VOA美国之音
VOA特别英语节目官方词汇表
VOA 289 11-26
Copyright(c)2001 by Voice Of America,Washington,DC
PARTS OF SPEECH
n. (noun) - a name word
v. (verb) - an action word
ad. (adjective/adverb) - a describing word
prep. (preposition) - a word used to show a relation
pro. (pronoun) - a word used in place of a noun
conj. (conjunction) - a joining word
A
a (an) - ad. one; any; each
able - v. having the power to do something
about - ad. almost ("about half"); of or having a relation
to ("We talk about the weather.")
above - ad. at a higher place
accept - v. to agree to receive
accident - n. something that happens by chance or mistake; an unplanned
event
accuse - v. to say a person is responsible for an act or crime;
to make a statement against someone
across - ad. from side to side; to the other side
act - v. to do something
activist - n. one who seeks change through action
actor - n. someone acting in a play or show
add - v. to put (something) with another to make it larger; to say
more
administration - n. the executive part of a government, usually
headed by a president or prime minister
admit - v. to accept ("admitted to the United Nations");
to express one's guilt or responsibility ("He admitted that
what he did was wrong.")
adult - n. a grown person
advise - v. to help with information, knowledge or ideas in making
a decision
affect - v. to produce an effect on; to influence ("A lack
of sleep affected the singer's performance.")
afraid - ad. feeling fear
after - ad. later; behind
again - ad. another time; as before
against - ad. opposed to; not agreeing with something
age - n. how old a person or thing is
agency - n. an organization that is part of a larger group ("an
agency of the United Nations")
aggression - n. an attack against a person or country; the violation
of a country's borders
ago - ad. of time past; before now
agree - v. to have the same belief as someone; to be willing to
do something
agriculture - n. farming
aid - v. to help; to support; n. help, assistance
aim - v. to point a gun at; n. a goal or purpose
air - n. the mixture of gases around the earth, mostly nitrogen
and oxygen, that we breathe
air force - n. a military organization using airplanes
airplane - n. a vehicle with wings that flies
airport - n. a place where airplanes take off and land
album - n. a collection of recorded music
alcohol - n. a strong, colorless liquid, usually made from grain,
used as a drug or in industrial products
alive - ad. having life; not dead
all - ad. everything; everyone; the complete amount
ally - n. a nation or person joined with another for a special purpose
almost - ad. a little less than completely
alone - ad. separated from others
along - ad. near or on ("along the road")
already - ad. before now; even now
also - ad. added to; too
although - conj. even if it is true that
always - ad. at all times; every time
ambassador - n. a nation's highest diplomatic representative (to
another government)
amend - v. to add to or to change (a proposal or law)
ammunition - n. the bullets or shells fired from guns
among - ad. in or part of (a group)
amount - n. the number, size or weight of anything
anarchy - n. a lack of order; lawlessness
ancestor - n. a family member from the past
ancient - ad. very old; long ago
and - conj. also; in addition to; with
anger - n. a strong emotion against someone or something
animal - n. a living creature that moves, such as a dog or cat
anniversary - n. a yearly celebration or observance of an event
that happened in the past
announce - v. to make known publicly; to declare officially
another - ad. one more; a different one
answer - n. a statement produced by a question; v. to make a statement
after being asked a question
any - ad. one or more of no special kind
apologize - v. to express regret for a mistake or accident for which
one accepts responsibility
appeal - v. to take to a higher court, person or group for a decision;
to call on somebody for help
appear - v. to show oneself; to come into sight; to seem
appoint - v. to name; to choose ("appoint a judge")
approve - v. to agree with; to agree to support
archeology - n. the scientific study of past human life and activities
area - n. any place or part of it
argue - v. to offer reasons for or against something; to dispute;
to disagree
arms - n. military equipment; weapons
army - n. military ground forces
around - ad. on every side (of)
arrest - v. to seize a person for legal action; to take as a prisoner
arrive - v. to come to a place, especially at the end of a trip
art - n. expressions or creations by humans, such as paintings,
music, writing or statues
artillery - n. big guns
as - conj. equally ("as fast as"); when; while
ash - n. the part left after something burns
ask - v. to question; to say something is wanted ("We ask the
teacher questions every day.")
assist - v. to help
astronaut - n. a person who travels in space
astronomy - n. the scientific study of stars and the universe
asylum - n. political protection given by a government to a person
from another country
at - prep. in or near ("at the edge"); where ("look
at"); when ("at noon")
atmosphere - n. the gases surrounding any star or planet
attach - v. to tie together; to connect
attack - n. a violent attempt to damage, injure or kill; v. to start
a fight
attempt - v. to work toward something; to try; to make an effort
attend - v. to be present at
automobile - n. a vehicle with wheels used to carry people; a car
autumn - n. the time of the year between summer and winter
average - n. something (a number) representing the middle; ad. common;
normal
avoid - v. to stay away from
awake - ad. not sleeping
award - n. an honor or prize for an act or service
away - ad. not near
B
baby - n. a newly born creature
back - n. the part behind the front; ad. the other way from forward
bad - ad. wrong; acting against the law; not good
balance - v. to make two sides or forces equal
ball - n. something round
balloon - n. a device of strong, light material that rises when
filled with gas lighter than air
ballot - n. a piece of paper used for voting
ban - v. to not permit; to stop; n. an official restriction
bank - n. an organization that keeps and lends money
bar - v. to prevent or block
barrier - n. anything that blocks or makes an action difficult
base - n. a military center; v. to establish as a fact ("Her
research was based on experiments.")
battle - n. a fight between opposing armed forces
be - v. to live; to happen; to exist
beat - v. to hit again and again
beauty - ad. that which pleases the eye, ear or spirit
because - prep. for the reason that ("He left because he was
sick.")
become - v. to come to be
bed - n. a sleeping place
before - prep. earlier
begin - v. to do the first part of an action; to start
behind - ad. at the back of; in back of
believe - v. to think; to feel sure of; to accept as true; to trust
bell - n. an instrument that makes a musical sound ("a church
bell")
belong - v. to be owned by; to be a member of
below - ad. lower than
best - ad. the most good
betray - v. to turn against; to be false to
better - ad. more good than
between - ad. in the space or time that separates; from one to the
other ("talks between two nations")
big - ad. of great size; not small
bill - n. a legislative proposal
biology - n. the scientific study of life or living things in all
their forms
bird - n. a creature that flies
bite - v. to cut with the teeth
black - ad. dark; having the color like that of the night sky
blame - v. to accuse; to hold responsible
blanket - n. a cloth cover used to keep warm
bleed - v. to lose blood
blind - ad. not able to see
block - v. to stop something from being done; to prevent movement
blood - n. red fluid in the body
blow - v. to move with force, as in air ("The wind blows.")
blue - ad. having the color like that of a clear sky
boat - n. something built to travel on water that carries people
or goods
body - n. all of a person or animal; the remains of a person or
animal
boil - v. to heat a liquid until it becomes very hot
bomb - n. a device that explodes with great force; v. to attack
or destroy with bombs
bone - n. the hard material in the body
book - n. a long written work for reading
border - n. a dividing line between nations
born - v. to come to life; to come into existence
borrow - v. to take as a loan
both - ad. not just one of two, but the two together
bottle - n. a container, usually made of glass, to hold liquid
bottom - ad. the lowest part of something
box - n. something to put things into; a container, usually made
of paper or wood
boy - n. a young male person
boycott - v. to refuse to take part in or deal with
brain - n. the control center of thought, emotions and body activity
of all creatures
brave - ad. having no fear
bread - n. a food made from grain
break - v. to divide into parts by force; to destroy
breathe - v. to take air into the body and let it out again
bridge - n. a structure built over a waterway, valley or road so
people and vehicles can cross from one side to the other
brief - ad. short; not long
bright - ad. giving much light; strong and clear in color
bring - v. to come with something
broadcast - v. to send information, stories or music by radio or
television; n. a radio or television program
brother - n. a male with the same father or mother as another person
brown - ad. having the color like that of coffee
budget - n. a spending plan
build - v. to join materials together to make something
building - n. anything built for use as a house, factory, office,
school, store or place of entertainment
bullet - n. a small piece of metal shot from a gun
burn - v. to be on fire; to destroy or damage by fire
burst - v. to break open suddenly
bury - v. to put into the ground and cover with earth
bus - n. a public vehicle to carry people
business - n. one's work; buying and selling to earn money; trade
busy - ad. doing something; very active
but - conj. however; other than; yet
buy - v. to get by paying something, usually money
by - conj. near; at; next to ("by the road"); from ("a
play by William Shakespeare"); not later than ("by midnight")
C
cabinet - n. a group of ministers that helps lead a government
call - v. to give a name to ("I call myself John."); to
ask for or request ("They called for an end to the fighting.")
calm - ad. quiet; peaceful; opposite tense
camera - n. a device for taking pictures
camp - n. a place with temporary housing
campaign - n. a competition by opposing political candidates seeking
support from voters; a connected series of military actions during
a war
can - v. to be able to; to have the right to; n. a container used
to hold liquid or food, usually made of metal
cancel - v. to end; to stop
cancer - n. a disease in which dangerous cells grow quickly and
destroy parts of the body
candidate - n. a person who seeks or is nominated for an office
or an honor
capital - n. the official center of a government; the city where
a country's government is
capitalism - n. an economic system in which the production of most
goods and services is owned and operated for profit by private citizens
or companies
capture - v. to make a person or animal a prisoner; to seize or
take by force; to get control of
car - n. a vehicle with wheels used to carry people; an automobile;
a part of a train
care - v. to like; to protect; to feel worry or interest
careful - ad. acting safely; with much thought
carry - v. to take something or someone from one place to another
case (court) - n. a legal action
case (medical) - n. an incident of disease ("There was only
one case of chicken pox at the school.")
cat - n. a small animal that often lives with humans
catch - v. to seize after a chase; to stop and seize with the hands
cause - v. to make happen; n. the thing or person that produces
a result
ceasefire - n. a halt in fighting, usually by agreement
celebrate - v. to honor a person or event with special activities
center - n. the middle of something; the place in the middle; a
place that is the main point of an activity
century - n. one hundred years
ceremony - n. an act or series of acts done in a special way established
by tradition
chairman - n. a person leading a meeting or an organized group
champion - n. the best; the winner
chance - n. a possibility of winning or losing or that something
will happen
change - v. to make different; to become different
charge - v. to accuse someone of something, usually a crime; n.
a statement in which someone is accused of something
chase - v. to run or go after someone or something
cheat - v. to get by a trick; to steal from
cheer - v. to shout approval or praise
chemicals - n. elements found in nature or made by people; substances
used in the science of chemistry
chemistry - n. the scientific study of substances, what they are
made of, how they act under different conditions, and how they form
other substances
chief - n. the head or leader of a group; ad. leading; most important
child - n. a baby; a boy or girl
children - n. more than one child
choose - v. to decide between two or more
circle - n. a closed shape that has all its points equally distant
from the center, like an "O"
citizen - n. a person who is a member of a country by birth or by
law
city - n. any important large town
civilian - ad. not military
civil rights - n. the political, economic and social rights given
equally to all people of a nation
claim - v. to say something as a fact
clash - n. a battle; v. to fight or oppose
clean - v. to make pure; ad. free from dirt or harmful substances
("clean water")
clear - ad. easy to see or see through; easily understood
clergy - n. a body of officials within a religious organization
climate - n. the normal weather conditions of a place
climb - v. to go up or down something by using the feet and sometimes
the hands
clock - n. a device that measures and shows time
close - v. to make something not open; ad. near to
cloth - n. a material made from plants, chemicals, animal hair and
other substances
clothes - n. what people wear
cloud - n. a mass of fog high in the sky
coal - n. a solid black substance used as fuel
coalition - n. forces, groups or nations joined together
coast - n. land on the edge of the ocean
coffee - n. a drink made from the plant of the same name
cold - ad. not warm; having or feeling great coolness or a low temperature
collect - v. to bring or gather together in one place; to demand
and receive ("collect taxes")
college - n. a small university
colony - n. land controlled by another country or government
color - n. the different effects of light on the eye, making blue,
red, brown, black, yellow and others
combine - v. to mix or bring together
come - v. to move toward; to arrive
command - v. to order; to have power over something
comment - v. to say something about; to express an opinion about
something
committee - n. a group of people given special work
common - ad. usual; same for all ("a common purpose")
communicate - v. to tell; to give or exchange information
community - n. a group of people living together in one place or
area
company - n. a business organized for trade, industrial or other
purposes
compare - v. to examine what is different or similar
compete - v. to try to do as well as, or better than, another or
others
complete - ad. having all parts; ended or finished
complex - ad. of or having many parts that are difficult to understand;
not simple
compromise - n. the settlement of an argument where each side agrees
to accept less than first demanded
computer - n. an electronic machine for storing and organizing information,
and for communicating with others
concern - n. interest, worry ("express concern about");
v. to fear ("to be concerned")
condemn - v. to say a person or action is wrong or bad
condition - n. something declared necessary to complete an agreement;
a person's health
conference - n. a meeting
confirm - v. to approve; to say that something is true
conflict - n. a fight; a battle, especially a long one
congratulate - v. to praise a person or to express pleasure for
success or good luck
Congress - n. the organization of people elected to make the laws
of the United States (the House of Representatives and the Senate);
a similar organization in other countries
connect - v. to join one thing to another; to unite; to link
conservative - n. one who usually supports tradition and opposes
great change
consider - v. to give thought to; to think about carefully
constitution - n. the written general laws and ideas that form a
nation's system of government
contain - v. to hold; to include
container - n. a box, bottle or can used to hold something
continent - n. any of the seven great land areas of the world
continue - v. to go on doing or being
control - v. to direct; to have power over
convention - n. a large meeting for a special purpose
cook - v. to heat food before eating it
cool - ad. almost cold
cooperate - v. to act or work together
copy - v. to make something exactly like another; n. something made
to look exactly like another
corn - n. a food grain
correct - ad. true; free from mistakes; v. to change to what is
right
cost - n. the price or value of something ("The cost of the
book is five dollars."); v. to be valued at ("The book
costs five dollars.")
cotton - n. a material made from a plant of the same name
count - v. to speak or add numbers
country - n. a nation; the territory of a nation; land away from
cities
court - n. where trials take place; where judges make decisions
about law
cover - v. to put something over a person or thing; n. anything
that is put over a person or thing
cow - n. a farm animal used for its milk
crash - v. to fall violently; to hit with great force
create - v. to make; to give life or form to
creature - n. any living being; any animal or human
credit - n. an agreement that payments will be made at a later time
crew - n. a group of people working together
crime - n. an act that violates a law
criminal - n. a person who is responsible for a crime
crisis - n. an extremely important time when something may become
much better or worse; a dangerous situation
criticize - v. to say what is wrong with something or someone; to
condemn; to judge
crops - n. plants that are grown and gathered for food, such as
grains, fruits and vegetables
cross - v. to go from one side to another; to go across
crowd - n. a large number of people gathered in one place
crush - v. to damage or destroy by great weight; to defeat completely
cry - v. to express or show sorrow or pain
culture - n. all the beliefs, traditions and arts of a group or
population
cure - v. to improve health; to make well ("The doctor can
cure the disease."); n. something that makes a sick person
well ("Antibiotics are a cure for infection.")
curfew - n. an order to people to stay off the streets or to close
their businesses
current - n. movement of air, water or electricity; ad. belonging
to the present time ("She found the report in a current publication.")
custom - n. a long-established belief or activity of a people
customs - n. taxes on imports
cut - v. to divide or injure with a sharp tool; to make less; to
reduce
D
dam - n. a wall built across a river to hold back flowing water
damage - v. to cause injury or destruction; n. harm; hurt or injury,
usually to things
dance - v. to move the body and feet to music; n. a series of steps,
usually to music
danger - n. a strong chance of suffering injury, damage or loss
dark - ad. having little or no light ("The room was dark.")
date - n. an expression of time; a day, month and year
daughter - n. a person's female child
day - n. twenty-four hours; the hours of sunlight
dead - ad. not living
deaf - ad. not able to hear
deal - v. to have to do with ("The talks will deal with the
problem of pollution."); to buy or sell ("Her company
deals in plastic.")
debate - v. to argue for or against something; n. a public discussion
or argument
debt - n. something that is owed; the condition of owing
decide - v. to choose; to settle; to judge
declare - v. to say; to make a statement
decrease - v. to make less in size or amount
deep - ad. going far down; a long way from top to bottom
defeat - v. to cause to lose in a battle or struggle; n. a loss;
the condition of having lost
defend - v. to guard or fight against attack; to protect
deficit - n. a shortage that results when spending is greater than
earnings, or imports are greater than exports
define - v. to give the meaning of; to explain
degree - n. a measure of temperature
delay - v. to decide to do something at a later time; to postpone;
to cause to be late
delegate - n. one sent to act for another; one who represents another
demand - v. to ask by ordering; to ask with force
democracy - n. the system of government in which citizens vote to
choose leaders or to make other important decisions
demonstrate - v. to make a public show of opinions or feelings ("The
crowd demonstrated in support of human rights."); to explain
by using examples ("The teacher demonstrated the idea with
an experiment.")
denounce - v. to accuse of being wrong or evil; to criticize severely
deny - v. to declare that something is not true; to refuse a request
depend - v. to need help and support
deplore - v. to regret strongly; to express sadness
deploy - v. to move forces or weapons into positions for action
depression - n. severe unhappiness; a period of reduced business
and economic activity during which many people lose their jobs
describe - v. to give a word picture of something; to give details
of something
desert - n. a dry area of land
design - v. to plan or create plans for
desire - v. to want very much; to wish for
destroy - v. to break into pieces; to end the existence of
detail - n. a small part of something; a small piece of information
develop - v. to grow; to create; to experience progress
device - n. a piece of equipment made for a special purpose
dictator - n. a ruler with complete power
die - v. to become dead; to stop living; to end
diet - n. usual daily food and drink
different - ad. not the same
difficult - ad. not easy; hard to do, make or carry out
dig - v. to make a hole in the ground
dinner - n. the main amount of food eaten at a usual time ("The
family had its dinner at noon."); a special event that includes
food ("The official dinner took place at the White House.")
diplomat - n. a person who represents his or her government in dealing
with another government
direct - v. to lead; to aim or show the way ("He directed me
to the theater."); ad. straight to something; not through some
other person or thing ("The path is direct.")
direction - n. the way (east, west, north, south); where someone
or something came from or went to
dirt - n. earth or soil
disappear - v. to become unseen; to no longer exist
disarm - v. to take away weapons; to no longer keep weapons; to
make a bomb harmless by removing its exploding device
discover - v. to find or learn something
discuss - v. to talk about; to exchange ideas
disease - n. a sickness in living things, often caused by viruses,
germs or bacteria
dismiss - v. to send away; to refuse to consider
dispute - v. to oppose strongly by argument; n. an angry debate
dissident - n. a person who strongly disagrees with his or her government
distance - n. the amount of space between two places or objects
("The distance from my house to your house is two kilometers.")
dive - v. to jump into water head first
divide - v. to separate into two or more parts
do - v. to act; to make an effort
doctor - n. a person trained in medicine to treat sick people
document - n. an official piece of paper with facts written on it,
used as proof or support of something
dog - n. a small animal that often lives with humans
dollar - n. United States money, one hundred cents
door - n. an opening for entering or leaving a building or room
down - ad. from higher to lower; in a low place
dream - v. to have a picture or story in the mind during sleep;
n. a picture or story in the mind during sleep; a happy idea about
the future
drink - v. to take liquid into the body through the mouth
drive - v. to control a moving vehicle
drop - v. to fall or let fall; to go lower
drown - v. to die under water
drug - n. anything used as a medicine or in making medicine; a chemical
substance used to ease pain or to affect the mind
dry - ad. not wet; without rain
during - ad. through the whole time; while (something is happening)
dust - n. pieces of matter so small that they can float in the air
duty - n. one's job or responsibility; what one must do because
it is right and just
E
each - ad. every one by itself
early - ad. at or near the beginning, especially the beginning of
the day; opposite late
earn - v. to be paid in return for work done
earth - n. the planet we all live on; the ground or soil
earthquake - n. a sudden, violent shaking of the earth's surface
ease - v. to reduce; to make less difficult
east - n. the direction from which the sun rises
easy - ad. not difficult; not hard to do
eat - v. to take food into the body through the mouth
ecology - n. the scientific study of the environment and links among
living and material things
economy - n. the system by which money, industry and trade are organized
edge - n. the line where something ends or begins
education - n. the act of teaching
effect - n. the result or change caused by something ("The
storm had a serious effect on the economy.")
effort - n. an attempt; the work necessary to do something
egg - n. the rounded object containing unborn young produced by
female birds, fish or reptiles; a single cell in a female person
or animal that can develop into a baby
either - ad. one of two, but not the other
elect - v. to choose by voting
electricity - n. a form of energy that flows through wires to provide
heat and light, and power to machines
embassy - n. the offices of an ambassador and his or her assistants
emergency - n. an unexpected and dangerous situation demanding quick
action
emotion - n. a strong feeling such as love, hate, fear or sadness
employ - v. to give work in return for wages
empty - ad. having nothing inside; v. to remove everything
end - v. to stop; to finish; n. the part which comes last
enemy - n. a person opposing or hating another; a person or people
of the other side in a war
energy - n. power used to do work, usually with machines; the ability
and willingness to be active
enforce - v. to make something be done
engine - n. a machine that uses energy to cause movement or to do
work
engineer - n. a person who designs engines, machines, roads, bridges
or railroads
enjoy - v. to be pleased or satisfied by something
enough - ad. as much as necessary; pro. the amount needed
enter - v. to come or go into
environment - n. all surrounding things, conditions and influences
that affect life; the natural world of land, sea, air, plants and
animals
equal - ad. the same in amount, size, weight or value; having the
same rights
equipment - n. things, tools or machines needed for a purpose or
activity
escape - v. to get free; to get away from; to get out of
especially - ad. more than others ("We liked the food, especially
the fish.")
establish - v. to bring into existence; to create
estimate - v. to form an opinion about a value, size or amount using
less than complete information
ethnic - ad. of or concerning people belonging to a large group
because of their race, religion, language, tribe or where their
ancestors lived
evaporate - v. to change from a liquid into a gas
even - ad. in a way not thought possible ("They survived, even
though the building was destroyed.")
event - n. that which happens, especially something of importance
ever - ad. at any time
every - ad. each one; all
evidence - n. material or facts that prove something; a reason for
believing
evil - ad. not good; extremely bad
exact - ad. having no mistakes; correct in every detail
examine - v. to study closely
example - n. a part that shows what the rest of a thing or group
is like
excellent - ad. extremely good
except - prep. but for
exchange - v. to trade; to give or receive one thing for another
excuse - v. to take away blame; to pardon; to forgive; n. a reason
(sometimes false) for an action
execute - v. to kill
exercise - n. an activity or effort for the purpose of improving
the body or to stay in good health
exile - v. to force a person to leave his or her country; to expel;
n. a person who is forced to leave his or her country
exist - v. to be; to live
expand - v. to make larger; to grow larger
expect - v. to think or believe that something will happen; to wait
for an event
expel - v. to force out; to remove from; to send away
experience - v. to live through an event, situation or condition
("She experienced great pain."); n. something that one
has done or lived through ("The experience caused her great
pain.")
experiment - v. to test; n. a test or trial carried out to prove
if an idea is true or false, or to discover something
expert - n. a person with special knowledge or training
explain - v. to give reasons for; to make clear; to tell about;
to tell the meaning
explode - v. to break apart violently with a loud noise, like a
bomb
explore - v. to travel in a place that is not well known to learn
more about it; to make a careful search; to examine closely
export - v. to send to another country; n. something sent to another
country, usually for sale
express - v. to say clearly
extend - v. to stretch out in area or length; to continue for a
longer time
extra - ad. more than normal, expected or necessary
extreme - ad. more than the usual or accepted
extremist - n. a person with strong religious or political beliefs
who acts in an extreme or violent way
F
face - n. the front of the head: eyes, nose, mouth; v. to look toward;
to turn toward; to have before you, such as a problem or danger
fact - n. something known or proved to be true
factory - n. a building or group of buildings where goods are made
fail - v. to not succeed; to not reach a goal
fair - ad. just; honest; what is right
fall - v. to go down quickly; to come down; to drop to the ground
or a lower position
false - ad. not true; not correct
family - n. the group that includes children and their parents
famous - ad. known very well to many people
far - ad. at, to or from a great distance
farm - n. land used to grow crops and animals for food
fast - ad. moving or working at great speed; quick
fat - n. tissue in the bodies of humans and animals used to store
energy and to keep warm; ad. thick; heavy
father - n. the male parent; a man who has a child or children
fear - v. to be afraid; to worry that something bad is near or may
happen ("He feared falling down."); n. a strong emotion
when there is danger or trouble ("He had a fear that he would
fall down.")
federal - ad. of or having to do with a national or central government
feed - v. to give food to
feel - v. to have or experience an emotion; to know by touching
female - n. a woman or girl; the sex that gives birth; ad. of or
about women
fence - n. something around an area of land to keep animals or people
in or out
fertile - ad. rich in production of plants or animals; producing
much
few - ad. not many; a small number of
field - n. an area of open land, usually used to grow crops or to
raise animals
fierce - ad. extremely strong; violent; angry
fight - v. to use violence or force; to attempt to defeat or destroy
an enemy; n. the use of force; a battle
fill - v. to put or pour something into a container until there
is space for no more
film - v. to record something so it can be seen again; to make a
motion picture or movie; n. a thin piece of material for making
pictures with a camera; a movie
final - ad. at the end; last
financial - ad. of or about the system that includes the use of
money, credit, investments and banks
find - v. to discover or learn something by searching or by accident;
to decide a court case ("The jury finds the man guilty of murder.")
fine - n. a payment ordered by a court to punish someone for a crime;
ad. very good; very small or thin
finish - v. to complete; to end
fire - v. to shoot a gun; n. the heat and light produced by something
burning
fireworks - n. rockets producing bright fire in the sky, used in
holiday celebrations
firm - ad. not easily moved or changed ("She is firm in her
opinion.")
first - ad. coming before all others
fish - n. a creature that lives and can breathe in water
fit - v. to be of the correct size or shape ("These shoes fit
my feet.")
fix - v. to make good or right again
flag - n. a piece of colored cloth used to represent a nation, government
or organization
flat - ad. smooth; having no high places
flee - v. to run away from
float - v. to be on water without sinking; to move or be moved gently
on water or through air
flood - v. to cover with water; n. the movement of water out of
a river, lake or ocean onto land
floor - n. the bottom part of a room for walking on ("The book
fell to the floor."); the level of a building ("The fire
was on the first floor.")
flow - v. to move like a liquid
flower - n. the colored part of plants that carry seeds
fluid - n. any substance that can flow, such as a liquid
fly - v. to move through the air with wings, like a bird or airplane;
to travel in an airplane or flying vehicle
fog - n. a mass of wet air that is difficult to see through; a cloud
close to the ground
follow - v. to come or go after; to accept the rule or power of;
to obey
food - n. that which is taken in by all living things for energy,
strength and growth
fool - v. to make someone believe something that is not true; to
trick; n. a person who is tricked easily
foot - n. the bottom part of the leg; the part of the body that
touches the ground when a person or animal walks
for - prep. because of ("He is famous for his work.");
in exchange ("Give me one dollar for the book."); through
space or time ("They travelled for one hour."); representative
of ("I speak for all people."); to be employed by ("She
works for a computer company.")
force - v. to make someone do something or make something happen
by using power; n. power, strength; strength used against a person
or object; military power of a nation; a military group
foreign - ad. of, about or from another nation; not from one's own
place or country
forest - n. a place of many trees
forget - v. to not remember
forgive - v. to pardon; to excuse; to remove guilt
form - v. to make; to start; to shape ("They formed a swim
team."); n. a kind ("Swimming is a form of exercise.")
former - ad. earlier in time; not now
forward - ad. the direction in front of; toward the front
free - v. to release; ad. not controlled by another or by outside
forces; not in prison; independent; not limited by rules; without
cost
freedom - n. the condition of being free
freeze - v. to cause or to become very cold; to make or to become
hard by cold
fresh - ad. newly made or gathered; recent
friend - n. a person one likes and trusts
frighten - v. to cause great fear
from - prep. having a person, place or thing as a beginning or cause
("It is a message from the president."); at a place distant,
not near ("The school is five kilometers from my home.");
because of ("He is suffering from cancer.")
front - n. the forward part; the opposite of back; the beginning;
the first part
fruit - n. food from trees and plants
fuel - n. any substance burned to create heat or power
full - ad. containing as much as a person or thing can hold; complete
fun - n. anything that is pleasing and causes happiness
funeral - n. a ceremony held in connection with the burial or burning
of the dead
future - n. time after now ("We can talk about it in the future.");
ad. in the time to come ("All future meetings will be held
in this room.")
G
gain - v. to get possession of; to get more; to increase
game - n. an activity with rules in which people or teams play or
compete, usually sports
gas - n. any substance that is not solid or liquid; any substance
that burns to provide heat, light or power
gather - v. to bring or come together into a group or place; to
collect
general - n. a high military leader; ad. without details; affecting
or including all or almost all
gentle - ad. soft; kind; not rough or violent
get - v. to receive; to gain; to go and bring back; to become; to
become the owner of
gift - n. something given without cost
girl - n. a young female person
give - v. to present to another to keep without receiving payment
glass - n. a hard, clear material that is easily broken, used most
often for windows or for containers to hold liquids
go - v. to move from one place to another; to leave
goal - n. that toward which an effort is directed; that which is
aimed at; the end of a trip or race
god - n. the spirit that is honored as creator of all things ("They
believe in God."); a spirit or being believed in many religions
to have special powers
gold - n. a highly valued yellow metal
good - ad. pleasing; helpful; kind; correct; not bad
goods - n. things owned or made to be sold
govern - v. to control; to rule by military or political power
government - n. a system of governing; the organization of people
that rules a country, city or area
grain - n. the seed of grass plants used for food, such as wheat,
rice and corn; those plants that produce the seeds
granddaughter - n. the daughter of a person's daughter or son
grandfather - n. the father of a person's father or mother
grandmother - n. the mother of a person's father or mother
grandson - n. the son of a person's daughter or son
grass - n. a plant with long, narrow, green leaves
gray - ad. having the color like that made by mixing black and white
great - ad. very large or more than usual in size or number; very
good; important
green - ad. having the color like that made by mixing yellow and
blue; having the color like that of growing leaves and grass
grind - v. to reduce to small pieces by crushing
ground - n. land; the earth's surface; soil
group - n. a number of people or things together; a gathering of
people working for a common purpose
grow - v. to develop or become bigger; to increase in size or amount
guarantee - v. to promise a result; to promise that something will
happen
guard - v. to watch and protect a person, place or thing ("He
guards the president."); n. a person or thing that watches
or protects ("He is a prison guard.")
guerrilla - n. a person who fights as part of an unofficial army,
usually against an official army or police
guide - v. to lead to; to show the way; n. one who shows the way
guilty - ad. having done something wrong or in violation of a law;
responsible for a bad action
gun - n. a weapon that shoots bullets
H
hair - n. the fine material that grows from the skin, especially
from the head
half - n. one of two equal parts of something
halt - v. to come or cause to come to a stop; to stop
hang - v. to place something so the highest part is supported and
the lower part is not; to kill by hanging
happen - v. to become a fact or event; to take place
happy - ad. pleased; satisfied; feeling good; not sad
hard - ad. not easily cut or broken; solid; difficult to do or understand;
needing much effort or force
harm - v. to injure; to damage; n. damage; hurt
harvest - v. to gather crops; n. the crop after it is gathered
hat - n. a head cover
hate - v. to have strong emotions against; to consider as an enemy;
opposite love
have - v. to possess; to own; to hold
he - pro. the boy or man who is being spoken about
head - v. to lead; to command; n. leader; chief; the top part of
something; the highest position
headquarters - n. the center from which orders are given; the main
offices of a business or organization
heal - v. to return to good health; to cure; to become well
health - n. the general condition of the body and mind; the condition
of being free from sickness or disease
hear - v. to receive sound through the ears; to receive news about
heat - v. to make hot or warm; n. great warmth; that which is produced
by burning fuel; energy from the sun
heavy - ad. having much weight; not easy to lift; of great amount
or force
helicopter - n. a machine without wings that can fly up or down
or remain in one place above the ground
help - v. to give support; to assist; to make easier; n. support;
aid
here - ad. in, to or at this place
hero - n. a person honored for being brave or wise
hide - v. to prevent from being seen or found; to make secret
high - ad. tall; far up; far above the ground; important; above
others
hijack - v. to seize or take control of a vehicle by force
hill - n. a small mountain
history - n. the written record or description of past events; the
study of the past
hit - v. to strike; to touch with force
hold - v. to carry or support, usually in the hands or arms; to
keep in one position; to keep as a prisoner; to contain; to possess;
to occupy; to organize and be involved in ("The two sides hold
talks this week.")
hole - n. an opening; a torn or broken place in something
holiday - n. a day when one does not work; a day on which no work
is done to honor or remember a person or event
holy - ad. greatly honored in religion
home - n. the building where a person lives, especially with family;
the place where one was born or comes from; the area or country
where one lives
honest - ad. truthful; able to be trusted
honor - v. to obey; to show strong, good feelings for ("to
honor one's parents"); n. an award; an act of giving special
recognition ("He received many honors for his efforts to help
others.")
hope - v. to expect; to believe there is a good chance that something
will happen as wanted; to want something to happen
horrible - ad. causing great fear; terrible
horse - n. a large animal often used for racing, riding or farm
work
hospital - n. a place where sick or injured people are given medical
care
hostage - n. a person captured and held as a guarantee that a demand
or promise will be honored
hostile - ad. ready to fight; ready for war
hot - ad. having or feeling great heat or a high temperature
hotel - n. a building with rooms, and often food, for travellers
hour - n. a measure of time; sixty minutes
house - n. a building in which people live; a country's parliament
or lawmaking group ("House of Representatives")
how - ad. in what way; to what amount
however - conj. yet; but
huge - ad. very big; of great size
human - ad. of or about people
humor - n. the ability to understand, enjoy or express what makes
people laugh
hunger - n. the need for food
hunt - v. to search for animals to capture or kill them; to seek;
to try to find
hurry - v. to do or go fast
hurt - v. to cause pain, injury or damage
husband - n. a man who is married
I
I - pro. the person speaking
ice - n. frozen water
idea - n. a thought or picture in the mind; a belief
identify - v. to recognize someone or something and to say who or
what they are
if - conj. on condition; provided that ("I will go if you go.")
illegal - ad. not legal; in violation of a law
imagine - v. to make a picture in the mind; to form an idea
immediate - ad. without delay; very near in time or place
import - v. to bring from another country; n. something brought
from another country, usually for sale
important - ad. having great meaning, value or power
improve - v. to make better; to become better
in - prep. inside; held by; contained by; surrounded by; during
incident - n. an event or something that happens
incite - v. to urge or cause an action or emotion, usually something
bad or violent
include - v. to have; to make a part of
increase - v. to make more in size or amount
independent - ad. not influenced by or controlled by another or
others; free; separate
individual - n. one person
industry - n. any business that produces goods or provides services;
the work and related activity in factories and offices; all organizations
involved in manufacturing
infect - v. to make sick with something that causes disease
inflation - n. a continuing rise in prices while the value of money
goes down
influence - v. to have an effect on someone or something; to cause
change
inform - v. to tell; to give knowledge to
information - n. knowledge; facts
inject - v. to force a fluid into, such as putting medicine or drugs
into the body through the skin
injure - v. to cause harm or damage to a person or animal
innocent - ad. not guilty of a crime; not responsible for a bad
action
insane - ad. mentally sick
insect - n. a very small creature, usually with many legs and sometimes
with wings
inspect - v. to look at something carefully; to examine, especially
by an expert
instead - ad. in the place of; taking the place of
instrument - n. a tool or device designed to do something or to
make something
insult - v. to say something or to do something that makes another
person angry or dishonored
intelligence - n. the ability to think or learn; information gathered
by spying
intelligent - ad. quick to understand or learn
intense - ad. very strong; extremely serious
interest - n. what is important to someone ("He acted to protect
his interests." "She had a great interest in painting.");
a share in owning a business; money paid for the use of money borrowed
interfere - v. to get in the way of; to work against; to take part
in the activities of others, especially when not asked to do so
international - ad. of or about more than one nation or many nations;
of the whole world
intervene - v. to come between; to come between in order to settle
or solve
invade - v. to enter an area or country by force with an army
invent - v. to plan and make something never made before; to create
a new thing or way of doing something
invest - v. to give money to a business or organization with the
hope of making more money
investigate - v. to study or examine all information about an event,
situation or charge; to search for the truth
invite - v. to ask someone to take part in or join an event, organization
or gathering
involve - v. to take part in; to become a part of; to include
iron - n. a strong, hard metal used to make machines and tools
island - n. a land area with water all around it
issue - n. an important problem or subject that people are discussing
or arguing about
it - pro. a thing, place, event or idea that is being spoken about
("The sky is blue, but it also has a few white clouds.")
J
jail - n. a prison for those waiting to be tried for a crime or
for those serving sentences for crimes that are not serious
jewel - n. a valuable stone, such as a diamond or emerald
job - n. the work that one does to earn money
join - v. to put together or come together; to become part of or
a member of
joint - ad. shared by two or more
joke - n. something done or said to cause others to laugh
judge - v. to form an opinion about; to decide a question, especially
a legal one; n. a public official who decides problems of law in
a court
jump - v. to push down on the feet and move up quickly into the
air
jury - n. a group of people chosen to decide what is true in a trial
just - ad. only ("Help me for just a minute."); very shortly
before or after the present ("He just left."); at the
same time ("He left just as I came in."); what is right
or fair ("The law is just, in my opinion.")
K
keep - v. to possess; to have for oneself
kick - v. to hit with the foot
kidnap - v. to seize and take away by force
kill - v. to make dead; to cause to die
kind - n. sort ("What kind of dog is that?"); ad. gentle;
caring; helpful
kiss - v. to touch with the mouth to show love or honor
knife - n. a tool or weapon used to cut
know - v. to understand something as correct; to have the facts
about; to recognize someone because you have met and talked together
before
knowledge - n. that which is known; learning or understanding
L
labor - n. work; workers as a group
laboratory - n. a room or place where experiments in science are
done
lack - v. to be without; n. the condition of needing, wanting or
not having
lake - n. a large area of fresh water surrounded by land
land - v. to come to the earth from the air ("Airplanes land
at airports."); n. the part of the earth not covered by water;
the ground
language - n. words and their use; what people speak in a country,
nation or group
large - ad. big; being of more than usual size, amount or number;
opposite small
last - v. to continue ("The talks will last three days.");
ad. after all others; the only one remaining ("She is the last
person in line.")
late - ad. after the correct time; near the end; opposite early
laugh - v. to make sounds to express pleasure or happy feelings
launch - v. to put into operation; to begin; to send into the air
or space
law - n. all or any rules made by a government
lead - v. to show the way; to command; to control; to go first
leak - v. to come out of or to escape through a small opening or
hole (usually a gas or liquid)
learn - v. to get knowledge about; to come to know a fact or facts
leave - v. to go away from; to let something stay where it is
left - ad. on the side that is toward the west when one is facing
north; opposite right
legal - ad. of or in agreement with the law
legislature - n. a government lawmaking group
lend - v. to permit someone to use a thing temporarily; to make
a loan of money
less - ad. smaller in amount; not as much
let - v. to permit to do or to be; to make possible
letter - n. a message written on paper; a communication in writing
sent to another person
level - n. the amount or height that something reaches or rises
to; the position of something or someone
liberal - ad. one who usually supports social progress or change
lie - v. to have one's body on the ground or other surface; to say
something that one knows is not true
life - n. the time between being born and dying; opposite death;
all living things
lift - v. to take or bring up to a higher place or level
light - n. a form of energy that affects the eyes so that one is
able to see; anything that produces light; ad. bright; clear; not
heavy
lightning - n. light produced by electricity in the air, usually
during a storm
like - v. to be pleased with; to have good feelings for someone
or something; ad. in the same way as; similar to
limit - v. to restrict to a number or amount; n. the greatest amount
or number permitted
line - n. a long, thin mark on a surface; a number of people or
things organized; one after another; the edge of an area protected
by military forces
link - v. to connect; to unite one thing or event with another;
n. a relation between two or more things, situations or events
liquid - n. a substance that is not a solid or gas, and can move
freely, like water
list - v. to put in writing a number of names of people or things;
n. a written series of names or things
listen - v. to try to hear
literature - n. all the poems, stories and writings of a period
of time or of a country
little - ad. not tall or big; a small amount
live - v. to have life; to exist; ad. having life; alive
load - v. to put objects on or into a vehicle or container; n. that
which is carried
loan - n. money borrowed that usually must be returned with interest
payments; something borrowed
local - ad. about or having to do with one place
lonely - ad. feeling alone and wanting friends; visited by few or
no people ("a lonely man")
long - ad. not short; measuring from beginning to end; measuring
much; for much time
look - v. to turn the eyes toward so as to see; to search or hunt
for; to seem to be
lose - v. to have no longer; to not find; to fail to keep; to be
defeated
loud - ad. having a strong sound; full of sound or noise
love - v. to like very much; to feel a strong, kind emotion (sometimes
involving sex); n. a strong, kind emotion for someone or something;
opposite hate
low - ad. not high or tall; below the normal height; close to the
ground
loyal - ad. showing strong friendship and support for someone or
something
luck - n. something that happens by chance
M
machine - n. a device with moving parts used to do work
magazine - n. a publication of news, stories, pictures or other
information
mail - n. letters, papers and other things sent through an official
system, such as a post office
main - ad. the most important or largest
major - ad. great in size, importance or amount
majority - n. the greater number; more than half
make - v. to produce; to create; to build; to do something or to
carry out an action; to cause to be or to become
male - n. a man or boy; the sex that is the father of children;
ad. of or about men
man - n. an adult male human
manufacture - v. to make goods in large amounts
many - ad. a large number or amount of
map - n. a picture of the earth's surface or a part of it
march - v. to walk in a group like soldiers; to walk together in
a large group to protest about something
mark - v. to make a sign or cut on something
market - n. a place or area where goods are sold, bought or traded;
an economic system in which the prices of things are decided by
how many there are and how much money people are willing to pay
for them
marry - v. to join a man and woman together as husband and wife;
to become husband and wife (usually in a religious or civil ceremony)
mass - n. an amount of matter having no special form and usually
of a large size
mate - v. to bring together a male and a female to create another
creature
material - n. the substance, substances or matter of which something
is made or from which something can be made, such as wood, cloth
or stone; anything that can be made into something else
mathematics - n. the science dealing with amounts, sizes and shapes,
as explained by numbers and signs
matter - n. anything that can be seen or felt; what things are made
of
may - v. a word used with an action word to mean permit or possible
("May I go?" "They may leave tomorrow.")
mayor - n. the chief official of a city or town government
meal - n. food eaten to satisfy hunger, such as dinner
mean - v. to want to; to give the idea of; to have the idea of
measure - v. to learn the amount, size or distance of something;
n. an action taken; a legislative proposal
meat - n. the part of a dead animal used for food
media - n. all public information organizations, including newspapers,
television and radio
medicine - n. a substance or drug used to treat disease or pain;
the science or study of treating and curing disease or improving
health
meet - v. to come together with someone or something at the same
time and place
melt - v. to make a solid into a liquid by heating it
member - n. one of a group
memorial - n. something done or made to honor the memory of a person
or event
memory - n. a picture in the mind of past events; the ability to
remember; a thing remembered
mental - ad. about or having to do with the mind
mercy - n. kindness toward those who should be punished; the power
to be kind or to pardon
message - n. written or spoken news or information; a note from
one person to another person or group
metal - n. a hard substance such as iron, steel or gold
method - n. the way something is done
microscope - n. a device used to make very small things look larger
so they can be studied
middle - n. the center; a place or time of equal distance from both
sides or ends; ad. in the center
militant - n. someone active in trying to cause political change,
often by the use of force or violence
military - n. the armed forces of a nation or group; ad. of or about
the armed forces
milk - n. the white liquid produced by female animals to feed their
young
mind - n. the thinking, feeling part of a person
mine - v. to dig useful or valuable substances out of the earth;
n. a place in the earth where such substances are found; a bomb
placed under the ground or under water so it cannot be seen
mineral - n. a substance found in nature that is not an animal or
a plant, such as coal or salt
minister - n. a member of a cabinet; a high government official
("prime minister,"foreign minister")
minor - ad. small in size; of little importance
minority - n. the smaller number; opposite majority
minute - n. a measure of time; one of the sixty equal parts of an
hour; sixty seconds
miss - v. to fail to hit, see, reach or meet
missile - n. any weapon that can be thrown or fired through the
air and explodes when it reaches its target
missing - ad. lost; not found
mistake - n. a wrong action or decision; an action done without
the knowledge that it was wrong
mix - v. to put different things together to make one thing
mob - n. a large group of wild or angry people
model - n. an example; something, usually small, made to show how
something will look or work
moderate - ad. not extreme
modern - ad. of the present or very recent time; the most improved
money - n. pieces of metal or paper used to pay for things
month - n. one of the twelve periods of time into which a year is
divided
moon - n. the bright object often seen in the night sky that orbits
the earth about every twenty-nine days
moral - ad. concerning what is right or wrong in someone's actions
more - ad. greater in size or amount
morning - n. the early part of the day, from sunrise until noon
most - ad. greatest in size or amount
mother - n. the female parent; a woman who has a child or children
motion - n. a movement; a continuing change of position or place
mountain - n. a part of the earth's surface that rises high above
the area around it
mourn - v. to express or feel sadness
move - v. to change position; to put or keep in motion; to go
movement - n. the act of moving or a way of moving; a series of
acts or efforts to reach a goal
movie - n. a motion picture; a film
much - ad. great in amount
murder - v. to kill another person illegally; n. the crime of killing
another person
music - n. the making of sounds by singing or using a musical instrument
must - v. a word used with an action word to mean necessary ("You
must go to school.")
mystery - n. something that is not or cannot be explained or understood;
a secret
N
name - v. to appoint; to nominate; to give a name to; n. a word
by which a person, animal or thing is known or called
narrow - ad. limited in size or amount; not wide; having a short
distance from one side to the other
nation - n. a country, together with its social and political systems
native - n. someone who was born in a place, not one who moved there
natural - ad. of or about nature; normal; common to its kind
nature - n. all the plants, animals and other things on earth not
created by humans; events or processes not caused by humans
navy - n. the part of a country's military force trained to fight
at sea
near - ad. not far; close to
necessary - ad. needed to get a result or effect; required
need - v. to require; to want; to be necessary to have or to do
negotiate - v. to talk about a problem or situation to find a common
solution
neither - ad. not one or the other of two
neutral - ad. not supporting one side or the other in a dispute
never - ad. at no time; not ever
new - ad. not existing before; not known before; recently made,
built, bought or grown; another; different
news - n. information about any recent events, especially as reported
by the media
next - ad. coming immediately after; nearest
nice - ad. pleasing; good; kind
night - n. the time between when the sun goes down and when it rises,
when there is little or no light
no - ad. used to reject or to refuse; not any; not at all
noise - n. sound, especially when loud
nominate - v. to name someone as a candidate for an election; to
propose a person for an office or position
noon - n. the middle of the day; twelve o'clock in the daytime
normal - n. the usual condition, amount or form; ad. usual; what
is expected
north - n. the direction to the left of a person facing the rising
sun
not - ad. a word showing that something is denied or untrue ("She
is not going.")
note - v. to talk about something already known; n. a word or words
written to help a person remember; a short letter
nothing - n. not anything; no thing
now - ad. at this time; immediately
nowhere - ad. not in, to or at any place
nuclear - ad. of or about the energy produced by splitting atoms
or bringing them together; of or about weapons that explode by using
energy from atoms
number - n. a word or sign used to show the order or amount of things
O
obey - v. to act as one is ordered to act
object - v. to show that one does not like or approve; to protest;
n. something not alive that can be seen or touched
observe - v. to watch; to look at carefully; to celebrate or honor
something ("They will observe the anniversary of the day she
was born.")
occupy - v. to take and hold or to control by force
ocean - n. the area of salt water that covers almost seventy-five
percent of the earth's surface; any of the five main divisions of
this water
of - prep. made from; belonging to; about; connected to; included
among
off - ad. away; at a distance; condition when something is no longer
operating or continuing; not on; not connected
offensive - n. a military campaign of attack; ad. having to do with
attacking
offer - v. to present or propose; n. the act of presenting or proposing;
that which is presented or proposed
office - n. a room or building where business or work is done; a
public position to which one is elected or appointed
officer - n. a person in the military who commands others; any person
who is a member of a police force
official - n. a person with power in an organization; a representative
of an organization or government; ad. of or about an office; approved
by the government or someone in power
often - ad. many times
oil - n. a thick liquid that does not mix with water and that burns
easily; a black liquid taken from the ground and used as fuel
old - ad. not young or new; having lived or existed for many years
on - prep. above and held up by; touching the upper surface of ("The
book is on the table."); supported by ("He is on his feet.");
about ("The report on the meeting is ready."); at the
time of ("He left on Wednesday.")
once - ad. one time only
only - ad. being the single one or ones; no more than ("We
have only two dollars.")
open - v. to start ("They opened talks."); ad. not closed;
not secret
operate - v. to do work or a job; to cut into the body for medical
reasons
opinion - n. a belief based on one's own ideas and thinking
oppose - v. to be against; to fight against
opposite - ad. different as possible; completely different from;
exactly the other way ("North is the opposite direction from
south.")
oppress - v. to make others suffer; to control by the use of unjust
and cruel force or power
or - conj. giving another of two choices; giving the last of several
choices
orbit - v. to travel in space around a planet or other object; n.
the path or way an object travels in space around another object
or planet
order - v. to give a command; to tell someone what to do; n. a command;
the correct or normal way things are organized; a peaceful situation
in which people obey laws
organize - v. to put in order; to put together into a system
other - ad. different; of another kind; the remaining one or ones
of two or more ("That man is short; the other is tall.")
our - ad. of or belonging to us
oust - v. to force to leave; to remove by force
out - ad. away from the inside; opposite of in
over - conj. above; covering; across, in or on every part of ("all
over the world")
overthrow - v. to remove from power; to defeat or end by force
owe - v. to pay or have to repay (usually money) in return for something
received
own - v. to have or possess for oneself
P
pain - n. a hurt or suffering somewhere in the body
paint - v. to cover with a liquid color; to make a picture with
liquid colors; n. a colored liquid used to cover or protect a surface
pan - n. a metal container used for cooking
paper - n. a thin, flat material made from plants or cloth often
used for writing
parachute - n. a device that permits a person or thing to fall slowly
from an airplane or helicopter to the ground
parade - n. a group of people and vehicles moving together to celebrate
a special event or anniversary
pardon - v. to forgive for a crime and release from punishment
parent - n. a father or mother
parliament - n. a government lawmaking group
part - n. something less than the whole; not all of something
party - n. a group of people working together for a political purpose;
a group of people or friends gathered together for enjoyment
pass - v. to go by or move around something; to move along; to cause
or permit to go
passenger - n. a person travelling by airplane, train, boat or car
who is not the pilot or driver
passport - n. a document permitting a person to travel to another
country
past - n. the time gone by; the time before; ad. recent; immediately
before; former
path - n. a narrow way for walking; a way along which something
moves
patient - n. a person being treated by a doctor for a health problem
pay - v. to give money for work done or for something bought
peace - n. the condition of freedom from war, fighting or noise;
rest; quiet
people - n. any group of persons; all the persons of a group, race,
religion or nation ("the American people")
percent - n. a part of every hundred ("Ten is ten percent of
one hundred.")
perfect - ad. complete or correct in every way; completely right
or good; without mistakes
perform - v. to speak, dance or sing in front of others
period - n. an amount of time within events, restrictions or conditions
permanent - ad. never changing; lasting for a very long time or
for all time
permit - v. to let; to make possible
person - n. a man, woman or child
physical - ad. of the body
physics - n. the study of motion, matter and energy
picture - n. something that shows what another thing looks like;
an idea or representation of something as seen by the eye; a painting;
what is made with a camera
piece - n. a part of something larger
pig - n. a farm animal used for its meat
pilot - n. one who guides or flies an airplane or helicopter
pipe - n. a long, round piece of material used to move liquid or
gas
place - v. to put something somewhere; n. an area or a part of an
area; space where a person or thing is; any room, building, town
or country
plan - v. to organize or develop an idea or method of acting or
doing something ">("They plan to have a party.");
n. an organized or developed idea or method ("The plan will
not work.")
planet - n. a large object in space that orbits the sun ("Earth
is a planet.")
plant - v. to put into the ground to grow; n. a living growth from
the ground which gets its food from air, water and earth
plastic - n. a material made from chemicals that can be formed and
made into things
play - v. to have fun; to not work; to take part in a sport; to
make music on an instrument; n. a story acted in a theater
please - v. to make one happy; to give enjoyment
plenty - n. all that is needed; a large enough amount
plot - v. to make secret plans; n. a secret plan to do something
wrong or illegal
poem - n. words and their sounds organized in a special way to express
emotions
point - v. to aim one's finger toward; to aim; n. the sharp end
of something
poison - n. a substance that can destroy life or damage health
police - n. a government agency responsible for guarding the public,
keeping order, and making sure people obey the law; members of that
agency
policy - n. an established set of plans or goals used to develop
and make decisions in politics, economics or business
politics - n. the activities of government and of those who are
in public office
pollute - v. to release dangerous or unpleasant substances into
the air, soil or water
poor - n. people with little or no money; ad. lacking money or goods;
of bad quality
popular - ad. liked by many people; generally approved by the public
population - n. all the people in a place, city or country
port - n. a city where ships load or unload goods; a place on a
coast where ships can be safe from a storm
position - n. a place; the way of holding the body; the way a thing
is set or placed; a job (or level of a job) in an organization
possess - v. to have; to own; to control or be controlled by
possible - ad. able to be done; can happen or is expected to happen
postpone - v. to delay action until a later time
pour - v. to flow; to cause to flow
power - n. the ability to control or direct others; control; strength;
ruling force; force or energy used to do work ("Water power
turns the wheel.")
praise - v. to say good things about; to approve
pray - v. to make a request to a god or spirit; to praise a god
or spirit
pregnant - ad. carrying a child within the body before it is born;
expecting to give birth to a baby
present - v. to offer for consideration ("We will present our
idea to the committee."); n. a gift ("I gave them a present
for their anniversary."); now ("The present time is a
good time."); ad. to be at a place ("I was present at
school yesterday.")
president - n. the chief official of a country that is a republic;
the leader of an organization
press - v. to urge strongly; n. newspapers, magazines and other
publications
pressure - n. the force produced when something is pushed down or
against something else
prevent - v. to keep or stop from going or happening
price - n. the amount of money for which anything is bought, sold
or offered for sale
prison - n. a place where a person is kept as punishment for a crime
private - ad. of or about a person or group that is secret; opposite
public
prize - n. something offered or won in a competition; something
of value that one must work hard for to get
probably - ad. a good chance of taking place; a little more than
possible
problem - n. a difficult question or situation with an unknown or
unclear answer
process - n. an operation or series of changes leading to a desired
result
produce - v. to make; to create; to cause something to be; to manufacture
profession - n. a job that requires special training
professor - n. a teacher at a college or university
profit - n. money gained from a business activity after paying all
costs of that activity
program - n. a plan of action; the different events or parts of
a meeting or show
progress - n. movement forward or toward improvement or a goal
project - n. a planned effort to do something
propaganda - n. ideas or information used to influence opinions
property - n. anything owned by someone such as land, buildings
or goods
propose - v. to present or offer for consideration
protect - v. to guard; to defend; to prevent from being harmed or
damaged
protest - v. to speak against; to object
prove - v. to show to be true
provide - v. to give something needed or wanted
public - ad. of or about all the people in a community or country;
opposite private
publication - n. something that is published such as a book, newspaper
or magazine
publish - v. to make public something that is written; to include
something in a book, newspaper or magazine
pull - v. to use force to move something toward the person or thing
using the force; opposite push
pump - v. to force a gas or liquid up, into or through
punish - v. to cause pain, suffering or loss for doing something
bad or illegal
purchase - v. to buy with money or with something of equal value;
n. that which is bought
pure - ad. free from anything that is different or that reduces
value; clean
purpose - n. the reason or desired effect for doing something; goal
push - v. to use force to move something away from the person or
thing using the force; opposite pull
put - v. to place; to set in position
Q
quality - n. that which something is known to have or be ("An
important quality of steel is its strength."); amount of value
or excellence ("Their goods are of the highest quality.")
question - v. to ask; to express wonder or disbelief; n. a sentence
or word used in asking for information; a problem; an issue to be
discussed
quick - ad. fast
quiet - ad. with little or no noise; having little or no movement;
calm
R
race - v. to run; to take part in a competition to decide who or
what can move fastest; to take part in a campaign for political
office; n. one of the major groups that humans can be divided into
because of a common physical similarity, such as skin color
radar - n. a device that uses radio signals to learn the position
or speed of objects that may be too far away to be seen
radiation - n. waves of energy from something that produces heat
or light; energy from a nuclear substance, which can be dangerous
radio - n. the system of sending and receiving signals or sounds
through the air without wires
raid - v. to make a sudden attack; n. a sudden attack carried out
as an act of war, or for the purpose of seizing or stealing something
railroad - n. a road for trains; a company that operates such a
road and its stations and equipment
rain - n. water falling from the sky
raise - v. to lift up; to move to a higher position; to cause to
grow; to increase
rare - ad. not common; not usual; not often
rate - n. speed; a measure of how quickly or how often something
happens; the price of any thing or service that is bought or sold
reach - v. to put a hand toward; to arrive at; to come to
react - v. to act as a result of or in answer to
read - v. to look at and understand the meaning of written words
or numbers
ready - ad. prepared; completed; organized; willing
real - ad. true; truly existing; not false
realistic - ad. in agreement with the way things are
reason - n. the cause for a belief or act; purpose; something that
explains
reasonable - ad. ready to listen to reasons or ideas; not extreme;
ready or willing to compromise
rebel - v. to act against a government or power, often with force;
to refuse to obey; n. one who opposes or fights against the government
of his or her country
receive - v. to get or accept something given, offered or sent
recent - ad. a short time ago
recession - n. a temporary reduction in economic activity, when
industries produce less and many workers lose their jobs
recognize - v. to know or remember something or someone that was
known, known about or seen before; to accept another nation as independent
and establish diplomatic ties with its government
record - v. to write something in order to have it for future use;
to put sound or pictures in a form that can be kept and heard or
seen again; n. a writing that shows proof or facts about something
recover - v. to get again something that was lost, stolen or taken
away ("The police recovered the stolen money."); to return
to normal health or normal conditions She is expected to recover
from the operation.")
red - ad. having the color like that of blood
reduce - v. to make less or smaller in number, size or amount; to
cut
reform - v. to make better by changing; to improve; n. a change
to a better condition
refugee - n. a person who has been forced to flee because of unjust
treatment, danger or war
refuse - v. to reject; to not accept, give or do something
regret - n. a feeling of sadness or sorrow about something that
is done or that happens
reject - v. to refuse to accept, use or believe
relations - n. understandings or ties between nations; members of
the same family; people connected by marriage or family ties
release - v. to free; to permit to go; to permit to be known or
made public
religion - n. a belief in, or the honoring of, a god or gods
remain - v. to stay in a place after others leave; to stay the same
remains - n. a dead body
remember - v. to think about the past; opposite forget
remove - v. to take away or take off; to put an end to; to take
out of a position or office
repair - n. work done to fix something
repeat - v. to say or do again
report - v. to tell about; to give the results of a study or investigation;
n. the story about an event; the results of a study or investigation;
a statement in which the facts may not be confirmed
represent - v. to act in the place of someone else; to substitute
for; to serve as an example
repress - v. to control or to restrict freedoms by force
request - v. to ask for; n. the act of asking for
require - v. to need or demand as necessary
rescue - v. to free from danger or evil
research - n. a careful study to discover correct information
resign - v. to leave a position, job or office
resist - v. to oppose; to fight to prevent
resolution - n. an official statement of agreement by a group of
people, usually reached by voting
resource - n. anything of value that can be used or sold
responsible - ad. having a duty or job to do ("He is responsible
for preparing the report."); being the cause of ("They
were responsible for the accident.")
rest - v. to sit, lie down or sleep to regain strength; n. that
which remains; the others
restrain - v. to keep controlled; to limit action by a person or
group
restrict - v. to limit; to prevent from increasing or becoming larger
result - v. to happen from a cause; n. that which follows or is
produced by a cause; effect
retire - v. to leave a job or position because one is old or in
poor health
return - v. to go or come back; to bring, give, take or send back
revolt - v. to protest violently; to fight for a change, especially
of government
rice - n. a food grain
rich - ad. having much money or goods; having plenty of something
ride - v. to sit on or in and be carried along; to travel by animal,
wheeled vehicle, airplane or boat
right - n. what a person legally and morally should be able to do
or have ("It is their right to vote."); ad. agreeing with
the facts; good; correct; opposite wrong; on the side that is toward
the east when one is facing north; opposite left
riot - v. to act with many others in a violent way in a public place;
n. a violent action by a large group of people
rise - v. to go up; to go higher; to increase; to go from a position
of sitting or lying to a position of standing
risk - n. the chance of loss, damage or injury
river - n. a large amount of water that flows across land into another
river, a lake or an ocean
road - n. a long piece of hard ground built between two places so
people can walk, drive or ride easily from one place to the other
rob - v. to take money or property secretly or by force; to steal
rock - n. a hard piece of mineral matter
rocket - n. a device shaped like a tube that moves through air or
space by burning gases and letting them escape from the back or
bottom, sometimes used as a weapon
roll - v. to turn over and over; to move like a ball
room - n. a separate area within a building with its own walls
root - n. the part of a plant that is under the ground and takes
nutrients from the soil
rope - n. a long, thick piece of material made from thinner pieces
of material, used for tying
rough - ad. not flat or smooth; having an uneven surface; violent;
not made well
round - ad. having the shape of a ball or circle
rub - v. to move something over the surface of another thing
rubber - n. a substance made from the liquid of trees with the same
name, or a similar substance made from chemicals
ruin - v. to damage severely; to destroy
rule - v. to govern or control; to decide; n. a statement or an
order that says how something must be done
run - v. to move quickly by steps faster than those used for walking
S
sabotage - v. to damage or destroy as an act against an organization
or nation ("The rebels sabotaged the railroad.")
sacrifice - v. to do without something or to suffer a loss for a
belief, idea, goal or another person
sad - ad. not happy
safe - ad. away from harm or danger
sail - v. to travel by boat or ship
sailor - n. a person involved in sailing a boat or ship
salt - n. a white substance found in sea water and in the ground,
used to affect the taste of food
same - ad. not different; not changed; like another or others
sand - n. extremely small pieces of crushed rock found in large
amounts in deserts and on coasts
satellite - n. a small object in space that moves around a larger
object; an object placed in orbit around the earth
satisfy - v. to give or provide what is desired, needed or demanded
save - v. to make safe; to remove from harm; to keep for future
use
say - v. to speak; to express in words
school - n. a place for education; a place where people go to learn
science - n. the study of nature and the actions of natural things,
and the knowledge gained about them
sea - n. a large area of salt water, usually part of an ocean
search - v. to look for carefully
season - n. one of the four periods of the year that is based on
the earth's position toward the sun (spring, summer, autumn, winter);
a period of time based on different weather conditions ("dry
season", "rainy season"); a period during the year
when something usually happens ("baseball season")
seat - n. a thing to sit on; a place to sit or the right to sit
there ("a seat in parliament")
second - ad. the one that comes after the first
secret - n. something known only to a few and kept from general
knowledge; ad. hidden from others; known only to a few
security - n. freedom from danger or harm; protection; measures
necessary to protect a person or place ("Security was increased
in the city.")
see - v. to know or sense through the eyes; to understand or know
seed - n. the part of a plant from which new plants grow
seek(ing) - v. to search for ("They are seeking a cure for
cancer."); to try to get ("She is seeking election to
public office."); to plan to do ("Electric power companies
are seeking to reduce their use of coal.")
seem - v. to appear to be ("She seems to be in good health.")
seize - v. to take quickly by force; to take control of quickly;
to arrest
self - n. all that which makes one person different from others
sell - v. to give something in exchange for money
Senate - n. the smaller of the two groups in the governments of
some countries, such as in the United States Congress
send - v. to cause to go; to permit to go; to cause to be carried,
taken or directed to or away from a place
sense - v. to come to know about by feeling, believing or understanding;
n. any of the abilities to see, hear, taste, smell or feel
sentence - v. to declare the punishment for a crime; n. the punishment
for a crime
separate - v. to set or keep people, things or ideas away from or
independent from others; ad. not together or connected; different
series - n. a number of similar things or events that follow one
after another in time, position or order
serious - ad. important; needing careful consideration; dangerous
serve - v. to work as an official; to be employed by the government;
to assist or help
service - n. an organization or system that provides something for
the public ("Schools and roads are services paid for by taxes.");
a job that an organization or business can do for money; military
organizations such as an army, navy or air force; a religious ceremony
set - v. to put in place or position; to establish a time, price
or limit
settle - v. to end (a dispute); to agree about (a problem); to make
a home in a new place
several - ad. three or more, but not many
severe - ad. not gentle; causing much pain, sadness or damage
sex - n. either the male or female group into which all people and
animals are divided because of their actions in producing young;
the physical activity by which humans and animals can produce young
shake - v. to move or cause to move in short, quick movements
shape - v. to give form to; n. the form of something, especially
how it looks
share - v. to give part of something to another or others; n. a
part belonging to, given to or owned by a single person or a group;
any one of the equal parts of ownership of a business or company
sharp - ad. having a thin edge or small point that can cut or hurt;
causing hurt or pain
she - pro. the girl or woman who is being spoken about
sheep - n. a farm animal used for its meat and hair
shell - v. to fire artillery; n. a metal container that is fired
from a large gun and explodes when it reaches its target; a hard
outside cover
shelter - v. to protect or give protection to; n. something that
gives protection; a place of safety
shine - v. to aim a light; to give bright light; to be bright; to
clean to make bright
ship - v. to transport; n. a large boat
shock - v. to cause to feel sudden surprise or fear; n. something
that greatly affects the mind or emotions; a powerful shake, as
from an earthquake
shoe - n. a covering for the foot
shoot - v. to cause a gun or other weapon to send out an object
designed to kill; to use a gun
short - ad. lasting only for a small period of time; not long; opposite
tall
should - v. used with another verb (action word) to show responsibility
("We should study."), probability ("The talks should
begin soon."), or that something is believed to be a good idea
("Criminals should be punished.")
shout - v. to speak very loudly
show - v. to make something be seen; to make known; n. a play or
story presented in a theater, or broadcast on radio or television,
for enjoyment or education; something organized to be seen by the
public
shrink - v. to make or become less in size, weight or value
sick - ad. suffering physically or mentally with a disease or other
problem; not in good health
sickness - n. the condition of being in bad health
side - n. the outer surfaces of an object that are not the top or
bottom; parts away from the middle; either the right or left half
of the body
sign - v. to write one's name; n. a mark or shape used to mean something;
evidence that something exists or will happen; a flat piece of material
with writing that gives information
signal - v. to send a message by signs; n. an action or movement
that sends a message
silence - v. to make quiet; to stop from speaking or making noise;
n. a lack of noise or sound
silver - n. a valued white metal
similar - ad. like something else but not exactly the same
simple - ad. easy to understand or do; not difficult or complex
since - prep. from a time in the past until now ("I have known
her since we went to school together.")
sing - v. to make music sounds with the voice
single - ad. one only
sink - v. to go down into water or other liquid
sister - n. a female with the same father or mother as another person
sit - v. to rest on the lower part of the body without the support
of the legs; to become seated
situation - n. the way things are during a period of time
size - n. the space occupied by something; how long, wide or high
something is
skeleton - n. all the bones of a human or other animal together
in their normal positions
skill - n. the ability gained from training or experience
skin - n. the outer covering of humans and most animals
sky - n. the space above the earth
slave - n. a person owned or controlled by another
sleep - v. to rest the body and mind with the eyes closed
slide - v. to move smoothly over a surface
slow - v. to reduce the speed of; ad. not fast in moving, talking
or other activities
small - ad. little in size or amount; few in number; not important;
opposite large
smash - v. to break or be broken into small pieces by force; to
hit or move with >force
smell - v. to sense through the nose; n. something sensed by the
nose ("the smell of food cooking")
smoke - v. to use cigarettes or other tobacco products by burning
them and breathing in the smoke; n. that which can be seen rising
into the air like a cloud from something burning
smooth - ad. having a level surface; opposite rough
snow - n. soft, white pieces of frozen water that fall from the
sky, usually in winter or when the air temperature is very cold
so - ad. in such a way that ("He held the flag so all could
see it."); also; too ("She left early, and so did we.");
very ("I am so sick."); as a result ("They were sick,
so they could not come."); conj. in order that; for the purpose
of ("Come early so we can discuss the plans.")
social - ad. of or about people or a group
soft - ad. not hard; easily shaped; pleasing to touch; not loud
soil - n. earth in which plants grow
soldier - n. a person in the army
solid - ad. having a hard shape with no empty spaces inside; strong;
not in the form of a liquid or gas
solve - v. to find an answer; to settle
some - ad. of an amount or number or part not stated; not all
son - n. a person's male child
soon - ad. not long after the present time; quickly
sort - n. any group of people or things that are the same or are
similar in some way; a kind of something
sound - n. fast-moving waves of energy that affect the ear and result
in hearing; that which is heard
south - n. the direction to the right of a person facing the rising
sun
space - n. the area outside the earth's atmosphere where the sun,
moon, planets and stars are; the area between or inside things
speak - v. to talk; to say words with the mouth; to express one's
thoughts to others and exchange ideas; to give a speech to a group
special - ad. of a different or unusual kind; not for general use;
better or more important than others of the same kind
speech - n. a talk given to a group of people
speed - v. to make something go or move faster; n. the rate at which
something moves or travels; the rate at which something happens
or is done
spend - v. to give as payment; to use ("He spends much time
studying.")
spill - v. to cause or permit liquid to flow out, usually by accident
spirit - n. the part of a human that is not physical and is connected
to thoughts and emotions; the part of a person that is believed
to remain alive after death
split - v. to separate into two or more parts; to divide or break
into parts
sport - n. any game or activity of competition involving physical
effort or skill
spread - v. to become longer or wider; to make or become widely
known
spring - n. the time of the year between winter and summer
spy - v. to steal or get information secretly; n. one who watches
others secretly; a person employed by a government to get secret
information about another country
square - n. a flat shape having four equal sides
stab - v. to cut or push into or through with a pointed weapon
stand - v. to move into or be in a position in which only the feet
are on a surface; to be in one position or place
star - n. a mass of gas that usually appears as a small light in
the sky at night, but is not a planet; a famous person, usually
an actor or singer
start - v. to begin; to make something begin
starve - v. to suffer or die from a lack of food
state - v. to say; to declare; n. a political part of a nation
station - n. a place of special work or purpose ("a police
station"); a place where passengers get on or off trains or
buses; a place for radio or television broadcasts
statue - n. a form of a human, animal or other creature usually
made of stone, wood or metal
stay - v. to continue to be where one is; to remain; to not leave;
to live for a time ("They stayed in New York for two years.")
steal - v. to take without permission or paying
steam - n. the gas that comes from hot water
steel - n. iron made harder and stronger by mixing it with other
substances
step - v. to move by lifting one foot and placing it in a new position;
n. the act of stepping; one of a series of actions designed to reach
a goal
stick - v. to attach something to another thing using a substance
that will hold them together; to become fixed in one position so
that movement is difficult ("Something is making the door stick.");
n. a thin piece of wood
still - ad. not moving ("The man was standing still.");
until the present or a stated time ("Was he still there?");
even so; although ("The job was difficult, but she still wanted
to do it.")
stone - n. a small piece of rock
stop - v. to prevent any more movement or action; to come or bring
to an end
store - v. to keep or put away for future use; n. a place where
people buy things
storm - n. violent weather, including strong winds and rain or snow
story - n. the telling or writing of an event, either real or imagined
stove - n. a heating device used for cooking
straight - ad. continuing in one direction without turns
strange - ad. unusual; not normal; not known
street - n. a road in a city, town or village
stretch - v. to extend for a distance; to pull on to make longer
or wider
strike - v. to hit with force; to stop work as a way to seek better
conditions, more pay or to make other demands
strong - ad. having much power; not easily broken, damaged or destroyed
structure - n. the way something is built, made or organized; a
system that is formed or organized in a special way; a building
struggle - v. to try with much effort; to fight with; n. a great
effort; a fight
study - v. to make an effort to gain knowledge by using the mind;
to examine carefully
stupid - ad. not able to learn much; not intelligent
subject - n. the person or thing being discussed, studied or written
about
submarine - n. an underwater ship
substance - n. the material of which something is made (a solid,
liquid or gas)
substitute - v. to put or use in place of another; n. a person or
thing put or used in place of another
subversion - n. an attempt to weaken or destroy a political system
or government, usually secretly
succeed - v. to reach a goal or thing desired; to produce a planned
result
such - ad. of this or that kind; of the same kind as; similar to
sudden - ad. not expected; without warning; done or carried out
quickly or without preparation
suffer - v. to feel pain in the body or mind; to receive or experience
hurt or sadness
sugar - n. a sweet substance made from liquids taken from plants
suggest - v. to offer or propose something to think about or consider
summer - n. the warmest time of the year, between spring and autumn
sun - n. the huge star in the sky that provides heat and light to
earth
supervise - v. to direct and observe the work of others
supply - v. to give; to provide; n. the amount of something that
can be given or sold to others
support - v. to carry the weight of; to hold up or in position;
to agree with others and help them reach a goal; to approve
suppose - v. to believe, think or imagine ("I suppose you are
right."); to expect ("It is supposed to rain tonight.")
suppress - v. to put down or to keep down by force; to prevent information
from being known publicly
sure - ad. very probable; with good reason to believe; true without
question
surface - n. the outer side or top of something ("The rocket
landed on the surface of the moon.")
surplus - n. an amount that is more than is needed; extra; ("That
country has a trade surplus. It exports more than it imports.")
surprise - v. to cause a feeling of wonder because something is
not expected; n. something not expected; the feeling caused by something
not expected
surrender - v. to give control of oneself or one's property to another
or others; to stop fighting and admit defeat
surround - v. to form a circle around; to be in positions all around
someone or something
survive - v. to remain alive during or after a dangerous situation
suspect - v. to imagine or believe that a person is guilty of something
bad or illegal; n. a person believed to be guilty
suspend - v. to cause to stop for a period of time
swallow - v. to take into the stomach through the mouth
swear in - v. to put an official into office by having him or her
promise to carry out the duties of that office ("The chief
justice will swear in the president.")
sweet - ad. tasting pleasant, like sugar
swim - v. to move through water by making motions with the arms
and legs
sympathy - n. a sharing of feelings or emotions with another person,
usually feelings of sadness
system - n. a method of organizing or doing something by following
rules or a plan; a group of connected things or parts working together
for a common purpose or goal
T
take - v. to put a hand or hands around something and hold it, often
to move it to another place; to carry something ; to seize; to capture;
to begin to be in control ("The president takes office tomorrow.")
talk - v. to express thoughts in spoken words; n. a meeting for
discussion
tall - ad. higher than others; opposite short
tank - n. a large container for holding liquids; a heavy military
vehicle with guns
target - n. any person or object aimed at or fired at
taste - v. to sense through the mouth ("The fruit tastes sweet.")
tax - n. the money a person or business must pay to the government
so the government can provide services
tea - n. a drink made from the plant of the same name
teach - v. to show how to do something; to provide knowledge; to
cause to understand
team - n. a group organized for some purpose, often for sports
tear - v. to pull apart, often by force
tears - n. the fluid that comes out of the eyes while crying
technical - ad. involving machines, processes and materials in industry,
transportation and communications; of or about a very special kind
of subject or thing ("You need technical knowledge to understand
how this system works.")
technology - n. the use of scientific knowledge and methods to produce
goods and services
telephone - n. a device or system for sending sounds, especially
the voice, over distances
telescope - n. a device for making objects that are far away appear
closer and larger
television - n. a device that receives electronic signals and makes
them into pictures and sounds; the system of sending pictures and
sounds by electronic signals over a distance so others can see and
hear them on a receiver
tell - v. to give information; to make known by speaking; to order;
to command
temperature - n. the measurement of heat and cold
temporary - ad. lasting only a short time
tense - ad. having fear or concern; dangerous; opposite calm
term - n. a limited period of time during which someone does a job
or carries out a responsibility ("He served two terms in Congress.");
the conditions of an agreement that have been accepted by those
involved in it
terrible - ad. very bad; causing terror or fear
territory - n. a large area of land
terror - n. extreme fear; that which causes great fear
terrorist - n. a person who carries out acts of extreme violence
as a protest or a way to influence a government
test - v. to attempt to learn or prove what something is like or
how it will act by studying or doing ("The scientists will
test the new engine soon."); n. an attempt to learn or prove
what something is like or how it will act by studying or doing ("The
test of the new engine takes place today."); a group of questions
or problems used to find out a person's knowledge ("The students
did well on the language test.")
than - conj. connecting word used to link things that may be similar,
but are not equal ("My sister is taller than I am.")
thank - v. to say that one has a good feeling toward another because
that person did something kind ("I want to thank you for helping
me.")
that - ad. showing the person, place or thing being spoken about
("That man is a soldier."); pro. the person, place or
thing being spoken about ("The building that I saw was very
large.")
the - pro. used in front of a name word to show that it is a person
or thing that is known about or is being spoken about
theater - n. a place where movies are shown or plays are performed
them - pro. other people being spoken about
then - ad. at that time; existing; and so
theory - n. a possible explanation of why something exists or how
something happens using experiments or ideas, but which is not yet
proven ("Other scientists are debating his theory about the
disappearance of dinosaurs.")
there - ad. in that place or position; to or toward that place
these - pro. of or about the people, places or things nearby that
have been spoken about already
they - pro. those ones being spoken about
thick - ad. having a large distance between two opposite surfaces
("The wall is two meters thick."); having many parts close
together ("The forest is very thick."); almost solid,
such as a liquid that does not flow easily; opposite thin
thin - ad. having a small distance between two opposite surfaces;
not fat; not wide; opposite thick
thing - n. any object
think - v. to produce thoughts; to form ideas in the mind; to consider;
to believe
third - ad. coming after two others
this - pro. of or about the person, place or thing nearby that has
been spoken about already
threaten - v. to warn that one will do harm or cause damage
through - prep. in at one end and out at the other; from front to
back; from top to bottom; with the help of; by
throw - v. to cause to go through the air by a movement of the arm
tie - v. to join or hold together with some material; n. anything
that joins or unites; links or connections ("The two nations
have strong trade ties.")
time - n. that which is measured in minutes, hours, days and years;
a period that can be identified in hours and minutes and is shown
on a clock; a period when an event should or will take place
tired - ad. having less strength because of work or exercise; needing
sleep or rest
to - prep. showing the direction of an action; showing the person
or place toward which an action is directed; showing a goal or purpose
today - n. this day
together - ad. in one group; at the same time or place; in cooperation
tomorrow - n. the day after today
tonight - n. this night
too - ad. also; as well as; more than is necessary
tool - n. any instrument or device designed to help one do work
top - n. the upper edge or surface; the highest part; the cover
of something
torture - v. to cause severe pain; n. the act of causing severe
pain in order to harm, to punish or to get information from
total - n. the complete amount
touch - v. to put the hand or fingers on
toward - prep. in the direction of; leading to
town - n. a center where people live, larger than a village but
not as large as a city
trade - v. to buy and sell or exchange products or services; n.
the activity of buying, selling or exchanging products or services
tradition - n. a ceremony, activity or belief that has existed for
a long time
traffic - n. the movement of people, vehicles or ships along a street,
road or waterway
tragic - ad. extremely sad; terrible
train - v. to teach or learn how to do something; to prepare for
an activity; n. an engine and the cars connected to it that move
along a railroad
transport - v. to move goods or people from one place to another
transportation - n. the act or business of moving goods or people
trap - v. to catch or be caught by being tricked; to be unable to
move or escape; n. a device used to catch animals
travel - v. to go from one place to another, usually for a long
distance
treason - n. the act of fighting against one's own country or of
helping its enemies
treasure - n. a large collection of money, jewels or other things
of great value
treat - v. to deal with; to act toward in a special way; to try
to cure
treatment - n. the act of treating; the use of medicine to try to
cure or make better
treaty - n. a written agreement between two or more nations
tree - n. a very tall plant that is mostly wood, except for its
leaves
trial - n. an examination in a court of a question or dispute to
decide if a charge is true
tribe - n. a group of families ruled by a common chief or leader
trick - v. to cheat; to fool a person so as to get something or
make him or her do something
trip - n. a movement from one place to another, usually a long distance
troops - n. a number of soldiers in a large controlled group
trouble - n. that which causes concern, fear, difficulty or problems
truce - n. a temporary halt in fighting agreed to by all sides involved
truck - n. a heavy vehicle used to carry goods
true - ad. correct; not false
trust - v. to believe that someone is honest and will not cause
harm
try - v. to make an effort; to take court action against a person
to decide if he or she is guilty or innocent of a crime
tube - n. a long, round structure through which liquids or gases
can flow; a long, thin container in which they can be kept
turn - v. to change direction; to move into a different position;
to change color, form or shape
U
under - prep. below; below the surface of; less than; as called
for by a law, agreement or system ("The river flows under the
bridge." "Such action is not permitted under the law.")
understand - v. to know what is meant; to have knowledge of
unite - v. to join together
universe - n. all of space, including planets and stars
university - n. a place of education that usually includes several
colleges and research organizations
unless - conj. except if it happens; on condition that ("I
will not go, unless the rain stops.")
until - conj. up to a time; before
up - ad. to, in or at a higher position or value
urge - v. to advise strongly; to make a great effort to get someone
to do something
urgent - ad. needing an immediate decision or action
us - pro. the form of the word "we" used after a preposition
("He said he would write to us.") or used as an object
of a verb ("They saw us yesterday.")
use - v. to employ for a purpose; to put into action
usual - ad. as is normal or common; as is most often done, seen
or heard
V
valley - n. a long area of land between higher areas of land
value - n. the quality of being useful, important or desired; the
amount of money that could be received if something is sold
vegetable - n. a plant grown for food
vehicle - n. anything on or in which a person or thing can travel
or be transported, especially anything on wheels; a car or truck
version - n. the form of something with different details than earlier
or later forms
very - ad. extremely ("He was very late.")
veto - v. to reject or refuse to approve
vicious - ad. bad; dangerous; showing harm or hate
victim - n. someone or something that is injured, killed or made
to suffer; someone who is tricked
victory - n. a success in a fight or competition
village - n. a very small town
violate - v. to fail to obey or honor; to break (an agreement)
violence - n. the use of force to cause injury, death or damage
visit - v. to go to or come to a place for a short time for friendly
or business reasons
voice - n. the sound made by creatures, especially humans, for speaking
volcano - n. a hill or mountain around a hole in the earth's surface
that can explode, sending hot, melted rock and ash into the air
vote - v. to choose a candidate in an election; n. a choice or decision
expressed by the voice, by hand or by writing
W
wages - n. money received for work done
wait - v. to delay acting; to postpone
walk - v. to move by putting one foot in front of the other
wall - n. the side of a room or building formed by wood, stone or
other material; a structure sometimes used to separate areas of
land
want - v. to desire; to wish for; to need
war - n. fighting between nations, or groups in a nation, using
weapons
warm - ad. almost hot; having or feeling some heat
warn - v. to tell of possible danger; to advise or inform about
something bad that may happen
wash - v. to make clean, usually with water
waste - v. to spend or use without need or care; to make bad use
of; n. a spending of money, time or effort with no value gained
or returned; something thrown away as having no value; the liquid
and solid substances that result from body processes and are passed
out of the body
watch - v. to look at; to observe closely; to look and wait for
water - n. the liquid that falls from the sky as rain or is found
in lakes, rivers and oceans
wave - v. to move or cause to move one way and the other, as a flag
in the wind; to signal by moving the hand one way and the other;
n. a large mass of water that forms and moves on the surface of
a lake or ocean
way - n. a path on land or sea or in the air; how something is done;
method
we - pro. two or more people, including the speaker or writer ("He
and I will go together, and we will return together.")
weak - ad. having little power; easily broken, damaged or destroyed;
opposite strong
wealth - n. a large amount of possessions, money or other things
of value
weapon - n. anything used to cause injury or to kill during an attack,
fight or war
wear - v. to have on the body, as clothes
weather - n. the condition of the atmosphere resulting from sun,
wind, rain, heat or cold
week - n. a period of time equal to seven days
weigh - v. to measure how heavy someone or something is
welcome - v. to express happiness or pleasure when someone arrives
or something develops
well - ad. in a way that is good or pleasing; in good health; n.
a hole in the ground where water, gas or oil can be found
west - n. the direction in which the sun goes down
wet - ad. covered with water or other liquid; not dry
what - pro. used to ask about something or to ask for information
about something ("What is this?"); ad. which or which
kind ("He wants to know what you would like to drink.")
wheat - n. a grain used to make bread; the plant that produces the
grain
wheel - n. a round structure that turns around a center
when - ad. at what time; at any time ("When will she come home?");
conj. during or at the time ("I studied hard when I was in
school.")
where - ad., conj. at, to or in what place ("Where is his house?"
"The house where he lives is in the old part of the city.")
which - pro. used to ask about what one or what ones of a group
of things or people ("Which program do you like best?"
"Which students will take the test?")
while - n. a space of time ("Please come to my house for a
while."); conj. at or during the same time ("It may not
be a good idea to eat while you are running.")
white - ad. having the color like that of milk or snow
who - pro. what or which person or persons that ("Who wants
to go?"); the person or persons ("They are the ones who
want to go.")
whole - ad. the complete amount; all together; not divided; not
cut into pieces
why - ad. for what cause or reason ("Why did she do it?");
conj. the reason for which ("I do not know why she did it.")
wide - ad. having a great distance from one side to the other; not
limited
wife - n. a woman who is married
wild - ad. living and growing in natural conditions and not organized
or supervised by humans; angry; uncontrolled
will - v. a word used with action words to show future action ("They
will hold talks tomorrow.")
willing - ad. being ready or having a desire to ("They are
willing to talk about the problem.")
win - v. to gain a victory; to defeat another or others in a competition,
election or battle
wind - n. a strong movement of air
window - n. an opening in a wall to let in light and air, usually
filled with glass
winter - n. the coldest time of year, between autumn and spring
wire - n. a lofg, thin piece of metal used to hang objects or to
carry electricity or electronic communications from one place to
another
wise - ad. having much knowledge and understanding; able to use
knowledge and understanding to make good or correct decisions
wish - v. to want; to express a desire for
with - prep. along or by the side of; together; using ("He
fixed it with a tool."); having ("the house with the red
door")
withdraw - v. to take or move out, away or back; to remove
without - prep. with no; not having or using; free from; not doing
woman - n. an adult female human
wonder - v. to ask oneself; to question ("She wonders if it
is true."); n. a feeling of surprise
wonderful - ad. causing wonder; especially good
wood - n. the solid material of which trees are made
word - n. one or more connected sounds that form a single part of
a language
work - v. to use physical or mental effort to make or do something;
n. the effort used to make or to do something; that which needs
effort; the job one does to earn money
world - n. the earth; the people who live on the earth
worry - v. to be concerned; to continue thinking that something,
possibly bad, can happen
worse - ad. more bad than
worth - n. value measured in money
wound - v. to injure; to hurt; to cause physical damage to a person
or animal; n. an injury to the body of a human or animal in which
the skin is usually cut or broken
wreck - v. to damage greatly; to destroy; n. anything that has been
badly damaged or broken
wreckage - n. what remains of something severely damaged or destroyed
write - v. to use an instrument to make words appear on a surface,
such as paper
wrong - ad. not correct; bad; not legal; opposite right
Y
year - n. a period of time equal to twelve months
yellow - ad. having the color like that of gold or the sun
yes - ad. used to express agreement or to permit
yesterday - n. the day before today
yet - ad. at some time before now ("Have they arrived yet?");
now; at this time ("I cannot tell you about it yet.");
conj. however ("The sun was shining, yet it was cold.")
you - pro. the person or persons being spoken to
young - ad. in the early years of life; not old
Z
zero - n. the number meaning none or nothing
zoo - n. a place where animals are kept for the public to look at
and study
VOA的时间,频道,小常识和频率表
52en.com 380 11-26
VOA——Voice Of America，作为世界上最大的新闻广播机构之一，多年来，它的英语节目如“一部活的教科书”，帮助全球各地的英语学习者掌握现代英语的发展动向，培养准确连贯的英语语感，学习地道的英语语言。下面我们将把VOA的英文广播的精彩时空展现在你面前，领你进入“原汁原味”美语世界。
一、VOA Special English (特别英语)节目评价
1.1. 背景提示：
Special English又叫“慢速英语”，是VOA电台专为全世界非英语国家的初学英语的听众安排的一种简易、规范的英语广播节目。它始于50年代末，是VOA电台的专家们研究如何与世界各地的英语学习者时行交际的产物，开播之后迅速覆盖全球，在世界广泛内产生了广泛影响。
30多年来，VOA对Special English作了大量研究，目前，它的播音速度、内容及用词范围都有规定，达到了既能为听众提供信息又不损害英语本身风格的目的，使之成为VOA独具特色，拥有最大量听众的节目。
概括起来， Special English 特别于以下三点。
☆词汇量较严格地限定在美国人最常用的1500个基本单词内。
☆句式简单，清晰。
☆语速约为90 words/min，即2/3的Standard English速度。
1.2 Special English两大营地：新闻节目 News Programs 专题节目Feature
Programs
1.2.1. Special English的新闻广播向听众提供全球的政治、经济、军事、外交、国际关系、宗教、天气以及各种重大事件和珍闻奇事等各个方面的信息。每次节目长约十分钟，播十条左右的新闻，总词汇1000左右，新闻单长1～2分钟。除头条新闻外，每条新闻都由一个电头引导，结构分明，条理清晰，适宜初学者。节目结束之前，播音员常常用三、四句话重播其中三条新闻的提要，以加深听众印象。慢速新闻每天向东南亚地区广播五次，朝二暮三，每逢半点准时派送。
1.2.2专题节目具体又可分A：每五种一次的专题 B：每十五分钟一次的专题A档的具体内容安排在Special
English新闻节目之后或B档节目之前，每周七次，其中：A-1. Science Report(科学报道)逢Mon. Wen.
Fri.播出，每天六遍；A-2. Agriculture Report逢Tue. Thu. 播出，每天六遍；A-3.Words
And Their Stories逢Sat. Sun.播出，每天五遍。
A-1. Science Report(科学报告)
这一专题节目每周向听众介绍三篇有关现代科学技术最新发展情况的报道，涉及Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy,
Geography, Biology, Environmental Science, Philosophy, Medicine,
Computer等方面，适宜理工科大学生和科技工作者收集信息，积累资料，学习科技英语。
A-2. Agriculture Report(农业报道)
这是一个为农业科技工作者和生产者安排的一个专题。它专门报道世界各国，尤其是美国现代化农业生产的最新成就，报道科学家对农业生产某一方面的研究进展，以及他们对影响农业生产的某一自然现象进行分析和研究的近况。
A-3.Words And Their Stories(词语掌故)
这一专题节目旨在向学习英语的听众介绍美国英语中生动有趣的词语和惯用法，并从科学研究和通俗词源学的角度来解释它们的含义、产生的背景以及在使用过程中的演变情况等，以讲故事的形式讲解每一个词语，这是VOA的一个金牌节目，是学习英语的极好材料。通过收听，你不仅可以学到娓娓动听的掌故和地道的美语，还能增加对美国的社会文化背景知识、历史传统与现状的了解。B档节目中有七个不同的小专题，以星期为单位循环，每天分为四次重复播出一个专题，但Sun.和Sat.的每个专题每晚只播三遍，每次约15分钟，安排在A档节目之后播出。
B-1. People in America(美国人物志)
每逢Sun.播出的有关美国历史名人的节目，向您介绍在美国历史上产生过重大影响的各界人物。形式一般为生平事迹的简述，对个人贡献的评价，十分类似于人物小传，对于特别重要的人，有时需用几期节目才能概览其一生，因此需坚持收听，才能形成完整印象。
B-2. This is America(今日美国)
向您介绍美国人的学习、生活、工作、娱乐情况是英语学习者了解美国社会的一个窗口。每逢Mon.播出。
B-3. Science in the News(科学新闻)
这一专题主要对新近的科技新闻进行综述或摘要广播，向您介绍世界各国在自然、医学、疾病、原子能、航天等方面的科研动态成果，突破性进展，涉及到当今世界人们普遍关心的各大问题。每逢Tue.播出。
B-4. Space and Man(太空与人)
该专题涉及人类遨游太空、探索原子、研究自身、改造自然的现代科技，也报道发展中国家开发新资源、利用新工艺等方面的成就。该节目一般安排一段时间播一个系列，每次播一个主题，以便将某项新技术的研究及应用的全过程介绍给听众，逢Wen.播出。
B-5. The Making of a Nation(建国史话)
这一专题向听众介绍USA从十三个殖民地区域到现代工业国的孕育、诞生以及形成超级大国的历史过程，并以历史为线索，特定的历史时期为单位，以重大的历史事件为主题来叙述各个党派、各届总统和政府的历史作用与贡献，坚持收听这个系列节目，十分有助于你了解美国历史，逢Thur.播出。
B-6.American Mosaic（美国万花筒）
这是一个典型的radio magazine节目，题材广泛，内容丰富，展示着美国社会轻松愉快的生活画面。每次有三到五个小节目，涉及音乐、图书、技术和教育等方面的内容，即有优美的歌曲，又有丰富有趣的美国社会生活常识。
B-7. American Stories(美国故事)
每星期六晚上播出，是个美国文学的“窗口”，让你接触到各种流派，各类名家的文学作品，了解美国英语的时代特色，欣赏、学习美国人民学习语言的技巧，并从佳作名篇中获得艺术享受。短篇故事一次播一篇，对中、长篇则先进行简写加工，再分几次播出全文。
二、VOA Standard English(标准英语)
2.1. 背景提示：
Standard English是美国人日常使用的规范用语，其播音速度不低于140 words/min.词汇量4000以上，句子较长、结构复杂、内容详实。因此，收听难度明显高于special
English. VOA的环球英语广播主要是标准英语节目，我国广大地区每日均可收到近十二小时的节目，与special English一样，Standard
English也分为News和Feature Programs两大类。
2.2. Standard English两大营地：News Program / Feature Programs
2.2.1. News Program
VOA的“标准英语”新闻按其题材范围和播出顺序分为国际新闻（The Latest world News）、经济金融新闻(Economic
And Financial News)、体育新闻(Sports News)、要闻选播(Top News Stories Of The
Hour)等。
A. The Latest World News这是Standard English中最为重要的节目，每逢整点都要播出，每次约10分种，词汇
量1500左右，播出约12条新闻，语言结构比Special English的新闻更为固定，首先播音员以报时和报节目开头：It’s
(how many) hours of Greenwich Mean Time and hereis the news from
the Voice Of America.接着是一小段固定音乐，其后播音员自报姓名，“This is (who) reporting
from Washington.”往下便是新闻正文，正文播完后，用“These are the hour’s news headlines.”这句话引播3至4条一句话新闻后。用“That’s
the news from the Voice Of America. I am (who).”结尾。一般新闻播至一半时，播音员总要用“You
are listening to the Voice Of America”来报台名，提醒刚刚打开的radio的听众。
B. Economic And Financial News
常将商业新闻包括在内，大都紧接某些专题节目之后播出，约2分钟。该节目报道世界各大股票交易市场的主要指数行情，股票交易额，各主要货币对美元的买卖价格及黄金市场情况等。
C. Sport News
亦是新闻广播中不可缺少的经典元素，通常在B之后播出，每次约1～2分钟。主要报道世界各种大型体育赛事，包括冠军、团体总分以及运动员之间、代表队之间具体比分等。
D. Top News Stories of the Hour
在C之后播出，长约2分钟，播出3～5条在当时被编辑确定为最重要的新闻，涉及到事件的最新发展与动态。
E. One-sentence News.
VOA电台一种见缝插针的播音方法，单刀直入，简明扼要，通常一句话一条新闻，平均下来每条新闻也就几秒钟。
2.2.2. Feature Programs
Standard English中的专题节目也叫定期专题节目Regular Features.顾名思义，它们在固定的时间内播出。与新闻相比较，各类专题节目的选题较为固定，但内容更为生动详尽，剖析更为深刻。多采用播放现场录音或直播的方式进行，播音间歇毫无限制，而是由总的意念带动说话，随着情感的起伏自由处理，甚至有时急不择言，一气呵成，有的地方边说边想，似断似续，有的地方则畅如行云流水，轻声慢语，使听众感到十分亲切。在报道中，各地记者的电话录音和发音都不如播音员清晰纯正，被采访者大都能说英语，不乏南腔北调，这样也就增加了初学者的收听难度，但也正是因为该原因，VOA的Regular
Features成为不可多得的听力训练材料。
A. Daily Features 每日专题
A-1. VOA Morning.
在每小时的广播中，这是个收尾节目。由于每小时中其它节目时间长短不一，因此本节目有长有短，可分为十五、二十、三十和五十分钟一次的四种，内容极为丰富，涉及社会生活的方方面面。另外，这一节目统称“VOA
Morning”,但每天的实际广播中，播音员都在VOA与Morning之间加上星期几这样的单词，因此，你实际听到的是VOA Saturday
Morning之类的节目名。
A-2. VOA Editorial(电台社论)
每天一次，是VOA每天对东亚区广播的最后一个节目，每天22:55(Beijing Standard Time-BST)播出，每次三至五分钟，每篇社论都以“An
Editorial reflecting the views of the United States Government.”这句话开始，通常是对当天某一重大事件表态或提出问题，或号召对某事采取行动或对某一新闻人物进行褒贬。
B. Weekdays Features 周日专题 指Mon.～Fri.这五个工作日中都播出的节目。
B-1. News line时事经纬
播出次数最多的一栏节目，早上六次，晚上三次，每次二十分钟，特点在于充实，深入地提供新闻的背景资料，便于听众了解事件的原委。
B-2. Focus焦点
每晚播三次，每次二十分钟，主要对当时的重要新闻和有争议的关键问题进行介绍和讨论，向听众介绍某一新闻人物和事件另一侧面的情况。
B-3. Magazine Show广播杂志
每晚两次，每次三十分钟。报道美国的文化艺术，科学技术，体育运动和医学成就等方面的情况。
B-4. Music USA美国音乐
每晚30分钟×2次，主要播出最新、最受欢迎的热门音乐、标准音乐和乡村音乐，还播放采访演员和音乐界人士的实况录音。
B-5. Asia Report亚洲报道
每晚在VOA Editorial前播一次，时间长达45分钟，信息巨大，播放VOA驻亚洲各国记者的报道和采访实况，对亚洲时事分析评论。
C. Weekends Features(周末专题)
周末是人们休息的时间，因而节目较为轻松愉快、灵活多样。
C-1. New Horizons新天地
一个不断用新知识开阔听众视野的天地，逢每个Sun播20min×2次，继“标准英语”新闻之后播出。
C-2. Issiues in the News新闻热点
每个Sun.晚上，30min×2次，主要播出华盛顿报界讨论一些重大时事问题的情况。节目中，各个报团的成员将代表各自的势力和派别发表各自的观点与看法。
C-3. Encounter交流
Sun.晚上，20min×2次，讨论当今世界和今日美国面临的一些重大问题。
C-4. Studio One一号播音室
专门为听众播送一星期内各种主题的记录影片，录音剪辑和纪实小说，Sun.晚上30min×2次。
C-5. Critic’s Choice评论精选
一个有关文学艺术方面的专门节目，是听众了解和欣赏美国文学艺术的一条渠道，Sun.晚上，20min×2次，一般在整点新闻后播出。
C-6. Concert Hall音乐厅
专门播颂著名古典音乐曲目及记者的采访录音，还向听众介绍美国音乐界著名人物，每个星期天晚上播出1次，约45分钟。
C-7. Press Conference USA美国记者招特会
一个专门播送美国国务院及其它国家部门的新闻发言人回答美国和世界各国记者提问的节目，实际上是一次记者招特会的实况转播。每周六晚30min×2次。
C-8. American Viewpoint美国人看天下
本节目中，听众可以听到美国各方面的专家学者讨论报刊杂志中一些有争议性的问题和文章的实况，Sat. 20min×2次，整点新闻后播出。
C-9. Music USA (Jass)爵士音乐
一个专门播送音乐的长达45分钟的专题节目，其中伴有必要的讲解和介绍。
C-10. Close-up特写
对世界上的关键问题，重大事件，名人轶事和风光名胜等进行一次仔细的考察，广涉政治风云、经济动态、历史未来、人类自然等方面，包罗万象，雅俗共赏。
三. VOA英语广播节目时间表
看了前面的介绍你也许自己都能总结出来，VOA英语广节目多达三十几种，每天广播所用的频率也有十五个，为了便于大家根据不同的听力水平，兴趣爱好有目的、有选择的准时收听自己喜爱的节目，特提供以下时间频率表。
使用说明：
（1）本时刻表中的时间为UTC时间，波段为短波。
（2）国际标准时间UTC与北京时间相差8个小时，例如UTC 2330就是北京时间早晨7:30即UTC+8=北京时间。
（3）因为是短波播音，所以必须用带短波收音功能的收音机接受。
（4）随着网络的普遍使用，你也可以登陆我爱英语网（http://www.52en.com）收听或下载特定的VOA节目。
（5）同一个节目的频率有5-8个，应结合天气状况选择合适频率收听，但同时对于下个特定地区（如一个城市），收听效果最好的往往是一至两个频段，大家要不断比较，选定这个“最佳收听位”。
Standard English
0000-0030 UTC 1575 7215 15185 15290 17820
0100-0200 UTC 7115 9885 11705 11725
0200-0300 UTC 7115 9885 11705 11725
1100-1130 UTC 1575
1200-1230 UTC 1170 6160 9645 9760 15240
1230-1300 UTC 6160 9645 9760 15240
1300-1400 UTC 9645 9760
1400-1500 UTC 6160 7125 9760 15265
1500-1600 UTC 7125 9580 13690 15105
1600-1700 UTC 1170 6160 7125 9760
1600-1700 UTC 1143 6160 7125 9760
1700-1800 UTC 6160 7125 9345
1700-1800 UTC 1143 1575
2200-2400 UTC 7215 15185 15290 15305 17740 17820
2230-2400 UTC 1575
Special English
0030-0100 UTC 1575 1593 7215 9715 9780 11760 15115 15185 15205 15290
17740 17820
0130-0200 UTC 7405 9775 13740
1500-1530 UTC 6160 9590 9760 9845 12040 15550
1500-1530 UTC 1575
1530-1600 UTC 1575 6160 9590 9760 9845 12040 15550
1600-1700 UTC 12080 13600 17895
1900-2100 UTC 6040 9670 13635
2230-2300 UTC 9570 13755 15145
2300-2330 UTC 1593 9570 13755 15145
2330-2400 UTC 7260 13725
ＶＯＡ慢速英语资料大全
52en.com 539 11-26 热
Index by Topic
DEVELOPMENT REPORT
THIS IS AMERICA
AGRICULTURE REPORT
SCIENCE IN THE NEWS
HEALTH REPORT
EXPLORATIONS
EDUCATION REPORT
THE MAKING OF A NATION
ECONOMICS REPORT
AMERICAN MOSAIC
IN THE NEWS
PEOPLE IN AMERICA
Index by Date
October | Year 2006
September | Year
2006
August | Year 2006
July | Year 2006
June | Year 2006
May | Year 2006
April | Year 2006
March | Year 2006
February | Year 2006
January | Year 2006
December | Year 2005
November | Year 2005
October | Year 2005
September | Year
2005
August | Year 2005
July | Year 2005
声明：所提供之VOA慢速英语资料，纯为英语听力学习用途，绝不代表本站支持文中观点
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VOA新闻听力MP3及原文下载
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5 Polio in Africa / Monkeys and Fairness / America's Tree Deficit
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农业经济
1 Mutual Funds (
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2 New York Stock Exchange (
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3 New York Stock Exchange, Part 2: Proposed Reforms (
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4 Steel Tariffs Dispute (
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5 World Trade Organization, Part 1 (
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1 Virtual Learning (
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English 节目主题音乐
342 2-14 热
Words and Their Stories - Bethena Concert Waltz by Joplin
Scott Joplin, the "King of Ragtime Composers",
in 1904 was near the peak of his career when his young bride, Freddie
Alexander of Little Rock, Arkansas died just 2 months after their
marriage. The existance of Freddie was almost forgotten. None of
Joplin's acquaintances who had been interviewed for eariler biographies
had ever referred to her. Edward A. Berlin in his recently published
Joplin biography, "King of Ragtime" devotes an entire
chapter to Freddie. His meticulous research proves her existence
and brings to light several facts about her. I quote: "It is
strange that none of Joplin's associates who were interviewed in
later years, including his widow Lottie and his friends Arthur Marshall
and Sam Patterson, mentioned Freddie. Perhaps the brevity of the
marriage made it insignificant in the minds of his friends.But Freddie
was not insignificant to Joplin, for some years later he was to
memorialize her in his most ambitious work [his opera "Treemonisha"]".
"Bethena"
was the first Joplin work published after the death of Freddie.
The piece was dedicated to Mr. & Mrs. Dan Davenport. I again
quote Berlin; "This is an unusual dedication. Davenport was
not a prominent performer who could showcase Joplin's music. Nor
was he a person of influence or wealth, one who could have helped
Joplin's career or commissioned music. So why should Joplin dedicate
this piece to Davenport or his wife?"
"The
dedication may have had personal significance. Since this is Joplin's
first copyrighted work (March 6, 1905) since Freddie's death. I
think the Davenports might have helped Joplin through some difficult
times, and the dedication was his way of showing appreciation. Supporting
the idea that "Bethena" is connected with Freddie, or
at least reflects Joplin's mood at the time, is that the music is
sadly poignant. It is decidedly not a cheerful, merry waltz, and
in this respect contrasts with all of Joplin's other waltzes."
"But
then, what is the significance of the title? "Bethena"
is an unusual name. Was there a Bethena? If so, is she the beautiful
woman pictured on the cover? Or (and this is highly speculative)
is this a picture of Freddie." Since Freddie was her given
name, could Bethena be her nickname? All speculation aside, Bethena
is an enchanting piece and is amoung the greatest of ragtime waltzes.
Download Bethena Concert Waltz (.mid format
21.9KB)
People in America - Prelude II by Gershwin
George Gershwin was born in Brooklyn, New York, September
26, 1898. He began his musical training at thirteen. At fifteen
he left high school to work as a pianist and song-plugger for musical
publishers. He was soon writing songs. "Swanee", introduced
by Al Jolson, brought Gershwin his first real fame. But it was George
and his older brother, Ira, who became the dominant Broadway songwriters
to emerge during the 20s, creating a ceaseless flow of brisk, infectious
rhythms and affectingly poignant ballads. Working together they
fashioned the words to fit melodies with a "glove-like"
fidelity. This extraordinary collaboration led to a succession of
22 musical comedies, among them Lady Be Good (1924), Oh, Kay! (1926),
Funny Face (1927), Strike Up the Band (1927 & 1930), Girl Crazy
(1930) and Of Thee I Sing (1931) - the first musical comedy to win
a Pulitzer Prize.
Over
the years, Gershwin songs have also been used in numerous films
and in the award-winning stage musicals, My One and Only (1983)
and Crazy For You (1992). Crazy For You is loosely
based on Girl Crazy, with a new libretto by Ken Ludwig and
has an impressive roster of George and Ira songs including two previously
unpublished songs.
Prelude
II
begins with a series of bass chords. They tread smoothly across
the lower octaves of the keyboard in a shuffling, rubato step. I
pedal them all, allowing them to mingle for only a moment. Slowly,
they rise and fall with measured motion. Each phrase lingers longer
than it should, as if it had stumbled. The notes conjure a dim evening
in a smoky alleyway. Little traffic passes at this hour; the streetcars
have stopped. Perhaps, a disoriented pedestrian wanders by, or an
occasional vehicle jars upon the uneven cobblestones. Faint lights
burn here and there in the grimy windows, like the wary, red eyes
of untamed beasts. From the distance floats the muted wailing of
a child. The garish neon of a cabaret generates flickering shadows,
outlines of garbage cans and cardboard boxes, tinged in yellow-orange.
A saxophone emits harsh tones from within the bar. Odors of frying
onions and stale beer mingle with the faint scent of urine; they
rise from the street in the damp mist. A few streetlights struggle
valiantly to ward off the imminent gloom. The sultry chords continue
uninterrupted.
Then,
a quiet strain appears in the treble, two notes alternating in legato
succession. A prostitute has emerged from the shadows into the soft
cone illuminating the street-corner. At first, she is uncertain.
The melody pauses and then repeats, then pauses again. The woman
becomes more confident; she steps full into the light. She struts
about, as if practicing her role. She raises her skirt slightly
to reveal a stout thigh.
She
is not a young woman, and her thick makeup does not cover the lines
in her face. Necessity and hunger drive her to this corner each
night. Under her tight skirt, she wears tawdry black stockings;
her blouse does not hide her cleavage. Her perfume a nnounces its
uncertain quality with a powerful scent. She seems profoundly weary
as she leans against the lamppost. Now, she rummages in her bag
and makes a quick motion; a match flares, and she lights a limp
cigarette. She takes a long drag, and a brief smile crosses her
face.
A
dense gray blankets the midnight sky. The streetwalker resumes pacing
back and forth on the curb. The melody descends into the bass, as
two men pass by. They are discussing intercourse in vulgar, drunken
tones. The woman flaunts her legs with deliberate grace. However,
they ignore her solicitations and vanish into the darkness. The
night again engulfs her, the blind mist, the piercing saxophone,
the faint stench of urine.
Another
prostitute joins her. They walk in unison to and fro on the corner.
All the while, they engage in idle conversation; their quiet voices
repeating the same refrain again and again as they continue to pace.
They light cigarettes and inhale deeply . The smoke curls from their
nostrils and from the incandescent butts resting between their fingers.
They discuss their trade and smoke. They hear a man approaching
and begin to ply their wares. He slows and stops.
Suddenly
demure, the women offer what they have to sell. The man inspects
them, his eyes critically tracing their voluptuous curves. He talks
with them awhile before inquiring their price and negotiating. He
selects one. As he caresses her, the two retire into the dim shadows.
She yields in quiet consummation.
Thick
gloom besieges the weak street-lamp which seems almost ready to
capitulate. The saxophone no longer sounds. No child moans in the
distance. The flickering cabaret ceases to shine. Only the dense
night and the unpleasant aromas remain. The mourn ful chords continue.
A quiet strain reappears in the treble.
The
prostitute is again alone. Profoundly weary, she leans against the
lamppost. In a deliberate attempt to seduce a nonexistent suitor,
she lifts her skirt and displays her fat thighs. Now, a match flares,
and she lights a limp cigarette. Smoke curls from her nostrils,
and a brief smile crosses her face.
A
sudden gust of wind carries an assortment of creased newspapers
and trash down the street. The hot air swirls about the woman's
head, making the cigarette burn fiercely. Then, just as suddenly,
it is still.
The
night draws to a close; the streetwalker ceases to pace. Another
man passes through in the bassline. The sun begins to tinge the
ruddy sky with its brilliance. A slow, arpeggio ascends the keyboard,
scaling three octaves until it reaches a sustained, soprano chord.
A moment later, a discordant seventh joins the other notes. Finally,
a bass C-sharp quietly resolves the dissonance as the chord fades
away. Then silence.
This Is America - Simple Gifts by Copland
Aaron Copland, one of America's greatest composers, was the
fifth child born into a family of Russian-Jewish immigrants in Brooklyn,
New York. He was born on November 14, 1900. However, it was not
until he reached his teens that Copland began to show an interest
in music. He learned to play the piano from his older sister Laurine,
and in less than one year, Copland had learned everything she could
teach him. Following much pestering of his father, Copland was allowed
to take formal lessons. After attending his first concert at age
15, Copland decided to become a composer.
Upon
graduating high school, Copland studied harmony and counterpoint
through a correspondence course, a very difficult way to learn music.
He was then referred to Rubin Goldmark, who was a specialist in
harmony. Copland dreamt of studying music in France, and for the
next several years, he saved his money and continued to practice.
In 1920, Copland was granted a scholarship, and in the summer of
1921, he traveled to the American Conservatory at Fontainebleau.
In
France, Copland studied with Nadia Boulanger and became her first
American student in composition. Copland studied in France for three
years, then returned to New York with a commission from his teacher.
While working as a pianist in a Pennsylvania resort, Copland composed
the Symphony for Organ and Orchestra, for Boulanger's American appearances.
The work premiered at Carnegie Hall with the New York Symphony Orchestra,
under conductor Walter Damrosch.
After
his successful debut, Copland spent several months composing in
New Hampshire. His early compositions were influenced by jazz rhythms.
He described this style as symphonic jazz. Music for the Theater
(1925) and Piano Concerto (1926) were written during this period
of Copland's career. During this time, Copland was awarded the first
monetary grant from the Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, enabling
him to continue his work.
Copland
soon moved into a more austere and abstract style. Piano Variations
(1930) and Statements for Orchestra (1933-35) reflect this change.
Copland made another abrupt style change in the mid-1930s with a
move towards simplicity and melody, in an effort to be more accessible
to the general public. He wanted to bring more music to more people.
The
next 10 years were Copland's most productive. Using elements of
American folk music, Copland produced lyrical compositions such
as the ballets Billy the Kid (1938), Rodeo (1942), and Appalachian
Spring (1944). He composed music for films, including Of Mice and
Men (1937), Our Town (1940), and The Heiress (1949). Copland also
produced two works for high school students called The Second Hurricane
(1937) and An Outdoor Overture (1938). Additional works of this
period include Lincoln Portrait (1942), Third Symphony (1946), and
El salon Mexico, an orchestral piece based on Mexican folk music.
Copland
again returned to a more austere style in the 1950s. The Piano Fantasy
(1957); Connotations (1962), which was commissioned for the opening
of Lincoln Center in New York City; and Inscape (1967), reflect
the 12-tone style popularized by composer Arnold Schoenberg. These
works were not as well received as Copland's previous works.
In
the 1970s, Copland virtually stopped composing, although he continued
to conduct. His final work, Proclamation (1982), was performed during
a concert celebrating his 85th birthday. Aaron Copland died on December
2, 1990.
In
addition to composing and conducting, Copland wrote several books,
including What to Listen for in Music (1939), Music and Imagination
(1952), and Copland on Music (1960). He was influential in promoting
contemporary composers and organized numerous musical events. Copland
received more than 30 honorary degrees. He was a distinguished teacher
at the Berkshire Music Center, and in 1945, he won the Pulitzer
Prize for Music.
Download "Simple Gifts" (.mid
format 6.5KB)
Explorations - All Souls Waltz by Nakai / Kater
Part One
Of
Navajo-Ute heritage, R. Carlos Nakai is the world's premiere
performer of the Native American flute. Originally trained in classical
trumpet and music theory by Ronald K. Bowen and Birley R. Gardner,
Nakai was given a traditional cedar wood flute as a gift and challenged
to see what he could do with it. His first album, Changes, was released
on the Canyon Records label in 1983 and since then he has released
over sixteen more recordings with Canyon. He has also recorded for
Silverwave Records and Celestial Harmonies. He has contributed music
for the Columbia Pictures version of Geronimo, the TNT series, How
the West Was Lost, and has scored music for the IMAX production,
Zion. The great American choreographer, Martha Graham, used music
from Cycles for one of her last dance works, "Night Chant."
Nakai
has performed throughout the world leading the renaissance of the
Native American flute by bringing the haunting, timeless sound of
the traditional cedar flute to new listeners and into new musical
styles. In addition to his solo appearances in the United States,
Canada, Europe and Japan, Nakai has worked with guitarist William
Eaton and pianist Peter Kater and founded the ethnic jazz ensemble,
Jackalope. Nakai has worked with such diverse musical forces as
the Wind Travelin' Band, a traditional Japanese group, and has performed
as a member of Tos, a classical ensemble led by James DeMars. He
has performed before sold out audiences with the Phoenix Symphony,
Tucson Symphony, San Juan Symphony, California Symphony and the
Saskatoon Symphony.
In
1992, Nakai received one of the highest awards the state of Arizona
can bestow, the Governor's Art Award. In 1994 he was a Grammy finalist
for his Ancestral Voices album with William Eaton and was awarded
an honorary doctorate from Northern Arizona University. In 1995
the First Americans in the Arts gave him their first award for musical
achievement for his career of performance, composition and education.
Nakai
has earned a Master's Degree in American Indian Studies from the
University Arizona. Nakai sees his role as a performer of the traditional
flute not to reiterate the traditional sounds but to find new avenues
of expression for the cultures of native peoples.
Part
Two
Pianist-composer
Peter Kater is known for his scores for television, film
and theater, as well as for his own recordings of light jazz and
new age music. Born in Germany, Kater moved from Munich to New Jersey
when he was four. He began piano lessons three years later, and
studied classical music until taking up rock & roll in his early
teens. At the age of 18, Kater moved to Boulder, CO, where he played
improvised music and lived for over a decade before moving to rural
Virginia, where he built EarthSea Studios. Until the opening of
Earthsea in early 1997, Kater had recorded exclusively for the Silverwave
label, starting with his debut release, Spirit, in 1983. He went
on to release over 20 albums on Silverwave, including highly successful
collaborations with R. Carlos Nakai that resulted in, among others,
How the West Was Lost, Volumes 1 and 2 and Migration (1992), which
also received the NAIRD Best New Age Album Indie Award. Several
of Kater and Nakai's recordings have risen to the Top 20 of Billboard's
New Age chart, and a few of Kater's own releases -- which range
from solo to quintet line-up -- have charted in the Top 25. Since
starting his EarthSea label, Kater has released albums including
1998's Compassion and another collaboration with Nakai entitled
Winds of Devotion (1999). -- Joslyn Layne, All Music Guide"
American Mosaic - The Fourth Door by Davis
Louis Davis, Jr. was born into a family of musicians in rural
Ohio and began his musical training at age 4, with his grandmother
as his first piano teacher. He composed his first piece, a four-part
chorale about his dog Stormy at age 6. By the time Davis entered
the University of Michigan music school, he had found his true musical
loves the bassoon and percussion. He graduated in 1969 as a classically
trained bassoonist who also played percussion in the famous University
of Michigan Marching Band.
After
touring with the renowned Norman Luboff Choir, and teaching young
people to love music, Davis took a new career path that would change
his life forever. He began writing advertising jingles for an Omaha
ad agency, including a series of spots about fictional truck driver
C.W. McCall and his waitress girlfriend Mavis at the Old Home Filler
Up and Keep On Truckin' Cafe. What began as just another jingle
for a bread company became a national phenomenon radio listeners
called stations to request the commercials be played as if they
were pop tunes, and the TV spots were listed in TV Guide. With fellow
ad executive Bill Fries, Davis accepted a recording contract, and
went on to produce blockbusters such as the 1975 hit "Convoy,"
which sold more than a million copies within 2 months, and eventually
sold 10 million copies. It's not surprising that Davis was named
Country Music Writer of the Year in 1976.
In
the meantime, Davis explored new ways of expressing music and discovered
a style he calls "18th Century classical rock." He says
"I don't believe in all-acoustic or all-electronic, all-digital
or all-analog. My place is where they meet." He called his
band Mannheim Steamroller, which is the name of an 18th-Century
musical technique that we know today as the crescendo.
This
exploration resulted in an album called Fresh Aire, which Davis
tried and failed to sell to mainstream record companies. So innovative
was this musical style that it did not fit into any of the standard
industry categories. Innovative music demanded innovative marketing,
so Davis founded his own record label, American Gramaphone, and
distributed the albums not to record stores but to audio showrooms.
Used to demonstrate home stereo equipment, Fresh Aire became an
audiophile hit when listeners said "I like this turntable,
but I really want the music playing on it." Orders flooded
in and records sold from the U.S. to Japan to Germany.
Since
that time Davis has produced seven more Fresh Aire albums, each
inspired by the themes of nature, science and ancient mythology.
Fresh Aire VII, which Davis describes as "an exploration of
the nature of the number 7" was awarded the Grammy for Best
New Age Recording in 1990. Davis released the final album in the
series in August 2000, titled Fresh Aire 8, on the theme of infinity.
More
than once Davis has turned his talents to aid a worthy project.
When devastating fires ravaged Yellowstone National Park in 1988
Davis created a two-year concert tour and another gold album called
Yellowstone: The Music of Nature. More than $500,000 was raised
from the project to rebuild structures in the park, making Davis
the largest private donor in the history of the National Park Service.
In
1984 Davis once again called conventional music industry wisdom
into question. He announced that his next project would be a Christmas
album and was told that he would certainly fail. Infusing new life
into traditional Christmas music "Mannheim Steamroller Christmas"
has sold more than six million copies and was nominated for a Grammy
Award. With subsequent albums "A Fresh Aire Christmas,"
"Christmas in the Aire" and "Christmas Live,"
Mannheim Steamroller has sold more than 18 million Christmas albums.
Davis doesn't put much stock in conventional wisdom.
Over
his 27-year career, Chip Davis has sold more than 34 million albums.
He
and his wife Trisha live outside Omaha, Nebraska with their three
children, Kelly, Evan and Elyse. In the living room is the piano
his grandmother first taught him to play.
American Stories - Warm Valley by Ellington
By the time of his passing, Duke Ellington was considered
amongst the world's greatest composers and musicians. The French
government honored him with their highest award, the Legion of Honor,
while the government of the United States bestowed upon him the
highest civil honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He played
for the royalty and for the common people and by the end of his
fifty-year career, he had played over 20,000 performances worldwide.
He was The Duke, Duke Ellington.
Edward
Kennedy Ellington was born into the world on April 29, 1899 in Washington,
D.C. Duke’s parents Daisy Kennedy Ellington and James Edward Ellington
served as ideal role models for young Duke and taught him everything
from proper table manners to an understanding of the emotional power
of music. Duke’s first piano lessons came around the age of seven or eight
and appeared to not have that much lasting effect upon him. It seemed
as if young Duke was more inclined to baseball at a young age. Duke
got his first job selling peanuts at Washington Senator’s baseball
games. This was the first time Duke was placed as a "performer"
for a crowd and had to first get over his stage fright. At the age
of fourteen, Duke began sneaking into Frank Holliday’s poolroom. His experiences from
the poolroom taught him to appreciate the value in mixing with a
wide range of people. As Duke’s piano lessons faded into the past, Duke began to show
a flare for the artistic. Duke attended Armstrong Manual Training
School to study commercial art instead of an academically-oriented
school. Duke began to seek out and listen to ragtime pianists in
Washington and during the summers, where he and his mother vacationed
in Philadelphia or Atlantic City. While vacationing in Asbury Park,
Duke heard of a hot pianist named Harvey Brooks. At the end of his
vacation Duke sought Harvey out in Philadelphia where Harvey showed
Duke some pianistic tricks and shortcuts. Duke later recounted that,
"When I got home I had a real yearning to play. I hadn’t been able
to get off the ground before, but after hearing him I said to myself,
‘Man you’re going
to have to do it.’" Thus the music career of Duke Ellington was born.
Duke
was taken under the wings of Oliver "Doc" Perry and Louis
Brown who taught Duke how to read music and helped improve his overall
piano playing skills. Duke found piano playing jobs at clubs and
cafes throughout the Washington area. Three months shy of graduation,
Duke dropped out of school and began his professional music career.
In
late 1917, Duke formed his first group: The Duke’s Serenaders.
Between 1918 and 1919, Duke made three significant steps towards
independence. First, he moved out of his parents’ home and
into a home he bought for himself. Second, Duke became his own booking
agent for his band. By doing so, Ellington’s band was able to play throughout
the Washington area and into Virginia for private society balls
and embassy parties. Finally, Duke married Edna Thompson and on
March 11, 1919, Mercer Kennedy Ellington was born.
In
1923, Duke left the security that Washington offered him and moved
to New York. Through the power of radio, listeners throughout New
York had heard of Duke Ellington, making him quite a popular musician.
It is also in that year that Duke made his first recording. Ellington
and his renamed band, The Washingtonians, established themselves
during the prohibition era by playing at places like the Exclusive
Club, Connie’s Inn, the Hollywood Club (Club Kentucky),
Ciro’s, the Plantation Club, and most importantly the Cotton
Club. Thanks to the rise in radio receivers and the industry itself,
Duke’s band was
broadcast across the nation live on "From the Cotton Club."
The band’s music along
with their popularity spread rapidly.
In
1928, Ellington and Irving Mills signed an agreement in which Mills
produced and published Ellington’s music. Recording companies like
Brunswick, Columbia, and Victor came calling. Duke’s band became
the most sought after band in the United States and even throughout
the world.
Some
of Ellington’s greatest works include, Rockin’ in Rhythm,
Satin Doll, New Orleans, A Drum is a Women, Take the "A"
Train, Happy-Go-Lucky Local, The Mooche, and Crescendo in Blue.
Duke
Ellington and his band went on to play everywhere from New York
to New Delhi, Chicago to Cairo, and Los Angeles to London. Ellington
and his band played with such greats as Miles Davis, Cab Calloway,
Dizzy Gillespie, Ella Fitzgerald, Tony Bennett, and Louis Armstrong.
They entertained everyone from Queen Elizabeth II to President Nixon.
Before passing away in 1974, Duke Ellington wrote and recorded hundreds
of musical compositions, all of which continue to have a lasting
effect upon people worldwide for a long time to come.
VOA Wordmaster
434 2-15 热
- Centuries Later, the Bard of Avon Still Makes His Mark
on American English
Tuesday, February 06, 2007
- Pluto Is Reborn as a Verb, While Surge Becomes a 'Hot-Button
Word'
Tuesday, January 30, 2007
- How Learning a Second Language Inhibits the First, at
Least Temporarily
Tuesday, January 23, 2007
- 'House' or 'Home'? 'Friendlier' or 'More Friendly'? The
Web Offers Answers
Tuesday, January 16, 2007
- Wanna, Gonna, Hafta: Getting Relaxed With Reduced Forms
in Speech
Tuesday, January 09, 2007
- Terms to Chew Over: 'Hansel and Gretel' Like You've Never
Heard It
Tuesday, December 19, 2006
- Helping Students to 'Step Out of Apathy': A Lesson From
the Holocaust
Tuesday, December 12, 2006
- At a Party, If All Else Fails, Throw Yourself on the Mercy
of the Crowd
Tuesday, December 05, 2006
- Slang in the World of Hooky Bulls, Businessman's Events
and Dirt Baths
Tuesday, November 28, 2006
- Teaching English in Russia: Insights From Two Generations
of Teachers
Tuesday, November 14, 2006
- Teachers of English in Russia Feeling Winds of Change
in Their Profession
Tuesday, November 07, 2006
- Hey You, in the Next Cube, Is That Document Buzzword-Compliant?
Tuesday, October 24, 2006
- Heated Words: Lingo of the Men and Women Who Fight Wildfires
Tuesday, October 03, 2006
- 'National Punctuation Day': Seeking to Put a (Full) Stop
to Poor Writing
Tuesday, September 26, 2006
- Using Language Technology to Help Learners With Accent
Reduction
Tuesday, September 19, 2006
- A 'Dialect Nomad' Goes in Search of Changes in American
English
Tuesday, September 12, 2006
- 'Islamofascism': Dusting Off an Old Name for a New Form
of Extremism
Tuesday, August 22, 2006
- Getting Into the Writing Game, With Words of Advice From
a Coach
Tuesday, August 15, 2006
- Understanding the Reasons for Grammar, Not Just Learning
the Rules
Tuesday, August 08, 2006
- Listening to the Sound of Words for Subtle Clues to Their
Meaning
Tuesday, August 01, 2006
- Learning English by Listening, Um, to How People, Uh,
Really Speak It
Tuesday, July 25, 2006
- 'Shifting Sands' of English Teaching Bring Changes to
Schools in Middle East
Tuesday, July 18, 2006
- Economists Pursue Happiness by Asking Americans How They
Feel
Tuesday, July 11, 2006
- How a Child's Ability to Learn Language Figures Into the
Immigration Issue
Tuesday, June 27, 2006
- To Make a Long Story Short: Summary Skills for Better
Readers and Writers
Tuesday, June 20, 2006
- Morocco's New Way to Teach English Proves Popular, at
Least With Students
Tuesday, June 13, 2006
- Two Places, One Pursuit: English Teaching in Nepal and
Afghanistan
Tuesday, May 30, 2006
- In Choice of Immigration Terms, Some Say Focus on the
Act, Not the Actor
Tuesday, May 23, 2006
- What Does It Mean When Something Is 'For Good' or Offered
'On a Plate'?
Tuesday, May 16, 2006
- Forget 'Chicken' and 'Egg,' What Comes First With 'After'
and 'Before'?
Tuesday, May 02, 2006
- 'The Meaning of Tingo': One Man's Favorite Words, From
254 Languages
Tuesday, April 25, 2006
- Lost for Words? Here Are Some Tips to Remember About Improving
Memory
Tuesday, April 18, 2006
- How 'The Thing' Has Entered the Language of People in
New Orleans
Tuesday, April 04, 2006
- Tribes in California Attempt to Preserve Native American
Dialects
Tuesday, March 28, 2006
- Concise and Precise: A Way to Force People to Think Before
They Write
Tuesday, March 21, 2006
- 'Talk to the Hand: The Utter Bloody Rudeness of the World
Today'
Tuesday, March 07, 2006
- F-u-n With Broadway's 'The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling
Bee'
Tuesday, February 28, 2006
- Stagecraft: Acting Like an Actor to Improve Your Memory
Tuesday, February 14, 2006
- 'You're Wearing That? Understanding Mothers and Daughters
in Conversation'
Tuesday, February 07, 2006
- An English Learner Is in a Jam Over What to Call Slow-Moving
Traffic
Tuesday, January 31, 2006
- Teaching Older People to Become Better Listeners to Avoid
Alienating Others
Tuesday, January 24, 2006
- When There Is Bad News, Helping Cancer Doctors Find the
Right Words
Tuesday, January 17, 2006
- Self-Instruction: Five New Year's Resolutions for English
Learners
Tuesday, January 10, 2006
Grammar
Lady 专栏全部广播资料索引
256 2-15 热
- Understanding the Reasons for Grammar, Not Just Learning
the Rules
Tuesday, August 08, 2006
- Thanks for the Grammar, Mom!
Thursday, November 27, 2003
- Grammar Lady: Only One You
Thursday, August 29, 2002
- Grammar Lady: Verb Phrases
Sunday, July 07, 2002
- Grammar Lady: Listener Mail
Thursday, June 06, 2002
- Grammar Lady: Listener Mail
Sunday, October 21, 2001
- Grammar Lady: Verb Phrases
Sunday, July 29, 2001
- Listeners' Questions About Grammar
Sunday, July 01, 2001
- Grammar Lady: Only One You
Sunday, June 10, 2001
- Grammar Lady: English Sentence Order
Sunday, April 01, 2001
- Grammar Lady: SANAM
Sunday, December 03, 2000
- Grammar Lady: English Spelling
Sunday, September 03, 2000
- Grammar Lady: Asking Questions
Sunday, July 16, 2000
- Grammar Lady: 'There Is' vs. 'There Are'
Sunday, June 18, 2000
- Grammar Lady's New Book
Sunday, May 21, 2000
- Grammar Lady: 'Will' vs. 'Shall'
Sunday, April 23, 2000
- Grammar Lady: Third Person Singular
Sunday, March 26, 2000
- Grammar Lady: Subjunctive 'Will' vs. 'Were'
Sunday, February 27, 2000
- Grammar Lady: Irregular Verbs
Sunday, January 16, 2000
Slangman
专栏全部广播资料索引
253 2-15 热
- Slangman: A Really Bad Day
Thursday, October 23, 2003
- Slangman: Food-Related Slang / 'Jack and the Beanstalk'
Thursday, September 18, 2003
- Slangman: Energy-Related Slang
Thursday, August 21, 2003
- Slangman: Names Used in Slang
Thursday, July 17, 2003
- Slangman: Insults
Thursday, May 29, 2003
- Slangman: Stress-Related Terms
Wednesday, March 19, 2003
- Slangman: Hand-Related Terms
Thursday, January 30, 2003
- Slangman: Political Terms ('Cinderella')
Thursday, November 07, 2002
- Slangman: Corporate Crime
Thursday, August 01, 2002
- Slangman: Whimsy
Thursday, June 13, 2002
- Slangman: Construction-Related Terms ('The Three Little
Pigs')
Thursday, April 25, 2002
- Slangman: Bird Terms ('The Ugly Duckling')
Sunday, March 17, 2002
- Slangman: Health Slang ('Hansel and Gretel')
Sunday, December 23, 2001
- Slangman: Old Slang ('Little Red Riding Hood')
Sunday, November 04, 2001
- Slangman: Action Words ('Goldilocks and the Three Bears')
Sunday, August 05, 2001
- Slangman: Water Words ('Cinderella')
Sunday, June 17, 2001
- Slangman: 'Clean' Slang
Sunday, May 06, 2001
- Slangman: Misunderstood Idioms
Sunday, April 08, 2001
- Slangman: Listener Questions
Sunday, February 25, 2001
- Slangman: Power Slang
Sunday, February 18, 2001
- Slangman: Top Ten Slang for 2000
Sunday, December 24, 2000
- Slangman: Business Slang
Sunday, October 15, 2000
- Slangman: Apologies
Sunday, August 27, 2000
- Slangman: Business Animals
Sunday, July 09, 2000
- Slangman: Anatomy of Slang
Sunday, June 11, 2000
- Slangman: Reductions
Sunday, May 14, 2000
- Slangman: Language of Love
Sunday, April 16, 2000
- Slangman: Non-Words
Sunday, March 19, 2000
- Slangman: Listener Questions
Sunday, February 20, 2000
- Slangman: Timely Slang
Sunday, January 09, 2000
- Slangman: Car Talk
Sunday, October 17, 1999
- Slangman: Food Words
Sunday, September 12, 1999
- Slangman: Surfer Slang
Sunday, August 01, 1999
- Slangman: Techno-Slang
Sunday, May 30, 1999
- Slangman: Space Terms
Sunday, April 25, 1999
- Slangman: Hollywood's Influence
Sunday, March 21, 1999
- Slangman: Slang Update
Sunday, January 31, 1999
- Slangman: Greetings
Sunday, December 06, 1998
- Slangman: '70s Slang
Sunday, November 08, 1998
- Slangman: Business Terms
Sunday, October 04, 1998
流行美语教程
544 2-15 热
· Lesson 214 - get a life / happy camper
· Lesson 213 - dumb down / win-win
· Lesson 212 - down / chug
· Lesson 211 - head honcho / slam dunk
· Lesson 210 - grub / hustle
· Lesson 209 - cold feet / do a number
· Lesson 208 - gas guzzler / tree hugger
· Lesson 207 - freebie / megabucks
· Lesson 206 - chock full / doohickeys
· Lesson 205 - drive sb. bonkers / tightwad
· Lesson 204 - blown away / bone head
· Lesson 203 - count sb. / wipe out
· Lesson 202 - up for sth. / spot sb.
· Lesson 201 - own sb. / goner
· Lesson 200 - holed up / come up for air
· Lesson 199 - baloney / party animal
· Lesson 198 - eager beaver / grunt work
· Lesson 197 - make a big stink / to be creamed
· Lesson 196 - kiss sth. goodbye / lose one's cool
· Lesson 195 - runaround / take a chill pill
· Lesson 194 - diddlysquat / rub it in
· Lesson 193 - make a u-ey / step on it
· Lesson 192 - shindig / a steal
· Lesson 191 - cushy / legit
· Lesson 190 - whoa / booboo
· Lesson 189 - bad vibe / wake up call
· Lesson 188 - shrink / gross out
· Lesson 187 - let off steam / oops
· Lesson 186 - freak out / wig out
· Lesson 185 - bottom feeder / bounce
· Lesson 184 - rattle on / third degree
· Lesson 183 - learn the ropes / put a lid on it
· Lesson 182 - grease monkey / fender bender
· Lesson 181 - can of worms / cut one's losses
· Lesson 180 - knock it off / conked out
· Lesson 179 - have a ball / tizzy
· Lesson 178 - hit the road / have a hissy fit
· Lesson 177 - have a beef with sb. / hit pay dirt
· Lesson 176 - set of wheels / the pits
· Lesson 175 - fixed to do sth. / tricked-out
· Lesson 174 - dump / ham
· Lesson 173 - go overboard / guzzle
· Lesson 172 - clotheshorse / shell out
· Lesson 171 - crummy / sack out
· Lesson 170 - high maintenance / dating 101
· Lesson 169 - wiped out / cutie-pie
· Lesson 168 - whatever floats one's boat / up a creek
· Lesson 167 - deadbeat / cool it
· Lesson 166 - cell / the 411
· Lesson 165 - gross / in a pinch
· Lesson 164 - boss / mob scene
· Lesson 163 - bang for the buck / number crunchers
· Lesson 162 - gibberish / google
· Lesson 161 - putz around / worrywart
· Lesson 160 - swamped / get axed
· Lesson 159 - flying colors / butter up
· Lesson 158 - dilly-dally / dis
· Lesson 157 - clam up / tank
· Lesson 156 - cash cow / tickled pink
· Lesson 155 - butterfingers / klutz
· Lesson 154 - copycat / wacky
· Lesson 153 - knock-off / running on empty
· Lesson 152 - pump / iffy
· Lesson 151 - downer / baby
· Lesson 150 - on the spot / schmooze
· Lesson 149 - dump sb. / babe magnet
· Lesson 148 - play sth. by ear / strapped
· Lesson 147 - To crack somebody up / Fess up
· Lesson 146 - smack-dab / ring a bell
· Lesson 145 - back to square one / killer
· Lesson 144 - bite the dust / funky
· Lesson 143 - long shot / the buzz
· Lesson 142 - gooey / retro
· Lesson 141 - tomboy / chicken
· Lesson 140 - boonies / country bumpkin
· Lesson 139 - Mental / Pro
· Lesson 138 - juice / nuke
· Lesson 137 - workaholic / nutty
· Lesson 136 - Chocoholic / Fix
· Lesson 135 - gang up on somebody / basket case
· Lesson 134 - off one's rocker / silent treatment
· Lesson 133 - Dibs / Shotgun
· Lesson 132 - to tie the knot / drop-dead gorgeous
· Lesson 131 - to be hard up / to pick on someone
· Lesson 130 - tattletale / pushover
· Lesson 129 - play hooky / put one's foot down
· Lesson 128 - from scratch / all set
· Lesson 127 - big shot / bent out of shape
· Lesson 126 - bum / ticker
· Lesson 125 - to toss something / digs
· Lesson 124 - hardcore / to take out on
· Lesson 123 - to level with someone / clueless
· Lesson 122 - on edge / give it a rest
· Lesson 121 - to be beat / to O.D. something
· Lesson 120 - stick to something / give something a shot
· Lesson 119 - out to get someone / go to bat for someone
· Lesson 118 - flunk / lose sleep over
· Lesson 117 - flip-flop / wishy-washy
· Lesson 116 - blow it / wing it
· Lesson 115 - Bling / Booze
· Lesson 114 - cop out / to get worked up
· Lesson 113 - Get it together / Tough
· Lesson 112 - flab / ripped
· Lesson 111 - to go off on someone / What's the deal
· Lesson 110 - to tick someone off / get lost
· Lesson 109 - come clean / no sweat
· Lesson 108 - go easy on / go cold turkey
· Lesson 107 - Whatchamacallit / mooch
· Lesson 106 - racket / That does it!
· Lesson 105 - to push one's luck / crackpot
· Lesson 104 - out of whack / goofy
· Lesson 103 - clunker / Don't sweat it!
· Lesson 102 - Hook sb. up with something (someone) / Buzz off
· Lesson 101 - eye candy / bazillion
· Lesson 100 - a blast / lighten up
· Lesson 99 - sleep in / slacker
· Lesson 98 - what's her face / thingamajig
· Lesson 97 - to rock / letdown
· Lesson 96 - PICK-ME-UP / LAY OFF
· Lesson 95 - JACK / KAPUT
· Lesson 94 - ON THE FRITZ / HOG
· Lesson 93 - HORSE AROUND / JUMP THE GUN
· Lesson 92 - DUDE / CHICK
· Lesson 91 - WITHOUT A HITCH / CHOW DOWN
· Lesson 90 - BUY STH. / BE SOLD ON STH.
· Lesson 89 - THREADS / LOAD UP ON STH.
· Lesson 88 - SNAP / SPACED OUT
· Lesson 87 - NEAT FREAK / CRASH
· Lesson 86 - HANG IN THERE / STRESSED OUT
· Lesson 85 - LIVE IT UP / YEAH RIGHT
· Lesson 84 - STICK AROUND / GUILT TRIP
· Lesson 83 - SHOOT / SHOT
· Lesson 82 - BAIL / CALL IT QUITS
· Lesson 81 - ZIP / DRAMA QUEEN
· Lesson 80 - KICK ONESELF / RAW DEAL
· Lesson 79 - DOWN WITH THAT / PAY THROUGH THE NOSE
· Lesson 78 - HAVE COW / PACK RAT
· Lesson 77 - CRITTER / MUG
· Lesson 76 - OUT OF IT / GUNG HO
· Lesson 75 - BEATS ME / IN A BIND
· Lesson 74 - SLACK OFF / PEON
· Lesson 73 - ON CRACK / GET THE HANG OF SOTH.
· Lesson 72 - DRAG / START FROM SCRATCH
· Lesson 71 - SHADES / GET TURNED DOWN
· Lesson 70 - JINX / COME OFF IT
· Lesson 69 - CATCH A FLICK / HAVE NO BUSINESS DOING STH.
· Lesson 68 - GEE / OH WELL
· Lesson 67 - OUT OF LINE / TRASH STH.
· Lesson 66 - HOT / HAVE A CRUSH ON SB.
· Lesson 65 - TO FORK STH. OVER / GET OVER STH.
· Lesson 64 - MAKE A KILLING / BREAK EVEN
· Lesson 63 - DUMB BLONDE / BIMBO
· Lesson 62 - PULL SOTH. OFF / STRIKE
· Lesson 61 - TWENTY-FOUR SEVEN / DUH
· Lesson 60 - TO CRACK SB. UP / WANNABE
· Lesson 59 - CHECK STH. OUT / CALL STH.
· Lesson 58 - JUNKIE / CUT IT OUT
· Lesson 57 - FOLKS / RAG ON
· Lesson 56 - MESS WITH / GIVE SB. A BREAK
· Lesson 55 - ALREADY / ONE TO TALK
· Lesson 54 - PAIN IN THE NECK, HAVE HAD IT
· Lesson 53 - PSYCHED / FLOP
· Lesson 52 - TO BE CANNED / TO KISS UP TO
· Lesson 51 - GET CARRIED AWAY / TO CALL IT A DAY
· Lesson 50 - PIECE OF JUNK / CHEAP
· Lesson 49 - UNDER THE WEATHER...
· Lesson 48 - REDNECK / IN THE STICKS
· Lesson 47 - BUSTED / CREEP
· Lesson 46 - NO WAY / TO BET
· Lesson 45 - PACKED / HYPE
· Lesson 44 - A BIG DEAL / TO GIVE IT A SHOT
· Lesson 43 - RULE / TO BLOW MONEY...
· Lesson 42 - TAKE IT EASY / TO CHEW OUT
· Lesson 41 - PSYCHO / LAID BACK
· Lesson 40 - TO BE INTO / GEEK
· Lesson 39 - VEG OUT / IN MY FACE
· Lesson 38 - FLIP OUT / OFF MY BACK
· Lesson 37 - UPTIGHT / TO GET IT
· Lesson 36 - CHIP IN / SNAIL MAIL
· Lesson 35 - WASTED / TO GET A KICK...
· Lesson 34 - NERD / CHEESY
· Lesson 33 - WIMPS / GUTS
· Lesson 32 - FISHY / TO LUCK OUT
· Lesson 31 - SKETCHY / SUCKER
· Lesson 30 - PLAY HOOKY / TO SNAP
· Lesson 29 - LOSER / TO BUG
· Lesson 28 - RIP OFF / STRAIGHT ANSWER
· Lesson 27 - BUCK / WHATEVER
· Lesson 26 - ACE / PEANUTS
· Lesson 25 - COP / TO FREAK OUT
· Lesson 24 - TAKE A HIKE / TO BLOW OFF
· Lesson 23 - BOMB / MESS UP
· Lesson 22 - COUCH POTATO / NUTS
· Lesson 21 - HIT / TO ROLL
· Lesson 20 - JERK / STREET SMART
· Lesson 19 - NEAT / SHARP
· Lesson 18 - LUCKY BREAK / MELLOW
· Lesson 17 - TO BUM / TURN OFF
· Lesson 16 - GOOF OFF / TO HIT THE SACK
· Lesson 15 - WHAT'S UP / NO BRAINER
· Lesson 14 - PIG OUT / BIGMOUTH
· Lesson 13 - KEEP COOL / SCREW UP
· Lesson 12 - TICKED OFF / CLOSE
· Lesson 11 - KICK BACK / ONE-TRACK MIND
· Lesson 10 - DRAINED / WIRED
· Lesson 9 - ALL-NIGHTER / CRAM
· Lesson 8 - HANG OUT / HARD-HEADED
· Lesson 7 - CHOKE / MONEY
· Lesson 6 - DRAG / TRIP
· Lesson 5 - SHOT / DAMAGE
· Lesson 4 - BROKE / LAME
· Lesson 3 - BIG GUN / TO QUARTERBACK
· Lesson 2 - DITCH / TO HIT THE SPOT
· Lesson 1 - BUMMED / CHILLED OUT
美国习惯用语
850 2-15 热
中级美国英语 - VOA
Intermediate American English
677 2-15 热
第一课 One，which one 和单字介词
第二课 Used to 的用法
第三课 Many, much 和 there be
第四课 助动词 can, may,
will 等
第五课 助动词 should 和 must
第六课 助动词 could
第七课 动词一般过去式
第八课 过去式动词
第九课 形容词比较级
第十课 形容词比较级与 as...as
第十一课 形容词比较级与 the same
as
第十二课 形容词最高级
第十三课 现在完成式（一）
第十四课 现在完成式（二）
第十五课 现在完成式 since 与 for 的用法
第十六课 直接宾语和间接宾语
第十七课 Some 和 any 的用法
第十八课 Let's 的用法及 that 宾语从句
第十九课 ask，remind 和 hope 宾语从句
第二十课 That，which 和 who 定语从句
第二十一课 Where 和 when 引导的定语从句
第二十二课 过去进行式 when 与 while
第二十三课 被动语态（一）
第二十四课 被动语态（二）
第二十五课 简短反问句
第二十六课 复习现在完成时态
第二十七课 现在完成进行时态
第二十八课 间接引句（一）
第二十九课 间接引句（二）
第三十课 与选举有关的词汇
第三十一课 虚词 it 的用法（一）
第三十二课 虚词
it 的用法（二）
第三十三课 反问句
第三十四课 动词不定式（一）
第三十五课 动词词组（一）
第三十六课 动词不定式（二）
第三十七课 动词不定式（三）
第三十八课 动词词组（二）
第三十九课 时间从句，抽烟与戒烟
第四十课 被动语态，美国妇女运动
第四十一课 虚拟语气（一）
第四十二课 虚拟语气（二）
第四十三课 虚拟语气（三）
第四十四课 虚拟语气（四）
第四十五课 简化修饰名词的从句
第四十六课 以 tion 和 al 结尾的词汇
第四十七课 英文字后头加上字母S
第四十八课 以 tive 和 ity 结尾的词汇
第四十九课 家庭生活有关的词汇
第五十课 与时间有关的常用语
第五十一课 与移民有关的词汇
第五十二课 美国学校英语教学课程
专题广播资料索引
338 2-15 热
专题广播资料索引
2007年
2007.01
2006年
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2005.06 2005.05 2005.04 2005.03 2005.02 2005.01
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2004.06 2004.05 2004.04 2004.03 2004.02 2004.01
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2003.06 2003.05 2003.04 2003.03 2003.02 2003.01
2002年
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2002.06 2002.05 2002.04 2002.03 2002.02 2002.01
2001年
2001.12 2001.11 2001.10 2001.09 2001.08 2001.07
2001.06
