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针对大学英语六级阅读的复习经验 既然我们现在已经知道问题的症结所在,那只要针对以上的问题,采取科学的方法逐个解决就万事大吉了。 首先,先来解决词汇及某些长、难句以及背景知识等的问题。我个人不太主张死背一本单词书,因为我认为单词必须结合上下文才有其实际的意义。死背一个单词的7、8种中文注释是件费力又劳神且效果并不是十分理想的苦差事。六级考试对很多单词只要求认知即可,花许多时间在一些比较生僻的单词上往往是事倍功半的。因此,我个人推荐边阅读文章边记单词的方法,这样不仅可以提升阅读量,而且可以在真实的语境中体会单词的真正意思。至于某些长、难句,我个人认为的一个比较行之有效的方法是:用一本小本子把六级真题中出现过的你认为的长、难句摘录下来,仔细分析每一句句子,了解其结构。这样坚持做下去,积累到30句句子左右的时候,我可以保证你阅读长、难句的能力会有一个令你自己都不敢相信的飞跃。 其次,来解决阅读文章题材多样,出处各异,文字风格不同所带来的障碍。六级阅读文章大致可以分为两类:1.人文社会方面,尤以社会方面为主,如文化、历史、婚姻、家庭、教育、交通、住房、环境、能源及其他社会现象。阅读这类文章的关键是抓住作者所支持或反对的观点,以及作者对文中所叙述的人文社会现象的态度;2.科学技术方面,如动植物、地址、海洋、遗传、语言、空间、医学、空间技术及其他最新科技理论与成果。阅读此类文章的关键是抓住作者论述的中心以及作者对于理论或成果的优劣判断。在人文社会方面的文章中,出题者主要通过长、难句给考生制造麻烦,所以考生必须有一定的长、难句阅读能力;而在科学技术方面的文章中,出题者主要试图通过一些专业术语给考生设置障碍,因此,考生必须具备一定的对生词的猜测能力。 最后,解决时间问题即为解决阅读速度的问题。一方面,提高阅读速度有赖于考生平时的多阅读和多积累。另一方面,提高阅读速度也是有一定方法可循的。六级考试的每篇阅读文章长约500字左右,但这500字中并不是每一个单词及没一句话都包含有用信息的。因此,提高阅读速度的一个最直观的方法就是只读那些包含有用信息的句子。有些同学马上就会有这样的疑问:我怎么知道文章中哪句句子包含了有用的信息、哪句句子不包含有用的信息呢?这还是要靠考生平时多阅读多积累多总结的。在此,我举两个例子,希望能够有启示作用。 像:for example; for instance; e.g.……; …,…,…,etc. 这种列举的情况出现在文中,除非文章后有题目提及,否则往往可以忽略不读。还有:文章中作者给出了某个观点之后,再在观点之后加上:survey,research,study……,这时survey,research,study等的内容也常常可以忽略不读。道理很简单,作者已经亮出了他的观点,后面加上survey,research,study……只是为了进一步论证,使文章可信度更高一点罢了,而对文章中心没有任何影响,因此可以不读。 总而言之,以上所提的一些建议必须通过一段时间的实践去熟悉和掌握,在解决好上述问题后就为六级阅读备考打下了一个扎实的基础。
1、 生词较多 许多同学感觉六级阅读中生词较多,阅读时不得不花费大量的时间和精力去理解文章中出现的生词。确实,词汇量是任何英文阅读(特别是像六级这样的高级英文阅读)的基础。 但我认为六级单词相对于4级仅多了1200个。如果考生能充分掌握4级词汇,文章中出现的所谓的生词是不应该成为我们阅读的拦路虎。我们知道任何文章段落与段落或句子与句子之间都会有逻辑联系。句子中词的作用(尤其是形容词、副词或连词)就在于体现某种逻辑关系。考生完全可以通过体会句子与句子之间的逻辑关系猜出或体会出某种生词的指向范围或大致含义。因为六级考试阅读文章并不要求对“生词”释义的精确掌握——我们的目的是了解文章或句子大意。所以,只要达到这种效果我们就能掌握文章或句子的大致内容,完全符合考试大纲的要求。 2、 难句看不懂 六级四篇阅读文章中必定会出现一些难句。也许难句中的每一个词考生都能看懂,但是整个句子却无法把握其含义。就其原因在于中国同学欠缺两方面的英文阅读能力:1、缺乏对英文语言表达思维习惯的适应;2、不能抓住难句的句子主干。首先,英文的语言表达思维习惯与中文有较大的区别。中文习惯主、谓、宾的句子结构;英文中却存在大量的倒状结构,再加上繁杂的插入语等复杂的语言现象对于习惯将英文翻译成中文后理解英文的中国考生而言无法对入中文的理解习惯,自然无法理解句子的含义。其次,无法从复杂的从句套从句语法结构中判断出句子主干同样会导致无法对入相应的中文语言习惯而最终使考生无法把握句子含义。 3、 无法判断句子隐含意思 我们知道六级文章要求考生对原文的信息进行推断。换言之,就是从文章的原话中无法知道考生需要知道的信息。我认为这是源于考生在平时训练六级考试时往往忽略对文章推理方法的熟悉而导致的。任何隐含信息的推出都是基于原文提供的信息进行相应的逻辑推理得出的。考生如果不能进行有效的逻辑推理要么无法得出隐含信息,要么就会选错方向而落入命题者的陷阱中。 4、 时间不够 我们知道六级阅读文章要在35分钟内读完4篇文章并且做5道题目,考生如感觉时间不够的原因无外乎三个原因:1、花在文章阅读的时间太长;2、无法快速地定位选项在文章中的定位(表现在不得不从新阅读、浏览全文或某个文章段落);3、无法快速、准确的从四个备选项中判断出正确选项(表现在犹豫不决)。 二、如何准备六级阅读: 1、 扩充词汇量 虽然六级词汇(特别是生词)在文章中能够猜出,但仍不能忽视平时词汇量的积累。我并不主张背单词书(效果级差,尤其对那些恒心、毅力不强的考生)。我认为考生应当首先扩充自己的阅读量——多找一些与六级阅读文章难度相当的文章。考生如果在文章中发现生词不必急于查找字典,而应体会生词在文章中的作用,达到熟悉如何在出现生词状态下去了解文章;最后再利用字典掌握生词的准确释义并通过其在文章句子中的作用去记忆生词的意思。当然,这需要一个不断循环往复的阅读过程。 2、 熟悉六级阅读文章常用的语法现象 这个过程其实与我们幼年时学习中文的过程类似。无非是在阅读时体会、熟悉英文的表达习惯并建立一种对各类语法现象的条件反射。只准备参加六级考试的同学只需将历年六级的真题认真做完即可,最多再阅读一些考研文章。而将来准备参加更高等级英文考试的同学则需要多读一些具有说理性较强的英文文章。 3、 熟悉六级文章推理思路 也就是希望大家在提高自己英文阅读能力的同时,注意提高自己的逻辑分析和判断能力。当然,并不是让大家去学纯逻辑学,而是学会通过六级文章的结构和英文的逻辑关联词判断出文章的潜台词。 4、 学会对六级不同考试题目的理解: 不同的题目的指向是不同的,同时对考生的思维方向的要求是不同的。比如,考文章大意的题目实际上是考大家的归纳推理能力,而考细节的题目更多的是考察同学的英语阅读能力。有的题目只需在原文中找到相关定位即可,有的题目则要求我们对全文或者某一段落的内容全面掌握。我建议大家平时复习时可以自己去归纳总结或体会不同题目的不同做法。当然,现在也有很多培训机构会给同学们分类,大家也可以不妨试试(但是要结合自己的情况)。 总之,分析出自己的问题出在哪再对症下药,结合勤奋的学习,我相信同学们一定能将六级考试踩在自己的脚下。 1、 生词较多 许多同学感觉六级阅读中生词较多,阅读时不得不花费大量的时间和精力去理解文章中出现的生词。确实,词汇量是任何英文阅读(特别是像六级这样的高级英文阅读)的基础。但我认为六级单词相对于4级仅多了1200个。如果考生能充分掌握4级词汇,文章中出现的所谓的生词是不应该成为我们阅读的拦路虎。我们知道任何文章段落与段落或句子与句子之间都会有逻辑联系。句子中词的作用(尤其是形容词、副词或连词)就在于体现某种逻辑关系。考生完全可以通过体会句子与句子之间的逻辑关系猜出或体会出某种生词的指向范围或大致含义。因为六级考试阅读文章并不要求对“生词”释义的精确掌握——我们的目的是了解文章或句子大意。所以,只要达到这种效果我们就能掌握文章或句子的大致内容,完全符合考试大纲的要求。 2、 难句看不懂 六级四篇阅读文章中必定会出现一些难句。也许难句中的每一个词考生都能看懂,但是整个句子却无法把握其含义。就其原因在于中国同学欠缺两方面的英文阅读能力:1、缺乏对英文语言表达思维习惯的适应;2、不能抓住难句的句子主干。首先,英文的语言表达思维习惯与中文有较大的区别。中文习惯主、谓、宾的句子结构;英文中却存在大量的倒状结构,再加上繁杂的插入语等复杂的语言现象对于习惯将英文翻译成中文后理解英文的中国考生而言无法对入中文的理解习惯,自然无法理解句子的含义。其次,无法从复杂的从句套从句语法结构中判断出句子主干同样会导致无法对入相应的中文语言习惯而最终使考生无法把握句子含义。 3、 无法判断句子隐含意思 我们知道六级文章要求考生对原文的信息进行推断。换言之,就是从文章的原话中无法知道考生需要知道的信息。我认为这是源于考生在平时训练六级考试时往往忽略对文章推理方法的熟悉而导致的。任何隐含信息的推出都是基于原文提供的信息进行相应的逻辑推理得出的。考生如果不能进行有效的逻辑推理要么无法得出隐含信息,要么就会选错方向而落入命题者的陷阱中。 4、 时间不够 我们知道六级阅读文章要在35分钟内读完4篇文章并且做5道题目,考生如感觉时间不够的原因无外乎三个原因:1、花在文章阅读的时间太长;2、无法快速地定位选项在文章中的定位(表现在不得不从新阅读、浏览全文或某个文章段落);3、无法快速、准确的从四个备选项中判断出正确选项(表现在犹豫不决)。 二、如何准备六级阅读: 1、 扩充词汇量 虽然六级词汇(特别是生词)在文章中能够猜出,但仍不能忽视平时词汇量的积累。我并不主张背单词书(效果级差,尤其对那些恒心、毅力不强的考生)。我认为考生应当首先扩充自己的阅读量——多找一些与六级阅读文章难度相当的文章。考生如果在文章中发现生词不必急于查找字典,而应体会生词在文章中的作用,达到熟悉如何在出现生词状态下去了解文章;最后再利用字典掌握生词的准确释义并通过其在文章句子中的作用去记忆生词的意思。当然,这需要一个不断循环往复的阅读过程。 2、 熟悉六级阅读文章常用的语法现象 这个过程其实与我们幼年时学习中文的过程类似。无非是在阅读时体会、熟悉英文的表达习惯并建立一种对各类语法现象的条件反射。只准备参加六级考试的同学只需将历年六级的真题认真做完即可,最多再阅读一些考研文章。而将来准备参加更高等级英文考试的同学则需要多读一些具有说理性较强的英文文章。 3、 熟悉六级文章推理思路 也就是希望大家在提高自己英文阅读能力的同时,注意提高自己的逻辑分析和判断能力。当然,并不是让大家去学纯逻辑学,而是学会通过六级文章的结构和英文的逻辑关联词判断出文章的潜台词。 4、 学会对六级不同考试题目的理解: 不同的题目的指向是不同的,同时对考生的思维方向的要求是不同的。比如,考文章大意的题目实际上是考大家的归纳推理能力,而考细节的题目更多的是考察同学的英语阅读能力。有的题目只需在原文中找到相关定位即可,有的题目则要求我们对全文或者某一段落的内容全面掌握。我建议大家平时复习时可以自己去归纳总结或体会不同题目的不同做法。当然,现在也有很多培训机构会给同学们分类,大家也可以不妨试试(但是要结合自己的情况)。 总之,分析出自己的问题出在哪再对症下药,结合勤奋的学习,我相信同学们一定能将六级考试踩在自己的脚下。 2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of
individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to
maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their
incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how
resources are used to produce it. 3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results
in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered
by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit
more consumers to buy the product. 4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces
not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain
rights, including the right to determine the price of a product
or to make a free contract with another private individual. 5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest
and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and
staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify
preferred customers for promotional campaigns. 6. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine
publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors,
bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the
use of computers. 7. Exceptional children are different in some significant way
from others of the same age For these children to develop to their
full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
8. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public
education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling
in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions,
deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities. 9. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods
at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and
so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.
10. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament
govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote
a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.
11. If its message were confined merely to information and that
in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even
a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising
wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention. 12. The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades
improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples
of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.
13. As families move away from their stable community, their
friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the
informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence
that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy
and reliable. 14. The individual now has more information available than any
generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information
relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming,
and sometimes even overwhelming. 15. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing,
and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants
leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference
site. 16. The current passion for making children compete against their
classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in
which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type
fellows. 17. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding
whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications
will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities
must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.
18. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting
organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size
and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in
Britain. 19. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited
anyone with an opinion of the BBC--including ordinary listeners
and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and
even whether they thought it was worth keeping. 20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age
by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline
in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms
in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
21. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry
greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as
a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible
wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners:
and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
22. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house
large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes,
and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that
of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders'
meeting to dictate their orders to the management. 23. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of
the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company
in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital
and labor was not good. 24. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct
relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom
that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer
had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family
business now passing away. 25. Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's
excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new
technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above
all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking
about things technological. 26. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist
thinks about objects that can not be reduced to unambiguous verbal
descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal
process...The designer and the inventor.., are able to assemble
and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist".
27. Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down
among levers, screws, wedges, wheel, etc, like a poet among the
letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his
thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea".
28. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives
the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and,
tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists,
the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant
surprise. 29. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says:
"This book stands for reason itself." And so it does-and
all wound be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution
debate. 30. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary
debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority
in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill
patients who wish to die. 31. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches,
right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly
attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is
unlikely to turn back. 32. In Australia- where an aging population, life-extending technology
and changing community attitudes have all played their partother
states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.
33. There are, of course, exceptions. Small--minded officials,
rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in
the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves
comment. 34. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use
of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache,
some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a
cigarette for the nerves. 35. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with
more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect,
and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when
the substance is discontinued. 36. "Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?"
Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. "You
have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten
our children as well?" 37. "The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall
Street Journal column', "lies not in how well it can control
expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression
the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the
results may sometimes be..." 38. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's
stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that "music is not the
cause of society's ills" and even cited his son, a teacher
in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.
39. Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such
as "steering the economy to a soft landing" of "a
touch on the brakes" , makes it sound like a precise science.
Nothing could be further from the truth. 40. Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable
inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since, conventional
measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's,
have little productive slack. 41. The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little
defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes
in the world have upended the old economic models that were based
upon the historical link between growth and inflation. 42. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but
deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return
for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that
it barely generates electricity. 43. New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering
and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity
of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint
investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment
in education and training. 44. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies
have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out
costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.
51. Unlike most of the world''s volcanoes, they are not always
found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up
the earth''s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in
the interior of a plate. 52. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents
has been constructed in detail, but the motion of the plates with
respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with
respect to the earth''s interior. 53. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks); in
at least a few cases the continentmay break entirely along some
of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation
of a new ocean. 54. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers
of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state
or federal regulations, it isn''t clear that they actually protect
the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
55. At the same time, the American Law Institute--a group of
judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial
weight--issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies
need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with
a lengthy list of possible ones. 56. In the past year, however, software companies have developed
tools that allow companies to "push" information directly
out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted
customers. 57. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other
pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products
with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will
attract online customers. 58. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in
the classroom on the behalf of students'' career prospects and those
arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical
education reform. 59. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen,
a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently access how
his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.
60. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of
every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where
the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international
corporations. 一、略读(skimming) 所谓略读是一种选择阅读法。它有两个特点:第一,它有意地忽略掉一些字词、句子或段落;第二,它有意地不求甚解。例如抓住一段的大意时甚至可以对该段落的一半或者四分之三不予理睬。 略读不是略去某些词不读,而是指不可以逐字逐词阅读。要抓住关键词,阅读句群,把握整体意思。在一个句子里,最关键的莫过于主语、谓语、宾语了,其他的成分都是用来补充主、谓、宾的附加成分,让主、谓、宾看起来更加丰满。使用略读法时,要省去各种细节的知识,如数字、公式、时间、地点、人物年龄等。要注意故事的主要情节,抓住中心意思。在方法上,阅读时可以跳跃某些句子,但要注意关键词、关键段落和问题。当找到了所需要的信息时,要立即停下来。然后,再慢慢地细读包含所需信息的那一行或那一句。 例如:The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the joumalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons;first,it seems likely that most people in modem Western societies are more familiar,at least in a positive manner, with journalistic interviewing than any other form of interviewing. (that从句只是解释fact,it从句列举reasons,只要抓住The fact seems to be surprising for two reasons,这句话的意思就可以把握了。) 遇到难句一定要将主语、渭语、宾语勾画出来,明显地提醒自己这句话的意思是什么。在做完了题目检查时还一定要认认真真地把句子分析清楚,这样才可以提高自己的阅读能力。 信号词常用来连接细节或是强调内容,并可完成段落的转换,暗示读者下文要讲的内容,标志出作者要提出一个新的思想或者观点,或者是作者要对所论述的观点举例说明,或者要详细论述同一观点。例如: To sum up,Aristotle thought that all motions resulted either from the nature of the moving object or from a sustained push or pull.(表明作者要做结论) There is never only a single force in a situation.For example, in walking across the floor,we push against the floor, and the floor in turn pushes against us.(举例说明) In other words, in an economic sense the family was analmost self-sufficient unit.(用不同的表达方法说明同一观点) 常用的主要有: A.表示递进关系 如:also,besides,further,furthermore,even,too,moreover.in addition,in particular,even more important等。 B.表示时间和顺序 如:before,now,next,first,finally,at first,at last,then,until,soon,later,after,eventually,in the past,afterwards,meanwhile。in the meantime等。 C.表示空间顺序 如:beside,between,beyond,from(…to),outside,next to,opposite to等。 D.表示下文要引出例子 如:such as, i.e.,for example,for instance,in fact等。 E.表示因果关系 如:because,thus,so,so that,as a result,therefore,consequently, for this(that)reason,hence,accordingly等。 F.表示比较或对比(下文要开始转折) 如:(un)like,similarly,likewise,in the same way,in spite of,despite,on the contrary,by comparison,in contrast,but,however,although,on the other hand,yet,nevertheless,conversely,otherwise等。 G.表示结论和概括意义 如:to conclude,to sum up,in sum,in conclusion.In short,in brief,on the whole等。 在文中遇到此类词汇一定要做标记,考点也常常在这些地方出现。 三、找到中心思想 一个句子、一段文章虽然能提供许多信息,但它的中心意思通常只有一个。其它细节都围绕这个意思,说明这个意思。要提高阅读速度有一个最根本的要求,就是要找到并抓住这个中心意思。抓住了中心意思才能正确地理解句子、段落或通篇的基本内容。下面几组词,每一组都有一个中心词: A.apple fruit orange B.animal cat dog bird c.green red yellow color D.chair table furniture couch E.nurse profession teacher lawyer 段落的中心意思与句子的中心意思是类似的。一般有两种情况:一种是表明的中心意思,另一种是隐含的中心意思。表明的中心意思常常用一个或几个句子来表示,隐含的中心尽想需要读者用自己的话去概括、归纳整篇或整段的含义。 要想在考试中在阅读理解部分取得高分,首先必须学会寻找中心思想、抓住中心思想,特别是段落的中心思想。主题句的位置比较灵活,有的在段首。有的在段末,有的则居段中,但主题句在段首的比较多。例如: As the sun went down , the scene from the bridge was beautiful, It had been a perfect day. Up and down on either side of NY the bright blue water lay gently rippling, while to the south it merged into the great bay and disappeared toward the sea. The vast cities spread away on both sides. Beyond rolled the hilly country until it was lost in the mists of the sky. All up and down the harbor the shipping, piers , and buildings were still gaily decorated. On the housetops of both Brooklyn and NY were multitudes of people. 主题句就是第一句。其他的句子只是细节,都是解释、说明第一句的。 不论主题句在句首也好,在句末也好,都是用一个完整的句子表达这一段的中心意思的,在这一类的文章中,识别主题句进而抓住中心意思是比较容易的,比较困难的是识别、寻找隐含的中心意思,例如: Tennis is not a difficult game to play , and you do not need a lot of equipment to play it. There must be two or four players. Each player should have a comfortable tennis racket. The players will also need some tennis balls. Of course, it is necessary to have a tennis court. 这一段的中心意思没有用主题句表示出来,而是包含在这一段的上下文中,需要我们用自己的话进行概括、归纳。可以看出,这一段的中心意思应该是:Players need a court,rackets,and tennis balls。 四、正确处理阅读中出现的生词,提高阅读速度 个别生词不会影响我们对全文的理解,而且大纲中也允许有3%左右的生词。对有些与答题无关的生词一般可以忽略过去。如果有个别生词影响了对全篇的理解和做题,就需要去猜测词义。在考试中当然是无法求助于字典的,一般可以有两种方法:第一是根据构词法判断词义。这种方法需要认识大量的词根,否则一切猜测都无从谈起;第二种是根据与上下文的关系推测其词义,生词不是孤立的、封闭的,它所出现于其中的句子、段落都会提供很多的暗示和线索,其中最常见的上下文暗示或线索有以下五种: 1.同义词或复述线索。在同一句子中使用另外一个词,该词与生词具有基本相同的意义;或者,使用几个词来复述生词的意义。例如: 下面黑体字与画框的字意义相同: A.The woman found herself in a difficult situation.In fact her plight was so serious that she decided to get help. B.Children often try to emulate or copy the behavior that they.see on television. 2.比较/对照线索,一个句子可能包含有这样一个词,它与生词具有相反的意义。作者有时使用on the other hand,however,although,unlike,yet和but等转折语,提醒读者注。意他要使用一个与生词具有相反意义地词语。 下面黑体字与画框的字意义相反: A.Some people like to walk quickly home after work,but I prefer to stroll home and look at the store windows along the way. B. Although the doctor usually performed the operation perfectly.the nurse knew he had slipped when she saw the patient's blood pressure suddenly rise. 3.例释线索。作者有时给出一些例子,指示或解释生词的含义。 请阅读下列句子,并通过每一句中的例子判断黑体字的意义。 A.There was a kind of detachment about the old man's behavior.It appeared as if he didn't care what you were saying to him.as if what you were saying were of no interest to him. B.In a battle situation he always appeared calm and relaxed.It was this calm demeanor that earned him the respect and admiration of the other soldiers. 4.直接解释的线索。作者有时担心自己所使用的词不易为读者理解,于是就直接解释该词的意义。阅读下列句子,找出黑体字的解释语: A.The powerful poison was imperceptible when mixed in liquid;that is,it could not be tasted,seen,or smelled. B.From the shelf above him。the old man took down a phiaI,a small glass bottle used to keep liquids,and he placed it on the table in front of him. 5.经验线索或情景线索。有些生词可以根据它们所出现于其中的情景去理解;也可以结合读者自己的经验去理解。 阅读下列句子,运用每一个句子所描述的情景去推断黑体字的含义: A.Alan found himself on the first floor of an old,seemingly abandoned building,as he walked up to the second floor he could hear the old wooden stairs creak with each step he took. B.It was the first time Nancy had been in a big city.She felt a little apprehensive as she walked out onto the street.with so many strange faces staring at her 五、跳读法 跳读法是略读法的进一步发展。跳读法就是读的时候,头脑中带着问题,寻找问题的具体答案,采取跳跃、选择阅读的方法。一旦找到了问题的具体答案,便立即停下来,跳读法也是快读的一种形式。如果略去冗余的单词,文章所表达的思想并不受太大的影响。 用跳读法做下面的练习,并迅速选出答案: A.What_____(in 1836;a new car;yesterday) B.Why________(last week;for some ice;very carefully) C.Which_______(the green box;45 cents;in ten minutes) D.How________($649;very quickly;a new red car) E.Where________(at 9 PM;every meming;in Florida) F.When_______(under the table;with Susan and Joe;about five hours ago) G.Who_______(a very good coach;Mr.Roberts;some pens and pencils) 除了以上几点,还有很多其他的方法可以用来提高阅读速度,例如句群阅读法等。无论是哪种方法目的都是为了在提高速度的同时加强对文章的理解。因此,无论采用哪种形式,一定要记住不要为了一棵树苗而忘记了整片森林。不认识的生词可以跳过去,大部分的生词并不影响对整个句子意思的理解,不要一遇到生词心里就慌了。 实验证明人的视域最大可以一目半行,而考生一般是一目一词,连一目三、四词的速度都达不到,这是考生阅读时间不够的主要原因。 另外,用手或笔指着阅读,逐行地点着阅读或一边读一边翻译都会影响阅读速度。而且,有些单词并非是与文章主旨直接相关的关键词,这样,反而不能有效地集中精神阅读较重点的关键词句。 二、回读 一般来说为了斟酌题干和原文的关系,回读是不可避免的。但是对一些生词、难句不论是否与题干有关都反复地进行阅读,这样会干扰对全文的理解。有时印象太深,甚至会在做题时选择与读不懂的原文相似或相近的选项。 三、有声朗读和无声朗读 无声朗读是比较普遍的现象,这样容易分散注意力,人容易疲劳,影响对关键词句的理解,大大影响阅读速度。 四、做题时依据自己的主观臆断 我们对自己熟悉的题材常常带有明显的个人看法,往往根据自己已有的观点去理解原文,而忽视了作者的观点,因而常常误选一些不确切的答案。 六级阅读文章的篇幅约为1400词(共四篇文章,每篇约为350词),多以议论文、说明文为主。议论文一般论证某一观点的正误,说明文一般对事物或现象进行说明或解释。不多见的记叙文多讲述事物的发生、发展、结构或人物的生平经历或者是事情以及相关的情景。文章的题材广泛,可分为人文类(包括历史、地理、文化、教育、语言、文学、风俗习惯等)、社科类(包括社会学、心理学、经济学等)、自然科学(包括物理、化学、数学、计算机等)和生命科学(如生物学、医学等)。 二、测试重点有 l.掌握所读材料的主旨大意; 2.把握与主旨大意有关的事实和细节; 3.既理解单句的意思,又理解上下文的逻辑关系; 4.既读懂字面意思,又能推断隐含之意; 5.根据上下文判断词汇、短句和句子的特定含义; 6.领会作者的观点、态度和意图。 三、命题特点 如果掌握了六级阅读的命题特点,并结合自己的语言知识熟练运用,则可以事半功倍。 首先,六级的任何一道试题都紧扣原文的某些词语,要紧紧跟随原文,不要根据自己的臆断去做题,要根据原文的线索按图索骥。 其次,答案通常要做合理的推断或转换,正确的选项往往只是意思上与原文相近,而用词或结构都会做相应的转换,那些与原文在用词和结构上相似的选项多为干扰项。 一、时间顺序 事件的发生、发展过程都是有时间的。在头脑中有了一个明确的时间顺序,也就是事件的连续性,有助于快速地理解和抓住中心思想。例如: A small, hand - propelled German submarine , the Brand-taucher, sank in 1851 in sixty feet of water , with her captain ,Wilhelm Bauer, and two crew members aboard. Her hull immediately began to collapse under the pressure of the sea. CaptainBauer , who had built the tiny craft, knew that if he could keep his two companions from panicking while allowing the water to rise steadily inside her , the interior and exterior pressure would equalize and they would be able to open the hatch and got out. They did. 二、地点顺序 一切事件的发生、发展过程都有不同的地点,把这些地点联系起来,同样有助于快速地抓住中心思想,找到具体的事实与细节。 三、事件的重要性的顺序 有些段落的细节构成常常是次要的放在前面,重要的放在最后。了解重要性的先后次序同样有助于我们快速地找到并抓住中心思想。 四、对比法 文章中为了描述一种不熟悉的事物或观念,常常把它们与我们所熟悉的事物或观念想对比,或者把过去的事物与现在的事物相对比。如果熟悉作者的这种笔法,有助于使我们快速地捕捉到中心意思和具体细节。下面的例子中,有三个方面进行了比较: While there are many differences between high school and college , I'd have to say that the most important ones all involve freedom. Everyone has to attend high school , at least until tenth grade , so very often you find classes where the students aren't serious about learning. College is exactly the opposite. People are there voluntarily because they want to learn and improve themselves. As a result college students are much more serious and interested. Another major difference is that colleges don' t enforce arbitrary rules. In high school you need a pass to be in the hallway during class, and you can' t leave a classroom without permission. On the other hand , college students can go where they please. 五、因果关系 在说明文或议论文中,事物的因果关系常被用来作为展开段落的方法。先讲原因,后给结果或者是先给结果,后讲原因。还有一些段落在原因显而易见的情况下可以只集中说明结果;相反,还有一些段落则只涉及原因,例如: My grandfather's farm has become much easier to manage in recent years. His prize Holstein cows , for example , are now milked by automatic pumps rather than by hand. Also , the eggs his hens lay are hatched in incubators instead of by the hens themselves. The temperature and humidity in the hen houses are controlled by thermostats, not by Nature' s whim; and the amount of food his chickens get each day is determined by a computer rather than by a farmhand's estimates. All that is left for grandfather to go , he jokes, is to sit back and pay the huge electric bills. 六、分类 分类是根据事物的特点分别归类。这样组合段落的目的是为了分清每一种类的性质。例如: In ferreting the interests of people in space, we are aware that there are probably three reasons. Firstly , it is a plan of looking for other places to hold the overcrowded population on this earth. Secondly , it is the curiosity of mankind to urge the scientists for the research work, because they desire too eagerly the coming of the day when they can travel freely in space. Thirdly, we are reminded of the mineral sources which are not sufficient to provide for the needs on the earth, so we try every effort to go to other planets in the hope for searching for new resources. 七、一般到个别 大多数的段落以主题句开头,开门见山,点明主题,然后给出具体细节,或是用理由和实例来论证主题。例如: My ambition is to go to college, but my environment does not allow me to do so. My father has been in some difficulty in supporting me even in the middle school, so it is certainly a greater difficulty for him to pay my expenses in college. And I have five brothers in schools. If I go to college, the burden will be too heavy for my father. Moreover, I am poor in science, and perhaps this will prevent me from being successfully assigned the entrance of a college. 八、个别到一般 这种段落是先给出具体细节,或是以理由和实例开头,而后用概述全段意思的一般性评论作为段落结尾。 此外,还有定义法,这种方式是对某些词、术语或抽象概念下定义。使用段落下定义往往先把一个词限定为总属词类的一项,再把这个词项和同类中的其他项目相区别。 细节题就是针对文章中的细节所出的考题。这些事实和细节主要包括:主要人物、主要事件、主要情节、主要过程、主要的原因和结果、主要的数据、主要的时间和地点。 有一些方法可以准确地找到细节和事实: A.找到中心思想,那么支持中心思想的事实与细节就自然显现出来了。 B.要明确所有事实和细节并不是同等重要的。与中心思想相联系的事实和细节是重要的事实和细节;与中心思想无关,只是引起兴趣的事实和细节是次要的事实和细节。要把重要的事实和细节分开,因为,出题的地方一般是重要的事实与细节,这样次要的部分就可以略去不阅读了。 C.寻找段落的构成及信息的排列形式。 D.要把作者的观点与事实分开。 E.在阅读的过程中要给自己提问(Who?Where?When?What or what happened?&Why?) F.最后,要迅速地检查一下所找到的事实与细节,并加以总结。 细节题主要命题方式有: According to the passage,it is…that… The author describes…as…because…A chief factor in…is 根据分类,细节题一般有以下几种形式: 1.词性、同义词、反义词的转换,这类题主要考查读者对原文表达细节信息的词汇、惯用法的正确理解,这是相对比较简单的题目,只要在原文中找到支持选项的词语即可。 2.同时利用词语和句法的转换。这类题目的正确选项与原文的表达不尽相同,一般会在词语或句型上有变化,比如原文用的是双重否定,选项中常常出现肯定的句式;或原文与选项互换反义词。解这类题的关键也是要找对考点,因为无论怎样变化,原文表达具体事实和细节的信息与问题加选项的信息在意思上一定是相同的。 3.综合细节题。需要将文章的信息与自己对主题的原有观点和判断相结合,综合概括作者给出的各种细节。 4.排除型题型。要仔细找到每个选项的出处,一个一个地排除,这种题型没有技巧可言,只要仔细就可以做对。 例如: A single word emptied Surat' s usually swarming streets last week. Ignoring public - health officials' frantic appeals to stay home, residents began escaping the slum- ridden city, about 175 kilometers north of Bombay, by any means at hand. Doctors identified the disease, which has already killed more than 100 inhabitants,as pneumonic plague. Bubonic plague, the disease's more common form, is carried by fleas from rats---animals considered sacred by many Indians. Bubonic plague ravaged Europe in the 14th century, making itself infamous as the Black Death, and killed nearly 12 million people in India between 1896 and 1936. The even more lethal pneumonic form can also travel directly from human to human, causing high fever, a bloody congh and often death without hours. As of late last week, relief workers said roughly 500,000 of Surat' s 2.5 million residents had already fled. The mass exodus raised worries of a full - blown epidemic.Officials tried to cordon off the city, hoping to prevent people already infected with the disease from carrying it elsewhere--especially to crowded Bombay, just three hours away by train. But containing the public's growing sense of panic was beyond the powers of belated separations and emergency shipments of antibiotics. An outbreak of bubonic plague, Indian' s first encounter with that disease since 1966, hit the area of Bombay shortly before the pneumonic virus arrived in Surat. Late last week officials declared the bubonic contagion under control. Of the few score people known to have contracted the disease, none had died. But the pneumonic killer remained on the loose. 1. Surat was a______ A)big and crowed city. B)poor and densely populated city. C) city with a long history of plague. D)busy city with narrow streets. 综合细节题型,第一段三处分别提到了Surat是一个贫穷且人口密集的城市,综合得出B)为正确选项。 2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? A) The cause of bubonic plague. B)The symptoms of pneumonic plague. C)The measures taken by the officials. D)The first time the plague hit India. 排除型题型,第一段和第二段分别提到了A)、B)、c)选项的内容,故排除D),所以D)也就是正确答案。 二、主旨大意题 主要的命题方式有: What's the subject of the passage? The main idea(point)of the passage is______. The suitable title for the passage might be_______. 主旨大意题一般有以下几种形式: 1.段落主旨题。这种段落的中心大意一般出现在这一段的第一句或最后一句,但有时也有几句话的综合,并不直接在某一句中体现。 2.全篇主旨题。这种题主要考对全文的中心大意的概括能力。有时中心意思在首段用主题句等方式表达出来,有时则在中段或尾段。有主题句的文章的其他各部分通常都紧密围绕主题句层层展开。一般在阅读文章的时候就应该对作者的中心大意有一个比较准确的理解,在前面所提到的勾画主题句可以很好的解决主旨型题型。 还有一点必须注意的是,在做完所有的题后,应该再重新考虑主旨题,看是否与其他各题有矛盾之处,如有,那么主旨题应该重新考虑答案。 Though they were not trained naturalists, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in their explorations of North American in the early nineteenth century came across enough unfamiliar birds, mammals, and reptiles to fill a zoo. In keeping with president Jefferson's orders, they took careful note of 122 species and subspecies that were unknown to science and in many eases native only to the West. Clark make sketches of any particularly intriguing creature. He and lewis also collected animal hides and horns and skins with such care that a few of them were still intact nearly two centuries later. While Lewis and Clark failed to meet the mythological monsters reputed to well in the West, they did unearth the bones of a 45 - foot dinosaur. Furthermore, some of the living beasts they did come upon, such as the woolly mountain goat and the grizzly bear were every bit as odd or as fearsome as any myth. In their collector's enthusiasm, they even floated aprairie dog out of its burrow by pouring in five barrelfuls of water,then shipped the frisky animal to Jefferson alive and yelping. Q: What does the passage mainly discuss? A) President Jefferson' s pets. B) Collector's techniques for capturing wildlife. C) Jobs for trained naturalists. D) Record newly discovered species of animals. 正确答案为C)。原文要讲述Mefiwether Lewis和William Clark在19世纪早期在北美探险时发现的一些以前所不熟悉的鸟、哺乳动物及爬行动物等。这在原文开头提到了,接着具体叙述他们探险时遇到各种动物时的情况。这是典型的中心句在句首的情况。 三、逻辑关系题 这种题型的主要命题方式有: From the passage we know that______. The first sentence in the passage tells us that________. 1.句子之间的逻辑关系题。正确勾画出信号词对这种题非常有用。只要找到信号词,就可以把握句子之间到底是因果关系还是转折关系。但在更多情况下,逻辑关系并没有明显的标志词,这时一定要小心分析句子之间存在的隐形的逻辑关系。 2.文章各段之间的关系。文章各段落之间的逻辑关系通常都体现在段落的开头和结尾。找到前一段的最后一句与后一段的第一句之间的关系便成为解题的关键。一般段落之间的关系有时间先后顺序、平行列举关系、对比结构关系、因果关系等。因为为了使文章的结构严密,作者通常会使用一些表示次序、递进、转折等的过渡词,勾画出这些标志词可以方便理解段落之间的关系。 例如: Shakespeare said that" some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them. "So it is with leadership. Some men are born with capacity for leadership. Some acquire that art by watching and studying the actions of those around them. Other persons find themselves thrown into unusual situations which require them to draw on resources they never realized they had, and events bring out marked leadership. Most of us are never put to such tests. Most of us are not born leaders. Q: At the beginning of the passage, Shakespeare's words are quoted A)to make readers appreciate the writer's style B)to show the writer's appreciation of Shakespeare's ideas C) to stress the importance of good leadership D)to help describe different kinds of leaders "so it is"意思是"也一样",看出这里是类比关系,表明莎士比亚的话同样适用对领导才能的描述。莎翁提到3种不同的人,那么领导人也有至少3种类型,由此可知,作者引述这句话的目的在于描绘不同类型的领导,故正确选项是D)。 四、推断题 主要的提问方式有: It can be inferred from the passage that________. 1t is implied in the passage that_______. It is implied but not stated:_______. 推断题有一定的难度,在解决时要结合文章的主旨大意,从语篇层面上把握全文,同时要利用相关部分的背景知识,甚至常识推理。不能死抠字面意思,也不可以主观臆断,还有一点就是必须区分事实和观点。 例如: Dialectic in this sense of the word has no other aim but to reduce to a regular system and collect and exhibit the arts which most men employ when they observe in a dispute , that Ruth is not on their side, and still attempt to gain the day. Hence, it would be very inexpedient to pay any regard to objective troth or its advancement in the science of Dialectic, since this is not done in that original and natural Dialectic, innate in men, where they strive for nothing but victory. The science of Dialectic, in one sense of the word, is mainly concerned to tabulate and analyze dishonest stratagems, in order that in a real debate they may be at once recognized and defeated. It is for this very reason that Dialectic must admittedly take victory, and not objective truth, for its aim and purpose... QI: In the context of the selection, "dialectic" most probably means A)the search for truth B) an objective attitude toward reality C)a philosophic acceptance of deficit D) a system of logical thinking rules Q2: The term " inexpedient" ( sentence 2) is likely to mean A)innocent B) wise C) impractical D) efficient Q3: When the author claims that the science of dialectic enables a person to "analyze dishonest stratagems", the term "stratagem" seems to mean A) statistics B)devices C)attitudes D)gestures Q4: When he implies that the desire to win is" innate in men," the author means that the urge is A)natural B)vicious C)wrong D) theoretical Q1:在选文中,单词dialectic的大意是:A):对真理的探索;B):对现实的客观态度;C):逆来顺受;D):辩证法的体系。根据上下文,正确答案应该是选项D),其他选项都不对。 Q2:句子二中inexpedient一词的含义是不便的,不明智的。所给的四个选项的意思分别是:A):无故的;B):明智的;C):不现实的;D):效率高的。从文章和句子中可以看出,正确答案是选项c)。其他选项都不对。 Q3:作者称辩证法可以帮助一个人分析不诚实的"stratagems"。所给四个选项的意思分别是:A):统计学;B):工具;C):态度;D):手势。在本文中stratagem应为"方式、方法、工具"之意,所以正确答案是选项B),其他选项都不对。 Q4:当作者暗示说他想得到的是人的天性,作者指的这种驱动力是:A):自然的;B):邪恶的;C):错误的;D):理论的。考生可以从innate天生的,固有的,一词推知答案是选项A),其他选项都不对。 又如:1990年1月试题第31题 31 、It is implied that fifty years ago_______ A) eighty per cent of American working people were employed in factories B) twenty per cent of American intellectuals were employees C)the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of individual workers D) the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that of the industrial workers 答案选D)。这是一道需要自己推断结论的题,在文中没有现成的答案。文章中提到约一百年前只有1/5的人受雇于人,50年前被雇佣意味着在工厂或农场当劳力,而今天只有1/5的人不受雇于人,而且今天的雇员中受过教育的中产阶级的数目越来越大,由此推出50年前的雇员中知识分子的比例远远小于产业工人。 有的考生往往把推理题想得太难,于是就天马行空地乱推,一般推一步就可以得到结论了,最多都不要推过两层意思。 五、作者的观点、态度题 作者往往并不直接表明自己对某一事物或观点的态度和倾向,有时通过全文的叙述,有时可通过作者的用词(尤其是形容词和副词),推断作者的语气。常见的提问方式有: What is the author's opinion? How does the author feel about...? Which of the following can best describe the style of the passage? 要做对这类题,必须做到正确理解作者真正的观点,同时还要正确地推断作者的语气、态度,弄清作者写这篇文章的目的是什么,作者的态度是肯定还是否定,以及文中的事实论据是否支持作者的论点等等。同时还必须体会作者的用词和其他修饰手段,例如比喻和讽刺。在读文章的时候要注意勾画出表示作者态度的一些词语,比如sure,satisfaction,magnanimous,还有一些带有消极意义的词,比如ruffled,stingy等。 例如: The deliberate violation of constituted law (civil disobedience )is never morally justified if the law being violated is not the prime target or focal point of the protest. While our government maintains the principle of the Constitution by providing methods for and protection of those engaged in individual or group dissent, the violation of law simply as a technique of demonstration constitutes rebellion. Civil disobedience is by definition a violation of the law. The theory of civil disobedience recognizes that its actions, regardless of their justification, must be punished. However, disobedience of laws not the subject of dissent, but merely used to dramatize dissent, is regarded as morally as well as legally unacceptable. It is only with respect to those laws which offend the fundamental values of human life that moral defense of civil disobedience can be rationally supported. For a just society to exist, the principle of tolerance must be accepted, both by the government in regard to properly expressed individual dissent and by the individual toward legally established majority verdicts. No individual has a monopoly on freedom and all must tolerate opposition. Dissenters must accept dissent from their dissent, diving it all the respect they claim for themselves. To disregard this principle is to make civil disobedience not only legally wrong but morally unjustifiable. Q: According to the author, A) the principle of tolerance must be accepted by both parties B)civil disobedience cannot be accepted in a just society C)in a just society, no individual tolerate opposition D) many authorities respect dissent as necessary to the functioning of a free society 正确答案是A)。文中最后一段第一句正是作者表达的观点:容忍的原则要被双方接受才可。标志词是must be。像must be,should这类语气的词均表明了作者是完全支持这种观点的。 六、词汇题 词汇题在很大程度上是根据上下文推测词义的正确理解。常见的提问方式有: The word"…"means--. By"…"the author means_______. 对于生词、难词,作者一定会在上下文中进行解释、说明或者用一个比较简单的词重复该词,因此这类题并不难做。如:1 would like your candid opinion。direct and truthful.direct和truthful都是对candid的重复说明,可以推断candid是坦诚的意思。又如:Tom is quite talkative.whereas his sister remains reticent all the time.whereas表示转折,因此可以得出reticent是talkative的反义词,"沉默寡言"之意。 而对于熟词僻义的考题,应该推敲上下文,领会其意思,对本文做适当的引伸;有一个小技巧就是排除该单词常见意义的选项,即对其不予考虑。 例如: The lorry had been ordered to arrive at the rest- house at seven- thirty for loading, and by eight - thirty we thought we should be well on the road. It was very apparent that we were new to Africa. At ten o' clock we were pacing round and round our mountain of luggage on the veranda, cursing and fuming impatiently, scanning the road for the truant lorry. At eleven o' clock a cloud of dust appeared on the horizon and in its midst,like a beetle in a whirlwind。was the lorry.It screeched to a halt below,and the driver dismounted. Q1.Pacing means_______. A)running B)walking impatiently C)counting our steps D)sitting 本题正确答案是B)。文章开头谈到车子未按预定时间到达这一事实,作者使用了should be这样的虚拟语气,说明了作者初来乍到,加上大堆行李,因此等得极不耐烦。在这一语境下,B)项的意义更确切。 Q2:Fuming means_______. A)angry B)smoking C)waiting D)laughing 本题正确答案是A)。由上文提示,等车等得不耐烦而导致生气发怒,由此推断,"fuming"的意思是"发怒的,生气的"意思。 Q3:Scanning means______。 A)walking along B)standing beside C)blaming D)looking at every part of 从这句话的上文和"scan for the lorry"这一短语可以判断他们是在张望要等的货车,故本题正确答案是D)。 Q4:Truant means_______. A)that hadn't turned up B)broken-down C)old-fashioned D)dig 本题正确答案是A)。上文谈到由于车子没按预定时间到达而使他们长时间地等候,由此可推断,"truant"意思是"还没出现的"。 Q5:Screeched to a halt means_______. A)crashed B)stopped slowIy C)stopped with a loud noise D)drove up to the door 本题正确答案是C)。要知道这一短语的意思,就要弄清"screech"一词的意思。联系此句的上下文可判断,车子尖叫着停了下来,此处是指突然刹车发出的声音。 Q6:Dismounted means________. A)got out B)took the engine to pieces C)opened the door D)drove away again 本题正确答案是A)。上文已说明车停了,这一线索和该词前缀dis(意为away)都给了我们猜测该词义的提示。 词汇题还包括了关于"it、they、one、that"等常见代词的指代问题的题目。在六级里,无论代词指代的是名词还是句子,都会包含名词在内,因此做这类题有一个小技巧就是找名词,在it的前面一个句子里面去找最近的那一个名词。比如:As families move away from their stable community,the informal flow of information is cut off。and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthyand reliable. 这里距it最近的名词是the informal flow of information,可以知道it指代的句子一定与信息流动有关,而只有正确答案the breakdown of informal information channels中间包含非正式信息流的意思 阅读应该多做多练才会有好的效果。我觉得平时的阅读训练应该做到以下几点: 1、积累单词。(大纲要求六级应该领会和掌握的单词有5300个,其中复用式掌握的应该有2800个,以及一定量的常用词组。如果词汇量没有达到一定程度,势必会影响阅读的速度。因此,既然阅读的基础是单词,那么平时一定多积累单词,尤其针对一些专业性强的文章多记专业词汇,至少要有一定的印象。因为许多的专业词汇都不是原来的本意,常常有大的变动,如果不知道的话会影响对整篇文章的理解。要扩大词汇量不可以死记硬背,而是要大量地阅读。在阅读中提高自己的词汇量。同时还要刻意地去增大自己的词根、词缀数量,这样可以提高自己猜词的成功率,以提高自己的阅读速度和理解的正确性。 2、挑选一本好的阅读练习册,应该是有详细答案题解的那种。可以让老师或者英语成绩比较好的朋友建议好的阅读书籍,不要盲目的拿一本书就开始做,这样不但没有提高反而会浪费大量的时间。要好好地利用这本练习册,反复练习,认真地把做过的每一篇阅读文章弄明白,分析清楚长句、难句。 3、静心。做阅读的时候切忌心烦,一定要心平气和,在遇到难句、难词时更要心静,认真分析句子,不要在做题时动来动去,这样会影响精神的集中。 4、认真勾画关键句子和关键词语。开始时可能勾画得并不那么准确,但一定要坚持下去。开始的时候不要烦划出的词语多,因为最初的时候对关键词句把握不准,但经过刻意的练习,多做几次,自然而然就知道考点和关键词句在什么地方了。 5、平时还要注意积累背景知识。六级的阅读多是常识性的知识,多多积累,在遇到的时候就可以更加清楚地把握全文了。但一定不要在读文章的时候加入自己的个人感情,一就是一,二就是二,不可以自己发挥。 二、考前训练 针对六级的考前阅读训练,我的经验是一本历年来的真题集就足够了,要利用好历年来的真题,熟悉了真题,就等于熟悉了出题人的思路。针对出题人的思路的训练可以训练自己对六级阅读的语感和思路,减少在读懂了文章的情况下做错题的几率,尤其是那种常常在两个答案中二选一时出错的考生,真题的训练可以大大提高正确率。用真题去训练针对六级的阅读方法和速度,是在短时间里提高六级阅读速度和做题正确率的一个较好的方法。 考前训练在一个"精"字上,要有针对性才会有飞跃。首先应对历年来的真题认真地全做一遍。这一步主要是为了对六级的阅读理解题有一个总体的认识。然后,挑出难段、难题反复地做,认真分析文章的结构、主旨大意及作者的态度观点,分析难句子的结构、用词、修辞手法,同时结合题目看其考点有什么特点。要总结自己常常出错的地方,是没有读懂文章还是做题的思路不正确,找到原因才会有对症下药的可能性。如果是没有读懂文章,我建议还是应该再集中训练一下自己的阅读技巧;如果是读懂文章却没有做对题目,我认为应该认认真真地再仔细研究历年来的真题。虽然现在有很多书在不同程度上对这些做了分析,但我认为,自己做一遍效果比较好一些,能加深理解。 我在考前一个月中间做了三遍阅读的历年真题,可以说到后来看见题目我都能想起考点和答案是什么。我觉得这样做的好处很多,最重要的是使我熟悉了出题人的思路,在比较模糊的两个答案中间通常是要靠对出题人的思路和感觉来做对题的。 三、心理状态 考试必须有一个正常的心态。许多考生经常说六级有多难多难,但我觉得六级并不难,关键看自己怎么给自己定位。考前一定要对自己有一个严格的要求,要相信自己的实力,要在心理上战胜自己,然后再按部就班地努力,自然也就会考出一个理想的分数。 一般来说,我们阅读文章的目的是为了获取信息。文章体裁不同,其结构特点就会各异。因此,我们获取信息的最有效方法之一就是去学习和了解文章的结构,以便更加准确、快速地定位我们要找的信息。
1、叙述文 叙述文一般以讲述某一行为(行动)或事件为主,但是六级考试中一般不出现单纯的叙述文,因为单纯的叙述文比较简单、易懂。所以六级考试中的叙述文大多是夹叙夹议的文章,并且这类文章的基本结构模式是:
总结或结论: 2、说明文(描述文) 说明文的一般结构模式和叙述文的结构模式有相通之处即: 提出问题(或以一个事例引出问题)---- (专家)发现直接原因-----
分析深层原因----- 得出结论或找到出路。 分析原因(直接原因): 3、议论文 我们大家最容易辨认出来的议论文模式是 主张---反主张模式。在这一模式中,作者首先提出一种普遍认可的观点或某些人认可的主张或观点(观点下面往往列举出事实或事例),
然后进行澄清,说明自己的主张或观点, 或者说提出反主张或真实情况。1995年6月大学英语六级考试阅读理解第二篇就是这样的结构。
论据是: 二、巧妙绕开生词 我们这里所说的巧妙绕开生词的方法和上面分析文章结构特点的思路是统一的,也就是说, 只要我们从总体上把握了文章,不用认识每一个单词也能照样理解整篇文章。 1. 英语文章中不是所有的词的功能都是同等的,有些词担负着传达主要信息的功能, 而有些词主要起语法作用或者它所传达的信息和下文的其他信息没有联系。
2. 我们不用弄清上面某些部分的原因是,它们的后面往往有一个同位语来解释说明它们的意思。这就引起了我们不用弄懂所有单词意思的第二个理由。也就是说如果我们对文章中的某一个单词不熟悉,我们还可以根据统一篇文章中的其他信息来帮助判断。这类信息有:同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词、构词法以及标点符号(如破折号,冒号都表示解释和说明)等。
我们要实现快速准确理解文章除了要抓住关键句子外,还要抓住句子当中的关键成分。主要是句子的主干,如主语、谓语和宾语,因为它们是传达信息的主要载体,其他成分,不论它有多么长,多么复杂它都是辅助成分。比如在下面的句子中:Another
element in the emergence of prodigies(神童), I found , is a society
that values excellence in a certain field and is able nurture talent.
只要我们抓住了Element is society.就可以得知社会是神童出现的一个因素。 四、 抓住 "第三词汇" 语法中的功能词对理解句子十分重要, 同样文章中那些起组织作用的实义词对理解文章也是非常重要的,因为掌握了它们就可以大大增强阅读理解中的预知下文的能力。我们把这些词称做 "第三词汇"(区别于仅起语法作用的功能词和一般实义词)。抓住了它们,就抓住了文章的核心意思。这类词有很多, 其中最常见的有: achieve, addition, attribute, cause, change, consequence, deny, effect, explanation, fact, form, grounds, instance, kind, manner, matter, mathod, opposite, point, problem, reason, respect, result, same, situation, thing, way. 另外,有人认为"第三词汇"主要是一些 "照应名词", 其中包括: 还有人针对某一文章类型总结出一些 "第三词汇"。 比如:在 "问题---解决"文章模式中,这些
"第三词汇"就更加固定和明确。它们有: 以上我们提到的阅读理解能力提高的途径不是仅有的方法,大家可以根据自己的学习体会,从众多的方法中选择适合自己的方法。另外,我们在《大学英语六级考试90分突破·阅读和简答分册》一书中,还介绍了不少其他方法,请大家参考。要想把阅读技巧真正地转化位阅读理解能力还需要大量的阅读理解练习。阅读练习材料,请参考《大学英语六级考试90分突破·阅读和简答分册》和《大学英语六级考试标准阅读160篇》。
第一、推理类问题 请先看短文: “I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise.''says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer.“But,”he cautions,“some people have the idea that once one understands the causes,the cure will rapidly follow.Consider Pasteur.He discovered the causes of many kindsof infections,but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.'' This year,50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years.In the year 2000,the National Cancer Institute estimates,that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancer the five-year survivalrate isas high as 90 percent.But other survival statistics are stilldiscouraging—13 percent for lung cancer and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas(胰腺). With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy.The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes,which are cancer-causing genes(基因),are inactive in normal cells.Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene,but how remains unknown.If several oncogenes are driven into action,the cell,unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous. 1)The example ofPasteurin the passage isused to_________. A.predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
2)The author implies that by the year 2000,________. A.there willbe a drastic rise in the five-year survivalrate of
skin-cancer patients 3)Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes_________. A.that are always in operation in a healthy person 4)The word“dormant”in the third paragraph most probably means________. A.dead B.ever-present C.inactiveD.potential 问题1、2是推理类问题。这部分往往出题分量大,难度大,出错也最多。推理类问题考查对文章具体内容的判断,它不但要求掌握文章所表达的字面含义,还要掌握一定的逻辑判断能力及写作技巧知识,从文章表面推出深层含义。 这类问题主要有两种出题方式。第一种如问题2考查是否能推出深层含义。文章的第二段提到year 2000,细读第二段可以发现前半部分讲的是各种癌症在五年内的存活率不同,而考查的内容在后半段but之后,虽然有些癌症存活率较高但像肺癌和胰腺癌五年内的存活率却不容乐观,所以D为正确答案。 这类题从文字表面找不到答案,其含义需要读者在字里行间体会,靠自己的逻辑推理能力去判断,从上下文的联系及文中有关部分的暗示去剖析作者隐含的意思。这类问题的命题方式有: 1)The author /passage /paragraph implies that__________. 在做这类问题时,切忌从篇章的个别句子中寻找答案,而应把目光放在全段或全文的理解上:作者到底想强调什么,尤其要注意转折语气的出现,其后的内容往往是考查的重点。 第二种出题方式如问题1考查对技巧性问题的理解。问题1涉及第一段的内容,作者谈到癌症的起因很快会被发现,因此有人认为人们可以很快找到治愈癌症的方法。作者引用Weinberg的话提到Pasteur,他发现了各种感染的起因,而过了五、六十年,人们才找到治愈感染的方法。其目的很明显是在警告人们不要盲目乐观,因此D为正确答案。 文章中的每一句话都有它的作用和目的,都是为作者的写作服务的。有的是下层意思的铺垫,有的是上句话的结果,互相衬托,互相联系。四、六级阅读常常就技巧性问题提问,测试读者对文章的理解是否正确。这类题的命题方式有: 1)In paragraph...,the author cites the example of ...to show
that______. 总之,解答推理题要通过对文字表面的认识,把握住推理范围,利用相关部分提供的事实、背景知识和常识,保持正确的思维过程,遵循严格的逻辑规律,从而做出正确的选择。 第二、细节类问题 问题3、4是细节类问题。考查对具体句子或具体词的理解。 对于细节问题,应首先找到它的考查点,然后根据它的命题规律答题。这类题的题干加答案在意义上通常等于原文中某一部分的内容,即用不同的表达方式使题干加答案与原文相符。所用的方法大致有释义(如问题4)、使用同义词、反义词或词组、利用词汇的同现、复现、上、下义词以及句式和语态的转换(如问题3)等等。干扰项要么与文章中的事实或观点截然相反(如问题3中的A项),要么与文章所述的事实或观点部分不符(如问题3中的D项),要么在文章中根本没有涉及。 这类题目常以“WH-”形式来提问,如who,what,when,where,why及how等形式。这些问题常不采用文章中的原话提问,而是使用同义词语等,因此,在选择答案前应首先看准题目,看清问题所在,然后,在略读时注意寻找与题目相关的关键词语,在充分理解原文、原题的基础上确定正确答案。 细节类问题涉及面很广,有的涉及数字计算,如问时间、距离、次数、数量等,认真计算后方可选定正确答案;有的涉及正误判断,要先看选项,根据选项提供的线索,寻找文中相应部分,最后在题中选出正确答案;还有的寻问事实、原因、结果、目的等。总之,做细节题切忌通过自己对某类知识的主观了解和认识做出想象判断,一定要紧扣文章内容,不可随心所欲。 细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种: 1)According to the passage which of the following is TRUE/NOT
true? 第三、态度类问题 请阅读下文: It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken.After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates,Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10.Almost immediately world flashed on the Internet and was picked up,half a world away,by John Hofsess,executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada.He sent it on via the group's on-line service. Death NET.Says Hofsess,“We posted bulletins all day long,because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia.It's world history.” The full import may take a while to sink in.The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill Law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications.Some have breathed sighs of relief,others including churches,right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association,bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage.But the tide is unlikely to turn back.In Australia—where an aging population,life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.In the US and Canada,where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength,observers are awaiting for the dominoes to start falling. Under the new Northern Territory law,an adult patient can request death— probably by a deadly injection or pill—to put an end to suffering.The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a“cooling off”period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met.For Lloyd Nickson,a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering,a terrifying death from his breathing condition.“I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view,but what I was afraid of was how I'dgo,because I've watched people in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,”he says. 5.The author's attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of_______. A.opposition B.suspicion C.approval D.indifference 阅读理解的最后一题常常提问作者对文章中某一问题的态度、全文的基调及对文章前后接续内容的判断等。 判断作者的观点和态度主要是通过说话的语气、文章的措词、文体等,同时也应注意语篇中的修辞。有的文章,作者观点明确,文章基调清楚;而有的文章,作者仅仅暗示对某一问题的态度和观点,需要阅读时仔细琢磨。解答这类问题时,首先应注意篇章中起连接作用的那些词语;其次应注意那些表明作者观点的词汇,如形容词、动词等。另外,还要注意篇章的体裁。一般来说,在说明文中作者的态度是客观的(objective)或中立的(neutral);而在议论文中,作者会有各种各样的观点,常见的选项有:approval(赞成的)、critical(批评的)、disapproval(不赞成的)、indifferent(漠不关心的)、negative(消极的)、neutral(中立的)、optimistic(乐观的)、pessimistic(悲观的)、positive(积极的)、sarcastic(讽刺的)等。 上文中作者先客观地报道了“安乐死”立法的通过,虽然有人反对,但the tide is unlikely to turn back,可见作者没有反对或怀疑的态度而是赞成,文章最后引用一位病人的话“我并不害怕死亡,我所担心的是怎样去死。我曾在医院看过病人死前在氧气面罩下挣扎的情形”也表明了作者对“安乐死”持赞成态度。 下面是该类问题常用的几种提问方式: 1)What's the writer's attitude to ...? 第四、主题类问题 主题即中心思想,是作者在文章中要表达的主要内容,是贯穿全文的核心。作者在文章中努力通过各种Supporting Details来阐明中心议题。因此,把握主题思想对于理解全文内容具有重要意义。然而,如何找出主题常使考生深感棘手。因为他们总希望通过某个词或某句话就能找到答案,而找主题往往需要通读全文后才能作出判断。 其命题方式中含有“main idea,subject,purpose”等词,让考生找出中心思想(main idea)或是为文章选择标题(title)或是推断作者的写作意图(purpose)。 做这种题时,应采用快速阅读法浏览全文,理解文章主旨大意,阅读时要注意抓住表达中心思想的句子。无论是做阅读还是短文听力,文章的开头、结尾及段落的段首句和段尾句特别重要,因为它们往往包含文章的中心议题。其次还要从篇章的结构着手,利用自己的推理能力,对文章的信息进行分析,从而归纳总结出主题。 这类题常见的命题方式有: 1)What is the passage mainly about? 总之,做题前应先用扫描法弄清问题的类型及出题角度,再带着问题看短文,注意与问题有关的信息词及与问题有关的段落范围。做题时,应注意不同的题型采取不同的解题思路和技巧,以提高解题的速度和准确率。
In paragraph 1,“...”means /refers to /is closest in meaning to
/implies... 词汇是语言的建筑材料。提高阅读能力必须扩大词汇量。大纲规定,考试的总词汇量为5,300个左右,并且在阅读理解试题中有不超过3%的生词量。一般来说,考生如果能够掌握6,000个词汇,就为在阅读理解部分取得较高的分数奠定了坚实的基穿平时听到和读到生词时,应该注意积累,要学会在上下文中记忆单词,这样做既容易记牢又可以学到单词的搭配和用法。 1.怎样记单词? 2)记派生词 3)根据词根、词缀记忆单词 英语中的大部分词汇都是有根可寻的,而且前后词缀也都有固定的功能和含义。 人们最常观看的television一词就大有说道。前缀 tele-表示“远距离地;通过无线电进行传播的”,词根vis表示see(看),后缀-ion用来构成名词。通过词根、词缀的用法,可以轻松地记住或猜出以下单词的含义: visible(可看见的),invisible(看不见的),visit(参观),visitor(参观者),revisit(再参观),revise(修改), revision(修改),previse(预见),prevision(预见),su- pervise(监督),supervision(监督),supervisor(监督者), supervisory(监督的),visual(视觉的),vision(远见)等。 2.注意一词多义的问题 正确掌握词义及一词多义的现象有助于提高阅读理解。如下所示:figure一词在不同的语境中就有不同的意思。 (2)Isaw a figure on the beach.我在海边看到一个人影。(影子) 3.猜词技能与方法 猜词是一种阅读技巧。许多英语水平测试都把猜词能力作为一项阅读技巧列入考试大纲。猜词不是胡猜、乱猜,而是结合一定的上下文,根据文中的线索来进行猜词悟义。 常用的猜词方法有:定义法、对比法、因果法、同义法等。 (1)定义法 A catalyst is a substance,which accelerates a chemical reaction.(催化剂)
(2)对比法 If you agree,write“yes”;if you dissent,write“no”.(反对) (3)因果法 根据因果推理判断词义。 (4)同义法 上下文在解释一个生僻词时,往往会出现一些标志性的词语,如:or,and,that is,that is to say,i.e., namely,in other words等等。 They surrendered,that is,threw out their weapons and walked out with their hands above their heads.(投降) 1997年1月的六级考试中第三篇阅读文章中第四段第一句话如下: In the workplace,men have long had well-defined precedents and role models for achieving success. 问题: A.early acts for men to follow as examples 根据同义法,可以看出这里precedents(先例)一词与句中role models意思相近,答案为A。 大学英语六级考试阅读理解分析 六级考试大纲对阅读理解题的要求为:既能理解个别句子的意义,也能理解上下文的逻辑关系;既能理解字面的意思,也能理解隐含的意思;既能理解事实和细节,也能理解所读材料的主旨和大意;能就文章的内容进行判断,推理和信息转换。
a.考试时间为35分钟,共20题,每题2分,共计40分。阅读理解主要有四篇短文,短文的长度平均为350词左右,总阅读量为1400词左右,阅读速度平均为70Wpm(word per minute) b.阅读理解的题材广泛,体裁多种,题型多样。阅读理解的题材广泛,内容包罗万象,如有关动植物、人物传记、历史、文化、环境、资源、交通、医学、经济、信息等方面。总体上说,其题材主要集中在科普知识,社会文化和经济生活三方面。阅读理解的体裁有叙述文、议论文、说明文等,通过历年试题的分析我们发现六级阅读文章主要是议论文和说明文。阅读理解的题型主要有主观性题型和客观性题型。前者主要包括主旨型、推理型、作者语气、态度型、结论型等。后者主要包括事实型、推测词义型、指代关系型、常识题、是非题等。 读理解题的复习方法 (1)培养良好的阅读习惯 (2)广泛涉猎,了解有关背景知识 (3)防止“题海”战术,注意提高阅读速度和解题技巧。 考生临场注意事项 1.克服对生词的恐惧心理。在阅读中,如遇到生词,应利用词汇学知识(如“前缀、后缀”)、句法语义知识和根据上下文来进行推测,对于不影响篇章理解的生词可跳过。
考试中阅读理解的短文一般有书信、对话、记叙文、描写文、说明文、论述文等多种体裁。不同体裁的短文有其不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次,也就有不同的阅读理解方式,了解短文的不同体裁及其相应的文章脉络结构,有利于考生对短文进行层次的分析从而加深对短文的理解,并能最大限度地读懂较难的文章。六级考试的阅读理解部分一般只有说明文和论述文两种较难的文体,下面将具体讨论处理这两种体裁的文章及难文的阅读理解技巧。 (1)说明文 说明文多见于人文、自然等科普读物,常通过定义、比较、对照等写作手法对事物的性状、特征、演变、结果或其相互之间的关系进行解释或揭示。说明文的第一句通常为主题句,开宗明义、点明全文要说明的对象,行文方式主要有比较、对照和分类几种格式,每篇短文以一种为主,有时几种兼用。阅读说明文要抓住文章的主题,弄清短文的段落组织方式与行文格式,同时还要把握各层次(或自然段)的要点及其与短文主题的内在关系。 (2)论述文 论述文是所有文体中比较难理解的一种,主要因为这类文章往往渗透着作者的个人观点和态度,观点和事实相互混杂,读者难以分辨。作者的观点态度有时通过旗帜鲜明的论点明述,有时则通过论证或驳论喑示。阅读论述文要从该文体的写作和结构特点入手,注意以下四个方面: 1)抓住短文的论点,论据并明确作者用以论证的是归纳、类推还是演绎;2)论述文通常立中有驳、驳中有立,阅读中要特别注意其中的反驳内容;3)抓住论证中表示因果(because,as a result,therefore等)、递进(moreover,in addition等)和转折(but,however等)的意流转换信号词;4)注意作者使用的表达自己赞同、反对等感情色彩的形容词、副词或句型。 (3)难文的阅读理解 六级考试的阅读短文中,我们经常碰到特别难懂的文章,能在阅读这类短文时通过运用技巧最大限度地发挥出自己的阅读水平,无疑会提高我们的阅读成绩及六级考试的成功率。 碰到难读的短文,首先要确立自信,冷静地读下去,要充分利用短文中上下句的互释作用,不必为个别晦涩的难词、难句或概念所束缚,可通过对上下文(特别是下文)的理解来领悟个别难词、难句的大意从而获得对有关概念的理解。同时要充分运用阅读理解的技能和层次分析等技巧,在阅读中积极预测、及时归纳、分析层次、各个击破。其次,了解难文的类型,也有助于我们对症下药攻克难关,短文难读不外乎以下几种原因: 1)短文涉及的题材专业性强,话题生疏; 例: No formula for box-office success in a movie is more certain
than to have a cocky heroine enter some field which is generally
regarded as a masculine preserve,achieve some initial superficial
successes,and then become so entangled in difficulties that she
has to be extricated by the hero,who,smirking forgiveness,offers
her his brain Women in our society are still almost completely dependent upon men for their livelihood,and most of them demonstrate their intelligence by taking care not to seem more intelligent than their escort thinks they ought to be.According to a study of 153 coeds,reported by Mirra Komarovsky in the American Journal of Sociology,many college girls deliberately play dumb to please their dates.Forty percent admitted that they lied about their grades,making them out to be lower than they were,gave up arguments when they saw they might win,lost card games,begged for explanations of what they already knew,knowingly misspelled words in their letters and“jigged,lisped,and ambled”in the manner which so annoyed Prince Hamlet. 1.The subject of this passage is ____. A.how women adjust to their ependence on men 2.The author suggests that women's wisest course of action is to ____. A.develop their brain power through education 3.The author feels that movies which show women as inferior to men are successful because such inferiority is ____. A.wishful thinking on the part of men 4.If the concurred with the thesis of this passage,a legislator attempting to frame a law regulating divorce would probably include provisions to ____. A.award custody of the children to the women in all cases 5.The author mentions that coeds“gave up arguments when they saw they might win,lost card games”,etc.,to show that women are . A.cowardlyB.falseC.realisticD.unintelligent 本文包容了上述2)、3)、4)、5)四类难点,困难的焦点又集中在第一段:难词、长句又加上借喻等修辞手法。但我们可以先不看第一段,只要往第二段读下去,自然能抓住全文的主题,从而求得对第一段大意的理解。第一段的难点主要是句子,简化后的句子主干成份是:No formula...is more certain than to have...,接着是动词have的句型:have a heroine enter...,achieve...and then become,而后又是so...that的程度结果句;句中还有两个定语从句,分别由which和who引导,修饰field和hero;由who引导的定语从句中brain和lael(西服前翻领)为借喻,分别表示affection和comfort,即为他“出谋划策”并让她“靠在他怀里忏悔、屈服并流泪”。句子主干部分为否定比较级表示最高级,相当于It is most certain for box-office success to have...。(答案:1.A,2.D,3.D,4.C,5.C) 二、不同题型的应试技巧 考试意义上的阅读理解不同于一般获取信息的阅读,它是一种定向理解,即要求考生在阅读短文后回答命题人设计的理解题,与考题无关的内容则可以不理解,理解正确率及能力强弱通过答题正确率鉴定。这样,阅读理解应试技巧当包括两个方面的内容:把握命题人的命题意图,了解他出题时处理短文的深度和角度;站在命题人角度去分析阅读理解题题型,并掌握不同题型的特点及答题要求。六级考试阅读理解题型大致可以归纳为以下四类:词汇语义题、细节要点判断题、主题归纳题和暗示推论题。 (1) 词汇语义题 这类试题问及词汇的上下文语义及代(名)词的指代,问题涉及的词语有四类:词组短语、生僻单词、旧词新义、指代性名词或代词。这类问题的设计目的不是考查考生的词汇量,而是从特定的角度测试考生的阅读理解能力和上下文推定词义处理生词的能力,所以解答这类试题同样要紧扣短文,特别是问及的是我们所认识的单词时,不能凭我们对该词的已有知识匆然选题,而要根据上下文来确定该词在本短文中的特殊含义。词汇语义题的问题干扰项一般有以下几种类型: 1)与上下文并不相吻的我们所熟悉的定义; (2)细节要点判断题 这类题占绝对多数,这类题型中常有两个选择项语义较近,令考生模棱两可、举棋不定。提高这类试题的答题正确率的一个重要技巧是,即使问题涉及的是短文中的某个细节或要点,我们仍要首先抓住短文主题,并在答题中不忘主题、围绕主题。命题中的正确答案往往是与短文主题密切相关的那一选项,因为作为命题内容的细节一般总是短文的要点或主要论据。本类题型的干扰项有以下几种类型: 1)与短文细节部分相吻,部分相悖; 5)明显与短文细节不符或短文未提及。 此外,这类理解题主要可采取定位的方法解答,即根据题干关键词,先确定本题的答案应指向短文哪个部分的要点。 (3)主题归纳题 这类理解题问及短文主题、标题、作者写作目的、短文的学科分类及读者对象等,要求考生在阅读短文后通过概括,找出短文各要点间的内在联系和共性,从而归纳出短文的主题。 主题的确定可通过寻找主题句的方法实现,主题句大多出现在段首、第一段的段尾或短文第1、2句后由转折词(but,however等)引导的句子中。但相当一部分六级阅读短文的主题句并不出现,这时更有效的方法是结合前面提到的归纳技能,从以下两个方面进行概括: 1)本文论述的对象是什么(包括何人、何事、何物、何种观点等); 主题归纳类试题的干扰项有以下几种类型: 1)覆盖面太大、太笼统,大大超出了短文论述的范围; (4)暗示推论题 这类阅读理解题大多问及暗示、推论、结论、作者的观点、态度和语气等。解答这类试题,除了需要精确透彻地理解短文外,还要求考生有一定的推理判断能力,所以这是一类难度较大、要求较高的试题。 推论虽然必须以短文的某些内容为前提,但推论的结果是一种本来属于未知的东西,故这类试题的答案不应该是短文内容的简单重述。在解答有关作者态度、语气、观点这类推论题时,考生还应注意作者遣词造句的特点,特别要注意品味短文中能表露作者情感态度的修饰性语句。暗示推论题的干扰项有以下几种类型: 1)是短文内容的简单重述,而非推而论之的“正话反说”或“此话彼说”; 其一,我们平时所用的教材大多由记叙文构成,故事性较强,好不容易遇到的议论文又大都经过了编者的精心处理,从而降低了难度。而六级阅读部分基本上直接摘引原文,不作改写处理;故事性较差,阅读文化背景骤然加大。 其二,由于文化背景的差异,我们不熟悉外国人的思维模式和思辩论证方式。 综观历届六级考试阅读理解部分的文章,题材内容涵盖人文、法律、自然科学等诸领域;而体裁基本上都采用了议论文的形式。文章的长度一般在380-420字之间。须在35分钟内完成四篇文章的阅读并解答附属的20道试题。 所以考生须通过大量的阅读和做题训练,对以议论文为主体的体裁形式有一个感性的认识,并在此基础上培养和总结出一整套切合自身的阅读和做题方式。 一篇文章的阅读,关键在于把握它的主题或中心思想。我们在做历届六级全真题时发现:20个选择题,除了极个别的词汇题,几乎所有的细节题、推论题、作者观点题都与文章的主旨有密不可分的联系。因此,牢牢把握住文章的主题或中心思想,是解开难点的钥匙。 如何才能以最短的时间、最高效的方式确立文章的要旨? 精心研读第一句! 第一句按类型可分为:开门见山型、标靶型和导入型三类。 所谓开门见山型,即指文章直接推出论点,表达文章的中心思想或主题走向。开门见山型的特征往往为定义型句子。一般都较为简短有力,富有哲理性,不超过两行。文章如属于开门见山型,则主题的确立自不待言。 所谓标靶型,即作者在起笔处先推出某个错误的论点或看法,然后加以批驳,给出作者所持的相反或相对立的观点。标靶型″语句的特征往往为:“人们常常以为……″”“一般说来……”“据称……”。遇到标靶型语句时,只要第一句作相反理解,即可确知文章的主旨。 所谓导入型,即作者先隐下主题思想不说,从别的细碎的地方谈起,渐渐接入正题。导入型的语句一般较为琐碎具体,甚至具体到某年某月。有时也纯为挑起读者的好奇心而设。如″American firms have a problem.″什么问题呢?作者只字不提。导入型语句尽管隐藏了主题思想,但文章的脉络、所涉及的范围依然清晰可见。如上句的举例,讨论的关键肯定在Problem,范围局限在美国公司。 当然,分类并不是绝对的,有时我们也可看到几种类型缠绕在一起的句子。关键在于:读完第一句后,应能确定文章的中心思想,即或不能,也应尽可能地把握文章的讨论走向。完成了这一点,也就完成了初步阅读。剩下的就是在中心思想或文章的主题走向的指导下去做选择项了。
阅读的目的在于获得信息,并且要求快速而准确掌握信息,而信息也是多样的,有表面信息 和隐含信息,也有局部信息和整体信息等。要获取不同的信息就必须运用不同的阅读方法。这里主要建议考生采用下列三种阅读方法:快读、查读和细读。 1)快读 快读是指快速浏览全文,忽略文章中的细节、例子、数据等,重点抓住文章的中心思想而运 用的一种阅读方法。快读要求速度快,注意力集中,重点注意每篇的文章第一段及最后一段,还有每一段的第一句及最后一句,绝对要避免逐词逐句地阅读。建议考生在做主旨题及对 全文进行第一遍阅读时采用这一阅读方法。 2)查读 查读是指为了快速地获得某一特定信息而运用的一种阅读方法。一旦从文章中找到相关的部 分,应尽量以最少的时间找到所需信息,同时,查读的准确性与速度同等重要。在考试中, 考生一般在看完了细节题之后带着它去对号入座地找到题目所涉及到的细节,再确定答案。 3)细读 细读主要用于文章中难以理解的地点,如难的生词、词组和句子。对于那些只有通过文章 上下文反复推敲才能获得的隐含信息就应该运用此方法。在考试中,对于推理判断题和语义 题考生要通过细读来解决问题。 2.熟悉阅读理解题型 英语六级考试阅读理解主要有五种题型:主旨题,推理判断题,是非题,细节题和语义题。 1)主旨题 主旨题主要考查考生对文章的中心思想是否能准确把握。在做这种题时应运用快读的方法 ,重点寻找文章的主题句。 出题的形式主要有: This passage mainly deals with ____. This passage is mainly about ____. The best title for this passage is ____. What does this passage mainly discuss? 2)推理判断题 这种题是用来查看考生是否能正确地掌握文章的隐含信息。它要求考生根据文章的表面信息 和作者的意图,客观而合理进行推理。这种题要求考生具有很强的阅读理解能力,做这种题 的好坏决定着考生能否在考试中取得高分,所以必须用细读的方法,对相关的段落、句子和 单词进行反复推敲,从而找出隐含的信息。 出题的形式主要有: This passage implies that ____. It can be inferred from the passage that ____. The author suggests that ____. What's the author's attitudes towards ____? 3)是非题 这种题要求考生准确而全面地掌握文章的信息,它既涉及到对文章主旨的理解,也包括对文 章细节的掌握。出题者有时很巧妙地故意把一些文章中并不存在的信息放在选项中,或把正 确的信息有意颠倒,这就要求考生对信息的把握必须清晰、准确且全面。 出题的形式主要有: All of the following statements is true except ____. Which of the following is true? Which of the following is NOT true? 4)细节题 细节题主要是考查考生围绕文章主旨的细节和事实的能力,它包括用来支持主旨的例子 、数据、证据等。做这种题以查读为主,细读为辅。它的出题没有固定形式,涉及到哪个细 节、事实,题目就直接问那方面的内容。 5)语义题 语义题要求考生利用已知信息,根据某个生词或习惯用语在文章上下文的语境或线索来猜测 其词义。通常情况下,出题者故意出那些超纲单词或词组,但考生通过上下文完全可以推测 出其含义。这要求考生在平时的阅读中养成良好的阅读习惯,遇到生词时不要急于查字典, 尽量通过文章语境来推测其意思。 出题形式一般为: The word/phrase “ … ” most probably means ____. The word/ phrase “ … ”can be replaced by ____.
一、培养良好的阅读习惯
这里主要强调读者要始终以一种积极的心态去阅读。我们阅读的目的是获取知识信息,了解他人对有关问题的态度和看法,所以阅读时我们应培养对新的知识信息的自觉的敏锐感,对作者的观点和态度进行批判性的分析;跟上作者的写作思路,从已读的部分可以预知作者下面要讲的内容;辨别文章中哪些是作者的论点,哪些是事实和论据。
二、广泛涉猎,了解有关背景知识
阅读理解试题在某种程度上不仅仅是对考生英语语言水平的考查,同时也是对考生知识面及知识结构的考查。如有些考生对短文中的词汇和语法结构基本上都知道了,但是对其真正的涵义即隐含的意思却模棱两可,似懂非懂,做题目时便举棋不定。这主要是对短文的背景知识不了解,甚至一窍不通的结果。
所以考生在平时应广泛阅读,特别是一些自己比较生疏的领域,如某些科技知识等。如果考生对背景内容比较熟悉,读起来就比较顺利,对文章的理解也比较透彻,做起题目也会得心应手。再如本考题中有推测文章来源的题目,则需要考生有一定的文体知识,如演讲、社论、新闻、书评、教科书、科技论文等的内容特点和语言特点。
三、防止“题海”战术注意解题技巧
在解题时考生还应注意题型,对于不同的题型应采取不同的解题思路和技巧。如:
a.主旨题。其命题方式中含有“mainidea,subject,purpose”等词,做这种题时,主要是看篇章中的主题句或者是从篇章的结构着手,利用自己的推理能力,对文章的信息进行分析,从而归纳总结出主题。
b.推理题。通过对文字表面的认识,把握住推理范围,利用相关部分提供的事实、背景知识和常识,保持正确的思维过程和遵循严格的逻辑规律,从而做出正确的选择。
c.作者语气、态度、观点型。判断作者的观点和态度主要是通过说话的语气、文章的措词、文体等,同时也应注意语篇中的修辞。
对于细节问题,应首先找到它的考查点,然后根据它的命题规律答题。这类题的题干+答案在意义上通常等于原文中某一部分的内容,也就是说用不同的表达方式使题干+答案与原文等值。总之,题目不在于做的“多”,而在于做的“精”,“精”就精在阅读速度和解题技巧。
变化趋势
一年两度的四、六级考试今天又一次拉开了帷幕,下面笔者就阅读部分做一个分析。 从本次考试的选材来看,都讲述的是美国的社会文化问题。第一篇讲述电视媒体中大量充斥着暴力与社会暴力的关系,作者对电视媒体是社会暴力罪魁祸首的主张提出质疑,作者认为在证明两者之间存在必然因果关系之前,必须要查清因果关系,并且要进行大量的研究;第二篇讲述面对美国内市场的药品价格明显高于加拿大的药价,美国人该采取怎样的对策;第三篇可以算是一个经济类的文章,主要锁定的话题是关于美国所谓的中老年人在经济上好像享有一些优势,像航空公司、百货商店都愿意给他们打折,然后分析了为什么会有这么多人愿意给“银发一族”经济上的支持,接着作者认为美国社会为老龄人群提供的许多优惠和福利事实上并不好,会造成两代人之间的隔阂;第四篇讲到美国黑奴斗争解放自己的历史。讲述美国黑人争取现实生活中平等公民权的斗争,虽取得一些成就,但依然任重而道远。从我们近两年的六级考试内容来看,和考研越来越接近,更多的强调时事性,强调社会人文性;如果没有这方面的背景知识,有的文章可能类似天书。(如本次考试的第四篇讲述黑奴历史的文章)因此要求我们考生平时要多了解一些美国的历史文化,了解一些美国的热点事件,这样才能便于你读懂文章。 因为在考场上的时间是非常有限的,除非你具备非常强悍的阅读能力,对于词汇,所有句法结构了然于胸,不然你都会感觉到时间给你带来的巨大压力,所以我们一般的考生必须要学会把有限的时间用在刀刃上,发挥其最大的价值。这就需要我们好好研究六级阅读理解的考察重点。其实六级的考点并不复杂,一直以来就是强调考察两大能力——确定文章“主题”与返回原文“定位”的能力。接着我来重点讲解一下。 (一)确定主题,在四、六级考试中,我一直强调,能否找到文章主题至关重要。有的考生认为只要不考主旨题,就没必要了解文章的主旨。其实这是一种很狭隘的错误认识,因为即使不考主题题型,在任何题型当中,如果你感觉很茫然,找不到任何定位信息的时候,你所能抓住唯一的,最后一根救命稻草就是文章的主题,题目做多了,你就会发现哪个选项和文章的主题越是接近,就越是正确答案,所以能否判定一篇文章的主题对于解题是至关重要的。下面就寻找文章的主题谈一些技巧。 1. 读文章时重点关注文章的首段和首末句。按照西方人习惯性的思维方式和写作习惯,他们惯用的是演绎法:即文章一开始先扔出自己的核心观点,然后具体一步步论证。根据我的统计,每一段的第一句、第二句和最后一句话为本段的主题句的概率分别为50%、20%、20%,三句话成为主题句的概率超过九成,当然也就成为我们阅读的重中之重。 (二) 返回原文“定位” 从本次考试的题型分布来看,和历年差距不大。还是以主题和细节事实题为主,推理判断为辅。而细节事实题中又以因果关系考察为主。考生还是要重点把握历年真题的命题思路,学会各种题型的正确思路,才能在考场上立于不败之地。 接下来,笔者就第三篇文章做一个详细地分析。本篇文章一共六段话,前两段讲述美国的一个社会现象——为老年人打折,以及产生该现象的原因,接着话锋一转,从第三段开始论证这种现象对于年轻一代和老年人之间的关系的消极影响。
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