team
F: peter is a good player. He should join the team.
M: Henry is tired.
M: take a rest
F: Henry is tired. He should take a rest.
M: Kate is thirsty.
M: have a glass of water.
F: Kate is thirsty. She should have a glass of water.
M: Your shirt is dirty.
M: change into a clean one
F: Your shirt is dirty. You should change into a clean one.
M: It's raining.
M: carry an umbrella
F: It's raining. You should carry an umbrella.
刚才那组练习你都作对了吗? 下面我们来练习 should 的否定式 should not. 这两个字可以简缩为 shouldn't, 意思就是劝人不要做什么事. 我们作的是换字练习. 老师先念一句话, 接着老师给你一个新的词组, 请你把新的词组代换到原来的句子里. 每作完一句, 就请你听正确答案.
M: You shouldn't spend so much money.
M: drink so much coffee
F: You shouldn't drink so much coffee.
M: buy so many records
F: You shouldn't buy so many records.
M: go to so many movies
F: You shouldn't go to so many movies.
M: drive so fast
F: You shouldn't drive so fast.
三.MUST
下面我们来学另外一个助动词 must. 这个字表示必须作某件事情, 没有其他选择. 比方有一句话: " 亨利要上飞机了, 他非有飞机票不可 ", 这句话英文可以这么说: Henry is going on an airplane. He must have a ticket.
现在我们给你多举一些例子. 每个句子我们还是念两遍, 还是请你听一遍, 重复一遍.
M: Henry is going on an airplane. He must have a ticket.
F: Henry is going on an airplane. He must have a ticket.
M: Kate is going to a formal party. She must wear a dress.
F: Kate is going to a formal party. She must wear a dress.
M: Linda is going to buy a record. She must save some money.
F: Linda is going to buy a record. She must save some money.
M: Mary has an exam tomorrow. She must study hard.
F: Mary has an exam tomorrow. She must study hard.
M: Peter has a class at 7 o'clock. He must get up early.
F: Peter has a class at 7 o'clock. He must get up early.
M: Susan doesn't have a car. She must go to her job by train.
F: Susan doesn't have a car. She must go to her job by train.
must 的否定式是 must not, 也可以简缩为 mustn't. 这个词是用来表示一定不应该作的事. 下面这组练习内容都是说彼得在上课的时候不应该作的一些事. 由老师先念一个句子: peter mustn't sleep in class. 接着老师念一个新词组: eat lunch. 请你用新词组把原来的句子改为: Peter mustn't eat lunch in class. 好, 现在我们开始作换字练习. 每作完一句就请你听正确答案.
M: Peter mustn't sleep in class.
M: eat lunch
F: Peter mustn't eat lunch in class.
M: talk
F: Peter mustn't talk in class.
M: smoke
F: Peter mustn't smoke in class.
M: write letters
F: Peter mustn't write letters in class.
M: look out of window
F: Peter mustn't look out of window in class.
M: listen to the radio
F: Peter mustn't listen to the radio in class.
四.HAVE TO
刚才我们学习了两个助动词 should 和 must, 还有它们的否定式 shouldn't 和 mustn't, 现在我们来学习另外一个意思跟 must 相同的词组 have to. 这个词组也是用来表示非作某件事不可. 比方有一句话: "你非得清理院吗?" 英文可以这样说: Do you have to clean the yard? 另外一句话: "你 得工作挣零用钱吗?" 英文可以这样说: Do you have to work to earn your allowance? 好, 现在我们来练习这类句子.由老师念一个句子, 然后老师给你一个新词组, 请你用这个新词组作换字练习. 作完一句就听正确答案.
M: Do you have to clean the yard?
M: practice everyday
F: Do you have to practice everyday?
M: go to the supermarket
F: Do you have to go to the supermarket?
M: wash the dishes
F: Do you have to wash the dishes?
M: change your clothes
F: Do you have to change your clothes?
M: work to earn your allowance
F: Do you have to work to earn your allowance?
凡是陈述句的主词是第三人称 "他" 的时候, 就应该用 has to. 下面我们要练习这类句子. 老师先用 does, d-o-e-s, does 开头作问句, 请你用 has to 来回答问题. 作完一句还是请你听正确答案.
M: Does he have to go to New York?
F: Yes, he has to go to New York.
M: Does he have to clean up his room?
F: Yes, he has to clean up his room.
M: Does she have to take the bus?
F: Yes, she has to take the bus.
M: Does she have to drop this course?
F: Yes, she has to drop this course.
have to 的否定式 don't have to 跟 has to 的否定式 doesn't have to 都可以用来表示不一定非得作某件事, 而有其他选择. 在下面一组练习里, 我们要多学学这类句子. 每个句子我们还是念两遍, 还是请你听一遍, 重复一遍:
M: I don't have to buy records. I can listen to the radio.
F: I don't have to buy records. I can listen to the radio.
M: You don't have to go to the movies. You can stay home and watch television.
F: You don't have to go to the movies. You can stay home and watch television.
M: We don't have to take the train. We can take the bus.
F: We don't have to take the train. We can take the bus.
M: They don't have to drink coffee. They can drink tea.
F: They don't have to drink coffee. They can drink tea.
M: He doesn't have to wear a white shirt. He can wear a blue one.
F: He doesn't have to wear a white shirt. He can wear a blue one.
M: She doesn't have to cook. She can go out to eat.
F: She doesn't have to cook. She can go out to eat.
五.听短文回答问题
首先还是请你听一段文章, 内容是说彼得跟琳达兄妹两个人应该帮着作 些什么家事才能每星期拿零用钱.
现在请你注意听:
Every week Peter and Linda receive five dollars from their parents. This money is their weekly allowance. It is not a gift. Peter and Linda must work for the family to earn the money. Peter takes out the garbage and cleans the yard around the house. He should do it everyday, but sometimes he forgets. Linda helps her mother with the cooking. She also washes the dishes after dinner. Peter and Linda don't have to use their money for food. They use it for their entertainment. Sometimes they go to the movies. Sometimes they buy records. Each week they save some of their money to buy something more expensive.
刚才那段文章你听懂了多少? 文章里包含了今天教的语法, 你是不是注意 到了? 等一会儿我们会把整段文章再念一遍. 现在我们把今天测验的三个问题先念一遍给你听.
第一个问题是:
M: What should Peter do to earn his weekly allowance?
第二个问题是:
M: Does Linda have to use her allowance for food?
下面是第三个问题:
M: How do Peter and Linda spend their money?
好了, 现在我们再把刚才那段文章用慢速度念一遍给你听, 请你特别注意刚才那三个问题的答案.
Every week Peter and Linda receive five dollars from their parents. This money is their weekly allowance. It is not a gift. Peter and Linda must work for the family to earn the money. Peter takes out the garbage and cleans the yard around the house. He should do it everyday, but sometimes he forgets. Linda helps her mother with the cooking. She also washes the dishes after dinner. Peter and Linda don't have to use their money for food. They use it for their entertainment. Sometimes they go to the movies. Sometimes they buy records. Each week they save some of their money to buy something more expensive.
现在要请你回答今天测验的三个问题. 在你回答以后, 请你听老师说正确答案, 看你答对了没有.
下面是第一个问题:
M: What should Peter do to earn his weekly allowance?
F: He should take out the garbage and clean the yard around the house.
第二个问题是:
M: Does Linda have to use her allowance for food?
F: No, she doesn't have to use her allowance for food.
现在请你回答第三个问题:
M: How do Peter and Linda spend their money?
F: Sometimes they go to the movies. Sometimes they buy records.
A 形式
动词的主要变比形式：be，was／were，been
动名词／现在分词：being
现在时：
过去时：
be作普通动词用时，各种变化均与上表所列相同。其他时态变化均与普通动词的变化一致。但be除了在被动语态中和第115节B中所述情况下可用进行式外，通常不用进行式。
B 用于构成时态
be用于进行式的主动形式：
He is working／will be working等
be用于所有被动形式：
He was follwed／is being followed等
注意：be可用于被动进行式：
主动：They are carrying him．
他们正抬着他。
被动：He is being carried．
他正被抬着。
（关于be与形容词连用于进行时，参见第115节B。）
114 be＋不定式
A be＋不定式结构，如 I am to go，是很重要的用法。它可以用于以下几个方面：
1 传达命令或指示：
No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police．
未经警方人员的允许，任何人不得擅自离开这所房子。（没有人能离开）
He is to stay here till we return．
在我们回来之前他必须呆在这里。（他必须留下）
给出指示的这种语气比较超然，因而主要用于第三人称。与第二人称you连用时，它常常暗示说话人把别人所发出的指示传达给对方。请看以下两个句子：
（a） Stay here， Tom．
留在这里，汤姆。
（b）You are to stay here， Tom．
汤姆，要你留在这里。
它们之间的区别在于：（a）句中是说话人要汤姆留在这里，而在（b）句中他只是把另一个人的要求转达给汤姆。
在间接引语中自然就没有这种区别。be+不定式结构是可以用来表达间接命令的一种形式，尤其是在引导动词为现在时的情况下：
He says，‘Wait till I come．′
他说：“等到我来为止。”相当于：
He says that we are to wait till he comes．
他说我们得等到他来为止。
祈使句前面有一个从句时，也可以用这种形式：
He said，‘If I fall asleep at the wheel wake me up．′
他说，“如果我开车时打瞌睡，就把我叫醒。”
He said that if he fell asleep at the wheel she was to wake him up．
他说，如果他在开车时打瞌睡，她必须把他叫醒。
这种形式还用来把征询指示的请求变为间接引语：
‘Where shall I put it，sir？′he asked．
“先生，我把它放在什么地方？”他问道。相当于：
He asked where he was to put it．
他问他该把它放在哪里。（参见第318节B。）
2 表达一种计划安排：
She is to be married next month．
她预定在下个月结婚。
The expedition is to start in a week′s time．
探险队预定在一周后出发。
这种结构常用于新闻报导：
The Prime Minister is to make a statement tomorrow．
首相将在明天发表声明。
在新闻标题中，be常被省略：
Prime Minister to make statement tomorrow．
（译文同上。）
过去时：
He was to go．
当时他是预定去的。（不定式的一般式）
He was to have gone．
他本来是预定要去。（不定式的完成式）
第一句并没有告诉我们计划是否执行了，第二句则用来表示一个未实现的计划。又如：
The Lord Mayor was to have laid the foundation stone but he was taken ill last night so the Lady Mayoress is doing it instead．
市长大人原订要来行奠基礼，可他昨天晚间病了，所以市长夫人替他代行。
B was／were+不定式结构可用来表达一种“命运”的意念：
He received a blow on the head． It didn′t worry him at the time but it was to be very troublesome later．
他的头上挨了一下子。他当时不感到怎么样，但是这事后来竟变得很麻烦。（结果是很／证明麻烦的）
They said goodbye，little knowing that they were never to meet again．他们相互道别，根本没有想到竟再也不能相见了。（命运注定不再相见）
C be about+不定式结构表示即将发生的动作：
They are about to start．
他们就要出发了。（他们正准备开门。）
加上副词just能使将来更加具有即时感：
They are just about to leave．
他们马上就要离开了。
这个句式同样也可以用于过去时：
He was just about to dive when he saw the shark．
他当时正待扎进水里，却看到了鲨鱼。
be on the point of+动名词与 be about+不定式意思相同，但比后者动作还要快一点。
be 作普通动词
形式：关于作助动词（参见第113节A。）
115 be 表示存在，be+形容词
A be通常用来表示人或物的存在，或提供有关情况：
Tom is a carpenter．
汤姆是木匠。
The dog is in the garden．
那只狗在花园里。
Malta is an island．
马耳他是一个岛国。
The roads were rough and narrow．
道路既崎岖又狭窄。
Gold is a metal．
金是一种金属。
Peter was tall and fair．
彼得身材高大，皮肤白皙。
B be可以用来表示身体和精神状况：
I am hot／cold．
我感到热／冷。
He was excitnd／calm．
他激动／冷静。
They will be happy／unhappy．
他们会感到愉快／不快。
be和某些形容词例如quiet／noisy，good／bad，wise／foolish等连用时可以用进行式，如Tom is being foolish（汤姆此刻正在说傻话或做傻事），意指主语此刻正在表现出这种特征。试把这个句子与Tom is foolish（汤姆很愚蠢）相比较。后一句意指汤姆在言谈和行动上总是愚蠢的。同理：
The children are being quiet．
孩子们现在不吵不闹。相当于：
They are playing quietly now．
他们在安静地玩着。
但如果说The children are quiet，则可能意指孩子们平时总是安静地玩。
另外一些形容词也可以用于进行式： annoying generous／mean
cautious／rash helpful／unhelpful
clever／stupid irritating
difficult mysterious
economical／extravagant optimistic／pessimistic
formal polite
funny selfish／unselfish
其中有些形容词如 stupid，difficult，funny，polite等用于进行式时，可以意味着主语有意这样做。
You are being stupid（你有意装傻）可以意指 You are not try－ing to understand（你不想努力弄懂）。
He is being difficult（他故意犯别扭）通常意味着 He is raising unnecessary objections（他正在提出一些不必要的异议）。
He is being funny（他在故意做出滑稽可笑的样子）通常意味着He is only joking．Don′t believe him（他只是开玩笑，不要相信他）。
She is just being polite（她只是做出有礼貌的样子）可能意指She is only pretending to admire your car／clothes／house等（她装做表示羡慕你的车子／衣服／房子等）。
C 表示年龄：
-How old are you？
-I am ten．／I am ten years old．
-你多大岁数？
-我十岁了。（但不能说：I am ten years．）
-How old is the tower？
-It is 400 years old．
-那座塔有多少年历史了？
-它有400年的历史了。（在说明事物的年代多久时，必须用years old。）
D 表示尺寸和重量：
-How tall are you？／What is your height？
-I am 1.65 metres．
－你有多高？
－我一米六五。
-How high are we now？
-We′re about 20， 000 feet．
-我们现在的飞行高度是多少？
-大约两万英尺。
-What is your weight？／What do you weigh？How much do you weigh？
-I am 65 kilos．／I weigh 65 kilos．
-你体重多少？
-我65公斤。
E 表示价格：
-How much is this melon？／What does this melon cost？
-It′s ￡1．
-这甜瓜怎么卖？
-一英镑。
The best sats are（＝cost）￡5．
最好的座位的票价是五英镑。
116 there is／are／was／were等
A 表示不定的人或物的名词作动词be的主语时，通常用there＋be+名词结构。可以说A policeman is at the door（门口站着一位警察），但通常说There is a policeman at the door（有一位警察站在门口）。
注意：虽然there像是主语，但真正的主语却是跟在动词之后的名词。如果该名词是复数，动词在数上就必须和它一致：
There are two policemen at the door．
有两个警察站在门口。
上述两种句子结构（即名词+be结构和there＋be+名词结
构）都是可行的，当be意为exist（存在）／happen（发生）／takeplace（发生）时there结构是必要的：
There is a mistake／There are mistakes in this translation．
这篇译文里有错误。
这个句子不能改写成A mistake is／Mistakes are等。
在下列句子中，例句之后加（R）的表示there结构可被名词／代词+动词结构代替：
There have been several break－ins this year．
今年发生了好几起强行入室盗窃事件。
There will be plenty of room for everyone．
将有足够的房间分给大家。
There were hundreds of people on the beach．（R）
海滩上有成千上万的人。
B there同样也可以与someone／anyone／no one／something等连用：
There′someone on the phone for you．（R）
有你的电话。
C there＋be＋something／nothing／anything+形容词结构也是可以的：
-Is there anything wrong（with your car）？（R）
-No，there is nothing wrong with it．（R）
-（你的车）出了什么毛病吗？
-不，没出什么毛病。
There′s something odd／strange about this letter．
这封信有点奇怪。
D 名词或someone／something等后面可跟关系从句：
There′s a film I want to see．
有部电影我想去看。
There′s something I must say．
我有些话必须得说。
或后面跟动词不定式：
There′s nothing to do．
没事可干。（没我们干的事／必须干的事。）
（参见第250节。）
E there结构可以与另一个助动词+be结构连用：
There must be no doubt about this．
这一点不能含糊。
There may be a letter for me．
大概有我一封信。
或与seem＋be，appear＋be连用：
There seems to be something wrong here．
这儿好像有点不大对劲。
F 以上这么用的there通常不重读。
注意不要将有以上用法的there与当做副词用并带有重音的there搞混：
′There′s a man I want to see．
那就是我想见的人。（他站在门口。）
请比较：
′There′s a man I want to see．
我要见个人。（这个人存在。）
117 it is和there is的比较
关于it is的用法参见第67节。
以下这些例子有助于防止把这两种形式混淆：
A it is+形容词；there is+名词：
It is foggy．／There is a fog．
有雾。
It was very wet．／There was a lot of rain．
很湿。／下了不少雨。
It won′t be very sunny．／There won′t be much sun．
天气不会很晴朗。
B it is与there is都可以表示时间和距离：
It is a long way to York．
到约克路很远。
There is a long way still to go．
还有很长的路要走。（我们还有好多英里的路程。）It is time to go home．
该回家了。（我们一般是6点回家而现在6点了。）
There is time for us to go home and come back here again before the filmstarts．
在电影开演之前我们有时间先回家一趟再回到这里。（还有足够的时间）
C there is+名词／代词和用于识别人或物的 it is+名词／代词的比较：
There is someone at the door．I think it′s the man to read the meters．
门口有个人。我想他是来抄（水、电等）表的。
There is a key here．Is it the key of the safe？
这里有一把钥匙。是开保险箱的吗？
D 用于分裂句的it is（参见第67节D）以及there is的比较：
It is the grandmother who makes the decisions．
做出决定的是老奶奶。（是老奶奶而不是家里的其他成员）
…and there′s the grandmother，who lives in the granny－flat．
……还有老奶奶，住在专用套房里的那位。（有老奶奶其人）
118 构成各种时态的形式及用法
A 形式
主要变化形式：have，had，had
动名词／现在分词：having
现在时：
否定式的另一种缩略形式（主要用于完成时）： I′ve not，
you′ve not，he′s not等
否定疑问式：have I not？／haven′t I？ have you not？ haven′t you？hashe not？／hasn′t he？等
have的其他时态变化规则，与普通动词的相同。
B 用于构成时态
have与过去分词连用，构成以下时态：
现在完成时：I have worked．
过去完成时：I had worked．
将来完成时：I will／shall have worked．
条件完成时：I would／should have worked．
119 have+宾语+过去分词
A想对 I employed someone to do something for me（我雇用了某人为我做事）这一类句子作更简洁的表达时，可以用这种结构：即不说 I employed someone to clean my car，而说 I had my car cleaned（我叫人擦了车子）。又如不说 I got a man to sweep my chimneys（这里got= paid／persuaded等），而说I had my chimneys swept（我叫人通了烟囱）。
注意必须用have+宾语+过去分词，否则意思就变了：
He had his hair cut．
他理了发。相当于：
He employed someone to do it．
他雇人理发。
但是：
He had cut his hair．（过去完成时）
他自己理了发。（在说话之前的某个时刻他自己给自己理了发）
have这样用时，其否定式和疑问式的现在时和过去时都要用
do来构成：
-Do you have your windows cleaned evny month？
-I don′t have them cleaned；I clean them myself．
-你每月都要叫人擦窗户吗？
-我不叫别人擦，我自己擦。
He was talking about having central heating put in．Did he have it put in in the end？
他那会儿总说要找人装暖气。到底装上了没有？
这种结构可以用于进行时态：
I can′t ask you to dinner this week as I am having my house painted at the moment．
这一周我不能请你来吃饭了，因为现在我正让人刷房子呢。
While I was having my hair done the police towed away my car．
我（让人）做头发时，警察把我的汽车拖走了。
The house is too small and he is having a room built on．
房子太小了，他正叫人添盖一个房间。
get能够像have一样用于上述句中，但更口语化。句中提到完成动作的那个人的时候，也可以用get：
She got him to dig away the snow．
她让他把雪挖走。（她雇／说服他……）
（have与不带to的不定式连用也能起同样的作用，如She hadhim dig away the snow。但在英国英语中get结构要常用得多。）
B have+宾语+过去分词结构在口语中可以用来代替常表示意外或不幸遭遇的被动态动词。如 His fruit was stolen before hehad a chance to pick it（他树上的果子还没来得及摘就被人偷掉了）可由He had his fruit stolen before he had a chance topick it来代替。Two of his teeth were knoceked out in the fight（他的两颗牙在打架中被打掉了）可由He had two of his teethknocked out…来代替。
在本节A中，可以看到主语是命令别人做某事的人，而在这儿，主语则是承受行为结果的人。这里主语也可以是物：
The houses had their roofs ripped off by the gale．
房子被狂风掀掉了屋顶。
这里也可以用get代替have：
The cat got her tail singed through sitting too near the fire．
猫坐得太靠近炉火，尾巴上的毛被烤焦了。
120 had better+不带to的不定式
这里had是指不真实的过去；其含义是现在或将来时：
I had／I′d better ring him at once／tomorrow．
我最好还是现在／明天就给他打电话。
其否定式是在better之后加上not：
You had better not miss the last bus．
你最好不要误了最后一班公共汽车。（误了这趟车是不明智的或者我劝你／提醒你不要误了这趟车。）
had通常在代词后用缩略形式，在口语中有时轻读甚至弱读到将近听不到的地步。
had better通常不用于普通的疑问式，但有时用于否定疑问式，作为一种劝告句式：
Hadn′t you better ask him first？
你先问一下他不更好吗？相当于：
Wouldn′t it be a good thing to ask him first？
是不是先问一下他比较好？
you had better是一种很有用的劝告句式：
You had better fly．
你最好是乘飞机走。（我劝你乘飞机走。）
在间接引语中，had better与第一、第三人称连用时保持不变，与第二人称连用时可以保持不变，或者转述为advise+宾语+不定式：
He said，‘I had better hurry．′
他说：“我最好快一点。”相当于：
He said（that）he′d better hurry．
他说他最好快一点。
He said，‘Ann had better hurry．′
他说：“安最好快一点。”相当于：
He said（that）Ann had better hurry．
他说安最好快一点。
He said，‘You′d better hurry．
他说：“你最好快一点。”相当于：
He said（that） I′d better hurry．
他说我最好快一点。
He advised me to hurry．
他劝我快一点。
121 have+宾语+现在分词
A 这种说法常常和表示将来某段时间的短语连用：
I′ll have you driving in three days．
我将使你在三天之内学会开车。（由于我的努力，过三天你就学会开汽车了。）
但也可以用于过去时和现在时：
He had them all dancing．
他使得他们全都跳起舞来。（他教／说服他们都跳舞。）
I have them all talking to each other．
我使得他们全都相互交谈起来。（我鼓励／说服他们都相互交谈起来。）
这种结构也可以用于疑问式：
Will you really have her driving in three days？
你真的能在三天之内就教会她开车吗？
但通常不用于否定式。
B If you give all－night parties you′ll have the neighbours complaining．
你如果举办通宵晚会，会搞得邻居们都抱怨你的。（邻居们将抱怨你的。）
If film－stars put their numbers in telephone books they′d have everyone ring them up．
电影明星们如果把他们的电话号码列入电话簿，就会招致所有的人给他们打电话。（人人都会／不断地给他们打电话）。
在第一例句中you′ll have表达了这样的意思：“你将遭到这样的事”。同样，在第二句中they′d have含有这样的意思：“他们会遭到这样的事”。
If you don′t put a fence round your garden you′ll have people walking inand stealing your fruit．
如果你不把你的果园用篱笆围起来，人们会走进来偷摘果子。（人们将走进来／不断进来偷摘果子，即：你要遭到这类事。）
这种结构可以用于疑问句或否定句中：
When they move that bus stop you won′t have people sitting on your steps waiting for the bus any more．
那个公共汽车站迁走之后，再不会有人坐在你的台阶上等公共汽车了。
这种结构主要用于对have的主语来说是不愉快的行为，就如以上的例句所表示的那样。但也可用在并非不愉快的场合：
When he became famous，he had people stopping him in the street and asking for his autograph．相当于：
When he became famous，people stopped him in the street and asked forhis autograph．
他成名之后，常有人在街上拦住他要他签名。
但I won′t have＋宾语＋现在分词通常意指“我不能允许或我不允许此事”：
I won′t have him sitting down to dinner in his overalls．I make him change them．
我不允许他穿着工作服就坐下吃饭。我要他换衣服。（我不许他坐下……）
这种用法只限于第一人称。
（关于have用于表达责任、义务等意思，参见第十四章。）
122 have意指possess（拥有）
A have的基本含义是“拥有”：
He has a black beard．
他长着黑胡子。
I have had this car for ten years．
这辆车我已经买了十年了。
She will have￡4，000 a year when she retires．
她退休后，每年将得到4，000英镑。
B 形式
注意否定式和疑问式可用两种形式构成。
C 为表示习惯动作，do与have连用：
-Do you have earthquakes in your country？
-Yes，but we don′t have them very often．
-你们国家地震吗？
-有，但不经常。
have没有“习惯”的含义时，在英国更常用have not（got）／haveyou（got）这些形式，虽然其他说英语的国家（特别是美国）在这种场合也用带do的形式。
美国人可能说：
Can you help me now？Do you have time？
你现在能帮我吗？你有时间吗？
而英国人却多半要这么说：
Can you help me now？Have you got time？
因此用do的形式始终是稳妥的，但住在英国的外国学生也应该练习其他的形式。
D 如上所示，got可以加到have／have not／have you等结构中去而不引起含义上的变化，因此用不用它完全是随意的，但通常
还是加got。然而got不能加到简略答语或附加疑问中去：
-Have you got an ice－axe？
-Yes，I have．
-你有破冰斧吗？
-是的，我有。
She′s got a nice voice，hasn′t she？
她的嗓音很美，是吗？
have肯定式）接got时通常可以缩略：
I′ve got my ticket．
我拿到票了。
He′s got a flat in Pimlico．
他在皮姆利科岛有一套房子。
这时句子重音在got上，而′ve或′s通常仅勉强能听到。have（肯定式）不和got连用时，常常不缩略，这时have和has就要读清楚。
123 have意指take（a meal）（吃<饭>），
give（a party）（举行<聚会>）等
A have也可以用来表示：
take（a meal／food／drink，a bath／a lesson等）（吃<饭>，吃<东西>，喝<东西>，洗<澡>，上<课>等）
give（a party）（举行<聚会>），entertain（guests）（招待<客人>）
encounter（difficulties／trouble）（遭受<困难或麻烦>）
experience（体验），enjoy（享受），通常和形容词如good连用：
We have lunch at one．
我们1点钟吃午饭。
They are having a party tomorrow．
他们明天举行聚会。
Did you have trouble with Customs？
你们在海关遇到麻烦没有？
I hope you′ll have a good holiday．
我希望你愉快地度过假期。
B have用于表示上述含义时，遵循普通动词的变化规则，它后面决不能跟got。
它的否定式与疑问式用do／did来构成。
它可以用于进行时态。
We are having breakfast early tomorrow．
我们明天一早吃早饭。（不远的将来）
She is having twenty people to dinner next Monday．
下星期一她要请20个人吃饭。（不远的将来）
I can′t answer the telephone．I am having a bath．
我不能接电话，我正在洗澡。（当前）
How many English lessons do you have a week？I have six．
你一周上几节英语课？我上六节。
You have coffee at eleven，don′t you？
你们一般11点钟喝咖啡，是吗？（习惯）
Ann has breakfast in bed，but Mary doesn′t．
安经常在床上吃早饭，可玛丽不这样。
Will you have some tea／coffee？
请喝杯茶／咖啡好吗？（这是一种邀请，我们可以省略掉 Will you，即只说 Have some tea等。）
Did you have a good time at the theatre？
你在戏院看戏愉快吗？（你过得愉快吗？）
Have a good time！
好好地玩吧！
I am having a wonderful holiday．
我正在度一个非常愉快的假期。
I didn′t have a very good journey．
我在旅途中不很舒服。
124 形式
主要变化形式：do，did，done
动名词／现在分词： doing
现在时：
作普通动词用的do的肯定式如上所示，但是它的否定式和疑问式需要在上述形式前再加上do：
What does／did she do？
她干什么工作？（参见第126节。）
过去时：
?
I don′t know．
我不知道。
Did you see it？
你看到过没有？
He doesn′t like me．
125 do用做助动词
A 助动词do用来构成普通动词现在式和过去式的否定式和疑问式：
He doesn′t work．
他不工作。
He didn′t work．
他以前不工作。
Does he work？
他工作吗？
Did he work？
他以前工作吗？
B 想特别加重语气时，可在肯定式中用do／did+不带to的不定式这种形式。它主要用在别人对所提到的动作表示怀疑的场合：
You didn′t see him．
你没有看到他。
I′did see him．
我确实见到他了。（did在说话中要特意重读。语气比 I saw him强。）
I know that you didn′t expect me to go，but I′did go．
我知道你本没料到我会去的，可我确实去了。
C do也用来避免重复前面已出现过的普通动词：
1 用于简略答语中表示同意和不同意（参见第109节）：
—Tom talks too much．
—Yes，he does．／No，he doesn′t．
—汤姆话说得太多。
—是的。／不，他说得不多。
—He didn′t go．
—No，he didn′t．／Oh yes， he did．
—他没去。
—是，他没去。／哦，不，他去了。
2 用于补充（参见第112节）：
He likes concerts and so do we．
他喜欢听音乐会，我们也一样。（注意倒装。）
He lives here but I don′t．
他住在这里，但我不住这儿。
He doesn′t drive but I do．
他不开车，但我开。
3 用于附加疑问（参见第110节）：
He lives here， doesn′t he？
他住在这里，是吗？
He didn′t see you， did he？
他没见到你，对吗？
D do用于简略答语中，避免重复主要动词：
—Do you smoke？
—Yes，I do．／No，I don′t．
—你抽烟吗？
—是的，我抽烟。（不说 Yes，I smoke。）／不，我不抽。
—Did you see him？
—Yes，Ｉdid．／No， I didn′t．
—你见到他了吗？
—是的，见到了。／不，没见到。（参见第 108节。）
E 在比较等级中的用法与D相同（参见第22节）：
He drives faster than I do．
他开车比我开得快。
F do+祈使语气可使请求或邀请更有说服力：
Do come with us．
一定和我们一起来。（比Come with us更有说服力。）
Do work a little harder．
务必请你工作再努力一点吧。
Do help me，please．
请一定帮我的忙。
G do也同样用于别人征询是否同意时自己的肯定答语中，以表示赞许或鼓励：
－Shall I write to him？
—Yes，do．／Do．
—我是否可以写信给他？
—行，写吧。
126 do用做普通动词
do像have一样可用做普通动词，这时它就与do和did连用来构成一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定式和疑问式： I do not do do you do? don′t you do?
he does not do does he do? doesn′t he do?
I did not do did you do? didn′t you do?
等do可以用在进行式或一般式中：
—what are you doing（now）?
—I′m doing my homework．
—（现在）你在做什么？
—我在做家庭作业。
What′s he doing tomorrow?
他明天要做什么？（最近将来）
What does he do in the evening?
他平时晚上做什么？（习惯）
—Why did you do it?
—I did it because I was angry．
—你是为什么这么干的？
—因为当时我生气。
How do you do?是经过介绍之后双方互致的问候语：
Hostess：Mr Day，may I introduce Mr Davis?Mr Davis， Mr Day．
女主人：戴先生，让我来介绍戴维斯先生。这位是戴维斯先生，这位是戴先生。
两位先生这时都说：
How do you do?
您好。
原先这是问候对方健康的话，现在仅用为介绍场合中的公式化的问候语。
do的其他用法如：
He doesn′t do what he′s told．
他不按照告诉他的去做。（不服从命令）
—What do you do for a living?
—I′m an artist．
—你是做什么工作的？
—我是个画家。
How′s the new boy doing?
新来的男孩这两天怎么样？（进展）
—I haven′t got a torch． Will a candle do（= be suitable/adequate）?
—A candle won′t do． I′m looking for a gas leak．
—我没有手电筒。蜡烛行吗？
—蜡烛不行。我要查找煤气泄漏的地方。
—Would ￡ 10 do（＝ be adequate）?
—No，it wouldn′t． I need ￡ 20．
—十英镑行吗？（是否足够）
—不够，我需要20英镑。
to do with（只限于动词不定式）有“有关系”的意思。主要用于 it is／was something／nothing to do with+名词／代词／动名词结构：
It′s nothing to do with you．相当于：
It doesn′t concern you．
这跟你没关系。
1.If it is fine tomorrow, we ______ a football match.
a. have b. will have c. has d. shall has
2.When he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast.
a. will rise b. shall rise b. should rise would rise
3.In the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist construction.
a. has made b. have made c. had made d. having made
4.I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work.
a. don’t/had b. didn’t/have c. didn’t/had d. don’t/have
5.______ you think he ______ back by dinner time?
a. Do/have come b. Did/will have come c. Does/will come d. Do/will have come
6.He said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus.
a. was runing b. was running c. were running d. is running
7.No sooner ______ he arrived home than he ______ to start on another journey.
a. has/was asked b. have/were asked c. had/is asked d. had/was asked
8.“______ you give me a room for the night?” I asked on arriving at the hotel.
a. Should b. Can c. Might d. May
9.There are nine of them, so ______ get into the car at the same time.
a. they may not at all b. all they may not c. they can’t all d. all they can’t
10.“We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.” “He ______ it.”
a. mustn’t attend b. cannot have attended
c. would have not attended d. needn’t have attended
11.“You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don’t you?”
“No, officer. I ______. This car can’t do more than 80.”
a. didn’t need to be b. may not have been c. couldn’t have been d. needn’t have been
12.he was a good runner so he ______ escape from the police.
a. might b. succeeded to c. would d. was able to
13.If they ______, our plan will fall flat.
a. are co-operating b. had not co-operated c. won’t co-operate d. didn’t co-operate
14.I hoped ______ my letter.
a. her to answer b. that she would answer c. that she answers d. her answering
15.He ______ live in the country than in the city.
a. prefers b. likes to c. had better d. would rather
16.______ to see a film with us today?
a. Did you like b. Would you like c. Will you like d. Have you liked
17.I’m sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply ______ what I did.
a. must do b. had to do c. ought to have done d. have to do
18.“Time is running out,______?”
a. hadn’t we better got start b. hadn’t we better get start
b. hadn’t we better get started d. hadn’t we better not started
19.No one ______ that to his face.
a. dares say b. dares saying c. dare say d. dare to say
20.The students in the classroom ______ not to make so much noise.
a. need b. ought c. must d. dare
21.You ______ last week if you were really serious about your work.
a. ought to come b. ought to be coming c. ought have come d. ought to have come
22.The elephants ought ______ hours ago by the keepers.
a. to be fed b. to feed c. to being fed d. to have been fed
23.“I wonder why they’re late.” “They ______ the train.”
a. can have missed b. could miss c. may have missed d. might miss
24.“Tom graduated from college at a very young age.”
“He ______ have been an outstanding student.”
a. must b. could c. should d. might
25.You ______ the examination again since you had already passed it.
a. needn’t have taken b. didn’t need to take c. needn’t take d. mustn’t take
26.He is really incompetent! The letter ______ yesterday.
a. should be finished typing b. must be finished typing
b. must have finished typing c. should have been finished typing
27.The boy told his father that he would rather ______ an astronaut.
a. become b. to become c. becoming d. became
28.When we reached the station, the train had still not arrived; so we ______.
a. needed not to hurry b. needn’t have hurried
b. need not to have hurried d. didn’t need to hurry
29.Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend,_____ you like to have dinner with us tonight?
a. will b. won’t c. wouldn’t d. do
30.He was afraid what he had done ______ a disastrous effect on his career.
a. might have b. could be c. have been d. shall be
31.He ______ hardly say anything more, since you know about it.
a. don’t need to b. needn’t c. needs d. need
32.You ______ the look on his face when he won the prize.
a. would have seen b. should have seen c. must see d. can be seeing
33.Some people think the stock market will crash, but ______.
a. I wonder if it happens b. I doubt if it will happen
c. I am afraid it wouldn’t happen d. I doubt if it does happen
34.“Whatever has happened to George?” “I don’t know. He ______ lost.”
a. can have got b. may have got c. might get d. could get
35.He has no idea what the book is about. He ______read the book.
a. couldn’t b. couldn’t have c. mightn’t have d. shouldn’t have
36.New studies show that two of Saturn’s rings ______ longer than the 4.5 billion years since the birth of the Solar System.
a. could have lasted b. should have lasted c. would have lasted d. must be lasting
37.Take the telescope with you in case you ______ it in your expedition.
a. will need b. would need c. should need d. could need
38.Need he come at once? Yes, he ______.
a. must b. must not c. need d. may
39.Please answer the phone. It ______ be by your father. If it is, would you tell that I want to see him?
a. will b. should c. would d. could
40.We’ll never give in whatever they ______ say or do.
a. may b. will c. shall d. should
41.With all this work on hand, he ______ to the cinema last night.
a. mustn’t go b. wouldn’t go c. oughtn’t go d. shouldn’t have gone
42.Everyone ______ the cake because there wasn’t even a small piece left.
a. must like b. must have liked c. must have been liking d. had liked
43.I wish to recgllect where I met her, ______?
a. would I b. may I c. may not I d. can I
44.I ______ think he will ______ dare the risk.
a. not/ .. b. do/not c. ../not d. don’t/..
45.If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it ______ be active.
a. may not b. must c. might d. is not
46.You ______ your seats today if you want to go to the game.
a. had better to reserve b. had better reserve
c. had to better reserve d. had to reserve better
47.I ______ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.
a. would rather not have b. would not rather had
b. rather would not have d. rather not would have
48.Many scientists ______ their own eyes and ears than the theories of the ancients.
a. would rather to believe b. would rather believe
c. rather would believe d. will rather believe
49.To travel from England to Scotland you ______ a passport.
a. haven’t got b. mustn’t have c. needn’t d. don’t need
50.One of the statements ______ to be untrue.
a. is turned out b. has turned out c. have been turned out d. have turned out
51.I don’t know whether it will rain or not, but if it ______ rain, I shall stay at home.
a. will b. did c. does d. shall
52.“You’d like some tea,______?”
a. wouldn’t you b. shouldn’t you c. hadn’t you d. didn’t you
53.“May we take the books out?”
a. No, you may not b. No, you can not c. No, you can’t d. Please don’t
54.“I would have come sooner, but I ______ that you were waiting.”
a. didn’t know b. hasn’t known c. hadn’t know d. haven’t known
55.If you don’t want to, you ______ to get there with us.
a. mustn’t b. can’t c. don’t have d. have not
56.I would go to visit them but I ______ think they are anxious to see me.
a. haven’t b. don’t c. doesn’t d. didn’t
57.Whatever you can do,______.
a. I can do so as well b. I can do this as well
b. I can do it as well d. I can do as well
58._____- I realized the consequences I would never have contemplated getting involved.
a. Had b. Have c. Having d. Has
59.“Perhaps she is working for John.” “Yes, she ______ for him.”
a. need have been working b. may be working
b. ought have been working d. ought be working
60.“I know she was in because I heard her radio, but she didn’t open the door.” “She ______ the bell.”
a. may not be hearing b. may not have heard
b. must not have heard d. must not be hearing
61. “He was smoking.” “Then he ______ .”
a. ought to have been not smoking b. ought to have not been smoking
b. ought not to have been smoking d. ought to not have been smoking
62.You ______ out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold.
a. oughtn’t have gone b. shouldn’t have gone c. mustn’t have gone d. can’t have gone
63.“Paul was riding a bicycle along the motorway when he was hit by the trailer of a lorry.”
“He _____ a bicycle along the motorway; bicycles are not allowed.”
a. shouldn’t have been riding b. couldn’t have been riding
c. oughtn’t have been riding d. can’t have been riding
64.I am listening. But you ______.
a. need be listening b. should be listening c. need have been listening d. ought be listening
65.He ______ with us last night.
a. would have liked to go b. should like to be going
b. should be liked to go d. would like to go
66.I ______ his face when he opened the letter.
a. should like you to see b. would have liked you to be seen
b. should like you to have seen d. would like you to see
67.You say you ______ do it, but I say you ______ do it.
a. ought not/could b. will not/shall c. could not/need d. shall not/ought
68.We ______ put the meeting off for a week.
a. can as well b. will as well c. shall as well d. may as well
69.______ wind your watch every day?
a. Do you need b. Must you have to c. Have you to d. Do you have to
70.______ give him a chance to try?
a. Oughtn’t to we b. Oughtn’t we to c. Ought to we not d. Oughtn’t we
71.“Did you blame him for his mistakes?” “______”
a. I’d rather not do b. I’d not rather do c. I’d better not do d. I’d rather not doing
72.You had better ______ your hair cut.
a. had b. have c. to get d. to have
73.My sister didn’t go to the party last night because she ______ the baby for her friend until 9:30.
a. must have looked after b. would have to look after
b. had to look after d. should have looked after
74.Mary is very late, she ______.
a. may miss her train b. may have missed her train
c. must miss her train d. could miss her train
75.No matter what you may say, he ______ to his own views.
a. would always stick b. will always stick c. should always stick d. must always stick to
76.It’s wonderful that you ______ have achieved so much in these years.
a. may b. can c. should d. would
77.The students asked whether he ______ take the books out of the reading-room.
a. could b. might c. should d. would
78.He ______ still be thinking about the question you raised.
a. may b. might c. must d. should
79.I’d be glad if you______ give me an account of the fact.
a. shall b. should c. would d. may
80.He ______ accomplish the task in time.
a. did b. has c. is d. do
助动词练习答案
1 |
B |
19 |
C |
37 |
C |
55 |
C |
73 |
C |
2 |
D |
20 |
B |
38 |
A |
56 |
B |
74 |
B |
3 |
A |
21 |
D |
39 |
D |
57 |
D |
75 |
B |
4 |
C |
22 |
D |
40 |
A |
58 |
A |
76 |
C |
5 |
D |
23 |
C |
41 |
D |
59 |
B |
77 |
A |
6 |
B |
24 |
A |
42 |
B |
60 |
B |
78 |
B |
7 |
D |
25 |
B |
43 |
B |
61 |
C |
79 |
C |
8 |
B |
26 |
D |
44 |
D |
62 |
B |
80 |
A |
9 |
C |
27 |
A |
45 |
B |
63 |
A |
81 |
? |
10 |
B |
28 |
B |
46 |
B |
64 |
B |
82 |
? |
11 |
C |
29 |
C |
47 |
A |
65 |
A |
83 |
? |
12 |
D |
30 |
A |
48 |
B |
66 |
C |
84 |
? |
13 |
C |
31 |
D |
49 |
D |
67 |
B |
85 |
? |
14 |
B |
32 |
B |
50 |
B |
68 |
D |
86 |
? |
15 |
D |
33 |
B |
51 |
C |
69 |
D |
87 |
? |
16 |
B |
34 |
B |
52 |
A |
70 |
B |
88 |
? |
17 |
B |
35 |
B |
53 |
D |
71 |
A |
89 |
? |
18 |
C |
36 |
A |
54 |
A |
72 |
B |
90 |
? |
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